a brief programming overview - indico · 7 orienting the objects simplicity beneath complexity...

1

A Brief Programming OverviewA Brief Programming OverviewBasic algorithmic thinking Basic algorithmic thinking (within C/C++)(within C/C++)

TargetWhat does a developer wantwant ?What does a developer dodo ?

SequentialSequential programingPhone-book application

Orienting the objectsOrienting the objectsSimplicity beneath complexityRectangle and Triangle derived from Polygon

ArrowArrow class derived from LineLine class Line class implementationArrow class implementationUsageUsage within user codeUsageUsage within user code as pointeras pointer

Code, Heap, StackMemoryMemory regions applications use

What do we mean by “thinking” ?Flow Flow charts and UML UML diagrams

Fundamental programing phrasesLoopsLoops & conditionalsconditionalsApproximating π by random numbersrandom numbersπ approximator implementations in different languages with flow chart

Compilation and usage of librarieslibraries Compiling line and arrow classes into libLineAndArrow.so shared libraryshared library

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Graphical programingDrag'n'drop commandsDrag'n'drop commands in ScratchGet input from a dedicated HW - PicoBoard

Bonus TrackBonus Track

2

TargetTargetWhat could a developer What could a developer wantwant ? ?

Are there more importantmore important things thanthan a high performanceperformance software ?

Modularity, user-friendliness, correctnessprogrammer time, maintainability, simplicity,

functionality, extensibility,robustness,

reliability???

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** Translated from Turkish original by Selçuk Erdem

Europeanside

Anatolianside

3

FundamentallyFundamentallyWhat does a developer What does a developer dodo ? ?

What ?

The designdesign problem...

is divideddivided into piecespieces andis understoodunderstood piece piece by piecepiece

StudyStudy the piecespieces in detail andUniteUnite your detailed understanding

= solutionsolution

How ?

Chose...

proceduralprocedural programingobject-orientedobject-oriented programingaspect-orientedaspect-oriented programing

...

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Fundamentally Fundamentally What does a developer What does a developer dodo ? ?

(I guess)(I guess)Before starting coding:

ThinksThinks and creates a flow chartflow chart on a paperThinksThinks and makes sure that the flow works on the paperworks on the paper

ThinksThinks and then startsstarts coding

(Subjective)(Subjective)Programing = Thinking = Design (ElegantElegant)

Coding = execution (OrdinaryOrdinary)

Language independentindependent (Türkçe/François/C/C++/Perl etc.)Least error-prone technique

Larger gets the SW, exponentially increasing maintenance loadmaintenance load

(Absolute truth)(Absolute truth)

NoneNone of the languages is the bestbest solution for everything !!

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Make the right decision at the beginningMake the right decision at the beginningExponentially increasing maintenance load means...Exponentially increasing maintenance load means...

Can I come with Can I come with you ? you ? I promiseI promise I'll I'll

stay stay this sizethis size..

Non-hierarchical software !..

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Sequential ProgramingSequential ProgramingExample: Phone book app.Example: Phone book app.

Main function:Depending on what the user selected, make make the function callsthe function callsIf Quit is selected (case 7 = Selection 7), exit the app.exit the app. by returning a zero to the OS.

Implementation of load function:Create the pointerspointers (di and al)Create the variablesvariables (number, k anf I)Is the file readable file readable (phoneBook.dat)

If yes, go to the end and measure the measure the sizesize

Divide this measure size by the size of size of RECORDRECORD struct (how many records in file)Create a loop based on this number to read all recordsread all recordsAdd all records just read into the dynamically linked list (via utilizing addNodeaddNode function)

*** Example taken from Rifat Çölkesen's book “işte C programlama”, Dynamically Linked List (DLL) section.

***

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Orienting the ObjectsOrienting the ObjectsSimplicity beneath complexitySimplicity beneath complexity

Complex architecturesComplex architectures can easilyeasily be constructedconstructed by hierarchical object-oriented programing practicesThis is the most effectivemost effective (the least head-ache prone) programing practice

?If one wants to create an arrowarrow, the only thing to be programed is a lineline; an arrow can be constructed by utilizing three line objectsthree line objectslin

e B

line Cline A

Class line

A(x0,y

0)

