a comparison of crude oil chemistry on america's north slope- chukchi sea-mackenzie delta...

U S Departmentof the Interior BLM-AlaskaTechnical Report 17 Bureau of Land Management BLMAKST-94020+3045+985

Alaska State Office 222 West 7th 13 Anchorage Alaska 99513

A Comparison of Crude Oil Chemistry on Americas North Slope Chukchi Sea-Mackenzie Delta

Arthur CBanet Jr

saturates

The Bureau of Land Management-Akska Division of Minerals is responsible for the assessment and evaluation of the federal minerals estate To this end I have been able to pursue various geological and geochemical investigations I sincerely appreciate the continued support that current and previous managers directing the Division of Minerals have provided towards my effotts in these fields

In addition I wish toacknowledge the editorial mntribMions pmvided by Dan flurlbert and Susan Banet (MMS) Tom Mowatt (BLM) Mike Werner (ARC01 and Marvin Mangus Mike Mickey and hideyo tiaga (Micro Pal-Associates) and Kirk she^^ (MMS) have also shared their exptrtise with me These colleagues have provided i m p ~ a n t cifiiques observations and suggestions towards making this analysis available While I take respnsibilw fur the data presentation and interpretation I hope this material reflects their professional input Also I thank Ed Bovy (BLM Office of E3ternal Affairs) for manipulating my report into the format which

is the trademark of the BLM-Alaska technical report series

Author

Atthar C Banet Jr isa geologist in the Bureau of Land Managements Alaska State Mice Division of Mineral Resources~Branch of Mineral Assessment Anchoragev Alaska

TechnicaI repotts issued bythe Bureau of Land Management-Alasb present the results of research studies investigations literature searches testing or similar endeavors on a variety of scientific and technical subjects Tbe results presented are final or are a summation and analysis of data at an intemediate point in a long-term research project and have received objective review by peers in the author fiek4

The reports are available at 5LM offices in Alaska the USDI Resources Libraty in Anchorage vafius libraries of the University of Alaska andother selected locations

Copies are also available for inspection at the USDI Natural Resources Libraw in Washington DC and at the E3LM Service Center Library in Denver

A Comparison of Crude Oil Chemistw on Americas Nofih Slope

Chukchi SeamMackenzie Delta

Arthur CBanetBJr

Bureauof LandManagement Alaska State Mice Anchorage Alaska 995l3

Table of Contents

introduction 1

Stratigraphy 2

Oils 4

A Prud hoe Oil Type 4 8 Prud hoe Suite Variations 5

C Umiat Type Oil 6 D Mackenzie Type Oils 6

Discussion and inferences 8

Mked Oil Types Along Barrow Arch 8 Chukchi Sea Oils 8 NPRA I 0

Colville Delta Discoveries Kuukpuk Unit 11 Seal Island 11 Badami I1 Pt Thomson 11 Hammerhead Oil I1 Kwlum -12 ANWR 1002 Area 13 Aurora Well 14 Belcher Well 14

5 Summary and Conclusions 15

6 figures and Tables 19

7 Bibliography -64

tist of Tables

Table 1

Table 2 Table 3

Table 4

Compilation of geochemical data from North Slope Alaska oil discoveries and seeps

Geochemical data from wells along Barrow Arch and foothills

Gmchemical oil type data from Mackenzie Delta wells

Geochemical data for selected offshore wells (US)

List of Figures

Geographic and major tectonic features of the Arctic

Schematic structura1-stratigraphiccross section on North Slope

Seismic line offshore of ANWR 1002 area showing deformation styles affecting Brookian sediments

Generalized SW-NE cross section superimposing North Slope petroleum traps

Comparisons of chromatograms from Prudhoe and Umiat Oil suites

~turates~mmticsNSO ratios of North Slope oils and source rock extracts

Metals ratios vs API Gravity separate the Prudhoe from Umiat Suites

Oil source determined from carbon isotopes vs pristanephytane ratio

Aromaticaliphatic isotope ratios for US and Mackenzie oil

Cw-C28-Cmternary diagrams for North Slope oils and some source rocks

Chromatogram of the three major Mackenzie oil types and source rock extmcts

Chromatogmm and kagmentograms from Belcher and Klondike well samples

Chromatogram and fragmentograms for Burger well lithologies and oil

Geochemical profile of Hammerhead well

Lflhologies chromatogmm fragmentograms and geochemical data from Hammerhead well

Comparison of Camp chromatograms of rock extracts and oil seeps from ANWR

Representative chromatograms from Aurora well cuttings and extract

List of Plates

Plate t Some of the major oil and gas activities in the Arztic

Plate2 Composite stratigraphic columns with specific emphases the western North Slope and mountains the entire Coastal Plain the Mackenzie Delta to Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula

