a brief lithuanian grammar : or, principal rules to learn

II

AM Lilian Graiiiar.

OR

Principal Rules to learn the Lithuanian Language|

^ Compiled by

S The Rev. P. Saurusaitis,

^ Rector of St. Joseph’s Lithuanian parish,

^ Waterbary, Conn.

f < •: ’V .

f Vj

'

''/MiS'B 'I* 'f'k'v'-i'

PREFACE.

What induced me to write the English-Lithuanian Grammar was principally thegood of our people. Not very long ago I

saw in the newspapers that a certain A-merican priest went to Lithuania to studythe Lithuanian language that he mighthelp the poor Lithuanians who lived in

his parish. If the priest had had a bookfrom which he could have learned at least

a few of the most necessary expressions of

Lithuanian to help the Lithuanians in

their spiritual needs, he surely wouldhave preferred to study at home ratherthan to undertake such a long journey.There are so many parishes in this coun-try in which there are a large number of

Lithuanians, but not a sufficient number tosupport a priest of their own nationality.

In all these cases any American priest

might learn enough Lithuanian to admi-nister the Sacraments satisfactorily.

We meet very few Americans thatknow anything about the Lithuanians ortheir language. But in Europe Germanphilologists have been fond of studyingLithuanian, which they demonstrate tobe of all European languages the nearestto Sanscrit, and for this reason they love

- —

to study it deeply for their scientific in-

vestigation of all languages. I should notwonder but that there may be some Ame-rican philologist who may be interested in

the same investigations.

The last and the most important reasonfor writing this book I consider to be, thatby its use any American teacher can at

once direct the Lithuanian parochialschool, as the Lithuanians for want of

their own teachers are not able to estab-

lish parochial schools in many places.

This will serve just as well for the Lithu-anian parochial schools as for the Englishparochial schools in all the places whereLithuanians are not able to support a pa-

rish of their own. And by so doing theLithuanian children would also learn

much better even the English language.Why so? I have examined a great manyLithuanians who boast that they havegraduated in the American public schoolsand I found that all invariably fail to un-dei stand the signification of a great manyhigher English words. So I attempted to

discover what the principal cause was.Finally I noticed, that the American chil-

dren speak the English language all thetime, at home and in the school, they readnewspapers and books in English; theyspeak English with their parents; whilethe Lithuanian children study the Eng-

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lisli language only in school, and outsidethe school when they play with the chil-

dren, naturally they become very familiar

only with the vocabularj’ of the children;

but of the higher.words they get only anobscure meaning, never the real axplana-tion. Therefore, in my opinion it woulddo a good deal of good to all American tea-

chers, who have a great many children of

the same nationality to have some kind of

books about their vernacular language,and to- try to find out if they understandthe English words in their mother-tongue.Or, at least to find out of what nationalitythey are. There are a great many Ameri-cans who do not even know the diffe-

rence between Lithuanians and Poles, butthere is by far a greater difference bet-

ween the language of Lithuanians andPoles, than between English and German.But in places where the Lithuanians are

able to maintain a parochial school, andhave no Lithuanian Sisters to teach, anyAmerican Sister or teacher could begin toteach together the Lithuanian and Eng-lish, and by teaching from this book in

one year the teachers themselves wouldlearn a good deal, and would see muchgreater progress in their pupils even in

the English language. This was provedby the experts in pedagogy in Europe,that the best results are made by those

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who are first well instructed in their mo-ther-tongue, then they are able in a shorttime to acquire other languages. It standsto reason, that there is nothing so naturalto a child as his mother-tongue.

Author.

P. S. It is by no means a completeLithuanian Gramm|ir, but it is sufficient

for any one to learn so much of Lithuanianas to be able to learn the etymologicalparts from a pure Lithuanian book.

In addition to this book the alpha-betic List of the Lithuanian surnames will

be very handy.

Littitianian Alphabet andPronunciation.

The Lithuanian language assumed thelatin alphabet with some variations hereand there. For instance the four follow-

ing vowels , q, i, u, are long seminasals,their pronunciation is easily acquired byhearing. The vowel a, sounds as the En-glish a in the word far; the vowel e, sou-nds as the English a in the name Mary,except that those vowels sometimes maybe long or short. Between i and y in

Lithuanian there is no difference exceptthat y is always long whilst i is shortvowel. The vowel u, in Lithuanian soundsas the English u in the word rule; it also

may be long or short. The Lithuaniandouble consonants sz, sound as in Englishsh ; cz, as in English ch ; but this, in thenew Lithuanian newspapers and books,is made shorter in place of sz š, and for

cz. Dipthongs also never change theirsound au, sounds as English ou in theword our; ai as in English i in the wordfive or in English y in the words my, thy;ei sounds as in English ey in word they.In a word, there is no silent letters in

Lithuanian, and the sound of the conso-nants are never changed, the rest of the

— 8 —

consonants very much like in latin. Thereis no strict rule for accent, which the stu-

dent can only learn by practice.

A, B, O, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M,N, O, P, Q, R, S, S, T, U, V, Y, Z, Z,.

F and H also Q in Lithuanian are usedonly to express foreign words or names.In old books you will find W in place of V.

It has the same pronunciation as in Eng-lish V.

First lesson — Pirmoji užduotis.

In the Lithuanian language there arefive declinable parts of speech: The subs-tantive, adjective, pronoun, numeral,verb.

Lietuvi kalboje yra penkios kalboslinksniuojamosios dalys: daiktvardis, bd-vardis, išvardis, skaitvardis, veiksmažodis.

And four indeclinable parts: adverb,preposition, conjunction, exclamation.

Ir keturios nelinksniuojamosios dalys:

prieveiksmis, prielinksnis, sanjunga, jaus-

mažodis.Two genders: masculine and feminine.

Dvi gimti: vyriškoji ir moteriškoji.

Three numbers: singular, dual, plural.

Trys skaiiai: vienskaita, dviskaita,

daugskaita.Seven cases: 1) nominative — who?

what? 2) vocative — what? 3) genitive —of what, of whom? 4) dative — to whom?

— 9 — '

6) accusative — whom, what? 6) instru-

mental — by whom, by what? 7) locative— where in?

Septyni linksniai: 1) vardininkas —kas? 2) šauksmininkas — kas! 3) kiltinin-

kas — ko, keno? 4) naudininkas — kam?5) priekininkas — k? 6) rankininkas —kuo? 7) vietininkas — kame?

Four simple tenses: present, past, plu-

perfect, future.

Keturi laikai vientisieji: pereinamasis,pereitasis, priešpereitasis, busimasis.

Four compound tenses: present per-

fect, past imperfect, past perfect andfuture.

Keturi laikai sudurtiniai: pereinamasatliktasis, pereitas neatliktasis, pereitas

atliktasis ir busimasis.

Declensions of the Substantives.

In Lithuanian there are five declen-sions of the substantives. Two examplesof the first declension which is masculinein gender.

•• Singular — Vienskaita.

1. Sargas-guardian, pirklys-merchant.2. Sarge! guardian! pirkly! merchant!3. Sargo of guardian, pirklio of merchant.4. Sargui to guardian,pirkliui to merchant.6. Sarg-guardian, pirkl-merchant.

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6. Sargu by guardian, pirkliu by merchant.7. Sarge in guardian, pirklyje in merchant.

KEMAKK. There are soihe nouns of thisdecibiision ending in as which the locativecase is in uje, e. g., Dievas-God, locativeDievuje; tevas-father, locative case tevu-je. tThe reader will excuse me for havingomitted article The, for want of place.)

The order of cases will be marked by 1,

2. 3 etc.

1. Nominative

—

Vardininkas,2. Vocative

—

Šauksmininkas,3. Genitive—Kiltininkas,

4. Dative

—

Naudininkas,4. Accusative— Priekinin kas,6. Instrumental—Inrankininkas,7. Locative

—

Vietininkas.

In some parts of Lithuania there is

another locative case which is used by asuffix added to the genitive case of anynoun to express a motion, for instance,

einu namon — I am going home; in otherplaces the same idea is expressed by say-

ing einu i namus, i is the only preposition

used to express a motion; sometimes pre-

position ing is found in old books, it meansthe same.

Plural — Daugskaita.

1—2. Sargai-guardians, pirkliai-merchants

3. Sarg - of guardians, pirkli - of mer-chants.

4. Sargams - to guardians, pirkliams - to

merchants.6. Sargus guardians, pirklius-merchants.

6. Sargais - by guardians, pirkliais - bymerchants.

7. Sarguose - in guardians, pirkliuose - in

merchants.

Dual — Dviskaita.

1—2—6. Du sargu-two guardians, du pirk-

liu-two merchants.3. Dviej sarg-of two guardians, dviej

pirkli-of two merchants.4—6. Dviem sargam - to two guardians,

dviem pirkliam-to two merchants.7. Dviejuose sarguose-in two guardians,

dviejuose pirkliuose in two merchants.

REMARK. This dual in some parts ofLithuania is used even now, in otherparts is used only in the singular and theplural. The endings or terminations ofthe nouns of the first declension in Lithu-anian are as, ias*), ys, is. By this rule wecan easily determine to what declensionany substantive belongs.

Three examples of the second declension of the nouns

wich are of the feminine gender.

Singular — Vienskaita.

1. Zmona-woman, pati-wife, lape-fox.

2. Zmona-woman! pati-wife! lape-fox!

*) Where a noun ends in ias, the i is retained in all

the case*.

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3. Žmonos of woman, paios-of wife, laps-of fox.

4. Žmonai to woman, paciai-to wife, lapei-

to fox.

5. Zmon-woman, pai-wife, lap-fox..6. Zmona-by woman, paia-by wife, lape-

by fox.

7. Žmonoje - in woman, paioje - in wife,

lapje-in fox.

REMARK. There is but one more nounof this declension ending in ti, which is

marti-daughter-in-law, the other two en-dings are a, e. All nouns with such en-dings belong to this declension.

Plural •— Daugskaita.

1—2. Zmonos-women, pacios-wives, laps-foxes.

3. Zmonu-of women, pai-of wives, lapiu-

of foxes.

