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A Basic Approach to Poultry Disease Diagnosis
Mohamed El-Gazzar DVM, MAM, PhD, DACPV
Assistant Professor
Poultry Extension Veterinarian
The Ohio State University
Lay Out
• Non commercial and organic poultry
• Poultry diseases groups
• Biosecurity
• Recent Avian Influenza outbreak
Trends in Food Production
• Organic
• Free Range
• Produce local/Eat local
• Shift in Poultry Population
Urban Chicken Ownership in Four U.S. Cities
• Denver
• Los Angles
• Miami
• New York
– Around 1% of all households
– Quadruple (4%) within 5 years
– Not enough veterinary services
Backyard flocks Not only Urban
• Urban, Suburban and Rural
• Few birds to several hundreds (Average 49 birds)
• Still food animals not Pets
• Population medicine
• Mainly Chicken
• Some Turkey
• Other species
But they are falling through the crakes!!
• Wall Street Journal http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323527004579081812563033586
• A gap that needs to be filled
• Small and mixed Animal Practices or Even Poultry Specialists
Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Control
• Clinical History
• Clinical signs
• Necropsy
• Laboratory diagnosis
• Control
Rule Out List
• Clinical signs grouping
– Respiratory
– Digestive
– Musculoskeletal
– Neurological
– Others
• Samples to collect
• General control
Poultry Disease Diagnosis
Necropsy
• Extremely useful in poultry
• Recently dead
• Clear clinical picture
• Sample collection
http://partnersah.vet.cornell.edu/veterinarians/avian-necropsy-examination
Usual Clinical Samples
• Blood serology
• Swabs bacterial isolation
• Organs virus isolation
• Organs histopathology
Respiratory Diseases
General signs: • Mortality
• Anorexia/Fever/lethargy
• Coughing/Sneezing
• Rales/Weezing
• Nasal/Occular discharges
• Swollen head/swollen sinuses
• inflamed eyelids
Respiratory Diseases
Gross lesions: • Inflammation of:
– head tissues
– nasal cavity
– conjunctivitis
• Tracheitis
• Pneumonia
• Air sacculitis
• Polyserositis
Turbinate
Normal Trachea
Inflamed Trachea
Early Airsacculitis
Polyserositis Pnuemonia
Respiratory Diseases
Rule out list: • Newcastle disease • Infectious bronchitis • Infectious laryngotracheitis • Avian Influenza • Mycoplasmosis (4 species) • Colibacillosis (E. coli) • Fowl Cholera (Pasteurella multocida) • Infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum) • Turkey coryza (Bordetella avium) • Aspergillosis • Cryptosporidiosis • Gape worms (Syngamus trachea)
Respiratory Sampling
Samples:
• Blood Serology
• Eye lids, Trachea, lungs and kidney Histopath
• Eye lids, Trachea, lungs and kidney Virus isolation
• Trachea/choana/airsacs swabing Bacterial isolation
Treatment for Respiratory Diseases
Viral Infection: • Vaccination (prevention) • Supportive Treatment • Disinfection and biosecurity • Antibiotic treatment (if bacterial component present)
Bacterial Infection: • Vaccination (prevention) • Supportive Treatment • Disinfection and biosecurity • Antibiotic could be used in drinking water
– Oxytetracycline – Chlortetracycline – Tylosin for Mycoplasma
Digestive Diseases
General signs:
• Mortality
• Anorexia/Fever/lethargy
• Dehydration
• Diarrhea/Loose droppings (watery/bloody)
• Pasty vent/wet litter
Normal Droppings
Loose Droppings
Digestive Diseases
Gross lesions:
• Intestinal mucosa
• Intestinal content
• Parasite
• Pathognomonic lesions
Digestive Diseases Rule out List: • Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus
• Turkey Corona Virus
• Clostridium species
• Salmonella species
• Coccidia species
• Histomonas meliagridis (Black head)
• Trichomonus gallinae
• Intestinal helminthes (Tapeworms and Round worms)
Digestive Diseases Sampling
Samples:
• Intestine/liver/other histopathology
• Intestinal/liver/spleen swabs bacterial isolation
• Intestinal scrapings
• Impression smears
Coccidosis • Most common protozoan
parasite
• Mortality/economic losses
• Bloody Diarrhea E. tenella
• Diarrhea (not always bloody)
• Predispose for Clostridium enteritis
• Vaccines
• Amprolium for prevention and control
Eimeria acervulina
Eimeria maxima
Not All Internal Parasites are Intestinal
• Histomonus meliagridis (Black head)
– Liver lesions
– Cecal cores
• Syngamus trachea (Tracheal worms or Gapeworms)
Histomonus meliagridis
Syngamus trachea
External Parasites • Lice
• Mites – Red mites
– Northern fowl mites
– Scaly leg mite
• Powdering, dusting or spraying of insecticides – Birds and Environment
– Minimum of Two treatments
– 7 days interval
Red Mites Northern fowl Mites
Chicken Lice
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Gross Lesions: • Nerve inflammation • Joint inflammation • Foot pad infection
(bumblefoot) • Weak/soft bones
(rickets or osteoporosis)
• Bone deformities