Plate3 Fmgmentqrams and histogram plots of steranes ( d z217) and tritepanes ( d z 191)from oils stained sediments and seeps Prudhoe Umiat 1002 area and Mackenzie Delta

Phte4 Fragmentograms from oils and source rocks at d z 217and Wz 191showing correlations and variations with geography and thermal maiurii

A Comparison of Crude Oil Chemistry on Americas North S1opeChukchi Sea-Mackenzie Delta

Publicly available geochemical data provide the basis for cornelating and comparing the major Norkh Slope oil types These data define ten oil types repmsenting independent petroleum system Thh analysis concurs with earlier work that identifies the major and che~cdyampsthc t iveoil types germane to the North Slope

Prudhoe type oils are shown to extendto immediately west of the Arctic Nationd Wildlife Refege 1002area Also comparisons of the geochemical data show that considerable mixing of the Pmdhoe and Umiat oil types has ocmmd in reservoirs along the Barrow Arch Data kom the most recent onshore discoveries fit w i t h the Prudhoe or mixed oil s i b chemistry Biological marker analysis of the ANWR 1002 area oils show that them are three types The J w o - K a t a k w - M m i n g Rtype-correlates with Mackenzie Type Aoils These oils are derived fkom the upper Cretaceous Benbnitic the richest source rock on the Noxth Slope The AngunPtoil is of marine origin and likely derived h mmultiple ~ ~ e s The Kavik oil stain is unique Biomarker data indicate that some nonmarine Mackenzie type C2 oils have migrated into reservoin which typically yield type Cl oils

These geochemical data also show that oils from two wens in the Chukchi Sea reprewnt a newly described and independent petroleum system The multi-faceted chemistry ofthe Hammerhead oil shows it is the most e q n e and enigmatic type on the North Slope It represents another independent petrolem system Additional data are required to determine how and ta what extent the major EuvIum discovery best mrrelates fa the h d h o e Hammerhead Mackenzie Delta or LINWRmites

1 Introduction tional polarity mdthe amount of data available The western tectonic regime is pre-

The North Slope is the major petrolem d o h G ycompressiod in the south with province of North America It is located en- an abundance of large scale far- traveled tirely within the harshest of frontier climes thrust sheets North of the ColviUe foreland the Arcticf between approximately 132 and basin this regime changes to a relatively 170 Wand 69 and 71Acircdeg(Plate1)From the undisturbed area beneath muchof the Arctic ChukchiSeaon the west to theT u l c t o y a k ~ Coastal plain North of the Bmaw Arhf Peninsula on the east ampis area encompasses ba~mmt-involvdextensiod deformation some20Ot000sq mi(518t000sqkm)Distinc- isprevalentf particukly inthe offshore (fig- averodgwlod eneo-ts include ure 2) theBrooks b p d i b f m W s t t h e C o l v U e Trough (foreland basin) the Arctic Coastal Complexity increases easkwardAt about Plain the Barrow Arch uplifts and the CarmingRiver there is a distinct northward Mackenzie Delta onshore The C3tukehi Plat- bulge of hemountain front which superim- form and the Beaufort Sea passive margin poses these tectonic regimes (figure I) comprise the offshore (figures 1and 2) Alldthom are also much smaller both in

areal extent and thickness of stratigraphic The stratigraphic record in this region section moved by each

includes rocks of Proterozoic through Re-cent age These rocks can be divided into at The eastern region cunsistiisg of the least 11depositional megasquences based Mackemie Delta and 42amdian Beaufort is on ages of the variois unitstheir deposi- mostly outboard of the large thrust sheet

style of deformation This part of the Beau- fort shows a considerable amount of vertical uplift from compression of relatively unconsolidated Tertiary age lithologies and it also has undergone deformation by predominantly listric extensional tectonics (figure 3) Transtensional tectonics also appear to affect the offshore

Oilf gas or significant shows are present inalmostallof the stratigraphic units How- everf the major economic reservoirs are of Mssissippianf Triassic Cretaceous and Ter- tiary ages The most prolific potential source rocks are found in Triassicf Lower Jurassicf middle and Upper Cretaceous unitsj and possibly the Tertiary Howeverf most shales and carbonates in this region have at least fair-tu-good hydrocarbon source potential Current oil and gas assessments identify some fampy distinct md mostly independent exploration plays in this regionf based on stratigraphic and structural relationships (Birdf 1991 Craig othersf 19SThurston and Theissf 1987 and Exon amprid others 1988)