4. Zmonoms-to women, paioms-to wives,lapems-to foxes.

5. Zmonas-women, pacias-wives, lapes-

foxes.

6. Žmonomis - by women, paiomis - bywives, lapemis-by foxes.

7. Žmonose - in women, paiose - in wives,lapese-in foxes.

Dual — Dviskaita.

1—2—6. Dvi žmoni - two women, pati-

wives, lapi-foxes.

3. Dviej žmon - of two women, pai-of wives, lapi - of foxes.

— 13 —

4—6. Dviem zmonom-women, paiom-wives, lapm- foxes.

7. Dviejose žmonose - in two women, pa-

iose-wives, lapese-foxes.

Three examples of the M declension of the nouns the first

of wich is masculine and other two of the feminine gender.

Singular— Vienskaita.

1. Vagis-thief, akis-eye, naktis-night.

2. Vagie-tliief! akie-eye! naktie-night!3. Vagies-of thief, akies-of eye, nakties-of

night.

4. X^agiui-to thief, akiai-to eye, nakciai-to

night.

5. Vagi-thief, ak-eye, nakt-night.6. Vagimi-by thief, akia-by eye, nakia-by

night.

7. Vagyje-in thief, akyje-in eye, naktyje-innight.


1—2. Vagys-thieves, akys eyes, naktys-nights.

3. Vagiu-of thieves, akiu-of eyes, naki-ofnights.

4. Vagims-to thieves, akims-to eyes, nak-tims-to nights.

6. Vagis-thieves, akis-eyes, naktis-nights.6. "Vagimis - by thieves, akimis - by eyes,

naktimis-by nights.

7. Vagyse-in thieves, akyse-in eyes, nak-tyse-in nights.

-14-

Dual — Dviskaita.

1—2—5. Du vagiu-two tMeves, dvi aki-twoeyes, dvi nakti-two nights.

3

—

7. (The same as in the plural.)

4—

6. Dviem vagim, akim, naktim.

REMARK. Besides vagis, there arosome more of nouns, ending in is of themasculine gender belonging to this declen-sion, for instance, kraitis-dowry and tvo-nis-iuheritor, and all surnames that aremasculine by nature ending in is belongto this declension. But there are morenouns of the feminine gender, for in-stance, ausis-ear, dalis part, mintis-mind,mirtis-death, pirtis - bath room etc. all arefeminine.

Three examples of the fourth declension ending in ns

and inS) they are all of the mascnline gender.


1. Snus-son, žmogus-man, vaisius-fruit.

2. Snau-sonI žmogau-manl vaisiau-fruitl

3. Snaus-of son, žmogaus-of man, vai-

siaus-of fruit.

4. Sunui-to son, žmogui-to man, vaisiui-to

fruit.

5. Sn-son, žmog-man, vaisi-fruit.

6. Snumi-by son, žmogumi by man, vai-

siumi-by fruit.

7. Sunuje-in son, žmoguje-in man, vai-

Binje-in fruit.

16 -


1—2. Sns-sons, žmons-men, vaisiai-

fruits.

3. Sn-of sons, žmoni-of men, vaisi-offruits.

4. Snums-to sons, žmonms-to men, vai-

siams to fruits.

6. Snus-sons, žmones-men, vaisius-fruits.

6. Snumis-by sons, žmonmis-by men,vaisiais-by fruits.

7. Snuose-in sons, žmonse-in men, vai-

siuose-in fruits.

Dual — Dviskaita.

1—2—6. Du sn - two sons, žmogru-men,vaisiu- fruits.'

3

—

7. (The same as in the plural.)4

—

6. Dviem snam, dviem žmonm, dviemvaisiam.

Four examples of the fifth declension ending in no, te,

of which the last two are feminine hy nature, the rest

in the termination uo, are masculine.


1. Akmuo-stone, suo-dog, sesuo-sister,

dukte-daughter.2. Akmuo-stone! sunie-dog! seser-sister!

dukter-daugbter.3. Akmens-of stone, suns-of dog, sesers-of

sister, dukterg of daughter.

16 -

4. Akmeniui-to stone, šuniui-to dog, sese-

rei-to sister, dukterei-to daughter.5. Akmeni-stone, šun-dog, seser-sister,

dukter-daughter.6. Akmeniu by stone, šunimi-by dog, se-

serimi-by sister, dukterimi-by daughter.


1—2. Akmens-stones, suues-dogs, sesers-

sisters, dukters-daugbters.3. Akmen-of stones, šun-of dogs, sese-

r-of sisters, dukter-of daughters.4. Akmenims -to stones, šunims -to dogs,

seserims-to sisters, dukterims-to daugh-ters.

6. Akmenis- stones, 'šunis-dogs, seseris sis-

ters, dukteris-daughters.6. Akmenimis-by stones, šunimis-by dogs,

seserimis - by sisters, dukterimis - bydaughters.

7. Akmenyse-in stones, šunyse - in dogs,seseryse-in sisters, dukteryse-in daugh-ters.

Dual — Dviskaita.

1—2—5. Du akmeniu - two stones,f šuniu,dvi seseri, dukteri.

3

—

7. Genetive and Locative are the sameas in the. plural.

4

—

6. Dviem akmenim, šunim, seserim,

.dukterim.REMARK. In these last two cases of

the duals, namely, the datives and instru-

- 17 -

me.ntals only the accentuation or enuncia-

tion somewhat differ one from other,

which can only be acquired by hearing.

Declension of Adjectives - Bdvardži unkskiavimai.

In Lithuanian language there are three

declensions of the adjectives.

Lietuvi kalboje yra tris bdvardžilinksniavimai.

Two examples of the first declension of adjectives, mas-

culine ending in as and ias; feminine in a and ia.


Masculine gender—vyriškoji gimtis.

1—2. Geras-good, staoias-standing,

3. Gero-of good, stacio-of standing.

4. Geram-to good, staiam-to standing.

6. Ger-good, stai-standing.6. Geru-by good, sta6iu-by standing.

7. Gerame in good, staciame-in standing.

Feminine gender-Moteriskoji gimtis.

1—2. Gera-good, stacia-standing.

3.

’ Geros-of good, staios of standing.

4. Gerai to good, staciai-to standing.

6. Ger-good, stai-standing.

6.

- Gera by good, staia-by standing.

7. Geroje-in good, stacioje-in standing.

18 -


REMARK. By this time the student is

supposed to know how to apply the Eng-lish word to the Lithuanian cases, henceI will give the meaning with the nomina-tive cases.

Masculine gender

—

Vyriškoji gimtis.

1—2. Qeri-good, stati-standing.

3. Ger, stai (are alike).

4. Geriems, statiems.

6. Gerus, staius.6. Gerais, staiais,

7. Geruose, staiuose.

Feminine gender

—

Moteriškoji gimtis.

1—2. Geros-good, staios-standing.3. Ger, stai Care alike).

4. Geroms, staioms.6. Geras, staias.6. Geromis, staiomis.7. Gerose, staiose.

Dual — Dviskaita.

1—2—6. (Du) geru, staiu, (dvi) geri, stati.

3

—

7. (As in the plural.)4

—

6. Geriem, statiem, gerom, staiom.

The second declension of adjectiyes.

Antras bdvardži linksniavimas.


1—2. Medinis-wooden, didelis-great, medi-.

n-wooden, didel-great.

19 —

3. Medinio, didelio, medins, didels.4. Mediniam, dideliam, medinei, didelei.

6. Medini, didel, medin, didel.6. Mediniu, dideliu, medine, didele.

7. Mediniame, dideliame, medinje dide-

lje.


Masculine gender. Feminine gender.1-^2. Mediniai, dideli, medins, didels.3. Medini,' dideli (for all alike).

4. Mediniams, dideliems, medinms, dide-

lms.5. Medinius, didelius, medines, dideles.

6. Mediniais, dideliais, medinmis, dide-

lmis.7. Mediniuose, dideliuose, medinse dide-

lse.

Dual — Dviskaita.

1—2—6. Mediniu, dideliu, medini, dideli.

3—

7. (As in the plural.)

4—

6. Mediniam, dideliem, medinm, di-

delm.

The third declension of adjectives.

Treias bdvardži linksniavimas.


Mase. — Vyriškoji. Femin. — moteriškoji1—2. Skaudus-painful, lygus-equal, skau-

di-painful, lygi-equal.

3. Skaudaus, lygaus, skaudžios lygios.

20 -

4. Skaudžiam, lygiam, skaudžiai, lygiai.

6. Skaud, lyg, skaudži, lygi.6. Skaudžiu, lygiu, skaudžia, lygia.

7. Skaudžiame, lygiame, skaudžioje, ly-

gioje.


Masculine. Feminine.1—2. skaudus, lygus, skaudžios, lygios.

3. skaudži, lygi (all alike).

4. Skaudiems, lygiems, skaudžioms, ly-

gioms.6. skaudžius, lygius, skaudžias, lygias.

6. skaudžiais, lygiais, skaudžiomis, ly-

giomis.

7. skaudžiuose, lygiuose, skaudžiose, ly-

giose.

NOTE. In this delension the onlydifference between singular nominativeand plural nominative endings is, thatin the plural is long, while in singular

it is short.

Dual — Dviskaita.

Masculine. Feminine.1—2—5. Skaudžiu, lygiu, skaudi, lygi.

3

—

7. (as in the plural.)4

—

6. Skaudiem, lygiem, skaudžiom, ly-

giom.There are in Lithuanian so called bini-

ted or augmented adjectives, e. gr., to use,

for illustration here the same adjectives

wioli are still in our minds will be easier

— 21

to comprehend how they are formed: skau-dus means painful, as we have seen, butskaudusis masculine, and skaudžioji femi-nine, means the painful one; the sameway lygus means equal, but lygusis meansthe equal one, so every adjective in Lithu-anian has a double form.

This form of augmented adjeetives is

formed by adding to any adjeetive thepronoun jis (he) as a suffix and droping j

of the pronoun. Here is a special declen-sion of such adjeetives.


Masculine. Feminine,1—2. Skaudusis - the painful, lygusis - theequal, skaudžioji, Ij’-gioji.

•3. Skaudžiofo, lygiojo, skaudžiosios, ly-giosios.