B(x1,y

1)

Class arrow

(0,0)(10,0)

(9,1)

(9,-1)

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ExampleExampleTriangleTriangle and and rectanglerectangle derived from a derived from a polygonpolygon

All polygonspolygons have a highthight and a widthwidth

TriangleTriangle & rectanglerectangle are polygonspolygons

Establish class hierarchy:create polygon classpolygon class which will hold widthwidth and heightheight informationderivederive triangle and rectangle classesTriangle and rectangle classes inheritinheritfrom polygon base classbase class

Create a triangle and a rectangle objectobject with width-height couple of 4 and 5 respectively

Derived classes do not have setValue()setValue()member functionmember function however the base class from which they inherit has one

Area() member functionArea() member function of the derived classes does not exist in the base class

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Baseclass

Derivedclasses

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ExampleExampleLineLine class header class header

A line can be defineddefinedin different ways:

Two pointsPoint, direction, lengthVectorEtc.

Let us use two pointstwo points

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Class line

A(x0,y

0)

B(x1,y

1)

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ExampleExampleArrowArrow class header class header

An arrow can be made of 3 lines

A main linemain line2 auxiliary linesauxiliary linesforming the arrow head

Size and angle of the auxiliary lines with respect to the size of the main line will be hold by the member member variable variable arrowWidtharrowWidth

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line

B

line C

line A

Class arrow

(0,0)(10,0)

(9,1)

(9,-1)

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ExampleExampleLineLine class classimplementationimplementation

All member functionsmember functions(or methods) have access to all of the private memberprivate membervariables

assignValue()length()show()

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Class line

A(x0,y

0)

B(x1,y

1)

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ExampleExampleArrowArrow class classimplementationimplementation

Instead of building an arrow from scratch, use objects of line class: assignValue()assignValue()Instead of calculating all the points, ask each of the line objects show() &show() &length()length()Methods overriddenoverridden

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line

B

line C

line A

Class arrow

(0,0)(10,0)

(9,1)

(9,-1)

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ExampleExampleArrowArrow class user class userapplicationapplication

After having the base class, we will use it in our applicationapplication:

main.cxx

We want to createcreate an arrow between (0,5)(0,5) and (10,5)(10,5), readread the coordinatescoordinates forming the arrow and get the total total lengthlength of the line used to form the arrow

We reach member functions of MyBelovedArrowMyBelovedArrow object via “.” “.” operator

MyBelovedArrow is created in the stackstackIn

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SameSame library (arrow class) and samesameuser request

The object is created as a pointerpointer via newnew operator (Line 6)

Since MyBelovedArrow is now of pointer typepointer type, its member functions are reached via ““->->”” operator instead of ““..”” operator. (Lines 14, 17 and 20)

Object is being deleted after usagedeleted after usageso that the memorymemory returns back to the operating system to be used by other programs (Line 24); in case this fails, a memory leakmemory leak occurs: memory is allocatedallocated but not usednot used by any process

MyBelovedArrow object is created on the heapheap

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ExampleExampleArrowArrow class user class userapplicationapplication

15

ExampleExampleArrow class user application outputArrow class user application output

CompileCompile your librarylibrary and the user applicationuser application as follows:g++ main.cxx line.cxx arrow.cxx o MyExecutableand executeexecute the program as follows:

oc@olmak2:~/ISOTDAQ/workDir/arrow$ ./MyExecutable Main line:1st Coordinate = (0.000000, 5.000000) 2nd Coordinate = (10.000000, 5.000000) Upper auxiliary line:1st Coordinate = (9.000000, 4.000000) 2nd Coordinate = (10.000000, 5.000000) Bottom auxiliary line:1st Coordinate = (9.000000, 6.000000) 2nd Coordinate = (10.000000, 5.000000) Total length = 12.828426 oc@olmak2:~/ISOTDAQ/workDir/arrow$ _

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White characters form the actual output corresponding to the implemented example here. Gray characters are added for formatting purposes. They could also be added to the class implementation, though.

