Lecture Notes on Software Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, November 2015

325DOI: 10.7763/LNSE.2015.V3.213

Abstract—The mobile phones have become undeletable part

of human’s daily life, it has created a huge wireless network across the world. Android has carried a wide attention in mobile operating system era due to its features like Open Source, free of cost, customizable and large number of applications. Android’s Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) is a project for androids; it provides a service that helps in sending data from servers to their android devices and vice-versa. This paper presents a framework that uses C2DM server to identify suspicious persons or object and terrorist activities. Whenever any suspicious activity is recorded by any registered device it sends the data or the alert to the crime branch through C2DM server and an alert can be generated to the Police and persons present at nearby area. This framework can also be used in sending alert messages on the event of natural disasters like earthquake, Tsunami, Heavy rain etc.

Index Terms—Android devices, cloud to device messaging service (C2DM), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), polling/push services, terrorist activity detection.

I. INTRODUCTION In recent times terrorist groups, terrorist activities and

terrorist attacks have taken place in every corner of the world [1], [2]. Detection of suspected person or suspicious activity may save no. of catastrophic events [3]. In a country with large population, monitoring for suspicious activities becomes a very difficult task for the police or the crime branch authorities. With the advancing technology responsible citizens may also be involved for detecting such threats and for a widespread message communication. In this paper, we are designing a push notification system between an intelligence bureau server and android Smartphone (popular and commonly in use today) using Google's cloud to device messaging service (C2DM) [4]. To use it for a real life problem of terrorism, push alerts can be generated on the registered android devices in the terrorist prone region. The citizen on receiving the alert can send the image of possible suspect if found in vicinity. The image can be further scrutinized and appropriate action can be taken by the Crime Branch. The application also provides a messaging option and IMEI tracing which helps the bureau experts to keep track of the situation near the concerned informer. Thus, this system will be helpful in controlling the terrorist activities and reducing life threat in critical scenarios.

Manuscript received August 10, 2014; revised October15, 2014. Rajesh Doriya and K. Suraj are with the National Institute of Technology,

Raipur, India (e-mail: rajeshdoriya.it@nitrr.ac.in, k.suraj1993@gmail.com). Pavan Chakraborty is with the Indian Institute of Information Technology,

Allahabad, India (e-mail: pavan@iiita.ac.in).

A. Importance of Using Push Service C2DM Push Notifications [5] is a web service that will

enable bureau authorities to send a notification to an application on a citizen's device, even when the application isn't running. They can send a notification to a single citizen, multiple citizens, or you can broadcast it to a predefined group of citizens. Depending on the device platform, a notification can include a badge, text alert, or sound, or a combination of these.

Push Service offers several other advantages over polling mechanism [6]. The traditional method of keeping the data fresh on the end-user side is to run a long process that updates after a predefined interval via polling. The factors like cost of tuning up, performing requests and ripping down a connection is less than the cost of upholding a connection on the server. But as a result, it introduces several problems [7]. The first observable problem is, the total number of bytes desirable to accomplish the requests on the server typically ends up being a greater than the total bytes required to produce replies to direct that no new data is obtainable since last poll. And the other noticeable problem is that, limiting number of requests as per the server capacity is much harder. As the population is big and client processes are also large and so the number of simultaneous polls that contact the server at the same time grow at the same rate. Using push, we can provide updates to citizens at a rate that the server system can handle since the server is accountable for communicating the end users device.

Some of the practical usage that can be implemented using proposed approach are listed below: 1) Many terrorist activities takes place in all over the world,

with the android devices they can be notified and send useful data like GPS location, images etc. to the main server of the intelligence so that the precautionary measures can be taken [8].

2) Event like burglary or any emergency can be handled quite effectively. Suppose we have the application server which keeps track of the CCTV camera at a certain high alert place that can be used to generate the messages to the concerned users.

3) As android is widely popular we can’t ignore its importance in medical filed. Patients suffering with some serious can be monitored using the messaging service.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II describes the details of android platform and Google’s C2DM system for notification. Section III states the life cycle and working of notification system. Section IV describes the framework for terrorist activities detection. Section V concludes our work and introduces the possible application areas.

A C2DM Based Framework for Detection and Notification of Terrorist Activities on Android Platform

Rajesh Doriya, K. Suraj, and Pavan Chakraborty

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Lecture Notes on Software Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, November 2015

326

This registration ID persists until the application unregisters itself, or Google restores the new registration ID for application.

B. Sending a Message For this crime branch will use an application server to send

a message, which requires the following prerequisites: 1) The application contains registration ID of citizen’s

device that permits it to receive messages for a particular citizen.

2) The registration ID has been stored by the crime branch application server.

To send messages a ClientLogin authorization token is also required for the application server and it is the mandatory requirement at the application server. This enables sending messages to the device. The ClientLogin token ID approves the application server to direct messages to a particular Android application. An application server contains only one ClientLogin token ID for the third party application, and multiple registration IDs. Each registration ID characterizes a specific device that has been listed to use the messaging service for a specific third party application.

The following events occur when the application server directs a message: 1) The crime branch authorities use the application server

to send a message to C2DM servers. 2) Google put in queues and stores the message in case the

citizen's device is inactive. 3) When the device is online, Google sends the message to

the device via Intent broadcast this enables the application to wake up.

4) At the device, the message is broadcasted by the system to specified application through Intent broadcast with adequate authentication, so that only intended application acquires the message. This stirs the application up. It is not necessary to run the application to get the message.

