a change in the symptoms of vascular streak dieback of ... · agus purwantara (cocoa research,...

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A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of Cocoa in Southeast Asia and Melanesia Philip Keane Dept. of Botany, La Trobe University [email protected] Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univ of Sydney), Smilja Lambert (Mars Confectionary), Josephine Saul (PNG Cocoa Res Inst), Azmi Bin Che Ahmad (Malaysian Cocoa Board) Thank you also to Mars Inc. for financial and other support

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Page 1: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of Cocoa in  Southeast Asia and Melanesia 

Philip KeaneDept. of Botany, La Trobe University

[email protected] Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest

(Univ of Sydney), Smilja Lambert (Mars Confectionary), Josephine Saul (PNG Cocoa Res Inst), Azmi Bin Che Ahmad (Malaysian Cocoa Board) 

Thank you also to Mars Inc. for financial and other support

Page 2: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)‐ domesticated in C. America and taken to SE Asia first in the 1680s and subsequently

Page 3: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

A dieback disease of unknown cause devastated the post‐war cocoa plantings in Papua New Guinea and Malaysia (since found throughout the region & continues to be a serious diseases of cocoa; not found outside the region)

Page 4: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Greater VSD damage seen recently in IndonesiaDieback; death of very susceptible trees  …………

Page 5: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

The first symptoms occur much earlier, on the 2nd or 3rd flush behind the shoot tip 

(i.e. on 3‐4 month‐old  growth= incubation period after infection at the tip)

Page 6: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Typical first symptoms on 2nd or 3rd flush behind shoot tip (Papua New Guinea)

Leaves dropped off more‐or‐less as soon as they became fully chlorotic

Page 7: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Distinctive green islands on chlorotic leavesA strange and distinctive symptom – relatively uniform pattern of sharp green spots on fully chloroticleaves, which drop off before browning develops 

Page 8: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Dark vascular discoloration in woodand leaf scars 

Photo ,Chris Prior

Page 9: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Sectioning of discoloured wood, petioles and leaf veins revealed distinctive Rhizoctonia-like hyphae only in xylem vessels

Page 10: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert
Page 11: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

White flat corticioid sporocarps form on leaf scars when leaf fall occurs during wet periods 

Page 12: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Basidia and basidiospores of Oncobasidium theobromae

P.H.B. (Pat) Talbot’sOncobasidium theobromae

Now Ceratobasidium theobromaeSamuel et al.

Photos , Chris Prior

Page 13: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

The fungus grows from petiole ends and leaf pieces, but can’t be cultured axenically (is an obligate parasite)‐ very different from standard ceratobasidiums

Photos, Agus Purwantara

Page 14: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

An mysterious, new‐encounter disease ……..

Hypothesis: The pathogen co‐evolved with a plant (so far unknown) indigenous to the region, and has transferred repeatedly to cocoa wherever it has been introduced throughout the region.

Page 15: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Since about 2004 in Java, Sulawesi, Malaysia, Vietnam & PNG …

‐ changed symptoms: more rapid necrosis, less chlorosis, and less distinct green spots

Page 16: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Tip necrosis of attached leaves

Page 17: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert
Page 18: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Leaves stay attached longer 

Page 19: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Full necrosis of leaves while they are still attached 

Page 20: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Malaysia Photo, Peter McMahon

Page 21: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert
Page 22: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Vascular streaking and cambium browning

Vascular streaking is still evidentbut more irregular ‐ often a reduced number of very black streaks 

Original symptom‐ relatively uniform vascular streaking

Page 23: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Different symptoms on detached petioles …… 

Page 24: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

A new position of sporulation (through cracks in petiole and main vein) because infected leaves tend to remain attached longer  …… 

Page 25: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Morphologically, the same fungus is involved – Sulawesi  June 2008

Page 26: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Emergence of hyphae through cracks in mid‐rib and sporulationon older leaves that remainattached for extended periods

Hyphae in xylem vessel near a crack in vein

Page 27: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Sporulation on cracks on old, attached leaves …… 

Page 28: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert
Page 29: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Reasons for the change in symptoms ?Change in the pathogen ? – but why has it happened in such widely 

separated regions at the same time ?

Change in host genotype ? – no evidence, although possibly more VSD‐resistant types are being selected and are dominating the cocoa population ?

Change in environment ? – declining soil fertility especially K, climate change ? (but cocoa has always endured a wide range of soils & climates ?)

Another organism associated ? – some evidence of association of another Ceratobasidium spp. (a saprotroph, a common orchid mycorrhizal fungus); possibility of a symptomless virus that has built up in the cocoa population in the region ? (John Randles)

Page 30: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Thank you

Mars Inc.

Page 31: A Change in the Symptoms of Vascular Streak Dieback of ... · Agus Purwantara (Cocoa Research, Indonesia), Peter McMahon (La Trobe Univ) , David Guest (Univof Sydney), Smilja Lambert

Resistance still evident in ACIAR Trial, Aug 2009 ……TR‐01 (>20 infected shoots/tree) and Geni‐J (<3 infections/tree)