4. Skaudžiamjam, lygiamjam, skaudžiai-jai, lygiaij ai.

6. Skaudj, lygj, skaudžij, lygij.6. Skaudžiuoju, lygiuoju, skaudžij, ly-

gija.7. Skaudžiamjame, lygiamjame, skaudžio-

joje, lygiojoje.


Masculine. Feminine.1—2. Skaudieji, lygieji, skaudžiosios, ly-

giosios.

3. Skaudžij (all alike).

4. Skaudiemsiems, lygiemsiems, skau-

- 22 -

džiomsioms, lygiomšiom s. .

6. Skaudžiuosius, lygiuosius, skaudži-sias, lygisias.

6. Skaudžiaisiais, lygiaisiais, skaudžiosio-mis, lygiosiomis.

7. Skaudžiuosiuose, lygiuosiuose, skau-džiosiose lygiosiose.

Dual ;— Dviskaita.

Masculine. Feminine.1—6. Skaudžiuoju, lygiuoju, skaudieji

lygieji.

3

—

7. (As in the plural.)4

—

6. Skaudiemjiem, lygiemjiem, skau-džiomjom, lygiomjom.

REMARK: Not only all adjectives canbe formed according to this declension,but also all numerals ordinal, e. g., pirmas -

first, pirmasis - the first one; antras - se-

cond, antrasis - the second one; treias -

third, treiasis*) - the third one etc. In-stead of is in the augmented adjectivestermination sai, for only masculine maybe used, as for instance, you may writepirmasis or pirmasai and so on only in thenominative the rest is the same.

*) Feminine — pirmoji, antroji, treioji etc.

- 23 -

.Numerals — Skatvardžiai.

Cardinal — Tikrieji.

Masculine. Feminine.1. One, - vienas, viena.

2. Two - du, dvi.

3. Three - trs*).

4. Four - keturi, keturios.

5. Five - penki, penkios.

6. Six - šeši, šešios.

7. Seven - septyni, sepynios.

8. Eight - aštuoni, aštuonios.

9. Nine - devyni, devynios.10. Ten - dešimts, dešimtis.

11. Eleven - vienuolika (all alike).

12. Twelve - dvylika.

13. Thirteen - trylika.

14. Forteen - keturiolika.

15. Fifteen - penkiolika.

16. Sixteen - šešiolika.

17. Seventeen - septyniolika.

18. Eighteen - aštuoniolika19. Nineteen - devyniolika.20. Twenty - dvidešimtys.21. Twenty 'one - dvidešimts vienas

(mase.), dvidešimts viena (fem.).

30. Thirty - trisdešimtys.

40. Fourty - keturiosdešimtys.50. Fifty - penkiosdešimtys.

. *) Note. From trs dešimtys to devynios dešimtys all

are feminine.

- 24-

60. iSixty - šešiosdešimtys.70. Seveuty- septyDiosdešimtys.80. Eij^hty - aštuoniosdešimtys.90. Ninety - devyniosdešimtys.100. One hundred - šimtas.

200. Two hundred • du šimtai.

300. Three hundred - trs šimtai.

1000. One thousand - tkstantis.2000. Two thousand - du tkstaniu,

dvi tkstanti.5000. Five thousand - penki tkstaniai,penkios tkstantys.

1.000.000. One million - milijonas.

Ordinai — Paeiliniai.

mascul. fem.1. First - pirmas, pirma.2. Second - antras, antra.

3. Third - treias, treia.4. Fourth - ketvirtas, ketvirta.

5. Fifth - penktas, penkta.6. Sixth - šeštas, šešta.

7. Seventh - septintas, septinta.

8. Eigth - aštuntas*, aštunta.

9. Ninth - devintas, devinta.

10. Tenth - dešimtas, dešimta.11. Eleventh - vienuoliktas, vienuolikta.

12. Twelfth - dvyliktas, dvylikta.

13. Thirteenth - tryliktas, trylikta.

14. Fourteenth - keturioliktas, keturio-

likta.

15. Fifteenth - penkioliktas, penkiolikta.

— 25:—

16. Sixteentb. - šešioliktas, šešiolikta.

17. Seventeenth - septynioliktas, sepy-niolikta. -

18. Eighteenth - aštuonioliktas, aštuonio-

likta.

19. Ninteenth - devynioliktas, devynio-likta.

20. Twentieth - dvidešimtas, dvidešimta.

21. Twenty first - dvidešimt pirmas, dvi-

dešimt pirma.

30. . Thirtieth - trisdešimtas, trisdešimta.

40. Fourtieth - keturiasdešimtas, ketu-riasdešimta.

'60. Fiftieth - penkiasdešimtas, penkias-dešimta.

60. Sixtieth - šešiasdešimtas, sešiasdešim-

, ta.

70. Seventieth - septyniasdešimtas, sep-

tyniasdešimta.80. Eightieth - aštuoniasdešimtas, aštuo-

niasdešimta.90. Ninetieth - devyniasdešimtas, devy-

niasdešimta.100. One hundreth - šimtasis, šimtoji.

200. Two hundreth - dušimtasis, dušim-toji.

300. Three hundreth - trsšimtasis, trs-• šimtoji.

About the declension of numerals.

. The numerals are declined begining fromvienas - viena - one to devyni - devynios -

— 26 -

nine as the simple adjectives: vienas - vie-|

na as geras - gera - good. Here is an ex-fample of du - two, trs- three, keturi- four. ji

Nominative and Vocative masculine du;feminine dvi - two; tris - three the same for

both; keturios - four feminine. Genitivefor masculine and feminine are the same;dviej - of two, trij - of three, keturi off

four. Dative dviem - to two, and trims -I

to three are for masculine and femininei

alike; keturiems - to four masculine, ke-!

turioms - to four feminine. To give thef

example in full:

Mase. Fern.|

1—2—6. Du, keturi, dvi, keturios, trs.

3. Dviej, keturi, trij.

4. Dviem, keturiems, keturioms, trims.

6. Du, keturis, keturias, tris.

6. Dviem, keturiais, keturiomis, trimis.

7. Dviejuose, dviejose keturiuose, ketu- ;

riose, trijuose trijose.

As du - dvi - two, so also abu, abudu,j

abi, abidvi - both are declined in like ma-,

nr. The numeral dešimtis - ten is de-

clined as the noun naktis - night. But i

there is another dešimt - ten, which is ?

fbdeclinable. From vienuolika - eleven to|

devyniolika - nineteen all the numeralsare declined as žmona - woman. From dvi-

dešimtys - twenty to devyniosdešimtys-

ninety all the numerals are declined as pi.

- 27 -

laktys. Šimtas - hundred and tkstantia-

housand are declined as common nouns,

“ill ordinal numerals follow the declen-

(ion of common adjectives.

Pirmas - first, and paskutinis - last have

iegrees, namely, positive, comparative,

ind superlative pirmas - first, pirmesnis -

jrior, pirmiausias * the most prior; paaku-

:inis - the last, paskutinesnis • more last,

jaskutiniausias or paskuiausias - the most

ast. The same way all adjectives have de-

crees: geras - good; geresnis - better^ ge-

dausis bes-t. Tobulas - perfect ;tobules-

als - more perfect; tobuliausias - most per-

ect.

REMARK: In Lithuanian there; are

3ome other words which have the signifi-

3ation of numerals, they are numerals to

3xpress a plurality in several places or

When speaking of many objects in several

places or times. They are used withouns that have the signification of plura-

lity only, for instance: marškiniai - shirt

Is used only in the plural, therefore, we3ay only vieni marškiniai - one shirt, we30uld not say vienas, for it is not mascu-line singular, nor viena singular, for it is

not feminine. So we always must say:

p^ieni marškiniai - one shirt, dveji marški-liai - two shirts, treji - three, ketveri - fourind so on. Rut for the rest I will showjome examples of the feminine gender:lenkerios rogs - five sleighs, šešerios žirk-

s - six pair of scissors, septynerios stak-

ls - seven looms, aštuonerios kartuvs -

- 28 -

eight gallows, devynerios durys - ninedoors, it is only up to nine inclusively.

There is a peculiar expression in Lithu-anian, which I would call a numericalnoun, which is used when speaking of

children and animals; to count them for

example; Jie turi dvejet vaik - theyhave two children; jis turi penket ark-li - he has five horses. This is also fromtw^o to nine inclusively. Dvejetas two,trejetas - three, ketvertas - four, penke-tas - five, šešetas - six, septynetas - seven,aštuonetas - eight, devynetas - nine all are

masculine nouns of the first declension;they always signify a group of children oranimals and are only used in that sen«e,

without distinction of genders.“

There are some numerical adjectives;

Vieneriopas, vienodas (vienokis) - of onekind or of the same kind, dvejopas (dvejo-

kis) - of two kinds, trejopas - of threekinds, ketveriopas - hf four kinds, penke-riopas - of five kinds, šešeriopas - of six

kinds, septyneriopas - of seven kinds, aš-

tuoneriopas - of eight kinds, devynerio-pas - of nine kinds, dešimteriopas - of tenkinds, šimteriopas. - of hundred kinds,

tkstanteriopas - of thousand kinds. All

those numerical adjectives have their ad-

verbs: vieneriopai - in one manner, dvejo-

pai - in two ways or manners, trejopai - ih

three ways, ketveriopai - in four ways etc.-

— 29 —

.Vienlinkas - single, dvilinkas - double

,r twofold, trilinkas - threefold,

cas - fourfold, penklinkas - fivefold sešlm-

5as - sixfold, septynlinkas - sevenfolch aS-

;uonlinkas - eightfold, simthnkas - hun-

dredfold; this adjective has also its

verbs; vienlinkai, dvilinkai, trilinkai etc.

,

dvigubas - double, trigubas - treble, they

also have their adverbs, dvigubai, trigu-

bai, twice as much, three times as muc .

Speaking of animals there is one more

numerical adjective to express old

they are masculine dveigys, femmine

dveige - of two years, treigys, treige - oi

three years, ketvereigis,

four years, penkereigis, penkereige of five

yTars! SeSeleigi«, SesereigS • of six years

septynergis, septynerg - of seyen years,

astuonergis, aštuonerge - of eight years,

devynergis, deyynerge - of nine

desiratergis, dešimterg - of ten years, šim-

tergis, šimterg - of hundred years.