Exploration interest h this area started about the turn of the century as explorers reported the presence of oil and gas seeps on the Coastal PlainLaterf reconnaissance geological mapping spread out to the Brooks

logical complexity Rixon and others (1985) Hubbard and others (1987) and Moore and others (1992) offer the most recentf compre- hensive and complete regional syntheses of the available data Birdf (1991) Banet (1990)f Thurston and Theiss (1987) Bird and Bader (1987) Bird (1985)f Norris (1985) and Lerand (1973) also provide summaries and correla-tions of available North Slope data

Crystalline rocks are relatively rare on the North Slope Exposures and drilling samples of stocks and plutons typically yield isotopic age-dates similar to surrounding sedimentsf suggesting that they are parts of fault-emplaced allochthons Undisputable crystallinef or metmoqhic basement rock is not known in this region

Geographically widespread outcrops show that the oldest sediments are of Prot- erozoic to Devonian age These units are truncated by a regional sub-Mississippian mconformity (or possibly unconfomities) Orighdy described as the northerly derived Franklinian sequence (Lerandf 1973) later work shows that these lithologies are far more complex innature and origin ampis- mict welland outcrop data suggest that there are several uncorrelated cabonate qumces which reach several thousands of meters of thicknessbeneaththeChukchi Platfom and m e f w M s ~ e ~ o ~ a k o ~ c l u d ~ s o ~

seismic analyses and exploration drilling under the auspices of the US Navy follovv- h g the second World War and during the Korean Conflict Industry exploration fol- lowed concentrating first on surfacemapped anticlinesinthe foothills of the Brooks Ranget before turningto seismically mapped pros-pwbheaththecatrd Arctic CoastalPlain andeconomic success Stilllater exploration expanded to the offshore regions of the Mackemie Delta and Beaufort Sea where discoveries todate are still subeconomic

2 Stratigraphy

North Slope stratigraphy is expansive with c m m t efforts stil l unraveling its gee-

in the Bulgef eg the Baird Groupt the Katakturdcf the Nmookf Mt Copplestone and carbonate facies within the Neruokpuk Group (Plate 2) Generallyt structural deformation has been mostly fault repetitions which comprise large scale far-traveledf allochthons within the Brooks Range

Theclastic lithologies consist of quartz-ites artest sampstst and volcanidastics with some interbedded carbonates These lithologies are severely foldedf fractured m d fadfed along the Barrow ArCh and at the mountain front

A major regional and angular unconformity with considerable locd relief separates these oldest sediments from the overlying mmmefianumce Ellesmdan

rocks record thee depositional sequences of northerly derivedf carbonate and clas tic sediments (Hubbard and others 1987) Lower Ellesmerian clastics are present only on allwhthonsinthe Brooks Range Palirispastic reconstruction of these Iithologies suggests that they were deposited hundreds of km south of their present outcrops Mayfield and others (1991) andMoore and others (1992) describe the extent of shortening recorded in these thrust sheets or ffpanelsff

In contrastf the Upper Mississippian through Triassic middle and upper Ellesmerian rocksf are thick south of the Bar- row Arch and line the Colville basin Only their fine-gained distaland condensed section lithologies are exposed on smaller scale thrusts along the front of the Brooks Kange The light colored cliff-forming Lisburne Group carbonates are also prominent among the other units exposed along the mountain front h addition drilling and seismic data shows that the Lisburne carbonates line the Colville trough and are truncated along the Barrow Arch uplifts

Ellesmerian clastics md carbonates are reserwoirs for most of the economically re- coverable oil reserves yet discovered in Alaska Thermally mature facies of the Shublik Fomticm (Triassic) are the most likely sources for the high sulfur and metals content of the oils at Prudhoe Bay field The t h e d maturityregime indicates that some finer-grained clastics and facies of the Lisburne Group could have also contributed minor amomts of hydrocarbons However the available geochemical analyses are not xefined enough to identify diagnostic com- ponents

Breakup sequence rocks (Jurassic-mid Cretaceous) record the most recent activa- tion of the Barrow Arch and the stepwise o p m g ~ k gof the kctic ocean Mul-tiple load uplifts shed over a kilometer of sampmts into the Colville basin south of the hampmd over threekilometers of sediments tothenorth intodeep grabens forrned by the rifting away of the northern land source

(Hubbard and others 1987) Unconformities are common withinthis section At about 128 ma the Lower Cretaceous Unconformity (LCU) removed much of the EUesmerian section from the crests of the Barrow Arch uplifts

Hubbard and others (1987) identify a low velocityf zone withinthe hwer Kingak Shale (Jurassic) as a potential oil source rock Carman and Hardwick (1983) identify a High Fbdioactive Zone (HRZ)or Pebble Shale Unit (Hauterivian - Bmernian) as another organic-rich potential oil-generating source rock

