(a) chemical-physical properties - som...doses of 0.007, 0.02, 0.1, or 0.5 mg perchlorate/kg/day for...

CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET

Chemical Name: Perchlorate (DD) CAS #: 14797-73-0 Revised By: RRD Toxicology Unit Revision Date: August 25, 2015

(A) Chemical-Physical Properties Part 201 Value Updated Value Reference Source Comments

Molecular Weight (g/mol) 99.145 99.4506 PC EXP

Physical State at ambient temp Inorganic Inorganic MDEQ

Melting Point (˚C) NA NA NA

Boiling Point (˚C) NA NA NA

Solubility (ug/L) 2.0E+8 NA NA NA

Vapor Pressure (mmHg at 25˚C) NA NR NA NA

HLC (atm-m³/mol at 25˚C) NR NR NA NA

Log Kow (log P; octanol-water) -5.8 NR NA NA

Koc (organic carbon; L/Kg) NR NR NA NA Ionizing Koc (L/kg) NR NA NA

Diffusivity in Air (Di; cm2/s) NR NR NA NA

Diffusivity in Water (Dw; cm2/s) NR NR NA NA Soil Water Partition Coefficient (Kd; inorganics) 2.8E-7 NA NA NA

CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

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Part 201 Value Updated Value Reference Source Comments

Flash Point (˚C) NA NA NA NA Lower Explosivity Level (LEL; unitless) NA NA NA NA

Critical Temperature (K) NR NA NA Enthalpy of Vaporization (cal/mol) NR NA NA

Density (g/mL, g/cm3) NR NA NA EMSOFT Flux Residential 2 m (mg/day/cm2) ID NR EMSOFT NA

EMSOFT Flux Residential 5 m (mg/day/cm2) ID NR EMSOFT NA

EMSOFT Flux Nonresidential 2 m (mg/day/cm2) ID NR EMSOFT NA

EMSOFT Flux Nonresidential 5 m (mg/day/cm2) ID NR EMSOFT NA


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(B) Toxicity Values/Benchmarks Part 201 Value Updated Value Source/Reference/Date

Comments/Notes/Issues

Reference Dose (RfD) (mg/kg/day) -- 7.0E-4 IRIS, 2005

RfD details

Per IRIS: The RfD is based on a non-statistically significant decrease in thyroidal radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) in healthy adult human subjects following two weeks exposure to a 0.007 mg/kg-day daily perchlorate dose (Greer et al., 2002). Total UF=10 for intraspecies variability. Last IRIS RfD revision: 2/18/05. RRD Toxicology Assessment is available (Nov, 2008). RD literature review conducted November, 2007

Tier 1 Source: IRIS: Basis: Both IRIS and ATSDR report the same RfD derived from the same study. IRIS is a Tier 1 source. IRIS RfD = 7.0E-4 mg/kg-day Critical Study: Per IRIS (2/18/2005); Greer, M.A., Goodman, G., Pleus, R.C., Greer, S.E. 2002. Health effect assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: The dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodide uptake in humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:927-937. (e-copy available in tox assessment folder). Methods: Greer et al. (2002) studied 21 healthy women and 16 healthy men (mean age 38 years, range 18-57 years) who were given potassium perchlorate in doses of 0.007, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 mg perchlorate/kg body weight per day for 14 days. The dose was administered in 400 ml of water with instructions that 100 ml be consumed four times each day. Thyroid uptake of radioiodide was measured at 8 and 24 hours after radioiodide administration: at baseline, on days 2 and 14 of perchlorate administration, and 15 days after cessation of dosing. The human subjects’ research ethics of the study were approved by the Oregon Health & Science University Institutional Review Board (IRB). On day 14 of administration, the mean 24-hour radioiodide uptake was 98.2% of the baseline value in the seven subjects given 0.007 mg/kg/day, a non-statistically significant decrease of 1.8% (standard error of the mean 8.3%). The day-14 24-hour radioiodide uptake value was 83.6% of the baseline value (16.4% decrease; n=10) in the subjects given 0.02 mg/kg/day, 55.3% of the baseline value (44.7% decrease; n=10) in those given 0.1 mg/kg/day, and 32.9% of the baseline value (67.1% decrease; n=10) in those given 0.5 mg/kg/day. Critical effect: Radioactive iodide uptake inhibition (RAIU) in the thyroid End point or Point of Departure (POD): NOEL = 0.007 mg/kg/day Uncertainty Factors: UF = 10; 10-fold for intraspecies uncertainty factor accounts