I Pronoun — Isvardis.

I A pronoun is a word which takes the

I place of the name of persons or of things.

Is vardis yra žodis, kuris užvaduoja asmens

arba daikto vard. .

-There are six kinds of pronouns m the

Lithuanian language. They are 1-st per-

— 30

šonai pronouns - asmeniški išvardžiai, 2-nd i

possessive pronouns - savinamieji išvar-

džiai, 3 rd demonstrative pronouns - ro-|

domieji išvardžiai, 4-th relative pronouns -|

apsakomieji išvardžiai, 6-tli interrogativej

pronouns - klausiamieji išvardžiai, 6-tlij

indefinite pronouns - nereiškiamieji išvar-j

džiai. I

i

Declension of the personal pronouns.

Asmenini išvardži linksniavimas.


N.*AŠ - 1, tu - thou, jis - he, ji - she. ^

G. Mans - of me, tavs - of thee, jo - of his,.j

jos - of hers.

D. Man - to me, tau - to thee, jam - tohim,-

jai - to her.

A. Mane - me, tave - thee, j - him,j - her. i

I. Manimi - by me, tavimi - by thee, juo -:

by him, ja - by her.

L. Manyje - in me, tavyje - in thee, jame -

in him^ joje - in her.


N. Ms - we, jus - you, jie - they, jos they,i

G. Ms - ours, js - yours, j theirs (for i

both).

D. Mums - to us, jums - to you, jiems,,

joms - for them. i

A. Mus, jus, juos, jas. t i

I. Mumis, jums, jais, jomis.

- 31 -

L. Mumyse, jumyse, juose, jose.

Dual — Dviskaita.

M. F. M. F. M. F.

N. Mudu, mudvi, judu, judvi, jiedu, jiedvi.

G. Mudviej, judviej, jdviej.D. Mudviem, juodviem, jiemdviem, jom-

dviem.A. The same as nominative in all.

I. The^ame in dative for all.

L. Mudviese, judviese, juodviese, jodviese.

The following possessive pronouns are

indeclinable: mano - mine or my, tavo -

thy or thine, and savo - one’s own whichis used sometimes with all three singular

persons as singular genitive. The geni-

tive plural of the above stated personal

pronouns are used as possessive pronouns.The possessive pronouns: manas - my,

tavas - thy, savas - ones own are declined,

as the true adjectives having masculineand feminine, as geras, gera - good. Buttavas, manas are used very seldom ; savas

is used very often.

There are also augmented possessive

pronouns: manasis - my mase., manojifern., tavasis, tavoji - thy, savasis, savoji -

one’s own, are declined as the augmentedadjectives p. 21. The following have thesame meaning: maniškis, manišk - mine,

taviškis, tavišk - thne, msiškis, msiš-k - ours, jsiškis, jsišk - yours, saviš-

- 32 -

kis, savišk - one’s own are declinedmedinis p. 18. Manasis, tavasis, also mniškis, taviškis is used by kusbands arwives without a substantive so much i

that this possessive pronoun appears asi

substantive, for instance: manasis - rr

husband, manoji - my wife; tavasis - th

husband, tavoji - thy wife.

Demonstrative pronouns — Rodomieji išvard

Declension of demonstrative pronouisimilar to the declension of personal pbnouns.


m. f. m, f. m. f.' m. f.i

N. Tas, ta, šis, ši - this, anas, ana - thai

toks, tokia.

Q. To, tos, šio, šios, ano, anos, tokio, tokie

D. Tam, tai, šiam, šiai, anam, anai, tokiantokiai.

A. T, ši, ši, an, tok, toki.I. Tuo, ta, šiuo, šia, anuo, ana, tokiu, toki

L. Tame, toje, šiame, šioje, aname, anoj«

tokiame, tokioje.

Plural —;Daugskaita.

N. Tie, tos, šie, šios, anie, anos, tokie, ,tc

kios.

G. T, ši, an, toki.D. Tiems, toms, šiems, šioms, aniemSj a

noms, tokiems, tokioms.

- 33 -

A. Tuos, tas, šiuos, sis, anuos, ans, to-

kius, tokias.

I. Tais, tomis, šiais, šiomis, anais, anomis,tokiais, tokiomis.

L. Tuose, tose, šiuose, šiose, anuose, anose,tokiuose, tokiose.

The Dual in every respect is the sameas in the personal pronoun.

The reflexive pronoun pats - self mase.and pati fern, has a double meaning, pats -

husband, pati - wife, it is a noun when it

stands for husband and wife. It is de-

clined as follows;

Singular.

M. F.

N, Pats, pati;

G. Paties, paios;D. Paiam, paiai;A. Pati, pai;I. Patimi, paia;L. Paiame, paioje

Plural.

M. F.

patys, paios,pai.

patiems, paioms,paius, paias,paiais, paiomis.

; paiuose, paiose.

Dual. — Dviskaita.

M. F.

N. A. Paiudu, patidvi.

G. Pai-dviej.D. I. Patim-dviem, paiom dviem.L. As plural.

When this word pats, pati is used as anoun to designate husband and wife, it

has a locative singular mase. patyje, fern.

- 34

remains the same paioje; it has a vocativecase m. patie! f. paia!

Interrogative pron. — Klausiamieji išvardžiai.

KEMARK: The' same pronouns areused in all three cases, namely, in questionthey are called interrogative pronouns; inexplanations of other sentences they arecalled relative pronouns; in general narra-tions without any specifications they arecalled indefinite pronouns.

They are: kas - who, or what; kuris,

kursai, kurisai, katras - which; keno -

whose; koks, kokis (fem. kokia) - whatkind or sort (latin qualis)? kiek - howmuch? keli - how many? kelintas m., ke-

linta f. - what in number, which in line?

keleriopas or keleriodas - of how manykinds? The tlas - certain indefinite pro-noun becomes definite by assuming is, tu-

lasis, tuloji f, - means the certain one. Betkoks, betkokia f., nekuris, kaikuris - someone, somebody. Kur - where, whither?kada, kuomet - when? katras, katra is de-

clined as geras, gera p. 17., also there be-

longs kelintas, kelinta, kuris, kuri, kokiskokia is declined as toks, tokia p. 16.

The Verb. — Veiksmažodis.The part of speech which designates an

action or a motion or state is called a verb.

“ 36 -

Kalbos dalis, parodanti veikim ar kru-tjim arba stov daikto, vadinasi veiks-

mažodis.Or the words, which signify action or

the state of anything we call verbs.

Žodžius, kurie reiškia daikto veiksm ar-

ba stov, vadiname veiksmažodžiais.The words that signify action, we call

them the real Amrbs, v. g., dirbu - 1 work,nešu - 1 carry, rašau - 1 write. Words,which signify the state or position wecould call unreal verbs, e. g., sdžiu - 1 amsitting, drebu - 1 am shaking.

Žodžius, kurie reiškia stov arba padji-m galtume vadinti netikraisiais veiks-

mažodžiais.There is another distinction of verbs,

which is the transitive (pereinamasisveiksmažodis) verb, and intransitive (ne-

pereinamasis veiksmažodis) verb.The transitive verbs designate the

action, which passes over to some otherthing, which in the sentence is called thedirect or proximate object (tiesiuoju arbaartimuoju dariniu). The proximate objectis expressed by the accusative (what) orthe genitive (whose). Examples: tvasmokina sn - father teaches his son, bro-lis rašo laišk - brother, writes a letter, vai-

kas prašo duonos - a boy asks for bread.Intransitive verbs are those, which haveno proximate object they may have only a

36 -

remote object expressed by other cases, orwith a preposition. Examples: Tikiu tau -

I believe thee; važiuoju arkliais - 1 ride byhorses; hiesijuok iš mans - do not laughat me.

The reflexive verbs in Lithuanian byinserting the syllable si into any verb, oradding it as suffix are formed E. G., mo-kau - 1 teach, mokinuosi - 1 teach myselfor I am learning.

1. REMARK: In Lithuanian all verbsmay be made'frequentatives; at least sometransitive verbs may become transitive;impersonal may become personal by inser-ting a proper syllable. In that case theverb changes its signification, e. g.^ theverb lyti signifies to rain; lydyti means tocause wet by a rain; lydytiesi this verbbecomes reflexive, it means to cause one-self wet by a rain; to make it entirely pre-terite and perfect, we, add to it a prefix su— sulydyti, means to cause somebodyelse wet by a rain; If we add to it a nega-tive, and put it imperatively, we have inone word expressed a longcircumlocation;e. g., nesusilydyk, is the negative, it

means, do not cause yourself wet by a rain.

2. REMARK: Lithuanian language is therichest in diminutives, which have pecu-liar significations for endearment, for re-

spect, for contempt. We give here someexamples how they are formed; vaikas, aboy, vaikutis, vaikytis, vaikelis, a little

boy, a sign of endearment, vaikinas, vaiki-

nelis, a boy who is not very small, and it

— 3T

is used for respect; vaikzas, vaikiozas,vaikišias used for contempt.

Even in proper names and surnames,also family names are formed in the sameway, for instance, children as long as theyare not masters for themselves, they are

distinguished by their fathers diminutive,

if their father’s name is Simonaitis, son is

called Simonaitukas, daughter is called Si-

monaiiut or Simonaite. The wife of Si-

monaitis is called Simonaitiene. This will

give some idea to the English poeple of thepeculiarities of Lithuanian language.

In the compound verbs the syllable si

is inserted, e. g., pasidarysiu - T shall makeit myself; išsimokinsiu - Is shall educatemyself. This syllable si stands for posses-sive pronoun.

Veiksmažodži sanjungojimas. — Conjugationof Verbs.

The verbs are conjugated by moods,numbers, person, tenses, participles andgenera.