Basin deposiGond polarity subsequently changed to the south with the deposition of Brookan sedimentsThis started perhaps as early as Bajocian and proceeded to about lower Pliocene The Brookian section con- sists of threedistinct pulses of thick clastics Hubbard and others (1987) cite over 8kxn of sediment in the Colville basin and over 10 k m of sediment on the l3eadort shelf These are mostly chert l iwamptes and shalesf with lesser amomts of interbedded coals and silt- stones The coals are widespread mostly subbitumhous and have low sulfur contents West to east progressively regressive facies overstep the Archand deposit onto the Beaufort Shelf (Banetf 1990)

Organic rich condensed facies occur within the Torok Formation (Aptian- C e n ~ k r n ) ~the Colville SMe (eg the T w o ~ a n - ~ ~ s ~ amp t i m h t o ~ ~ c s ~ e t h e Smoking Hills Formation and Boundary Creek Formation) and likely within the upper Brookian shales on the Beaufort shelf Creany and Passey (1993) illustrate the sequence stratigraphic occurrence of these multiple and thick sections of organic rich rocks Their high T K bases (l3TBs) represent d m u m flooding surfaces These W s typically have high radioactive zones whit31 have preserved appreciable amounts of sapropelic materialThese faaes arefound in the Brmkian sequences in both the US arid Canada metf 1990)

of diasteranes supports the contribution of marhe shale source rocks rather than just carbonate lithologies

Terpme concentrations are greater than steranes (Mackenzie andothersf 1985) Plates 3 and 4 show that mz 191 CZ9hopane is typically equal to or larger than C3in the Prudhoe suite There is also a series of ex-tended hopanes Together with the presence of Cshopanes this suggests the mix of carbonate and marine shale source material (Waples 1991) Tricyclic terpmes are also prominentt suggeskgwt the Prudhoesuite oils are thermally mture

3 Prudhoe Suite Variations

However thereare several intemlvaria- tions of note within the Prudhoe suite Gn- erdyj API gravities typically are heavier in shallower reservoirs with lower reservoir temperatures (table 1) 13cisotopes and gas chromatographs of oils from the Kekiktlcuk Reservoir (WdicoR Group) appear to have some noticeable nonmarine character (figures 5 and 8) Perhaps this reflects some contribution of indigenous kerogens from the Endicott Group nonmarine sediments

Theveryhighsulfur and metals content very low gravity oil from the GW Dalton well lacks steranest as if it had been severely degraded Its triterpane distribution is identical to Pmdhoe It also has the lowest saturate concentration of the Prudhoe Suite (figure 6)but it still has resolvable alkanes sumeskg that some oilmixing postdating degradation has taken place dter degradation Similar oil from the hvearak Pt well has high flsmephe ratios and the heaviest fC isotope ratio (figures 8and 9) It is apparent that a degraded oil has probably been mixed with a nondegraded oil Howeverinthis case it appears that bothoils have chemistries that suggest they are Prudhoe type o h

The South b o w I9 oil is a typical Prudhoe suite oil found in an upper ENesernerianSand the Sag River (Triassic)

Howeverf its VV+Ni ratio is slig$tly lower thanthe Prudhoe oil The nearby South Bar-row20is found ina Breakup sequence sand within the Pebble shale Its VV-tNi ratio is identicalto Barrow 19Howeverf the satu- ratesf and the API Gravity are higher The sulfur content and metal contents are dramatically lower indicating that this is not a typical Pruampoe suite oil Either the Shublik Formation has not contributed to South Bar- row 20 or more likely oil type mixing has occurred affecting South Barrow 20 more than 19

Geochemical analyses show that the Shublilc Formation andor its distal facies the W k Formation the Kingamp Shale and the Pebble Shale Unit are the likely sources for most of the Prudhoe oil However with all of the analyses that have been done on the North Slopej none of these most likely units have been caught in the act of actively generating and expelling hydrocarbons

The Sublik is a phosphatic marine car- bonatejrichin sapropelic organic carbon It contributed the high sulfurt highmetal con- tentandtrikrpanes to the oil (Plate 4) Facies of the Kingamp SMe are sufficiently rich in organic matter andvolmetricdy sufficient to have been a major source for thePrudhoe oil

Wheremturejthe h g a k kerogens con- tribute a considerable amount of diasteranes to the mz 217 spectra However extended hopanes are not prominent (Plate 4) The KhgalcShaleisaregionally widespread unit with kerogens that vary in organic d b e s s g m amp e ~ d character and burid history Thus the Kin Shale m y have contributed to more thanone kind of Noamp Slope oil

