a brief overview of factory made mortar in europe

Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway

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Tel 0044 1386 852635

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A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF

FACTORY MADE

MORTAR IN EUROPE


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INTRODUCTION

Background to today's talk

The history of factory mortars

European standards

Different factory made types

Issues and concerns

The future


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BACKGROUNDCEN/TC125/WG2

1988 The first meeting!

Jean Daniel Merlet. CSTB France

WG2/TG2 Masonry mortars

Eric Kjaer. Danish Brick & Lime Association

WG2/TG1 Plastering & rendering mortars. Prof. Schmidt. Vienna laboratory chief


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HISTORY OF FACTORY MORTAR

Webber and Broutin

Paris circa. 1910. 100 year anniversary?

Peltz

UK circa. 1937

But perhaps for 200 years on a small scale

Germany ?

Portugal ?

Megamix Holland circa. 1970


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FACTORY MADE MORTAR

TYPESLime:sand mortar

Weakly hydraulic

Some reactive siliceous component

Ash:lime mortar

Lime:sand mortar

Hydrated lime

Retarded ready-to-use mortar

Megamix twin silo mortars

Dry silo/dry bagged mortars


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EUROPEAN STANDARDS

EN 998-1

EN 998-2

Precedence given to rendering mortars

But a smaller market in many countries

Shows the diversity of the European

situation


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EN 1996-2:2006

• Performance based – the first statement

• Suitability (durability) based on established– local experience

• until a durability test is available

• For site mixing, performance needs to be stated

• Durability via passive, moderate and severe exposure as per Annex B


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EN 1996-2:2006 (cont)

• Annex B. Durability in various exposure conditions

• Three exposure conditions

– P mortar subjected to passive exposure

– M subjected to moderate exposure

– S subjected to severe exposure

“In the present state of the art guidance will generally need to be obtained….”


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EN 1996-2:2006 (cont)• Table B.2 – Acceptable specifications of

mortars for durability. (slightly abridged*)

Exposure class (see table A.1) Mortar

MX1 P, M or S

MX2.1 M, or S

MX 2.2 M or S

MX 3.1 M or S

MX 3.2 S

MX 4 Make assessment*

MX 5 Make specific assessment of reactions*


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EN 998-2

• Contains the three exposure conditions

– Severe

– Moderate

– Passive

• Either performance based, or in the UK,

may be a prescriptive mix with a fixed

compressive strength as per National

Annex. (Is this still prescriptive though?)


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EN 998-2 & BS EN 998-2

• Designed mortars

– Bond strength declared as initial shear

strength

• By testing

• By reference to a declared value

– Attestation level 2+

• Requires third party quality scheme and audit


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Attestation levels

• Various levels of attestation

• Range from onerous to light

• Originally determined with reference to

health and safety and criticality

• Level 1 stringent

• Level 4 self certifying


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Attestation levels• Six levels of attestation

• 1+ Conformity certification & audit tests

• 1 Conformity certification, no audit tests

• 2+ fpc with continuous surveillance

• 2 fpc without surveillance

• 3 Initial type testing

• 4 Manufacturers involvement only, fpc

and initial type testing


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Attestation levels for mortar

• Masonry mortar

– If designed, level 2+

– If prescribed, level 4


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EN 998-2 (cont)

• Prescribed mortars

– Required to contain stated proportions of

constituents

– No shear strength requirement

– No compressive strength requirement,

– But UK national annexe does incorporate a

strength requirement.


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CE marking for designed masonry

mortar

• Compressive strength

• Bond strength

– Test or tabulated value

• Chloride content

– A max value stated

• Reaction to fire, Euroclass A

• Water absorption


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CE marking for designed masonry

mortar (cont)

• Water vapour permeabilty

– Test or tabulated value

• Thermal conductivity

– Tabulated value

• Durability

– Requires a statement in the absence of a test

• A difficult area


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CE marking for prescribed masonry

mortar• Proportions of constituents

– By mass or volume

• Chloride content

• Reaction to fire

• Water absorption

• Water vapour permeability

• Thermal conductivity

• Durability. Still a difficult area!


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What are the tentative conclusions

and implications?• The new standard, called up by the

Eurocode, is generally more logical than

old prescriptive standards

• The question of durability remains rather

uncertain, with the potential for problems

• The relationship in a national annexe

between mix proportions and assumed

strength needs to be correct


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Issues arising from new materials

(1)• Limes

– EN 459

– Hydraulic and natural hydraulic limes

• Cements

– BS 12 and other national early standards

• 5% other materials

– EN 197

– Cem ii

Slag, ash, many other pozzolans

Just the beginning?


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Issues arising from new materials

(2)

• Admixtures

– No issues

• Sand (aggregate)

• Historic (prescribed) standards

– EN 13139 (Still prescribed). Designation 0/2

MP or 0/2 FP, fines category 3


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Issues arising from new test

methods• Test methods are the EN 1015 series

• Originally 21 tests, some of the less useful

ones now lost

• Some interpretation issues with one air

content test

• Render durability test has attracted some

controversy

• Workable life test widely critisised


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Test method issues (cont)

• Some tests are for obscure design

parameters

– Water absorption

• Overall though no real issues


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Test method issues (cont)

• 1 There are many tests! Maybe too

many

• 2 There are many more test values

– Drying temperatures

– Curing temperatures

– Test relative humidities

– Rates of application of load in compression


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Can we change the European

Standards here in Portugal?

• Yes

• Revised/amended/confirmed every 5

years

• Can request changes then

• Request via Mr Duarte at APFAC

– And/or via a national delegate


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Conclusions

• Need to address durability

• Confirm prescription/strength relationship

• Overall no problems

• Probably a lot better, in many small ways,

than the old standards


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Personal thoughts/conclusions

• Finally, positive but cynical


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Conclusions


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Conclusions (cont)

http://www.greatbuildings.com/cgi-bin/gbi.cgi/The_Parthenon.html/cid_1826785.gbi


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Conclusions (cont)


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A FINAL PERSONAL

CONCLUSION

• We can build excellent structures without

the new Standards

• They can be long lasting

• But to move forward, to build

economically, elegantly, with slender

members, performance based European

Standards are here to help


WR11 7HF UK.

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A final word

• Thank you for your kind attention

• My apologies again for not speaking to

you in your own language

– I am too stupid to be able to speak it!

a brief overview of factory made mortar in europe

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