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Rule out list: • Marek’s disease (nerve involvement) • Reo virus • Staphylococcus aureus • E. coli • Pasteurella maltocida • Mycoplasma synoviea • Calcium/Phosphorus deficiency • Ionophore toxicity • Genetic deformities
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Samples:
• Swab lesions bacterial isolation
• Nerve/muscle/affected tissue histopathology
• Feed samples feed analysis
Neurological Diseases
Rule out List: • Marek’s Disease • Avian Encephalomylitis • Newcastle Disease • Influenza • Pasteurella • E. coli • Nutritional deficiency • Ionophore toxicity
Neurological Diseases Sampling Samples: • Nerves/brain histopathology
• Lesions other organs histopathology
• Organs virus isolation
• Blood serology
• Feed feed analysis
Vitamin E difficiency
General signs:
• 3 forms of the disease
– Encepahlomalacia
– Exudative diathesis
– Muscular dystrophy
Exudative diathesis
Muscular dystrophy
Egg Production problems
Birds are not laying?? • Review lighting • Review feeding • Water consumption • Infectious causes
– Egg peritonitis – New castle – Infectious bronchitis – Laryngotracheitis – Influenza – Egg drop syndrome – Pasteurella – Coriza – Mycotoxins in feed
Egg peritonitis
Pox virus
• Dry form and wet form
• Collect samples for histopathology
Dry form Wet form Inclusion bodies
1. Zoonotic Diseases
• Salmonella
• Campylobacter
• Mycobacterium avium
• Influenza
• Chlamydia psittaci
• Others
2.Reportable diseases
• Zoonotic diseases
• Infectious laryngotracheitis
• Exotic Newcastle Disease
• Highly Pathogenic Influenza
• Others
List of Diseases with Commercially Available Vaccines
Disease Vaccine Type Newcastle Diseas Live/inactivated
Infectious Bronchitis Live/inactivated
Laryngotracheitis Live
Fowl Pox Live
Marek's Disease Live
Reo Virus Live/inactivated
Heamorrhagic Enteritis Live
Avian Encephalomylitis Live/inactivated
E. coli Live/inactivated
Pasteurella Live/inactivated
Salmonella Live/inactivated
Mycoplasma Live/inactivated
Infctious Coryza Live/inactivated
Turkey Coryza Live/inactivated
Coccidia Live
Biosecurity • Prevent pathogen access
• Sterility is not the target
• Control specific pathogens
• General sanitary practices
Specific poultry pathogens
• Specific poultry pathogens – Not all poultry pathogens
• What is the source of these pathogens?? – Poultry
– Birds
– Animals
– Humans
Disease Transmission
• Direct Transmission: direct physical contact
• Indirect Transmission: through indirect transportation vehicles
Biosecurity Programs
• Interventions with Direct Transmission
• Intervention with Indirect Transmission
Intervention with Direct Transmission
• Prevent Contact: – Other poultry – Wild birds (Open Water Bodies) – Captive birds – Animals and human
• Multispecies or multiages • Acquire birds from NPIP • Quarantine newly acquired birds • Quarantine birds when back
from: – Show – Market – Fair
Intervention with Indirect Transmission
• Potential vehicles for Indirect Transmission: 1. Human
2. Domestic animals including pets
3. Wild animals including varmints and rodents
4. Inanimate objects including equipment
5. Feed
6. Water
7. Environments including shared pastures and water ponds
P
P
P
P P P P
W
W
W
W
P
H5N3 in wild birds
H5N3 in poultry P
W
H5N2 in poultry H5N2 in wild birds
P
W H5N8 in wild birds
H5N8 in poultry P
W H5N1 in wild birds
H5N1 in poultry P
W H5N6 in wild birds
H5N6 in poultry P
W
H5 HPAI reports from East Asia September 2014 through February 2015 (OIE)
Eastern Asia Reports of H5 HPAI subsided in the region
during summer 2014. Then in September,
outbreaks of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8
HPAI occurred in China.
Original H5N8 outbreak occurred January-
April, 2014, most intensely in S. Korea and
Japan. After 5 months with no reported
cases, H5N8 was detected again, 24
September, in S. Korean commercial poultry.
It was detected again in Japan in November.
H5N2, H5N3, H5N8 outbreaks occurred in
Taiwan in early 2015.
P
W
W
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P P
P
P
P
P P P P
W
W
W
W
W
W
P
W
Western Europe H5N8 was first isolated 4 November
2014 from commercial poultry in
Germany; also isolated in November
from a wild duck.
By mid-December, H5N8 was
isolated from commercial poultry in
The Netherlands, United Kingdom,
and Italy.
H5 HPAI reports from Europe, Middle East, and Africa November 2014 through February 2015 (OIE)
H5N3 in wild birds
H5N3 in poultry P
W
H5N2 in poultry H5N2 in wild birds
P
W H5N8 in wild birds
H5N8 in poultry P
W H5N1 in wild birds
H5N1 in poultry P
W H5N6 in wild birds
H5N6 in poultry P
W
P
P P
W
W
P
P
P
Eastern Asia Reports of H5 HPAI subsided in the region
during summer 2014. Then in September,
outbreaks of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8
HPAI occurred in China.