The Pgbble Shale w i t is dso a wide-spread marine shale containing relatively hydrogen-rich urganic matter Like the kgamp the Pebble Shale mz 217 spectra have considerable diasterane conMbu~on In addition the mz 191 spectra show the extended hopane series such as that whichis

so prominent inPrudhoe suite oils (Plates 3 and 4) The Pebble SMe Units relatively highT K biomarker distribution and stratigraphic proximify to both cmier beds and major reservoir units identify it a candidate for a Prudhoe suite source rock where it is thermaI1y mature (Seifert and others 1979)

C U d a t TypeOil

The Umiakoils are found both in shallow reservoirs along the Brooks Range foothills inthe Cape Simpson area and at seeps across theWM Coastal Plain area It is commonly referred to as the Umiat-Shpson type oil (in Magoon and Claypool 19S) These are light coloredl high gravity oils and condensate with sulfur contents less than01 (Table 1) Note that sample 105 (table 2)is an Umkt oil andisfrom a reservoir greater than14000ft This is the deepest resewair reported the location is not indicated

Gash o r n t o p a m of unaltered Umiat oil samples are generally not distinguishable

The most striking feature of the mz 191 fragmentogrm is that C29 is substantially less than CCJ~which is normal for non carbonate-derived oils (Plate 3) TricycIics and the partial series of extended hopmes are Iess pronounced than in the Prudhoe oil TmTs ratios are also less which could be either attributed to source differences or in-dicate that Umiat oils may bemore thermally mature Morefanes artd uleananes indica-tive of nomarine e n ~ i r o m e n 6 ~ are not prominent Thus nonxnarine contributions to the Urniat oils are not manifest as major constituents inthemz 191 frapentogams Umiat oils are derived from mostly marine clastic source rocks

S t r a t i ~ a p ~ ~ a l l y ~the Torok and Pebble Shale are the most likely candidates withthe b g a k as a less likely source The mz 217 spectra show that all three sources have diasteranes similar to the Uampt oil How- ever all threesources have a large CZ9peak unlike the Umiat oil This supports the tenet that the Umiat oil is at a high degree of

fromthePrudhoe suite Grosscomposi~o~ thermal maturity At miz 191 Umiat ails analyses show that the saturate fraction is much higher in the Umiat oils Attendant prismephfiane ratios are muchgreater than 15 and CPIs are also greater than 10 13c isotopes are between -291 and -2723 ppt Metal contents are between 01 and 50ppm Nickel content is typically higher than vana-ampurn with VV+Ni ratios ltOiO (figures 6to 9j

Biomarker concmkaaom of the LJmiat- type oils are less than the Prudhoe suite (Mackemie and others 1985) The distribution of c2748-29stermes reflects more noampe kerogm source contribution than the Prudhoe suite (figure 10)The relatively low concentrations and overall sterane ciis- tribution also suggest that Umiat oils are mare thermally mature than the Prudhoe ails Neither long migration nor advanced biodegradation alterations are apparent Plates3and 4 also show that the Umiat oils typically have less prominent C30sterane peakswhichsuggests dilution possibly due to some terrigenous source materid

have a morefane peak like the Torok but the Umiat oils have minor mounts of extended hopanes as do the Kingalc samples (Plate 4)

Magoon and Claypool (1985) propose that there may be sufficient variation between the Simpson md Umiat oils to indicate that each oil a has different or unique sMe source- Alternatively available analy-ses suggest that faciesand thermal maturity v ~ a t i o m d ~ e amp g amp m d Pebbleshale (and perhaps the Torok) are likely great enough to account for the relatively subtle differences in Umiat oil chemistry

D Mackenzie TypeOils

Three m ~ o rtypes of oils are found on the Mackenzie Delta and the offshore Cana-dian Beaufort Sea (Snowdon 1979 Brooks 1986SnowdonandPowell 1988) Theseare 16Oto48O MI gravity oils and condensates Brooks (1986) and Snowdon and Powell (1988) report that m y are typically biodegraded some t~ great depth These oils

frequently lack a dnormal alkane fraction (figure 11) The topped oils lack appreciable amounts of NSUs SahratesaromticsNSO ratios do not separate the Mackeruie oils into definite classesf like the Padhoe and Umiat suites (figure 6) Sdfur contents are bimodal The m i n e derived (Type A) oils have about 1 sulfur while the nonmarine derived (Types I3 and C) typically have less than02 (table3) Pfistanephyke ratios are much greater than15 and are higher than any from the Alaskan section of the North Slope (figure 8) 13cisotopes are low (light) dramatically lower than any others encoun- tered in this North Slope studyl suggesting considerable normarine input (table 3)

