a comparison of chaffhaye and alfalfa hay on digestibility ...€¦ · insulin production glucose...
TRANSCRIPT
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A comparison of Chaffhaye and alfalfa hay on digestibility and
glucose metabolism in mature, stock type horses
BY ASHLEY HANSEN
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Problems with managing horses in confinement
Nutrient Requirement
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Horse’s Individual Nutrient Needs▪ Physiological Level
-Growing-Reproductively Active-Lactating -Etc.
▪ Level of Work
▪ Body Weight
(NRC, 2007)* Consistent Feedstuff is Important
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Problems with managing horses in confinement
Nutrient Requirement
Fecal Output
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Fecal Output and Disposal ▪ A horse defecates:
37 lbs per day
13,505 lbs per year(Fabian, 2001)
▪ Agricultural runoff is the
main cause of water quality problems
for lakes and rivers (USEPA, 1990)
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Problems with managing horses in confinement
Nutrient Requirement
Fecal Output
Metabolic Issues
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Equine Metabolic Challenges
Irregularities in:
Insulin production
Glucose metabolism
(Ralston, 1996; Treiber et al., 2005; Frank, 2009)
Insulin ResistanceLaminitisFounderEquine Metabolic Syndrome
Rapid intake of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) can cause:(Obel, 1948)
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Insulin Resistance
▪ Typically seen in obese horses and
ponies (Longland & Byrd, 2006)
INSULINGLUCOSE
INSULINRECEPTORS
Insulin Resistant Cell
Normal CellGlucose
Intake Insulin
Production=
Causes Insulin Receptors Shut Down
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Laminitis/Founder▪ Largely caused by high intake of NSC (Obel, 1948)
Increased Fermentation in Hindgut
Drop in pH
Blood Acidosis
Reducing Glucose Uptake by Cell
Inflammation/Separation of Sensitive Laminae(Garner et al., 1977)
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Laminitis Insulin Resistance
Low Glucose Uptake
Laminitis
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Saline (Control)(n = 5)
Insulin (n = 4)
Blo
od
Insu
lin u
IU/m
L Treatments
Insulin Induced Laminitis1 hr Post Injection
(P < 0.0001)
All horses receiving insulin Developed laminitis in all 4 feet 72 h
after administration (Asplin et al., 2007)
(Asplin et al., 2007)
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Problems with managing horses in confinement
Nutrient Requirement
Fecal Output
Metabolic Issues
Water Intake
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Water Intake Adequate water intake can prevent:
Colic Choke Ulcers(Thompson, 1992) (Hillyer, 1995) (MacAllister and Sangiah, 1993)
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Feeding Higher Digestibility Forage
Fecal Output
Utilization of Feed
Impaction Colic(Cohen et al. 1995)
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Digestibility in horses can be affected by:▪ Feeding Level = DM Digestibility
(Pearson et al., 2001; Ragnarsson and Lindberg, 2009)
▪ Particle Size of Forage = DM Digestibility(Rodrique and Allen, 1960; Wolter et al., 1977; Sellers et al., 1982)
▪ Moisture Content = DM Digestibility (Olsson and Ruudvere, 1955; Uden et al., 1982; Moore-Colyer et al., 2003)
▪ Processing = DM Digestibility (Moore-Colyer et al., 2003; Muhonen, 2009)
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NSC
DAIRYLAND Laboratories, Inc.
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Feeding forage with lower NSC
▪ High amounts of NSC can
affect blood glucose levels
and induce insulin resistance
(Storlien et al., 2000)
02468
1012141618
High NSC Orchard GrassHay (18%)
Moderate NSC OrchardGrass Hay (12%)
Seru
m In
sulin
ulU
/mL
Forage Type
Serum Insulin level Day 7(P = 0.001)
(Storlien et al., 2000)
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How Haylages are Produced▪ Low moisture silage- Haylage (40-60 % DM)
▪ 4 Steps:
-harvesting
-packing
-covering
-fermentation
▪ Molasses and inoculants often
added (Kellems and Church, 2010)
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Higher Digestibilites for Haylage/Silage in Horses▪ Silage fed to horses had significantly higher
DM, ADF, NDF and CP digestibilities when
compared to dried hay (Moore-Colyer et al., 2003)
▪ DM, OM, NDF, and ADF higher digestibilities
for horses fed silage than hay (Muhonen, 2009)
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Lower WSC Concentration in Ensiled Forages
ITEM Hay Silage
WSC (g/kg DM) 157 140(Muhonen, 2009)*Harvested Simultaneously
Ensiling process lowers WSC concentrations in silage when compared to dried hay (McDonald, 1991)
ITEM Hay Haylage
WSC (g/kg DM) 101 71
*Harvested Simultaneously (Muller and Uden, 2006)
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Chaffhaye
Alfalfa Chaff
+ Molasses
+ Inoculants
(Pediococcous pentosaceus &
Propionibacterium freudenreichii)
+ Fermentation
= Chaffhaye
* Produced in irrigated field
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Evaluation of nutrient intake, in situ disappearance, and fermentation characteristics of fermented Chaffhaye with alfalfa hay and prairie grass hay in steers
▪ 6 rumen fistulated steers
▪ In situ NDF disappearance (12 and 24 hour incubations) were greater (P ≤ 0.0001) for Chaffhaye & alfalfa hay vs. grass hay diet
▪ 96 hour incubation the NDF disappearance for the Chaffhaye was greater (P = 0.024) than the alfalfa hay.