Original H5N8 outbreak occurred January-
April, 2014, most intensely in S. Korea and
Japan. After 5 months with no reported
cases, H5N8 was detected again, 24
September, in S. Korean commercial poultry.
It was detected again in Japan in November.
H5N2, H5N3, H5N8 outbreaks occurred in
Taiwan in early 2015.
P
P
P
P
P P
P
P
P
P P P P
W
W
W
W
W
W
P
Migratory aquatic birds – likely
mode for H5N8 HPAI virus
spread to Europe in fall 2014 Several migratory flyways overlap
extensively in northern Eurasia during
the breeding season. H5N8 virus
carried there from East Asia in the
spring could have been transferred to
other birds that migrate south into
Europe in the fall.
H5N8 may be better suited for long-
distance dispersal than most strains of
HPAI.
H5 HPAI reports from Europe, Middle East, and Africa November 2014 through February 2015 (OIE)
H5N3 in wild birds
H5N3 in poultry P
W
H5N2 in poultry H5N2 in wild birds
P
W H5N8 in wild birds
H5N8 in poultry P
W H5N1 in wild birds
H5N1 in poultry P
W H5N6 in wild birds
H5N6 in poultry P
W
P
W P
P
W
W
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P P
P
P
P
P P P P
W
W
W
W
W
W
P
Migratory aquatic birds – also the likely mode for
H5N8 HPAI virus spread to North America Eurasion (EA) H5N8 was likely carried to Alaska by infected
birds migrating on the East Asia / Australia Flyway. Within 3
months, HPAI viruses were detected in the Pacific Americas
Flyway and the Mississippi Americas Flyway.
EA H5N8 underwent gene reassortment with low
pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) strains endemic to North
American wild birds. This means a bird was co-infected at
some point with the H5N8 and an American (AM) LPAI strain,
enabling the 8 gene segments to be mixed and matched in
new combinations.
EA/AM H5N1 and EA/AM H5N2 isolates in the western and
central US were reassortants that contained genes of North
American and Eurasian origin.
H5 HPAI reports from North America November 2014 through 9 March 2015 (OIE)
H5N3 in wild birds
H5N3 in poultry P
W
H5N2 in poultry H5N2 in wild birds
P
W H5N8 in wild birds
H5N8 in poultry P
W H5N1 in wild birds
H5N1 in poultry P
W H5N6 in wild birds
H5N6 in poultry P
W
P
W P
P
W
W
P
P
P
Migratory Fly Ways in NA
Ohio and many other States in the Midwest are part of the Mississippi Flyway
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P P
P
P
P
P P P P
W W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
P
North America H5N2 first isolated 30 November 2014
from commercial poultry in British
Columbia; outbreak continues into 2015.
H5N8 first isolated 10 December 2014
from captive wild birds in Washington;
later isolated from backyard poultry in
Oregon. Similarly, H5N2 identified in US
wild birds and backyard poultry.
H5N1 first isolated 29 December 2014
from wild duck in Washington.
H5N8 isolated 19 January 2015 from
commercial turkey farm in California.
H5N2 isolated from commercial turkeys
in Minnesota and Missouri, March 2015.
Western Europe H5N8 first isolated 4 November
2014 from commercial poultry in
Germany; also isolated in November
from a wild duck.
By mid-December, H5N8 was
isolated from commercial poultry in
The Netherlands, United Kingdom,
and Italy.
H5 HPAI reports from North America November 2014 through 9 March 2015 (OIE)
H5N3 in wild birds
H5N3 in poultry P
W
H5N2 in poultry H5N2 in wild birds
P
W H5N8 in wild birds
H5N8 in poultry P
W H5N1 in wild birds
H5N1 in poultry P
W H5N6 in wild birds
H5N6 in poultry P
W
P
W P
P
P
W
W
P
P
P
Eastern Asia Reports of H5 HPAI subsided in the region
during summer 2014. Then in September,
outbreaks of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8
HPAI occurred in China.
Original H5N8 outbreak occurred January-
April, 2014, most intensely in S. Korea and
Japan. After 5 months with no reported
cases, H5N8 was detected again, 24
September, in S. Korean commercial poultry.
It was detected again in Japan in November.
H5N2, H5N3, H5N8 outbreaks occurred in
Taiwan in early 2015.
Number of Affected Birds
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ 6/25/2015
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/
7/27/2015
Recommended References
• Avian Disease Manual: 7th edition 2013
• A laboratory Manual for the Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Avian Pathogens: 5th edition 2008
• Diseases of Poultry: 13th edition 2013
Take Home • Good management and Biosecurity
• 2 Things to remember
– Zoonotic diseases – Reportable diseases
• Biosecurity and vaccines
• Current AI outbreak
Clinical signs and Lesions
List of Diseases
Sampling and treatment