a catholic church history

7/28/2019 A Catholic Church History

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A CATHOLIC CHURCH HISTORY

BRIEF AND CONSCISE



FIRST CENTURY

• THE BIRTH OF THE CHURCH

– Pentecost

– St. Paul

– Council of Jerusalem

– Evangelization

– Persecution



SECOND CENTURY

• THE CHURCH FATHERS

– Writings of the Christian writers

• St. Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch

• Iranaeus

– “AGAINST THE HERESIES”

– Fought against Gnosticism

– Bishops

• Head of diocese (local church)

• Assisted by priests and deacons



THIRD CENTURY

• MARTYRS, APOSTATIZED CATHOLICS,

MONASTICISM

– Emperor Decius order for all Christians to make

public worship to the gods

– Those who disobey where put to death (martyred)

– Those who didn’t want to die, abandoned the

faith (apostatized) – Monastic life started in Egypt



FOURTH CENTURY

• EMPEROR CONSTANTINE

– Edict of Milan

• Religious freedom

• Built basilicas (St. Peter’s basilica)

• Backing the production of the Bible

• Restored the land that were taken away during

persecutions

• Gave the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, the Lateran Palace



FOURTH CENTURY

• Arianism

– Jesus, though son of God, was created

• Council of Nicea

– Nicene Creed

• Barbarians

– Led to the collapse of the empire



The Barbarians

• Visigoths

• Huns

• Vandals

• Ostrogoths

• Lombards

• Burgundians

• Franks

• Germany

• Gaul (modern France)

• Italy

• Roman Africa

• Spain

410 – fall of Rome



FIFTH CENTURY

• Pelagius

– Grace was not necessary for salvation

– Council of Orange

• Nestorianism

– Mary was not the mother of God

– Council of Ephesus (THEOTOKOS)

• St. Augustine

• Increase in Missionary Activity



Light Spreads out from Rome

• Pope Leo I

– Ordered the Barbarians in the name of God to respectthe Holy City, the Vatican

–

Protected the oppressed, evangelized the victors,gathered up from the ruins all that was good in theRoman heritage:

• Language

• Customs

• Laws

– Vatican became the refuge

– Europe was won to the Church of Christ



SIXTH CENTURY

• Monasticism

– St. Benedict

– Ora et labora

• Missionary activities continue

• Pagan practices increase



SEVENTH CENTURY

•Monasticism spreads – Italy, France, Spain, Africa

• Pope Gregory the Great – Roman civil government

–

Monk – Papal envoy

– Pope

– Rebuilt the City of Rome

• The beginning of Islam – Mohammed born in Mecca

– Jerusalem fell to the Muslims

– ¾ of the known Christian world



EIGHT CENTURY

• Islam is stopped

– When they set their feet on France, King CharlesMartel stopped them

•

St. Boniface• Patrician of Rome

– Pepin the Short succeeded his father Charles Martel

– Pope Stephen II called upon France for help against

the Barbarians to defend Central and Southern Italy – In gratitude: Pepin – Patrician of Rome

– In return: Central Italy to the papacy



EIGHT CENTURY

• Iconoclast Controversy

– Eastern Emperor Leo III prohibited the veneration

of sacred images because it contradicted the

Bible.

– All sacred images were destroyed

– But was stopped when Empress Irene took over.

– Called for the 2nd Council of Nicea – restored theancient practice of veneration of saints.



NINTH CENTURY

• Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor

– Alliance between France and the papacy

– Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne “Holy Roman

Emperor”

– The beginning of the Alliance between Church and

State for centuries



TENTH CENTURY

• Birth of Feudalism

• Abuses plagued the Church

– Simony: selling and buying of religious offices

– Nepostism: when a king or lord gave a vacant

religious office to one of their relatives

– Lay Investiture: when a king or Lord would make

someone Bishop without the approval of Rome.



ELEVENTH CENTURY

• The Great Schism

– Eastern and Western Church officially split in 1054

– Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius

and Pope Leo IX excommunicating each other



ELEVENTH CENTURY

EASTERN CHURCH

• Greek

• Leavened bread for the

Eucharist• Allows priests to marry

WESTERN CHURCH

• Latin

• Unleavened bread

• Enforced celibacy



ELEVENTH CENTURY

• POPES DEAL WITH ABUSES – Pope Leo IX and Gregory VII

• Called various gatherings to combat the abuses of theChurch

•Reduced emperor’s power over papacy and put it back tothe hands of Bishops

• Pope Gregory VII wrote “DICTATES” which gave the Bishop of Rome supreme authority over the entire Church

• THE BEGINNING OF CRUSADES – When Jerusalem fell to the Turks, the Eastern Emperor

called for the Pope for help. Urban II responded bycalling the “Knights of Christendom”.