Curiale (1991) shows that Type A oils have sulfur contents between about 05 and 10 withvariable metal contents up to about 12 ppm Vanadium is prd0-t over nickel Type C oils have between about 001 and 02 sulfur withmetal contents less than 2ppm (often nondetectible) Type A oils plot similar to the Prudhoe suite while Type C are more similar to Umiat-type oils (Figure 7) All Mackenzie oils are isotopically very light Type l3 oils and oils in the K u p l l i t or Richards Formation reservoirs are 12~00 heavier thanTypes A or C (figures 8and 9)

Brooks (1986) reports on biomrker geochemistry of Mackenzie ails He uses bar charts (Plate 3)of h t epa td spectral peaks whichfacilitates comparison of oil types presented W l e useful for comparisons and ratios this method does not totally replace using spectra as the chartsdo not show dou- blets from near-coeluting peaks Inaddition it is not always sampampHomard in compar-ing spectra from different laboratories be-cause of d i f f e ~ g extraction isolation inamp- gration methods and analytical hardware

The C27-2G29+ steranes resolve both a distinct m i n e od type and a nonmarine suite(figure10)ThetypeA marine oils dm have a prominent Cm peakl and diasteranes are present (Plate 3)Sterane ratios do not separate type l3 from the C types the n o d e oils Brooks eparatesType Coils

into two subgroups based on biomarker maturity parameters and diasterane ratios- He proposes a comonsource~ Curiale (191) subdivides the Type C oils based on reservoir agef the presence of o l e m e s f terpanes and nor-compounds discerned in rnz 218 spectra His K u p l l i t - R h r d s oils correlate wikh Brooks (1986) C1 subgroupf and are generated from yet unidentified andther-mally mature Richards (HTl3) facies The Reindeer-Maose Channel oils correlate with the C2 subgroup Unlike Brooks (1986)f these oils are proposed to be generated from a Paleocene source (Curiale 1991)

The biomarkers of the Kugmallit- Richards C1 oil fit very well with those jden- tified in the Rchards Shale (Eocene) Like- wise biomkers found in the Reindeer- Moose Channell C2 have been identified in Paleocene sediments of the Cmdian Beau-fort (Snowdonf 1988) These data suggest that the Cl and C2 oils are separate and distinct groups There is disagreementl or noncorrelation occursl where the C2 Issun and Tarsiut oils are tested from K u g d t reservoirs Howeverl upsection migration of a C2 oil into a Cl reservoir would explain the discrepancies

Type A smwhdedved 03s have more tricyclic peaks and lower Tm ITS ratios than either B or C oils The mz 191shows that C29 norhopane is less than C3O hopanel Iike most dastic derived oils Type A oils have well developed C31-35 extended hopane peaks as expected for marine derived oils Morehe possibly indicative of normarine rock contributions occurs inTypeA oils but o l e m e was not detected (Brooks 1986)-

Type B oils are derived from pre-Term tiary p r e d o e f l y n o m h e source rocks and are found in hwer Cretaceous reservoirs They also differ from Type A oils be-cause (29 norhopane is almost as pmminmt asC30hupane rather like thePmdhoesuite Thisisrather mco-n for nomrhecbs- ticderived oils in general The TmTs ratio is also higher thaninthe Type A oils Minor amounts of moretane and oleanme were

Type B oils are probably Lower Creta- c a w n o m i n e ofis and Type C oils are Tertiary nonmarine oils (SnowdonI 1979 Brooks 1986 Curiale 1992) However oil- to actively generating source correlations have nGtye tbmmdefo r~esBIClandC2As yet only organic-lean and thermally imrna- ture possible source rock facies have been tested T h e d y maturef organic rich fades are postulated to exist more basinward and in deeper waters than currentdrillhg tech-niquespermit sampling(Iss1er andsnowdon (1990)

However important similarities to the Prudhoe suite include the abundance of diasteranes and h e well developed series of c31c35extended hopanes (Plates 3 and 4) Evidentlythisisacase of overlapping petro-leum system chareg the same reservoirs The Barrow 19 and 20 oils are likely a similar situationf but sufficienay quantita- tive biomker data are not yet available for comparison

B ChukchiSea Oils

The Shell Western E ampPCCS-Y-1413 1 Burger well and CXS-Y-1482 1 K3ondike

well were df led off the northwest coast of the National petroleum Reserve-Alaska (WRA)(Plate I) At Burger well Repeat Formation Tests (RFTs) from a reservoir between 5560-5665 ft yielded hydrocarbons from clastic sediments just entering thermal maturity (YoRo about 060) The reservoir is a transgressive sand unit and is typical of the Breakup depositional sequence ie derived from local uplifts during lower Creta- ceous or upper Kingalc times