In Lithuanian language there are six

moods of speech: 1. reiškiamasis sakymas -

indicative mood to indicate somebody’saction

; 2. liepiamasis sakymas - imperativemood to express a command; 3. geidžiama-sis sakymas - optative mood to designatea wish or desire; 4. tariamasis sakymas -

conditional or potential mood, by which

- 88 -

we express an action, whicji would takeplace, or sometliing else would happen; 5.

nereiškiamasis sakymas - infinitive mooddesignates the action or condition of a be-

ing or person without expressing person,number, tense, etc.; 6. siekiamas sakymas- supinum, supine mood is used to expressa purpose only after verbs eiti - to go; va-žiuoti - to ride; varyti - to drive; sisti -

to send and other verbs, which signify amotion.

The numbers are three, singular, dualand plural as will be seen in the examples.

There are four simple tenses and as

many formed from declinable participles

and copulative or compound verbs.

Veikstnavardžiai. — Participles.

Lithuanian language is very rich in

participles. There are four active simpleparticiples, the present participle' dars -

doing, making, the passed or preterite

participle dares - having done, the pre-

terite frequentative participle darydavs -

used to have done (often), the future par-

ticiple darysis - one who shall have done.Other participles will be explained byexamples.

Veiksmažodži ršys. — Genera of Verbs.

The active genus designates that theaction, which is performed by the subject

— 39 —

* of the sentence passes from the subject to

some other object.

The reflexive genus of verb is whenthe action performed by the subject of thesentence remains in the subject or returnsto it.

Th? passive genus of verbs if formedwhen the action or motion, which is

expressed by the predicate of the sentenceis performed without an object, e. g., esumylimas - 1 am loved, esu myltinas - 1 amto be loved.

Sanjungojitno pavyzdžiai. — Examples of conju“

gating.

Jungiamasis veiksmažodis. — Auxiliary Verb.

Bti - to be; esu - 1 am; buvau - 1 was.

Pereinamasis laikas. — Present tense.

Reiškiamasis sakymas. — Indicative Mood.Ist per. sing esu (esmi) - 1 am.2nd „ ,, esi - Thou art.

3rd „ ,, esti - He (she) is.

„ ,, ,, yra - (for sing, and plural) is

Ist „ Dual esva (esava) - We two are.

2nd ,, „ esta (esata) - You two are.

1st „ Plur. esme (esame) - We are.

2nd „ „ este (esate) - You are.

Leidžiamasis sakymas. — Optative Mood.Teesie (tesie) - may it be, let it be.

Siekiamasis sakymas. — Supine Mood.Bt - would be.

- 40 -

Liksniuojamasis veiksmavardis. — Declinable

Participle.

Masculine: Ess (es).- being (in general).

Feminine: Esanti (esante) - being.

Bendralaikis veiksmavardis. — contempo-rary participle.

Masculine: Bdamas - being (in partieular).

Feminine: Bdama - being.

Nelinksnuojamasis veiksmavardis. — Decli-

nable participle.

Esanti (esante) - being.

Liepiamasis* sakyraas. — Imperative Mood..

2nd p. sing. Bk-be tliou, tliou must be.

Ist ,, pi. Bukime-let us be, we must be.

2nd ,, ,, Bkite-you must be.

1st „ Dual Bkiva-we two must be.

2nd ,, ,, Bkita-you two must be.

Pereitas pasakojamasis laikas. — Preterite

narrative tense.

Beiskiamasis sakymas. — Indicative mood.1st per. sing. Buvau - 1 was.2nd ,, ,, Buvai - Thou was.3rd ,, ,, Buvo - He (she) was.1st ,, Dual Buvova - We two were.2nd ,, ,, Buvota - You two were.1st ,, plur. Buvome - We were.2nd ,, „ Buvote - You were.

Linksniuojamasis veiksmavardis. — Decli-

nable participle.

Masculine: Buvs - Having been (he).

- 41 -

Feminine: Buvusi - Having been (she).

Nelinksniuojamasis veiksinavardis. — In-

declinable participle.

Buvus - having been (in general).

Bsimas laikas. — Future tense.

Reiškiamasis sakymas. — Indicative mood.1st per. sing. Bsiu - 1 shall be.

2nd „ „ Bsi - Thou shallt be.

3rd „ ,, Bus - He (she) shall be.

1st „ Dual Bsiva - We two shall be.

2nd „ ,, Bsita - You two shall be.

Ist „ plur. Bsime - We shall be.

2nd ,, ,, Bsite - You shall be.

Linksniuojamasis veiksmavardis. — Decli-

nable participle.

Masculine: Bsis - like the Latin futurus.Feminine: Bsianti ,, ,, ,, futura.

Nelinksniuojamasis veiksmavardis. — In-

declinable participle.

Bsiant - future.

Pereitas paprastasis laikas. — Preterite

* frequentative tense.

Reiškiamasis, sakymas. — Indicative mood.1st per. sing. Bdavau - 1 used to be.

2nd „ ,, Bdavai - Thou used to be.

3rd ,, ,, Bdavo - He (she) used to be.

1st „ Dual BdaVOva - We two used to be.

2nd „ ,, Bdavota You two used to be.

Ist „ plur.Bdavome-We (all) used to be.

2nd „ „ Bdavote - You ,, ,, „ ,,

- 4:2 -

Verb to go. — Veiksmažodis eiti

Pereinamasis laikas. — Present tense.

Keiškiamasis sakymas. — Indicative Mood.Viensk. Sing. 1. einu - 1 go.

„ „ 2. eini - Tliou goest.

„ „ 3. eina - He goes.

Dvisk. Dual 1. einava - We two go.

„ „ 2. einata - You two go.

Daugs. Plural 1. einame - We go.

„ „ 2. einate - You go.

Pereitas apsakomasis laikas. — Preterite

Narrative tense.

Reiškiamasis sakymas. — Indicative mood.Viensk. Sing. 1. jau - I went.

,, „ 2. jai - Thou didst go.

„ „ 3. jo - He did go.

Dvisk. Dual 1. jova - We two did go.

,, „ 2. jota - You two did go.

Daugs. Plural 1. jome - We did go.

„ „ 2. jote - You did go.

3rd person plural always the same as 3rdperson singular.

Liepiamasis sakymas. — Imperative Mood.Viensk. Sing. 2. eik - Thou go.

Dvisk. Dual 1. eiva, eikiva - Ltus 2 go.

Daugs. Plural 1. eime, eikime - Let us go.

,, ,, 2. eikite - You go.

All other verbs are formed accordingto the following examples or forms:

Visi kiti veiksmažodžiai formuojami su-

lyg sekani pavyzdži arba form.

- 43 -

All the rest of participles are coDjuga-

'ted in the way above shown. Here are

some more examples of the participles

formed:Present Participle, Preterite Participle,

matomas, matoma - visible, seen; žinomas,žinoma - known; žinotas, žinota - havingbeen known; jojamas, jojama - on horse-back; jotas, jota - having been on horse-back.

There is one more form of conjugatingverbs, which requires some examples at

least in the present tense. Those verbswhich in the present singular have their

first person’s termination ju; second per-

son singular ji; third person singular ja;

dual first person j-va; second j-ta; plural

first person j-me; third ja.

Examples.

Sing. 1. Joju - 1 ride on horseback; va-

žiuoju - 1 ride; ryju - 1 swallow.2. Joji - thou rid est on horseback; va-

žiuoji - thou ridest ; ryji - thou swallowest.3. Joja - He rides on horseback; važiuo-

ja - He rides; ryja - He swallows.Duali. Jojava-Wetwo ride on horse-

back; važiuojava - We two ride; ryjava

-

We two swallow.2. Jojata - you two ride on horseback;

važiuojata - you two ride; ryjata - you twoswallow.

Plur. 1. Jojame- We ride on horseback;

— 44 —

važiuojame - we ride; ryjame - we swallow.2. Jojate - you ride on horseback; va-

žiuojate - you ride; ryjate - you swallow.3. Joja thej’' - ride on horseback; va-

žiuoja - they ride; ryja - the 5^ swallow.The rest of the tenses are regular, like

the above given examples. Participles are

also regular.

The signification on Causative Verbs.

In Lithuanian language there are socalled causative verba, as we had some-thing before. Those verbs are called cau-sative, because they designate, that thesentences in which they are u&ed becomevery short, sometimes only a word ex-

presses a very long idea, for the subjectof the sentence shows its action or object

done by subservient powers or subordi-nate causes.

Thsey are also distinguished into verbapassivo-causativa, and verba activo-causa-

tiva. Some authors did not make this dis-

tinction at all, because they considered it

unnecessary. Kriausaitis however makesthe distinction, and says that of the pas-

sivo-causativa are only a few verbs that canbe formed in this way. I would not dis-

pute about it, but they are very numerousand very handy indeed. Here I give

some more examples:

Passivo-causativa are : sverti - means to

- 45 -

weigh, sverdinti - means to cause anotherto weigh; svyruoti - means to be suspen-ded, svyruodinti - means to order or causeanother to be suspended; sksti - to sinkto drown, skandinti - to cause some oneelse to drown.

Of the activo-causative are: daryti - to

do, darydinti - to cause another to do some-thing; dirbti - to work, to act, dirbdinti -

to cause another to work; rašyti - to

write, rašydlnti - to cause another to

write.

Some Words about Frequentative Verbs,

In Lithuanian language besides the fre-

quantative tense which we have seen in

the examples of con.iugations, there is aspecial form to make almost every verb fre-

quentative, which means that the actionwas repeated by the subject. They areformed sometimes by inserting the syllable

dyti, or ti: daryti - to do, darinti - to dofrequently; važiuoti - to ride, važinti - toride frequently; šauti - to shoot, šaudyti -

to snoot frequently. Great many of thesefrequentative verbs in assuming thesyllable are changed 'according to the last

form of conjugation in the singular pre-sent tense, for instance, darau - J do, da-

rinju - 1 do often, sakau - 1 say, šakinj u -

I gay frequently.

- 46 —

A few rules with examples about

the Lithuanian syntax.