(Gautam et al., 2014)
(Guantam et al., 2014)
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ObjectiveTo compare digestibility and metabolic response in mature stock-type horses fed Chaffhaye or dried alfalfa forage diets.
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Hypothesis
▪ That Chaffhaye will be more readily digestible when compared to dried alfalfa in mature horses across most nutritive parameters and have lowered glucose and insulin response after a meal.
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Study Design▪ All procedures were approved by NMSU IACUC
▪Utilize 10 mature, stock type geldings
▪ Avg. Age: 13.8 y ± 8 y
▪ Avg. Weight: 553.2 kg ± 81 kg
▪ Crossover design-Groups were stratified by age and weight
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Treatments▪ 2 treatments:
-Chaffhaye and dried alfalfa hay
-Fed at 1.9% of BW (AF) per day
▪ Diets were divided in 2 equal rations and fed in 12 hr intervals
▪ Orts were collected and recorded
▪ Ad libitum access to water & mineral block
▪ Water intake was recorded
In order to feed like “Real-World” horse owner
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Project Timeline
Blood Collection
Day 22
Adaption Period
Day 1-21
Fecal Collection/
Water IntakeDay 23-26
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Dietary Adaption Period
▪ 21 Days
▪ Stalled with 2 h turnout/d
▪ Ensure palatability
▪ Microorganism adaption
(Julliand, 2001)
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Blood Collections
▪ Day 22
▪ Insert catheter 30 min before
meal
▪ Blood samples: 0 (directly before
meal) 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 min
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Digestion Trial
▪ 4 days
▪ Total fecal collection harnesses
▪ Empty harnesses every 6 hours
▪ Mix contents
▪ Preserve 5% sub sample & freeze
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AnalysesForage▪ DM, OM, CP, Crude Fat, NDF, ADF, NFC, WSC, ESC, Starch, Ash
Fecal▪ DM, OM, CP, Crude Fat, NDF, ADF, NFC, Ash
Glucose Insulin:▪ Glucose Serum- colorimetric analyses▪ Insulin Serum- Immulite 1000 Assay▪ Analyzed for AUC and PEAK
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Statistical Analysis▪ Mixed procedure SAS
-Fixed effects:
-Treatment (fiber source)
-Period
-Horse
-No Random Effect
▪ Effects will be considered significant when α ≤ 0.05
and a trend 0.15 > α > 0.05
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1Alfalfa haylage with cane molasses and dried fermentation product of Pediococcous pentosaceus and Propionibacterium freudenreichiiin a sealed bag, Dell City, Texas Chaffhaye, Incorporated.2NFC= 100% - (CP % + Fat % + Ash % + NDF %) (values on a DM basis).
Nutrient % (DM Basis)
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Nutrient Intake Results
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
DM OM NDF ADF CP
Inta
ke k
g/d
Nutrients Fed
*(P < 0.0001) ALF CHAF
**
**
*
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Nutrient Intake Results Cont.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
CF NFC WSC ESC Starch
Inta
ke K
g/d
Nutrients Fed
*(P < 0.0228) ALF CHAF
*
**
* *
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Water Intake Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
ALF CHAF
Wat
er
inta
ke L
/d
Treatments
(P = 0.4132)
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Wet Total Fecal Output Results
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
ALF CHAF
Feca
l Ou
tpu
t kg
/d
Treatments
(P < 0.0001)
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Fecal Output Results
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
DM OM NDF ADF CP CF NFC Ash
Feca
l Ou
tpu
t kg
/d
Nutrients in Fecal Matter
*(P < 0.0007) ALF CHAF
**
*
*
**
**
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Digestibility Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
DM OM NDF ADF
Dig
est
ibili
ty %
Nutrients
*(P < 0.0011) ALF CHAF
* *
* *
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Digestibility Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
CP Crude Fat NFC
Dig
est
ibili
ty %
Nutrient
*(P < 0.0182)(P = 0.8369)
ALF CHAF
*
*
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Glucose Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 30 60 120 240 360
Blo
od
Glu
cose
(m
g/d
L)
Min after Meal
Average Glucose ResponseTo Meal(n = 9)
ALF CHAF
AUC (P = 0.5494)PEAK (P = 0.5398)
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Insulin Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 30 60 120 240 360
Blo
od
Insu
lin (
ulU
/mL)
Minutes after Meal
Average Insulin ResponseTo Meal(n = 9)
ALF CHAF
AUC (P = 0.0791)PEAK (P = 0.1120)
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Horses with Insulin Resistance ▪ Two horses were discovered on this
project to be generally accepted as IR
▪ Resting blood INS concentration of
6 times higher than counter parts.