Oil was recovered at Klondike well at a depth of approximately 9916 ft These sediments are a fine-grained facies comelatable to the Sadlerochit Group which is the main Prudhoe reservoir At this location these sediments areat the threshold of catagenesis Geochemical analyses of cuttings and sidewall core data show that Burger and Nondike oils are found in lithologies having about 1to 2 T W s in both wells

Analyzed samples include 3Z0 to 57O API gravity oil condensates and extracts Chromatogram show Klondike oil with normal mature Inarjne-derivd character Some Burger oil has been thermally altered to condensate and some has a prominent n-CZ5 peak (figures 12 and 13) Sa~raampsaromaticsN~ratiosplot between the Prudhoe and Umht suites (figure 6) Pristanephytane ratios are like the Umiat-type (figure 8) Sulfur contents are very low between 00670and 04 (table4) Metal content of the Burger oil is similar to Umiat oils but (VV+Ni) ratios are divided (figure 7) Isotopidyf Burger is similar to Uiniat whereas Klondike plots considerabIy lower than Prudhoe type oils more like hvearak Pt (figures 8md 9)

Steranes at mz 217 from the Burger well have b m altered due to thermal degradation ( f i p e 13) The C27-2s2g steranes of shales sandstones and the oil plot as marhederived organic material (Figure 10) However no CB stermes were measured Smalldimterane peaks are also present The steranes from aondike have not been so a f f d The C27-2s29regular sterane ratios

and the presence of CS0sterane suggest ma-rine source racks (figures 10and 12) for this oil Diasteranes are also very prominent probably as a result of maturity affects and because typicid carbonate source rocks ap- parently have not contributed to the oil

The mz 191 spectra of Burger and Klandike are practically identical Tricyclic terpanes are present in appreciable quantities The CS0 hopane exceeds CZ9hopane like the Umiat oils The c31-35extended hopane series is also present in significant quantities as would be expected for an oil with a marine clastic source

Clearly the sulfur and metal contents indicate that the Chukchi oils are not of the Prudhoe suite These oils differ from the Udat oils in their sterane distributions and extended hopmes They are isotopically lighter as well Thus the Chukchi oils are not a mixbe of known oil types and probably represent the product of another petroleum system-

At Klondike the Shublik overlies the section that yielded the oil sample (Plate 2) This Shublik is a black splintery shale with interbedded limestone It has TCC values Hydrogen Indices and a sufficient thermal maturity which suggest that it is a richsouce rock and prime wdiate for generating the Chukchi oils However known Shublik-derived oils (Prudhoe Suite) typically have hi sulfur and metals contents with Vanadium more prevalent Although the phosphatic fades of the Shublik are ab- sent at Klmdikef the carbonate and prob- able source of the sdfurf remains The 13c isotopes are ambiguous

These data support a marine or some- what deltaic shale as the most likely source rock Howeverf of the marine shales tested and analyzed intheChukChiexplorationfthe Kingalc the Pebble Shale and Torok have no source potential or are mostly gas prone Biomarkers at mz 191do not exclude con- sidering the Shublikt the Pebble Shale Unit md perhaps certain facies (regiody) of

theKingampto be candidates for the source for such isotopically heavy hydrocarbons Evi- dently the proposed source rocks have sig- nificantly different kerogen chemistry from the areas where they are currently quantita-tively described In addition these same chemical characteristics may also be account- able perhaps more than mixing with the Umiat oilf for the mixed oil types found along the Barrow Arch uplifts

CNPR-A

Approximately23million acres comprise the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (WRA) This area was set aside because of the numerous oil and gas seeps along the coast and favorable geologic structures in the foothills Gvemmtexploration started in the 1940s with a drilling program inthe 19WsJ testing areas of h o r n seepages and anticlines These efforts found several s d l oilandgas fields at relatively shallow depths Later drilling programs based largely on the results of modern CDP seismic interprets-thns during the 1970s tested a wider area but found only oil shows and gas (Gryc 2988)Four lease o f f e ~ g s have resulted in only one Industry test wellf Brontosaurus in northwestWRAPlate I shows the extent of NPRA exploration Drilling density is not highf even along the Arctic coast The results indicate that there is probably no Prudhoe- style ElIesmerian truncation accumulation to be found along the coast However the regional geology and drilling immediately east of WRAsuggests that Breakup sequence sandstones are probably prospective in the subsurface of the northern coastal plain (Table1describes what is knownabout these oil discoveries) Alsotheminimalamount of exploration of the foreland foldbelt and overthrust belt of the Brooks Range has been far from conclusive inrealityf its just barely informative

