THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Toward the modern worldview Toward the modern worldview

How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?

In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact traditional views about the natural world and the nature of God?

What was the Copernican Revolution? What was the Newtonian synthesis?

How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?

In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact traditional views about the natural world and the nature of God?

What was the Copernican Revolution? What was the Newtonian synthesis?

MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONMAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages

-broadening of the curriculum to include the study

of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals (educated elite) Renaissance quest for knowledge-

notion of human potential and progress

-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages

-broadening of the curriculum to include the study

of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals (educated elite) Renaissance quest for knowledge-

notion of human potential and progress

the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)

Renaissance system of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the

Medici family

the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)

Renaissance system of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the

Medici family

The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism

The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism

Aristotle’s View of the Universe

Aristotle’s View of the Universe

Ptolemy’s Universe Ptolemy’s Universe

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM

NICOLAUS COPERNICUSNICOLAUS COPERNICUS1473-1543-Polish astronomer (monastic) proposed a sun centered solar system

(heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spherespublished in 1543

1473-1543-Polish astronomer (monastic) proposed a sun centered solar system

(heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spherespublished in 1543

JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)

JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)

-German astronomer- worked with Brahe-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical

not circular -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun

-Kepler provided mathematical support for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

-German astronomer- worked with Brahe-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical

not circular -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun

-Kepler provided mathematical support for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION

JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron of his work Galileo lived and worked in Florence

-viewed the physical universe as a “Book of Nature…written in mathematical characters.”

Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and

the surface of the sun and moon

-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron of his work Galileo lived and worked in Florence

-viewed the physical universe as a “Book of Nature…written in mathematical characters.”

Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and

the surface of the sun and moon

Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe This was based on his observations of

Jupiter and its moons

Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church

Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe This was based on his observations of

Jupiter and its moons

Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church

-Galileo’s views were challenged by

the Catholic ChurchThe Church feared that helio-

centrism would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-

centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy

-Galileo’s views were challenged by

the Catholic ChurchThe Church feared that helio-

centrism would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-

centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Galileo was brought before the Inquisition Charged with heresy

-His works were banned and his teachings were condemnedHis writings (Dialogue) were placed on the

Index of Prohibited Books -he was threatened with torture and

excommunication and placed under house arrest

-Galileo finally recanted his views shortly before his death in 1642 (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)

Galileo was brought before the Inquisition Charged with heresy

-His works were banned and his teachings were condemnedHis writings (Dialogue) were placed on the

Index of Prohibited Books -he was threatened with torture and

excommunication and placed under house arrest

-Galileo finally recanted his views shortly before his death in 1642 (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)

GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)

GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)

GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS

GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS

THE DIALOGUETHE DIALOGUE

Galileo before the Inquisition

Galileo before the Inquisition

The Newtonian Synthesis

The Newtonian Synthesis

SIR ISAAC NEWTONSIR ISAAC NEWTON

Isaac Newton (1642-1723)Isaac Newton (1642-1723)-English mathematician – Cambridge University-Newton built on the work of Copernicus,

Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-In 1686 he formulated the mathematics for the

universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe

exerts a force on every other body)-This provided evidence that the universe was

governed by precise mathematical relationships

-English mathematician – Cambridge University-Newton built on the work of Copernicus,

Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-In 1686 he formulated the mathematics for the

universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe

exerts a force on every other body)-This provided evidence that the universe was

governed by precise mathematical relationships

-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking

the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”

-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking

the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION

NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION

NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY

NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY

Newton’s view of the universe- more

mechanical

Newton’s view of the universe- more

mechanical

Newton also came to better understand the properties of light

Newton also came to better understand the properties of light

SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

-English politician and writer (he was not a trained scientist)

Bacon believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts

(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)

-English politician and writer (he was not a trained scientist)

Bacon believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts

(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)

EMPIRICAL MODELEMPIRICAL MODEL

ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”

TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION

ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”

TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION

INDUCTIVE MODELINDUCTIVE MODEL

RENE’ DESCARTES “I think, therefore, I am.”RENE’ DESCARTES

“I think, therefore, I am.”

Rene’ Descartes 1596-1650

Rene’ Descartes 1596-1650

French mathematician Invented analytical geometry

Developed a method based on rational deduction rather than empirical inductionStressed rational speculation and

reflectionDescartes believed that he could

rationally prove the existence of God He begins by “doubting” everything –

skepticism Does not begin with faith

French mathematician Invented analytical geometry

Developed a method based on rational deduction rather than empirical inductionStressed rational speculation and

reflectionDescartes believed that he could

rationally prove the existence of God He begins by “doubting” everything –

skepticism Does not begin with faith

DEDUCTIVE MODEL DEDUCTIVE MODEL

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD

IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO

18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL

REVOLUTION

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD

IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO

18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL

REVOLUTION