The syntax in Lithuanian is very simi-

lar to the syntax in Latin. One familiar

with the Latin language will have no dif-

ficulty to understand the Lithuaniansyntax.*

Dative. The dative in Lithuaniansignifies what anything is good for, neces-sary, or useful. For in-tance: Jisai užrašmirdamas savo giminaiiui gaball žemshe bequeathed to his relative a little plot of

land. Jisai užraš Bažnyiai graž turt -

He bequeathed to the Church a beautifulpossession. Ar tu rasi jam lazd - Will

you find a stick for him? Ar jau surinkaipinig kelionei - Did you collect money for

your journey? Duok man savo drabužiusnors (bent) šiai dienai - Give me yourclothes at least for this day. Neilgam šu-

niui dešra po kaklu - Not for a long time thesausage under the dogs neck. Dative also

is used for making tools: Jie perka javusne sklai, bet duonai - They are buyingcrops not for seed, but for bread. Duokman pinig maistui - Give me money for

my sustenance. Duok man duonos valgy-mui - Give me bread to eat.

Infinitive. The infinitive in Lith-

uanian is also used to express a purpose

- 47 -

or an object. Duok man vandens atsigerti-

Give me some water to drink. Turbtbits turi ten koki skyl sulsti, kad nak-tyje j nematyti - Perhaps the bees havesome hole to creep in, because at night theyare not seen. The infinitive also is used.with the dative Cdativus cum infinitive)

by such sentences as if a double object is

expressed: Girdjau tave turint avin vil-

kui susti - 1 have heard that you have aram for the wolf to eat (to be eaten by thewolf). Sausas medis, laivui daryti - A drytree to make the ship. Lazda šunims atsi-

ginti - A stick to defend one self againstdogs. Sometimes this dative with infini-

tive is used with a substantive made outof a participle: Vyskupas steig kelias

koplyias atminimui Viešpaties kanios -

The Bishop established several chapels for

remembrance of the Passion of Our Lord.The above shown infinitive with dative

gave a rise to the infinitive with nomina-tive (nominativus cum infinitive): Manjau rpi avižos piauti - 1 am anxious tomow the oats. Jam teko mšlas vežti - It

was his lot to cart the manure. Suleniovanduo sveika gerti - It is healthy to drinkthe water from a well. Instead of thisnominative the accusative of the object is

used the same way: Man reikia jauiai(nominative pi.) ginti, or man reikia jau-

ius (accusative pi.) ginti - 1 must protect

tlie oxen.The infinitive takes place of a simple

object after the verbs; gulti - to be lying(jacere), reikalauti - to be in a need, priva-lyti - to be obliged, norti - to wish, mok-ti - to pay, and others. Cia gera gulti -

Here is good to lie. Ant akmens kieta s-dti - It is hard to be sitting on a stone.

Genitive and the optative mood.

In Lithuanian not only the dative is

used to express a purpose, but also geni-

tive may be used in the same signification.

Such genitive is used after the verbs:eiti - to go, važiuoti - to ride, sisti - to

send, varyti - to drive, to (hase etc. Ex-amples: J bernas atjo arklio - Theirworkman came after a horse. Einu van-dens - 1 go for water (it means: I am goingto fetch some water). Žmogus važiuojamalk - A man is riding after fuel. Thereis another genitive which is used after in-

transitive vmrbs: Arklys žvengia aviž -

The horse is neighing. after oats. Vaikasverkia duonos - A child is weeping after

bread.

After transitive verbs which requiretheir object in the accusative case, geni-

tive is used to express the object only in a

part (genitivus partivus): Atnešk manvandens - Fetch me some water. Atneškman vanden - Bring me the entire sped-

— 49 —

ied quantity of water. Ar turi pinig -

lave you some money? Ar turi pinigus -

lave you the specified sum of money?

Participles.

The declinable participle (as every ad-

ective) in sentence is used to designate

he predicate or an attribute. Such parti-

ciple is used together with auxiliary verbs

,n \he place of a predicate. There are six

Darticiples altogether, three active and

;hree passive participles. Active: dars,

larqs, darysis; passive; daromas, dary-

:as, darytinas. Examples: Kiekvienas

smogus, kenis už tv žem ir kalb, pa-

tinka Dievui - Every man who suffers for

his native country and language pleases

to God. Kas darytina, reikia daryti - WhatIs to be done, it is necessary to do.

KEMARK. If the active participle is

in a place of the subject or an atribute, it

assumes then the termination of the most

common adjective, dars, darantis, or da-

rantysis, suks, sukantis or sukantysis;

feminine daranti, darantiji, sukanti, su-

kantiji etc. Examples: Perkantysis turi

daug išmanyti - Buying must comprehendmuch. Or better English: He who buys

piust be an intelligent. Prisiekusis advo-

katas daug geresnis už šunadvokati - Asworen attorney is much better than dog’s

attorney.

- 50 -

In our language to express a sentencesometimes one only word is used ( Vaikasi

valgo - the boy eats), sometimes t'woi

words (vaikas buvo valgs - the boy was'eating), or more (vaikas saksi buvo val-

gs - the boy said he was eating). A pre-

dicate which is expressed by many words,:

very often is composed of participles and'

reflexive or reciprocal verbs such as^: sa-

kau, tariuos, nusimanau etc. Examples:Jis sakosi daug žins - He says of himself:

to know much. Jis saksi ten buvs (mas-culine), Ji saksi ten buvusi - she says to

have been there. Jisai saksi jau bsisiatsikls, kai tu nueisis - He said he shalll

be awake when you shall come. Petras

saksi darydavs teip, kaip tu nordavs h

Peter said that he used to do as youiwished him self to do. In an oblique!

speech the participle is used as predicate:!

in such cases the participle is used with-

out reflexive or reciprocal verb. Ex-amples: Jis buvs mieste - He has been in

the city, Jt means the same as to say: Jis

saksi buvs mieste - He said to himseli

having been in the city. Or: mat arba|

sak ji buvus mieste - They have seen or

said having seen him in the city. 1

In Lithuanian there are some neuterparticiples, and they are used very often

in direct speech: Cia trobos kit kart b-ta - Here a building has been at an early

51 -

ime. This is used only when there are

orrie signs to demonstrate that somethinglad been in the place: Cia vagi bta -

iere must have been some thieves. Cia

mogaus eita - Here a man must have[one. Žmoni važiuojama ionais - People

oust have been riding here. Keno ia)ta - Who must have been here?

If the active participle of the indirect

ipeech (oratio obliqua) had a proximate

(bject, expressing the thought bythepas-iive voice, the proximate object must be

;urned into the subject of the sentence,

md the active participle into the neuter

aassive participle.

Examples: Sen miškai mylta, tulon

^iesmn dta; ms tveli visos tos gies-

cns mokta. - The forest were loved bythe ancients, they were contained in the

3ongs; all those songs were known by our

fathers. To express the same idea by the

indirect discourse would be as follows: Se-

oi miškus mylj, tulon giesmn dj; m-3 tveliai visas ts giesmes mokj.

Declinable participles very often are

used to express a circumstance, to de-

signate in what way an action took place:

Dsok valgyti; vyrai parjo šien piov. -

Give to eat; men came who were mowingthe hay. Kareiviai i namus sigriov, rnu-

l.kur tik sutik. - The soldiers having

creeped into the house struck whom they

— 62 —

met.I think this may be sufficient to learn

so much of Lithuanian language as to beable to study the rest from the pure Lithu-anian grammar.

4

Expression®.

The meeting.

Praised be JesusChrist.

For ever and ever.

Good Morning!Good day!Good evening!I do not understand

English.

,Who of you under-stands

Lithuanian,polish,

Russian,German,French?None of us under-

stands it.

And you, sir, do younot understandEnglish at all?

Not much; I canhardly express

<myself.

I hope I shall learnit soon.

’^here did you comefrom?

Susitikimas.

Tegul bus pagarbin-tas Jzus Kristus.

Ant amži amžinj.Amen.

Labas rytas! ,

Laba diena!Labas vakaras!As nesuprantu ang-

liškai.

Kas iš js supranta

lietuviškai,

lenkiškai,

maskoliškai,vokiškai,prancziškai?Nei viens iš ms ne-

supranta.O tamista, ar visai ne-moki angliškai?

Nekiek; vos tik susi-

šnekti galiu.

Tikiuosi, kad neužil-

go išmoksiu.

Iš kur tamista atvy-kai ia?

- 54 -

From Prussia, fromLithuania.

Why did you notstudy it beforeyou came to Ame-rica?

There was no oneto learn it from

;

it is hard to studyit from books.

I doubt it; the Eng-lish language is

very hard.It is hard only to be-

ginners.I beg your pardon

sir, but who are

you, of what na-tionality?

I ama Polander,a Russian,a German,a Frenchman,a Lithuanian,an Englishman.How long have youbeen in America?

It is only a week, amonth, a year.

It is not long yet.

How do you do?

Is Prs, iš Lietu-vos.

Dlko tamista neišmo-kai pirma atvažia-

vimo i Amerik?

Nebuvo nuo ko mo-kintis; iš knygsunku yra išmokti.

Abejoju ; angliška kal-

ba labai sunki.

Sunki tik pradedan-tiems.

Dovanokite, bet kastamista per vienas,

kokios tautos?

Aš esulenkas,rusas,

vokietys,pranczas,lietuvys,

anglas.

Ar seniai, tamista,

Amerikoje?Da tik savait, mne-

sis, metai.

Tai dar neseniai.

Kaip einasi Tamistai?

— 55 —

Wliat is the news?Nothing new,every-

thing is in the old

way.And what newshave you?

There is nothinggood.

How are you gettingalong?

Thank you, verywell.

How are your pa-

rents gettingalong?

Not quite well; myfather is alwayssick, and my mo-ther is unable to •

keep things going.

What are your bro-

ther and sister

doing?

My brother is in

school, and mysister is married.

Good bye, sir, I am• going home.Wait a while, whatmakes you hurry

' so?

Kas pas jus girdti?Nieko naujo, viskaspo senovei.

Kokios naujienos pasjus?

Teipgi nieko gero.

Kaip tamistai einasi?

Ai, labai gerai.

Kaip einasi js t-vams?

Nekaip; tvas nuola-tos serga, o motinaneaprpia vis rei-

kal.

K veikia jus brolis,

sesuo?

Brolis da moksle, osesuo jau ištek-jusi.

Sudiev, tamista, eisiu

namon.iPalaukite valandle,ko teip skubinats?

4

- 66 -1

I have some busi-

ness.

When will we meetagain?