5) The message is processed by the application.

C. Receiving a Message Some events occur in specified order when a message is

received at the user’s device: 1) The C2DM system receives the message from crime

branch and extracts the raw key/value sets from message payload.

2) The system permits the key/value sets to the Android application on citizen’s device in a com.google.android.c2dm.intent.RECEIVE Intent as a set of extras.

3) The application excerpts the raw data from RECEIVE Intent by key and processes the data so that citizen can view the message.

Fig. 3. Framework for suspicious terrorist activity detection using Google’s C2DM service.

The following C2DM credentials are used to ensure the

working: 1) Sender ID — the sender ID is used during registration

process to validate the android application that can send messages to the android device.

2) Application ID — this ID facilitates the application in registration to receive messages; the application is identified via manifest which provide the package name. This ensures proper routing of messages to the right application. An application ID is issued by the C2DM server to android application. Once the application has the registration ID, it sends to the crime branch application server that in turn identifies each android device with registration ID.

3) Google user account — C2DM needs a Google user account, therefore an android device must include

logged in Google account. 4) Server Authorization Token — a token of client login

authorization is stored on the third party server that enables authorized access to Google’s services.

IV. WORKING OF OVERALL SYSTEM In this paper, we are proposing a framework which can be

used by an intelligence department or natural disaster management department. In our work we have made the assumption that all the users are carrying android devices and later on it can be incorporated on other platforms. In the proposed work, an intelligence bureau acts as an application or third party server while the member of the squad recruited at different terror prone regions carries android devices. This way the system has all the details of the member along with

Lecture Notes on Software Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, November 2015

327

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Step 1: Capture the image using device camera. Step 2: Convert image into a bitmap, which then converted

into ByteArrayOutputStream using base64. Step 3: Pass the stream array to the server side using

multipart HTTP request. Step 4: Decode thebase64 array and reform the image Step 5: Process the image to take decisions.

Fig. 5. Flow of Image capturing from android device.

V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK We have proposed a Google’s C2DM based framework for

notification of any suspicious activity/person/object for the social welfare of human beings. In the framework user makes the use of android 2.2 or latest version device to capture the image, video or any audio clip and forward it the third party intelligence bureau server via C2DM service with base64 encoding. Third party server takes the decisions accordingly and sends the notifications to the registered recruiters. This framework can be easily extended to other applications like predicting natural calamities and disasters and alerting accordingly etc.

REFERENCES [1] T. Maksim and K. M. Carley, “Structural knowledge and success of

anti-terrorist activity: The downside of structural equivalence,” Institute for Software Research, vol. 43, 2005.

[2] J. Yin, Q. Yang, and J. J. Pan, “Sensor-based abnormal human-activity detection,” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1082-1090, Aug. 2008.

[3] S. Singh, J. Allanach, T. Haiying, K. Pattipati, and P. Willett, “Stochastic modeling of a terrorist event via the ASAM system,” in Proc. 2004 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetic, vol. 6, pp. 5673-5678, Oct. 2004.

[4] A. C. Davies, Y. J. Hong, and S. A. Velastin, “Crowd monitoring using image processing,” Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 37-47, Feb. 1995.

[5] Z. Hai, Q. Li, and H. Qiu, “Research and implementation of cloud pushing based on Android C2DM service,” Computer Technology and Development, vol.7, 2012.

[6] P. Bahl, R. Y. Han, L. E. Li, and M. Satyanarayanan, “Advancing the state of mobile cloud computing,” in Proc. the Third ACM Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing and Services (MCS '12), ACM, pp. 21-28, New York, USA, 2012.

[7] M. Ongtang, K. Butler, and P. McDaniel, “Porscha: Policy oriented secure content handling in Android,” in Proc. the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '10), ACM, pp. 221-230, New York, USA, 2010.

[8] M. L. Wein and M. Baveja, “Using fingerprint image quality to improve the identification performance of the US visitor and immigrant status indicator technology program,” in Proc. the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp. 7772-7775, vol. 102.21, 2005.

[9] B. Patrick, “Anatomy & physiology of an android,” presented at Google I/O Developer Conference, 2008.

[10] Developers. (October 2014). [Online]. Available: https://developers.google.com/android/c2dm

Rajesh Doriya received his BE in information technology in 2006 from Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India and his MTech in information technology (with specialization in robotics) in 2009 from Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, India. Presently, he is pursuing his PhD in the area of cloud enabled robots from IIIT Allahabad. His research interests include distributed and

cloud computing, AI & robotics, machine learning, data mining, and soft computing techniques. He has got teaching experience of around 4 years and presently he is working as an assistant professor in the Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India. He is the member of IEEE and ACM. He has also done some research at DRDO-India and BARC-India.

K. Suraj is pursuing his B. Tech. degree in information technology from National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India. He secured 1st prize in National Science Exhibition at Aavartan-Annual Tech Fest of National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India. His research interests include computer networks, machine learning, soft computing algorithms and AI. He is the member of IEEE and IEEE student branch of the institute. He is

also one part of problem setter team for CodeAthon: a weekly coding contest.

Pavan Chakraborty obtained his MSc degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India in the year 1993 and PhD degree from Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Banglore India in the year 2001. Currently, he is serving as an associate professor in the Department of Information Technology, at Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, India. His research interests include artificial intelligence,

robotics and instrumentation.

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