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Part 201 Value Updated Value Source/Reference/Date Comments/Notes

/Issues and February, 2010. No PPRTV (11/21/11, 1/11/13).

for variability in responses among humans, and is intended to protect populations that are more sensitive (fetuses of pregnant women) than the population tested Source and date: IRIS; 2/18/2005 Tier 2 Sources: PPRTV: No PPRTV record available at this time. MRL: ATSDR (final 8/2008), MRL = 0.0007 mg/kg/day (oral chronic). From 12/2004 MRL list. Critical Studies:

1) Greer MA, Goodman G, Pleus RC, et al. 2002. Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: The dose-response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans. Environ Health Perspect 110(9):927-937.

2) NAS. 2005. Health implications of perchlorate ingestion. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095689/html/. January 31, 2005.

Methods: The study was conducted in 37 healthy (euthyroid) volunteers (16 males, 21 females) who consumed potassium perchlorate in drinking water in doses of 0.007, 0.02, 0.1, or 0.5 mg perchlorate/kg/day for 14 days. In 24 subjects, thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine (RAIU) was measured 8 and 24 hours after administration of radioactive iodine on exposure days 2 and 14 and also 15 days after exposure. To estimate daily iodine intake, 24-hour urine samples were collected. Free and total T4, T3, and TSH were sampled 16 times throughout the study. Serum antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase were also measured. Hematological and clinical chemistry tests were also conducted throughout the study. Critical Effects: Inhibition of iodide update into the thyroid. Based on the known mechanism of action of perchlorate as a competitive inhibitor of NIS and on the elimination half-time of perchlorate of approximately 8 hours (perchlorate is not expected to accumulate in the body), the NAS concluded that a dose that produced minimal inhibition of thyroid iodide uptake after 14 days of continuous exposure would also have no appreciable effects on thyroid iodide uptake with


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/Issues more prolonged (i.e., intermediate or chronic) exposure. On this basis, the 14-day study was used as the basis for adopting the RfD for the chronic MRL. POD: ATSDR adopts the National Academy of Sciences (NAS 2005) recommended chronic RfD of 0.0007 mg/kg/day for chronic oral MRL. NAS based the RfD on the findings of a human study by Greer et al. (2002). 0.007 mg/kg/day was considered the NOEL. The small decrease in RAIU (thyroidal update of radioactive iodine) was not statistically significant and is well within the variation of repeated measurements in normal subjects. Uncertainty Factors: 10 fold factor used to protect the most sensitive population. As indicated by the NAS (2005), iodide uptake inhibition is a key biochemical event that precedes all potential thyroid-mediated effects of perchlorate exposure. Using a nonadverse effect that is upstream of adverse effects is a conservative approach to perchlorate hazard assessment. Tier 3 Source: MDEQ: Per DEQ-CCD, no value at this time however, a toxicological assessment was drafted by RRD (November 2008). This assessment supports the use of the IRIS RfD.

Oral Cancer Slope Factor (CSF) (mg/kg-day)-1)

-- NA MDEQ, 2015

CSF details

No EPB-CCD record available (8/4/11). Per IRIS: quantitative estimate of carcinogenic risk from oral exposure is not available at this time (8/4/11). Last IRIS SF revision: 2/18/05.

Carcinogen Weight-of-Evidence (WOE) Class: Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans IRIS WOE Basis: Per IRIS (2/18/2005); Under U.S. EPAs 1999 Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, perchlorate is not likely to pose a risk of thyroid cancer in humans, at least at doses below those necessary to alter thyroid hormone homeostasis, based on the hormonally-mediated mode of action in rodent studies and species differences in thyroid function. Source and Date: IRIS 2/18/2005 Tier 1 and 2 Sources: IRIS: Per IRIS (2/18/2005), no value at this time. PPRTV: No PPRTV record available at this time

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/Issues No PPRTV (11/21/11, 1/11/13).

MRL: NA; MRLs are for non-cancer effects only. Tier 3 Source: MDEQ: Per DEQ-CCD, no value at this time.

Reference Concentration (RfC) or Initial Threshold Screening Level (ITSL) (µg/m³)

-- NA MDEQ, 2015

RfC/ITSL details

No EPB-CCD record available

(8/4/11). No PPRTV (11/21/11,

1/11/13).