In a short time.

This evening.Tomorrow morning.

The day after tomor-

row.Good night.

Come up to see us

again.

Good bye.

How long are yougoing to live in A-

merica?

I don’t know yet.

How do you like A-

merica?

I like it pretty well.

I like it very much.Night’s lodging.

Will you take us in

for a night’s lod-

ging?

Can you let me have

a place to sleep

over night?

We would gladly

As turiu reikal.

Kada pasimatysime?^

Neužilgo.Šiandien vakare.

Rytoj ryt.,

Poryt. • 1

Labanakt.Atsilankykite pas *

mus tankiau.

Likite sveiki.

Ar ilgai, tamista, ke-

tini gyventi Ameri-

koje? -

Dabar da nežinau.

Ar patinka jums A^

• merika?N šio, n to. i

Patinka man labai. .

Nakvyn._

1

Ar priimsite mus i

nakvyn? ^

i

Ar negaliau pas

pernakvoti?|

Mielai priimtume,' be

;ake you in, but nra kur.

:here is no place.. , - •

vili pay you what- Aš jums užmokesiuj

- 57 -

e'ver will be due.dease step inside.

Tou may sleep in

this room.?hank you verymuch.

!trike a light, Mary.

’omorrow I mustget up early, whois going to wakejne?

^11 right, I will

wake you at five,

^it six o’clock,

lood night,let up, sir, it is timeto go.

lood morning, sir,

how did you sleep?'hank you, I sleptvery well,

would like to havesomething to eat.

breakfast will soonbe ready.[ow much do I oweyou for thenight’s lodging?

kas reiks.Meldžiu tamist i

vid.Sitam kambaryj ga-

lite nakvoti.Ai labai.

Mariuke,uždegk žibu-

r Cbetter užžibink).

Rytoj anksti aš*) tu-

riu keltis, kas ma-ne prikels?

Gerai, aš tamist pri-

kelsiu penkt, šeš-

t valand.Labanakt.Kelk, tamista, jap lai-

kas eiti.

Labas rytas! kaipmiegojote?

Ai, labai’gerai.

Noriau k užksti.

Tuojaus išvirs pus-ryiai.

Kiek aš kaltas užnakvyn?

*) Personai pronouns are used only to designate a stress,3cause verb alone shows what person speaks.

- 58 -

Where is my driver?Call my driver. Telhim to come.

This is for the rig,

and this is yourtip.

Thank you verymuch, sir.

Good bye.

Kur mano vežjas?Pašaukite (pavadin-

kite) mano vežj.Sitai yra už vežim,o 6ia ant alaus.

Dkui labai gražiai

tamistai.

Sudiev.

KEMARK. Those expressions are notliteral, but only idiomatic expressions, thesignification of them can be found in thedictionary. For there are only a few ex^

pressions in Lithuanian which can be lite-

rally translated.

About Nature.

The tr«es are green.The flowers are

blooming.How do you like

planting corn?What a sweet aroma

is in the field!

Stop for a momentand hear the sin-

ging and chirpingof the birds.

Hark! what noise is

that?Oh, that’s only the

frog’s croaking.

Apie GamtMedžiai žaliuoja.

Žolynai žydi.

Kaip tau patinka so-

dinti kukuruzus?Kokia gardi kvapsnisyra laukuose!

Sustok ant valandosir paklausyk giedo-

jimo ir iulbjimopaukši.

Klausyk! koks tenbalsas?

O, tai varls kurkia.

-i

— 69 -

Let us go to thepond and see thefish swimming.

The crops areabundant this

year.

There are plenty of

apples and berriesand grapes.

Nature producesplenty of every-thing.

Man is alone to’ blame if he lacksthe things heneeds.

Not always so; aman may some-times want therain and he getsthe sunshine in-

stead.

Happy as the onewho can equallyenjoy both thesunshine and therain.

Tlie fall, the rainyseason, comesnow after the

* warm and sun-shiny weather.

Eime pas prd ir pa-žirkime, kaip žu-vys plaukioja.

Javai užderjo šmet.

Pilna yra obuoli ir

vuog ir vynuo-gi.

Gamta išduoda viskopilnai.

Žmogus vienas yrakaltas, jei jis netu-ri daikt, kuri jis

reikalauja.

Ne visuomet tas teip;

žmogus kartais ga-li norti lietaus, ovietoj to gaunagiedr.

Laimingas tas, kaslygiai gali pasi-

džiaugti kaip iš

giedros, teip ir iš

lietaus.

Ruduo, lietingas lai-

kas, ateina dabar pošiltos ir giedrios va-saros.

— 60 —

Boys talk now about ''

how they are

going to skate

when wintercomes.

Tbe children find

something to

make them happyall tbe year around.

Pleasure is every- i

where if we only

know how to

get it.

In the Grocery Store.

What will you have

Mrs.?Give me three

pounds of wa-shing soda, one

bar of soap, four

pounds of soap

chips and a bottle

of bluing.

What do you want,

little girl?

Give me one cake of

yeast and a pound

of crackers.

Are you waited on,

my boy?

Vaikai šneka dabar

apie tai, kaip jie

iužins, kada žie-

ma ateis. !

Vaikai suranda kuo-

rai bti laimingais

per ištisus metus.

i.

Smagumas yra visur,

jei tik mQS žinotu-

me, kaip ji gauti.

Valgom daikt sankro-j

voje.

K norsite, poniute? ,

Duok man tris svarus

sarmadrusks, vie-

n brus muilo, ke-

turis svarus muilo

skiedr ir bonke mlio.

K tu nori, mergaite?

if Duok man vien pl:S'c-

d keli mieli ir svarsausaini.

Ar tau kas paduodu,

vaikuti? ;

- 61 -

No, sir; I am justwaiting for myfriend.

Have you crabapples for makingjelly?

Yes, ma’m, we baveplenty of tbem.

You always fail to

bave good butterin your store.

Is tbis tbe best cof-’ fee you bave?How do you sell cab-

^

bage?

Two beads for adime; a nickel abead.

Give me five centsworth of picklesand a package of

matcbes.Let me see bowmany articles I

bave bere?Will you wrap tbem

all togetber?

2!an you deliver it atmy bouse?

Ne, tamista; aš tikpalaukiu savodraugo.

Ar turite girini o-

buoli tenalui(drebuiams) da-ryti?

Teip, poniute, msjikvaliai turime.

Jus niekuomet netu-rite gero sviesto sa-

vo sankrovoje.

Ar ia geriausia kava,k jus turite?

Kaip jus parduodatekopstus?

Dvi galvos už dešim-tuk; po penktu-k galva.

Duok man už penkiscentus raugint a-

gurk ir pakeldegtuk.

Nagi pažirsiu, kiekaš ia daikt turiu?

Malonk, tamista, su-vynioti juos visus i

krv.Ar gali pristatyti man

i namus?

-:62 -

In School.

Good morning,cliildren.

Take up your read-

ers and let us read

tlie lesson.

Your reading is

good.How do you spell

tMs word?It is very liard to

pronounce.Sit still, be erect and

listen.

Your deportment is

bad.

What are you gigg-

ling about?Don’t you laugh in

your sleeve.

Age.

How old are you?

I am twenty.

I shall soon bethirty.

He looks older.

She is younger.

She cannot be so

young.He must be older.

Mokykloje.

Labas rytas, vaikai.

Paimkime skaitym-lius ir paskaityki-

me lekcij.

Paskaitote gerai.

Kaip tu sudedi šit|

žodi?

Yra labai sunku iš-_

tarti.

Sdk tykiai, tiesiai

ir klausyk.|

Tavo pasielgimas ne-

tiks..

Ko tu kvatoji?

Nesijuok i rankove.

Amžis.j

Kaip esi senas?

Esiu dvidešimties

metu.Tuojaus bsiu trijij

dešimi.,

Jis išrodo senesniu.

Ji yra jaunesn.Ji negali bti tokia

‘

jauna. ’

Jis turi bti senesnif

63 —

dih’t think youwere so old.

le is at least sixty.

Ihe must be fourty.

low old is yourfather?

le is nearly eighty.

s he so old?low old is yoursister?

he is fifteen.

3 she so young?[qw old is youraunt?he is nearly ninety.

t is a great age.

le begins to get old.

To ask questions.

/hat do you say?•o you hear?>o.you hear me?don’t speak to you.>0 you understandrye?

isten

!

ome here!

I

As nemaniau, kad tutoks senas.

Jis mažiausiai šešidešimi.

Ji turi bti keturidešimi.

Kaip senas tavo t-vas?

Jis yra arti aštuonidešimi.

Ar jis toks senas?Kaip sena tavo se-

suo?Ji yra penkiolikos.Ar ji tokia jauna?Kaip sena tavo teta?

Ji yra apie devynidešimi.

Tai yra ilgas amžis.Jis pradeda senti

(ssti).

Klausti klausimus.

K tu sakai?Ar girdi?

Ar girdi mane?Aš nešneku tave.Ar supranti mane?

Klausyk!Eik šianl

- 64 -

What is that?Answer.Why don’t you an-

swer?What do you mean?What do you meanby that?

You speak Lithu-anian, I suppose?

Very little, sir.

Do you know me?Do you know Mr. H?I know him.I know him by

sight.

I know him byname.

I know him well.

What do you call

that?What is that in

Lithuanian?What do you call

that in English?What does thatmean?

What is it good for?

It is good for no-thing.

Kas tas?

Atsakyk.Kodl neatsakai?

K tu supranti?K tu supranti tuo?

Tu kalbi lietuviškai,

manau?Labai mažai, tamista.

Ar pažsti mane?Ar pažsti pon H?Aš pažstu j.

Aš pažstu j iš maty-mo.

Aš žinau j iš vardo..

Aš žinau j gerai.

Kaip tu vadini t?

Kas tai yra lietuviš-

kai?

Kaip tu vadinit ang-liškai?K tas reiškia?

Kam tas tinka?Tas niekam netinka.

CONTENTS.