16

Code, Heap and StackCode, Heap and StackReminder on the memory types applications useReminder on the memory types applications use

When invoked, applications use three memory segments: texttext or codecode, heapheap and stackstackCode segmentCode segment hosts the machine representation of compiled executable. It is the list of actions to be performed by the computer when the app. starts. All user and system functions reside in this segment.

● StackStack and heapheap are system memory regions that the compiler uses to store data such as variables and functions. Although having similar definitions, they differ in the following manners:

StackStack, hosts ordinary variables and functions. Once the execution exits the coverage or name-space in which those variables and functions are defined or the program itself ends, this memory memory isis released released. It has a Last In First Out (LIFOLIFO) structure. Its control is left to the compiler.HeapHeap, does the same thing as stack; however, unless user wants, allocated memory memory isis notnot released released; its control is left to the user. Therefore heap is more suitable to store data. It is widely used in object-oriented programing. When not released properly by the user, memory leakmemory leak occurs. Many languages do not have garbage collectorgarbage collector functionality which releases leaking memory segments.

To create an object in the stackstack or on the heapheap does make practical difference.

main()

Top

variables

main()Top

function()

main()Top

HeapHeap working principle

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17












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By thinking, we mean...By thinking, we mean...Flow charts and UML diagramsFlow charts and UML diagrams

Flow chartFlow chart in sequentialsequential programingUMLUML (unified modeling language) diagrams in object-orientedobject-oriented programing

Flow chartFlow chart again, this time for the member functionsmember functions

OnceOnce a UML diagramUML diagram is created, object-oriented class hierarchy is automaticallyautomatically generated in C++ or others

OROROnceOnce we have a class hierarchyclass hierarchy, UML diagram of the design can be generated automatically to have an idea on the designed architecture

line.harrow.h

Source code automatically generated from UML diagram

Morecomplex

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Short-handflow chart

Actualcode

UML diagram ofthe arrow class

19

Reconstructed tracksbased onA(x,y) of the TOPAndB(x,y) of the BOTTOM

Cosmic particlespassing throughthe detector

Experimental setup Event reconstruction Saturated event display

Fundamental PhrasesFundamental PhrasesLoops and conditionalsLoops and conditionals

trackTable(trackTable(xx11,y,y11,,xx22,y,y22)) is of boolbooltype 4-dimension array which holds “yes”“yes” or “no”“no” information depending on whether there is already a track between A(A(xx11,y,y11))and B(B(xx22,y,y22)) which correspond to particle-hit coordinates of two parallel strip detectorsparallel strip detectors. The looploopis used to resetreset this table.

This table is used (not shown in the code) not to create redundantredundant linelineobjectsobjects in case it already exists

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IfIf check4data()check4data() reports failure, that is, it returns a non-zeronon-zero value, log this event (Line 596); otherwiseotherwise try to read the data via readDataFile()readDataFile() function and depending on whetherwhether it succeeds, log corresponding message (Lines 599 or 601).

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21


ShowsShows user a menu of functions and returnsreturns the selection to caller (return c):Menu item printing looploop (Line 27)ExpectExpect input only between 1 and 7 (Line 31)When validWhen valid input, input is returnedinput is returned to the caller (Line 32)

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In an infinite loopinfinite loop –note that the condition is always true: while(1)while(1), ask user for his/her choice and call functions accordingly (Line 244)ConditionalConditional on an integer variable “selection”variable “selection”:

IfIf selection is 11, call add()add() function (Line 248)IfIf selection is 77, exitexit the application (Line 266)

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Fundamental PhrasesFundamental PhrasesApproximating Approximating ππ via random numbers via random numbers

Consider a square wallsquare wall with a circular circular holehole in it:

Throw stonesThrow stones into the square wallOr two random numbersrandom numbers as xx and yy

CountCount the stones passing through the hole to the other size and the ones which can notThe ratioratio should be proportional to ππ as follows:

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Wall

Hole

Stone

Dia

met

er

Asquare = r²πAcircle = 4r²Asquare/Acircle = /4π

Start

maxIteration=1K

Throw a stone

Inside ?

Calculate andreport result

Asquare

+ 1A

circle + 1

Asquare

+ 1

# of stones + 1

maxItarationreached ?