TWELFTH CENTURY

• Theology changes

– Peter Abelard, a professor and a Theologian

– Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris

• The Lateran Councils

– The first ecumenical councils to take place in the West

– Lateran I: abuses of lay investiture and simony

– Lateran II and III: 2/3 majority of votes of Cardinals isneeded to elect a Pope

• Birth of the Cathedral



THIRTEENTH CENTURY

• THE MENDICANT ORDERS – Renounced both possessions and property

– Francis of Assisi (OFM) – Order of Friar Minors

– Dominic de Guzman (OP) – Order of Preachers

• POPE INNOCENT III – 4TH Lateran Council

• Eucharist

• Education of Priests

• THE UNIVERSITY – Bologna, Oxford, Paris

– Medicine, Law, Theology and Liberal Arts



FOURTEENTH CENTURY

• Papacy moves to France – On-going fighting and violence between rival Italian families

– 1309, Pope Clement V left Rome for Avignon, France util 1376

• The Renaissance –

Began to take shape in Italy. – Recaptured the artistic style of the ancient Romans and Greeks.

– Literature, sculptures and paintings

• The Plague – Black Death spread through Europe

– 1/3 of population died



FOURTEENTH CENTURY

• St. Catherine of Siena

– Helped Pope Gregory IX bring back papacy to

Rome

• Western Schism

– Pope Gregory IX died

– Urban VI was elected Pope

– French cardinals questioned its legality; when they

went back to France, they elected another Pope,

Clement VII, who took up residency in Avignon



FIFTEENTH CENTURY• Western Schism

– Council of Pisa attempted to end the schism

– Two Popes were asked to attend the council, Benedict XIIIand Gregory XII, but both refused

– Alexander V was elected

–

Council of Constance requested the resignation of all 3popes and elected Martin V

• St. Joan of Arc – St. Michael, St. Margaret and St. Catherine, small French

army against the English at Orleans – She was captured by the English and French King Charles

put her to trial, found guilty of being a heretic

– 1456 the Church declared her innocent of all charges



SIXTEENTH CENTURY

• Martin Luther – 1507, ordained an Agustinian priest

– Experienced certain doubts and turmoil = SolaScriptura and Sola Fide

– 95 theses that questioned and challenged the CatholicChurch teachings = revolt

– Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

– 1521 Pope Leo X excommunicated him

• St. Ignatius of Loyola – Studied at the University of Paris

– “Company of Jesus”



SIXTEENTH CENTURY

• Council of Trent

– Universal Catechism

– Seminary system

• Council of England – Act of Supremacy; King Henry VII made himself

head of the Church of England

– Pope Clement VII refused to grant him a divorcefrom Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn

– Excommunicated, took over the Church in England



SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

• Missionary Activities

– The Jesuits preached in Columbia, Canada, Africa,

Japan, America, Florida, Georgia and Texas

• Thirty Years War

– Emperor Ferdinand of Austria, Germany

– Purpose: try to re-establish Catholic dominance in

Germany

– Treaty of Westphalia – gave Catholics and

Protestants equality before the laws in Germany



SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

• Period of Enlightenment

– A movement founded on science and reason

– Jansenism

• Bishop Cornelius Jansen; Agustinus

– God gave grace only to those who wished to be saved

– Opposed to frequent communion, confession, sanits and Mary

– Gallicanism

• Fueled by kings and monarchs to limit the power of the

papacy and put that power in the hands of the

government



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

•

French revolution – French officials pushed for government reform which

included taking power away from the reigning monarch,King Louis XVI = bloody revolution

– The state sought to control the affairs of the Church by

electing priests and bishops – The French government implemented the Civil

Constitution of the clergy ; put the clergy under the controlof the state.

• Catholicism in America – Bishop John Caroll

• Maryland’s first Bishop

• Diocese of Baltimore

– Junipero Serra• Franciscan Missionary – nine mission coasts of California



NINETEENTH CENTURY

• Catholic American Church

– Three councils in Baltimore

– Baltimore catechism

–

Parochial school systems• Elizabeth Seton

– A mother of five, became Catholic upon the death of her husband, founded the Sisters of Charity

• John Neumann – Bishop of Philadelphia

– Founded many parishes and parochial schools



NINETEENTH CENTURY

• Pius IX and Vatican I – The Italian government stripped the Pope of its

property in an attempt to unify Italy.

– Papal estates were reduced to Vatican City

– Prisoner of the Vatican – Called for 1st Vatican Council

• Immaculate Conception

• “The Syllabus of Errors” to attack liberalism

•

Papal Infallibility• Pope Leo XIII

– Rerum Novarum to counter Industrial Revolution



TWENTIETH CENTURY

• Pope Pius X

– Released a decree promoting and encouraging allCatholics to receive Holy Communion daily

–“Eucharistic Pope”

• Pius XII

– Guided the Church through World War II

– Assisted those in need including Jews from Naziaggression

– Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary



TWENTIETH CENTURY

• Vatican II

– John XXIII opened 21st Ecumenical Council – Vatican II

– 3 years ; 16 documents to guide, unit, renew andmodernize the Church

• John Paul II

– The 1st non-Italian Pope elected in 1978, after 456years

–Karol Wojtyla from Cracow Poland

– Published the Catechism of the Catholic Church

– New Code of Canon Law

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