Preface 1

Lithuanian Alphabet and Pronunciation 7

First lesson 8

Declensions of Substantives 9

Three examples of the second declension 1

1

Three examples of the 3rd declension 13Three examples of the fourth declension 14Four examples of the fifth declension 15Declension of the adjectives 17Two examples of the first declension of

adjectives 1

7

The second declension of adjectives 18The third declension of adjectives 19Numerals 23About the declension of numerals 25Pronoun 29Declension of the personal pronouns 30Demonstrative pronouns 32The Verb 34Conjugation of Verbs 37Participles 38Examples of conjugating 39Verb to go 42The signification of Causative Verbs 44Some words about Friequentative Verbs 45A few rules with examples about the

Lithuanian syntax 4 6

Genitive and the optative mood 48Participles 49Expressions 53

ERRATA.

On the page 4, the line 21: „Lithua-nians have graduated”, must be said

„Lithuanians have been graduated.”Page 23. Numerals — Skaitvardžiai.

Page 41a. Indiclinahle participle. — Ne-linksndiuojamasis veiksmavardis.

Copyright igio by

Rev. P. Saurusaitis.

NOTE—Third person plural the same as the third iwrson singular.

Linksniuojamasis veiksmavardis—Declinable participle.

Mt^Scullne bdavus ; feminine bdavusi.Nelinksniuojamasis veiksmavardis—Indeclinable participle.

Bdavus—It used to be. Bdavs—He used to be.. Bdavusi—She used to be.

Pereinamas atliktasis laikas—Present Perfect Tense.'

Reiškiamasis sakymas—Indicative mood.Masculine Feminine,

Ist per. sing. Ksu bvs. esu buvusi — I am such who have been3nd “ “ Esi l)iivs. e.si imviisi — Thou art “

3i*d“ Yra bv. yra buvusi — He, she is

“ “ “

1st “ duai Ksava buvusiu esava buvusi — We two are “ “

2nd “ Esata buvusiu esata buvusi — You two are “ “

3rd “ Yra buvusiu yra l)uvusi — They two are “ “ “

1st “ plur. Esame bv esame buvusios — We are “

2nd “ “ Esate bv esate buvusios — You are “ “ “

3rd “ Yrabv yra buvusios — They are “

Pereitas atliktasis laikas—Preterite Perfect Tense,Reiškiamasis sakymas

—

indicative mood.Masculine Feminine.

1st per. sing. Buvau bvs, buv^au buvusi - I have been.2nd “ “ Buvai bvs. buvai buvusi — Thou hast been.3rd “ “ Buvo biiv.s. buvo buvusi - He, she has been.1st “ dual Buvova buvusiu, buvova buvusi — We two have been.2nd “ “ Buvola buvusiu buvota buvusi — You tw'o have been.3rd Buvo l)uvusiu. buvo buvusi — They two have been.Ist “ plur. Buvome bv buvome buvusios -— We have been.2ftd “ “ Buvote bv buvote buvusios -— Yon have l)een.

3rd Buvo bv buvo buvusios — They have been.

Busimas atliktasis laikas

—

Future Perfect Tense.

Reiškiamasis sakymas—Indicative mood.* Masculine Feminine1st per. sing. Busiu bvs. busiu buvusi — I shall be such as has been.2nd “ Busi Imvs, “ buvusi — Thou “ “ “ “ “

3rd “ “ Bus bvs. “ buvusi — He, she “ “ “ “ “

1st “ dual Bsiva i)uvnsiu. “ buvusi — We two“ “ “ “

2nd “ “ Bsita buvusi. “ biiuusi — You “ “ “ “ “

3rd “ “ Bus buvusiu. “ buvusi — They “ “ “ “ “

ist “ plur. Bsime bv. “ buvusios — We “ “

2ud Bkitebv buvusios — You “ “ “ “ “

3rd “ “ Bus bv. “ buvusios They “ “ “ “ “

This peculiar tense is used only in sentences of feelin? and declarinj is not used inall parts of Lithuania. It desijnates to have been at an.v place but once. It is alsoused with other verbs, v. g. esu mates—I am such who have seen.

Tariamas vientisasis laikas—Potential Simple Tense.

1st per. sin.•2nd •• “

3rd “ “

1st “ dual2nd “

Lit “ plur.2ud “ ••

Biau — I would be.Btum — Thou wouldst be.Bt — He or she would be.iHiiiuva — We two would i)e.

Biuia — You two would be.

Btume, btumme — We would be.

Bcute, btumte —You would be.

Tariamas sudurtinis laikas—Potential Compound or Complex Tense.Isl per. sing.2nd “ “

3i»(i“ “

1st “ dual2nd “ “

1st “ plur.2tid “ “

Biau bvs,Btum bvsBt bvs,Btnva buvusiu.Btuta buvusiu.Btume bv,Btute bv

buvusil)u vusibuvusibuvusii)uvusil)U viisiosbuvusios

— I would liave been.— Thou wouldst have been.— He would have been.— We two would have been.— You two would have been.— We would have been.— You would have been.

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tariamojo

sakymo

laikas

—

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sing,

sukiau

šaukiau

šnekiau

myliau

matyiau

žinoiau

“

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I

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twist,

I

would

call,

would

speak,

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love,

I

would

see,

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knoAv,

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Neveikiamoji rusis.

—Passive ^enus (^enus passlvum).

V

Tlie real paasive genus in Lithuanian is made up only of the participles with the auxil-

iary verb bti—to i)e.

m. f.

1st per. sing. Esu sukamas, sukama.I St1st

1st

1st1st

1st1st

2n(l

IstL’nd

•ill.

I

suktas, sukta.Buvau suktas, sukta.

EXAMPLES.In the act of being.

—1 am twisted. Present Tense.—I am twisted. Preterit Narrative.—I had been twisted. Preterite passive •

Frequentative.Bdavau sukamas, sukama. —I used to be twisted. Preterite.Bsi sukamas, sukama. —I shall be twisted. Future Tense.Bsiu suktas, sukta. —I shall be twisted. Preterite past

Pluperfect Sinaple.

Biau sukamas, sukama. —I would be in the act of twisting.Biau bvs sukamas (suk 1 would have been twisted.

tas), sukama (sukta).—Be twisted. Imperative Mood.“ Bk sukamas (suktas),

sukama (sukta),plur. Bkime sukami, sukamos.

Bkite sukami, sukamos.Bkiva sukamu, sukami.Bkita sukamu, sukami*

eesie sukamas, sukama, suktas, sukta.

—

Let him be twisted.Sukamam bti m., sukamai bti f. ) ^ ^ ^Suktam bti m„ suktai bti f J

To be twisted. Infinitive Mood.

Dual.

—Let us be twisted. Imperative Mood.—You should be twisted. “ “

—We two must be twisted. “ “

—You two must be twisted. “ “

Optative Mood.

REMARK. This sukamam, suktam, sukamai, suktai it is the dative of the parti-ciple which is always declined as every noun. Why iš the dative? Because such is theidiomatic expression in Lithuanian language. Between sukamas and suktas the differ-

ence is, that the participle sukamas alone means only present time, but when it is usedwith auxiliary bti (to be) it is almost the same as suktas which is preterite.

1st ‘ “• Esu šaukiamas, šaukiama. —I am called. Present tense.1st •• Esu šauktas, šaukta. —I am called. Present Perfect.1st •* ‘‘ Buvau šiaukiamas, š;U- —I had been called. Preterite Tense,

kiama, šauktas, šaukta.

Preterite Perfect Tense,

—

Pereitas atliktasis laikas.

m. f* m. ^ f.

Vieu.sk. 1. buvau suktas, sukta ; buvav šauktas, šaukta:

Preterite Frequentative,—Pereitas paprastasis laikas.

Viensk. l. bdavau sukamas, sukama; bdavau šaukiamas, šaukiama.

Future Tense.—Bsimas laikas.

Viensk. 1. bsiu sukamas, sukema ; bsiu šaukiamas, šaukiama.

Future Exact Tense.—Bsimas atliktasis laikas.

V'iensk. l. bsiu suktas, sukta ; bsiu šauktas, šaukta.

Potential Mood.—Tariamasis sakymas I.

Viensk. 1. biau sukamas, sukama ; biau šaukiamas, šaukiama.

Conditional Mood.— Tariamasis sakymas II.

(biau sukamas (suktas) bvs, b.^šaukiamaa^(sauktas) bvs.\ lensk. 1. (biau sukama (sukta) buvusi, b. šaukiama (šaukta) buvusi.

Imperative.— Liepiamasis sakymas.

^/ bk sukamas, sukama ; bk suktas, sukta.

\ lenks. •_ šaukiamas, šaukiama; bk šauktas, šaukta.

Optative.—Geidžiamasis sakymas.(teesie sukamas, sulcama; teesie suktas, suktn.(teesie šaukiamas, šaukiama; teesie Šauktas, šaukta.

Infinitive.

—

INereiskiamasls sakymas.

^) sukamam btij saukiamam bti.suktam bti ; šauktam bti,

REMARK. After the example just given, all is necessary for the student to knowh(t^ all participles are formed. We give here the rest of the sample verbs :

Present Passive. Perfect Preterit Passive.

m.

Šnekamasspoken,mylimasloved,matomasseen,žinomasknown,

f.

šnekamaspoken,mylimaloved,matomaseen,žinomaknown.

m. f.

šnektas šnektahaving been spoken,

myltas myltahaving been loved,

matytas, matytahaving been seen,

žinotas žinotahaving been known.

In the same way we can take any other verb, v. gr., gauti—^to obtain ;gaunamas

—obtained;gaunama f., gautas m.—having been obtained. Arti—to plough ; aria-

mas, ariama—ploughed;

artas, arta—having been ploughed, etc., etc.

(CORRECTION.—On page 16 the following line is omitted :

^ 7. Akmenyje—in the stone, šunyje—in the dog, seseryje—in the sister.

On page 36—at least some transitive verbs may become transitive, should be—at

least some intransitive verbs may become transitive.

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the University.^ tesult in dismissal from

To renew .all Telephone Center, 333-8400

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v Af*

Principal Rules to learn the litoanian Language

Compiled by

The Rev. P. Saurusaitis

Rector of St Joseph’s Lithuanian parish.

Waterbury, Conn.

7

4

m

a brief lithuanian grammar : or, principal rules to learn

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