Yes

No

Yes

No

End

Flow-chart of the algorithm

24

Fundamental PhrasesFundamental PhrasesIn

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Approximating Approximating ππ via random numbers via random numbers

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ForTranForTran

Procedural implementationProcedural implementation examples of the algorithm in C/ForTran/Python languages

25

Compiling and Using LibrariesCompiling and Using LibrariesCompiling Compiling lineline and and arrowarrow classes into classes into libLineAndArrow.solibLineAndArrow.so library and its usage library and its usage

> g++ c fPIC line.cxx> g++ c fPIC arrow.cxx> g++ shared arrow.o line.o o libLineAndArrow.so> sudo cp libLineAndArrow.so /usr/lib/> g++ MyExecutable.cxx o MyExecutable lLineAndArrow> ./MyExectableAna cizgi:1. Nokta = (0.000000, 5.0000000.000000, 5.000000) 2. Nokta = (10.000000, 5.00000010.000000, 5.000000) Ust cizgi:1. Nokta = (9.000000, 4.0000009.000000, 4.000000) 2. Nokta = (10.000000, 5.00000010.000000, 5.000000) Alt cizgi:1. Nokta = (9.000000, 6.0000009.000000, 6.000000) 2. Nokta = (10.000000, 5.00000010.000000, 5.000000) Length = 12.828426Length = 12.828426 > _

Compile each class with g++ switch “-c-c” which creates object files “*.o*.o” for each class

The components (“*.o”“*.o”) of the final library (“*.so”“*.so”) is compiled with the switch “-sharedshared” which generates libLineAndArrow.so shared object library.

Copy newly generate shared object or library to /usr/lib so that every user can have access

Compile user programs with “-lLineAndArrow” switch

Note that the user does notnot need to have source codesource code of the classes forming the library, however he/she needs to know the names and names and signaturessignatures of the functions

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Scratch & PicoBoardScratch & PicoBoardA brief introductionA brief introduction

Scratch (SW)(SW)The environmentGraphical programing languageEx. calculation of π via random numbers

PicoBoard (HW) (HW)A simplified DAQ system

Joining the forces (SW + HW)(SW + HW)Combining Scratch with PicoBoardEx. start/stop the previous example by clapping hands

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ScratchScratchA graphical programing environmentA graphical programing environment

Scratch is a new graphical programing languagegraphical programing language

IntuitiveIntuitive; it has a reference guide, though.

Writing computer programs doesn’t require special expertise, but clear and careful thinkingthinking

That is one of the reasonsone of the reasons to chose it as the environment

ThreadsThreads - “hat” symbols start independent execution blocks which run parallely

GUI EventsGUI Events – boolean operations, variable usage,

conditionals, GUI event handling, interaction with

users (below)

LoopsLoops – Finite and forever loops can be implemented

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ScratchScratchWhat is available / unavailable ?What is available / unavailable ?

AvailableAvailableSequential programingLoopsLoopsConditionalsConditionalsVariablesVariablesLists/arraysarraysEventEvent handlingThreadsThreads/parallel executionSignal-slotSignal-slot mechanismKeyboard inputRandom numberRandom number generatorBooleanBoolean logicDynamic interactionUser interface designFile access

UnavailableUnavailableProcedures and functionsfunctionsParameterParameter passing and returnreturn valuesRecursionRecursionObject-orientationObject-orientation and inheritanceExceptionException handling

Available “statements”

The “code”

Resource manager

Output

Start

maxIteration=1K

Throw a stone

Inside ?


Asquare

+ 1A

circle + 1

Asquare

+ 1

# of stones + 1


Yes

No

Yes

No

End

Asquare = r²πAcircle = 4r²Asquare/Acircle = /4π

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Algorithm ImplementationAlgorithm ImplementationCalculatingCalculatingππ via Monte Carlovia Monte Carlo

x

yr

Wall

Hole

Stone

Diameter

ThrowThrow stones into the holeor take 2 random numbers as (x,y) 2 random numbers as (x,y) coordinates

Pass throughPass through the hole or notor not ?