Tier 1 and 2 Sources: IRIS: Per IRIS (2/18/2005), no value at this time. An inhalation reference concentration has not been derived because the available inhalation data are insufficient to characterize dose-response relationships or portal-of-entry modulation of internal dose. Perchlorate is not likely to come out of solution given its low vapor pressure. Droplet size during showering would likely preclude significant inhalation of perchlorate-contaminated water as an aerosol. Particulate inhalation exposures to perchlorate dust have been investigated in two published studies of ammonium perchlorate production workers (see IRIS). PPRTV: No PPRTV record available at this time. MRL: Per ATSDR (final 8/2008), no inhalation value at this time. Tier 3 Source: MDEQ: Per DEQ-CCD, no value at this time.

Complete

Inhalation Unit Risk Factor (IURF) ((µg/m3)-1)

-- NA MDEQ, 2015

IURF details

No EPB-CCD record available (8/4/11). No PPRTV (11/21/11, 1/11/13).

Carcinogen Weight-of-Evidence (WOE) Class: Per IRIS; Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans IRIS WOE Basis: Per IRIS (2/18/2005); Under U.S. EPAs 1999 Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, perchlorate is not likely to pose a risk of thyroid cancer in humans, at least at doses below those necessary to alter thyroid hormone homeostasis, based on the hormonally-mediated mode of action

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/Issues in rodent studies and species differences in thyroid function. Source and Date: IRIS 2/18/2005 Tier 1 and 2 Sources: IRIS: Per IRIS (2/18/2005), no value at this time. PPRTV: No PPRTV record available at this time. MRL: NA; MRLs are for non-cancer effects only. Tier 3 Source: MDEQ: Per DEQ-CCD no value at this time.

Mutagenic Mode of Action (MMOA)? (Y/N)

-- NO USEPA, 2015

MMOA Details -- Not listed as a carcinogen with mutagenic MOA in the USEPA OSWER List.

Developmental or Reproductive Effector? (Y/N)

No

YES-oral. The RfD is based on a reproductive-developmental effect.

Oral Exposure Pathways- Single Exposure

MDEQ, 2015

Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity Details

Same as

Per IRIS (2/18/2005): In pregnant women who have undiagnosed hypothyroidism, perchlorate exposure could exacerbate the hypothyroidism by inhibiting iodide uptake by the thyroid. Critical Study: Per IRIS (2/18/2005); Greer, M.A., Goodman, G., Pleus, R.C., Greer, S.E. 2002. Health effect assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: The dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodide uptake in humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:927-937. (e-copy available in tox assessment folder).

State Drinking Water Standard (SDWS) (µg/L)

-- NO SDWA, 1976

SDWS details NA MI Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1976 PA 399

Secondary Maximum -- NO

SDWA, 1976 and USEPA SMCL List


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/Issues Contaminant Level (SMCL) (µg/L) SMCL details NA MI Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1976 PA 399 and USEPA SMCL List, 2015

Is there an Aesthetic Value? (Y/N)

NO Not evaluated. NA

Aesthetic value details NA NA

Is there a Phytotoxicity Value? (Y/N)

NO NO; however, phytoxicity has been noted.

RRD Assessment (2008) and Literature review (2010)

Phytotoxicity details NA

MDEQ-RRD (2010): There are limited studies that demonstrate adverse effects of perchlorate on terrestrial plants. However, perchlorate has been demonstrated

to bioconcentrate in plants and may therefore represent a sink for perchlorate as well as a mechanism for release back to the environment (e.g. plant tissue

decomposition). See RRD Toxicology Assessment (2008) for additional details.

Others:


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(C) Chemical-specific Absorption Factors Part 201 Value Update Source/Reference/Dates

Comments/Notes/Issues

Gastrointestinal absorption efficiency value (ABSgi)

--- 1.0

MDEQ,

2015/USEPA RAGS-E, 2004

ABSgi details RAGS E (USEPA, 2004) Default Value

Skin absorption efficiency value (AEd)

--- NA MDEQ, 2015

AEd details

Ingestion Absorption Efficiency (AEi)

NA MDEQ, 2015

AEi Details

Relative Source Contribution for Water (RSCW)

NA MDEQ, 2015

Relative Source Contribution for Soil (RSCS)

NA MDEQ, 2015

Relative Source Contribution for Air (RSCA)

1.0 MDEQ, 2015

Others


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(D) Rule 57 Water Quality Values and GSI Criteria Current GSI value (g/L) ID

