a brief history of information privacy ic211. colonial america eavesdropping “listen[ing] under...
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A Brief History ofInformation Privacy
IC211
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Colonial America
Eavesdropping
“listen[ing] under walls or windows, or the eaves of a house, to hearken after discourse, and thereupon to frame slanderous and mischievous tales”
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Colonial America
Governmental searches
“They may, unless the general government be restrained by a bill of rights, or some similar restrictions, go into your cellars and rooms, and search, ransack, and
measure, everything you eat, drink, and wear. They ought to be restrained within
proper bounds.” – Patrick Henry
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Fourth Amendment
“The rights of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and
no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”
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The Census
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“The constitutional guaranty of the right of the people to be secure in their papers
against unreasonable searches and seizures extends to their papers, thus
closed against inspection, wherever they may be.”
- Ex parte Jackson (1877)
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Telegraph
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Boyd v. United States (1886)
“It is not the breaking of doors, and the rummaging of his drawers, that constitutes the essence of the offence; but it is the invasion of his indefeasible right to personal security, personal liberty and
private property…. [A]ny forcible and compulsory extortion of a man’s own testimony or of his private
papers to be used as evidence to convict him of crime or to forfeit his goods, is within the
condemnation of that judgement. In this regard the Fourth and Fifth Amendment run almost into
each other.”
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Warren and Brandeis: “The Right to Privacy” (1890)
“Instantaneous photographs and newspaper enterprise have invaded the sacred precincts of private and domestic life; and numerous
mechanical devices threaten to make good the prediction that ‘what is whispered in the
closet shall be proclaimed fromthe house-tops.”
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Warren and Brandeis: “The Right to Privacy” (1890)
“The common law secures to each individual the right of determining … to what extent his
thoughts, sentiments, and emotions shall be communicated to others, [based on] the more general right of the individual to be left alone.”
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Warren and Brandeis:“The Right to Privacy” (1890)
1. Intrusion upon seclusion2. Public disclosure of private facts3. False light or “publicity”4. Appropriation
“One who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs … is subject to liability … if the intrusion would be highly
offensive to a reasonable person
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The Telephone
“Subtler and more far reaching means of invading privacy have become available to the
government. Discovery and invention have made it possible for the government, by
means far more effective than stretching upon the rack, to obtain disclosure in court of what
is whispered in the closet.”- Justice Brandeis, dissenting
Olmstead v. United States (1928)
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The Computer
1. Data collected lawfully w/ consent2. Data should be relevant and accurate3. Purpose stated at time of collection4. Data not disclosed w/o permission5. Data should be protected6. Individuals informed about policies7. Individuals can rectify errors or problems8. Collecting agency accountable for these
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Recent Events!
• Edward Snowden: classified NSA documents
• Section 215 of Patriot Act:– Private parties must disclose any “tangible thing” relevant to
terrorism investigation (with FISC approval)
• Phone record “meta-data” are collected in bulk, based on Section 215.
• How are computers different? If at all? What is meta-data?