▪ Evaluated on a case study basis
(Frank et al., 2006)
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Glucose Response to Meal
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
0 30 60 120 240 360
Blo
od
Glu
cose
(m
g/d
L)
Minutes after Meal
Non-IR ALF Non-IR CHAF
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Glucose Response to Meal
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
0 30 60 120 240 360
Blo
od
Glu
cose
(m
g/d
L)
Minutes after Meal
Non-IR ALF Non-IR CHAFIR ALF IR CHAF
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Insulin Response to Meal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 30 60 120 240 360
Blo
od
Insu
lin (
ulU
/mL)
Minutes after Meal
Non-IR ALF Non-IR CHAF
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Insulin Response to Meal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 30 60 120 240 360
Blo
od
Insu
lin (
ulU
/mL)
Minutes after Meal
Non-IR ALF Non-IR CHAF
IR ALF IR CHAF
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Digestibility Discussion ALFALFA HAD:
DM, OM, NDF & ADF Digestibility than CHAF
This could be due to:
Moisture = Longer Rate of Passage
Fiber length = Longer Rate of Passage(Wolter et al., 1974; Sellers et al., 1982; Morrow et al. 1999)
(Olsson and Ruudvere, 1955; Uden et al., 1982; Drogoul et al., 2000; Drogoul et al., 2001)
(Disagreeing with previous research: Moore-Colyer et al., 2003; Muhonen, 2009)
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Digestibility Discussion CHAFHAYE HAD:
CP and Crude Fat Digestibility
This could be due to:
Increased availability for absorption
in small intestine due to fermentation(Van Weyenberg et al., 2006)
(Agrees with previous research; Moore-Colyer et. al., 2003)
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Metabolite Discussion ALFALFA & CHAFFHAYE HAD:
Similar Glucose Metabolism
This could be due to:
Horses were able to regulate GLU
levels through insulin- Even IR
horses (Deboer et al., 2017)
(Agrees with previous research: Deboer et al., 2017)
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Metabolite Discussion CHAFFHAYE HAD:
Insulin AUC and PEAK
This could be due to:
Overall DM intake
NFC (WSC and ESC) content (Storlien et al., 2000; Staniar et al., 2014)
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Nutrient Requirement- ImplicationsCHAF had higher CP and CF digestibilities
CHAF could assist:
▪ Horses that have high CP and CF requirements or are high energy
ALF had higher DM, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibilities
ALF could assist:
▪ Horses requiring a high energy diet or prone to colic
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Problems with managing horses in confinement
Fecal Output
Metabolic Issues
Nutrient Requirement
Water Intake
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Fecal Output-Implications CHAF had lower wet fecal output
CHAF could reduce:
▪ Cost of manure cleanup
▪ Disposal challenges
▪ Environmental effects
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Problems with managing horses in confinement
Fecal Output
Metabolic Issues
Nutrient Requirement
Water Intake
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Metabolic Issues-ImplicationsCHAF had lower WSC and ESC concentration
& tended to have a lower insulin response
CHAF could assist:
▪ Preventing metabolic diseases
▪ Horses prone/with metabolic diseases
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Problems with managing horses in confinement
Fecal Output
Metabolic Issues
Nutrient Requirement
Water Intake
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Water Intake- ImplicationsNo significant differences
▪ Considering water from feed:
-CHAF intake 6-10 L per day
CHAF could reduce:
▪ Colic, choke, ulcers
▪ Digestibility of forage
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Problems with managing horses in confinement
Fecal Output
Metabolic Issues
Nutrient Requirement
Water Intake
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A Big Thank You!My Family
My Lab:Dr. WhiteAlyssa OatesDustin Gaskins
My Committee:Dr. Loest Dr. TurnerDr. Hodnett
Graduate Students
Judging Team
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Questions?