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Algorithm ImplementationAlgorithm ImplementationCalculatingCalculatingππ via Monte Carlovia Monte Carlo

EasyEasy algorithm implementation

No forgottenNo forgotten curly parentheses :}:}

Translation

Start

maxIteration=1K

Throw a stone

Inside ?


Asquare

+ 1A

circle + 1

Asquare

+ 1

# of stones + 1


Yes

No

Yes

No

End

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Scratch (SW)(SW)The environmentGraphical programing languageEx. calculation of π via random numbers


Joining the forces (SW + HW) (SW + HW)Combining Scratch with PicoBoardEx. start/stop the previous example by clapping hands

Introduction to PicoBoardIntroduction to PicoBoardA simplified DAQ hardwareA simplified DAQ hardware

The Scratch Sensor Board (aka PicoBoard) allows inputs from real-world sensorsallows inputs from real-world sensors such as switchesswitches, sliderssliders, lightlight, or soundsound sensors to control Scratch programscontrol Scratch programs.

It does this by converting sensor inputsconverting sensor inputs into numbers and communicating themcommunicating them to a computer running Scratchcomputer running Scratch over a serial dataover a serial data connection with an open protocolopen protocol.

Scratch is freelyfreely available and PicoBoard is an open hardware.open hardware.

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Schematic, firmware and communication protocol are all openopen


It does this by converting sensor inputsconverting sensor inputs …PicoBoard has a micro-controllermicro-controller which performs all the functions; it is a tiny tiny computercomputer with all the needed peripheralsperipherals A micro-controllermicro-controller is a small computercomputer dedicated to a specific area on a single integrated circuit consisting of a simple CPUsimple CPU, RAMRAM, various timerstimers, digital and analog I/OI/O etc.

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Processor core, runs your C programSRAM, is the memory to store dataEEPROM/Flash, is the memory to store your programCounter/Timer, are counting units (e.g. # of seconds elapsed etc.)Digital I/O, is for sending/receiving digital informationSerial Interface, is to communicate with others via various protocols (e.g. USB, RS232, etc)Analog Module, to deal with analog signals, A/D converters insideInterrupt Controller, a mechanism to detect whether an important thing is happening “outside”

A possiblepossible micro-controller architecture


Micro-controllerMicro-controller is not a micro-processormicro-processorMicro-processors need other components to work such assuch as memoriesmemories, I/OI/O, etcetc.

Micro-controller is an all-in-oneall-in-one deviceSaving timetime and spacespace to implement functions

Micro-controllers are less powerful compared to PCs; however they are:SmallSmall – 1 cm x 2-3 cmToughTough – high/low temperatures, rough environmentLow powerLow power consumersIntegratedIntegrated with other low-level deviceslow-level devices easily such assuch as sensorssensors, switchesswitches, etcetc.InexpensiveInexpensive – usually

Therefore they are everywhereeverywhere:Probably you already carry a few of them all the time in your pocketin your pocket

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Scratch (SW) (SW)The environmentGraphical programing languageEx. calculation of π via random numbers



Scratch & PicoBoardScratch & PicoBoardJoint forces... Joint forces...

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The Scratch Sensor Board (aka PicoBoard) allows allows inputs from real-world sensorsinputs from real-world sensors such as switchesswitches, sliderssliders, lightlight, or soundsound to control Scratch programscontrol Scratch programsas follows:

Reads a booleanboolean from the switchswitch

Reads a realreal from the light sensorlight sensor between 0 and 1000 and 100

Reads a realreal from the microphonemicrophone between 0 and 1000 and 100

Reads a realreal from the potentiometerpotentiometer between 0 and 1000 and 100

USB cable

Clap-Hand Start/StopClap-Hand Start/StopControlling theControlling theππ finder loopfinder loop

We would like to start start and stopstop the ππ finder loop by claps claps of our hands hands

Reading the “loudnessloudness” amount to toggletoggle the valuevalue of an additional control variablecontrol variable is needed (?)

Different loop type

Togglinglogic

Additional control variable

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Scratch (SW) (SW)The environmentGraphical programing languageEx. calculation of π via random numbers

PicoBoard (HW)(HW)A simplified DAQ system


40










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a brief programming overview - indico · 7 orienting the objects simplicity beneath complexity...

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