Updated GSI value (g/L) ID

Rule 57 Drinking Water Value (g/L) 19

Rule 57 Value

(g/L) Verification Date

Human Non-cancer Values- Drinking water source (HNV-drink) 19 5/2009

Human Non-Cancer Values- Non-drinking water sources (HNV-Non-drink) 1,600 5/2009

Wildlife Value (WV) NA NA

Human Cancer Values for Drinking Water Source (HCV-drink) NA NA

Human Cancer values for non-drinking water source (HCV-Non-drink) NA NA

Final Chronic Value (FCV) NLS NA

Aquatic maximum value (AMV) NLS NA

Final Acute Value (FAV) NLS NA Sources:

1. MDEQ Surface Water Assessment Section Rule 57 website 2. MDEQ Rule 57 table

http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3686_3728-11383--,00.htmlhttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/wb-swas-rule57_210455_7.xls


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(E) Target Detection Limits (TDL) Value Source

Target Detection Limit – Soil (g/kg) NA MDEQ Op Memo 2 Att. 1, 2004

Target Detection Limit – Water (g/L) 3 MDEQ Op Memo 2 Att. 1, 2004


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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET ABBREVIATIONS: CAS # - Chemical Abstract Service Number. Section (A) Chemical-Physical Properties Reference Source(s): CRC Chemical Rubber Company Handbook of Chemistry

and Physics, 95th edition, 2014-2015 EMSOFT USEPA Exposure Model for Soil-Organic Fate and

Transport (EMSOFT) (EPA, 2002) EPA2001 USEPA (2001) Fact Sheet, Correcting the Henry’s

Law Constant for Soil Temperature. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.

EPA4 USEPA (2004) User’s Guide for Evaluating Subsurface Vapor Intrusion into Buildings. February 22, 2004.

EPI USEPA’s Estimation Programs Interface SUITE 4.1, Copyright 2000-2012

HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank MDEQ Michigan Department of Environmental Quality NPG National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards PC National Center for Biotechnology Information’s

PubChem database PP Syracuse Research Corporation’s PhysProp database SCDM USEPA’s Superfund Chemical Data Matrix SSG USEPA’s Soil Screening Guidance: Technical

Background Document, Second Edition, 1996 USEPA/EPA United States environmental protection agency’s

Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment). July, 2004.

W9 USEPA’s User Guide for Water9 Software, Version 2.0.0, 2001

Basis/Comments: EST estimated EXP experimental EXT extrapolated NA not available or not applicable NR not relevant Section (B) Toxicity Values/Benchmarks Sources/References: ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry CALEPA California Environmental Protection Agency CAL DTSC California Department of Toxic Substances Control CAL OEHHA CAEPA Office of Environmental Health Hazard

Assessment CCD MDEQ Chemical Criteria Database ECHA European Chemicals Agency (REACH) OECD HPV Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development HPV Database HEAST USEPA’s Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables IRIS USEPA’s Integrated Risk Information System MADEP Massachusetts Department of Environmental

Protection MDEQ/DEQ Michigan Department of Environmental Quality DEQ-CCD/AQD MDEQ Air Quality Division DEQ-CCD/RRD MDEQ Remediation and Redevelopment Division DEQ-CCD/WRD MDEQ Water Resources Division MNDOH Minnesota Department of Health


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NJDEP New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

NYDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

OPP/OPPT USEPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs PPRTV USEPA’s Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values RIVM The Netherlands National Institute of Public Health

and the Environment TCEQ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA OSWER USEPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency

Response USEPA MCL USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level WHO World Health Organization WHO IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety

(IPCS/INCHEM) WHO IARC International Agency for Research on Cancers NA Not Available. NR Not Relevant. Toxicity terms: BMC Benchmark concentration BMCL Lower bound confidence limit on the BMC BMD benchmark dose BMDL Lower bound confidence limit on the BMD CSF Cancer slope Factor CNS Central nervous system IURF or IUR Inhalation unit risk factor LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level LOEL Lowest observed effect level MRL Minimal risk level (ATSDR) NOAEL No observed adverse effect level NOEL No observed effect level

RfC Reference concentration RfD Reference dose p-RfD Provisional RfD aRfD Acute RfD UF Uncertainty factor WOE Weight of evidence Section (C) Chemical-specific Absorption Factors MDEQ Michigan Department of Environmental Quality USEPA RAGS-E United States Environmental Protection Agency’s

Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment). July, 2004.

Section (D) Rule 57 Water Quality Values and GSI Criteria GSI Groundwater-surface water interface NA A value is not available or not applicable. ID Insufficient data to derive value NLS No literature search has been conducted

Perchlorate (DD)

(a) chemical-physical properties - som...doses of 0.007, 0.02, 0.1, or 0.5 mg perchlorate/kg/day for...

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