The numerous authors in Gryc (1988) present the synthesis of various NPIU geo-logical and geochemical investigations Magoon and Claypool-(1988) identify three

oil types the Pmdhoe suite the Urniat oils and they separate the condensates into a third group based on migrational effects Potential oil prone source rocks include the Torok Formation Pebble Shalef KingakShale and the Shublik Formation (Magoon m d Bird l98amp)butnone of these unitswas found to be actively generahg hydrocarbons where tested

Although the WRA studies are exten- sive there are still some areas which need additional analyses Data are sparse from the Skdl Cliffs seep in northwestern WRA It has low sulfur content and low MI gravity (Magoon and Claypoolf 1982) Perhaps it is part of the Chukchi oil system If so then parts of western W U may warrant additional resource estimation analyses

The variations found in the thermal ma-turity of outcrops along the foreland foldbelt are of pa~dwinkrethdeteampgwKamp potential source rocks are viable in NPRA analyses (Johson and othersf 1991 Howell and othersf 1992) The nature of oil emplace- ment at Umiat is of particular interest At present this petroleum system is poorly m-derstood Umiat type oils are found across a large area in a number of structural and stratigraphic mvironments U ~ e U d a t w e oils are related to the enigmatic dead 03 shows from the Cretaceous clastic section at Gsburne well (Plate I) it greatly expands the area of anexploration play into the foothills region

ICleist and others (1983) report on oil- stained Lisbme limestones in the central foothills of the Brooks Range thrust belt Certainly these oil stained carbonates and the blaCkJ ignitablef organic-rich blubber rocampff found locally on fisbume allochthom warrant fuzther geochemical evaluation Current data suggest that these rocks are too t h e d y mature tahost their hydrocarbons (Johnsson and othersf 1991 Howell 1992) Ether one of the known petroleum systems has been able to put hydrocarbons in these rocksf or there may be anotherf as yett unde-finedpetroleum system h operation Adamp-

tional geochemical data may help to determine the areal extent and productive lifespan of the petroleum system emplacing hydrocarbons along the mountain front

D CulvilleDeltaDiscoveries The Kudcpik unit

Recent drilling west of the Prudhoe- Kuparuk area has resulted in several oil and gas discoveries (Plate 1) immediately east of NPM This is the Kuupkik Unit As of yetf the operators have not released much perti- nent data on their recent discoveries Table 1 shows that these wells have tested between 180 and 1200 BOPD of 26 to 32O M I gravity oil with GORs of 250 to 500 from multiple reservoirs (table 1) Current speculation from the publicly available well depths and the API gravities is ha t these are Prudhoe suite oils or a mixture tested from the Breakup sequence sands

E Seal Island

The Seal Island discovery represents about300 million barrels of condensate and oil found offshore north of Prudhoe Bay field (Plate I) Hydrocarbons are tested from the Sad le rd t Group sands The Northstar accumulation is a continuation of this trend onshore The Shell E amp P CXS-Y-181 well (table 4) shows high API Gravity oilcon- densate It also yielded high levels of H2S which is more commonly associated with Prudhoe suite oils produced from sea water- injected and d c r o b d - a w t d areas of the Prudhoe field or the fisburne field carbonate reservoirs

The Badami discovery is approximately

30d e s east of Prudhoe Bay field (Plate 1) It tested approximately 4250 BOPD of 27 to 2BQAPIgravity oil and 12 Wmgas from middle Bmokian sands Without additional geochemicaldataspeculation is h t this is a Prudhoe oil or possibly a mixed suite

Oil is found in basement rocks the Pk

Thornon sands of the Breakup sequence and Flaxman sands of the middle Brookian sequence These are 1Bu to gt40Acirc MI gravity oils with GORs between 400 and 22 705 The sections which were tested are from depths between about 11500 and 14300 ft (Banet 1992) Table 2 shows that sampleDZE from a Cretaceous sand has API gravityf sulfur and metal contents that place it within the Prudhoe suite (figure 7) This is the deepestf and the maximum down dip occurrence yet h o r n along the Barrow Arch uplifts and furthest east identified extent of the Prudhoe suite oils It expands the geographic range of the Prudhoe oils right to the very western border of the highly prospective Arctic Na- tional Wildlife Refuge 1002 area

The Flaxman sands (Paleocene) are upsection of thePt Thomson sands and they also tested oil up to 230 BOPD Anders and others (1987) posit that the variability in M I gravity oil in Pt Thomson area is because there are two different oils in these respec- tive reservoirs DeaspMting causes both a high gravity oil (35 to 45O) and low gravity residue (la0) in the Cretaceous Thomson sands The Flaxman sands (me t 1990 fig-ure 7)then have a genetically different 21 to 27 gravity oil Anders and others (1987)also propose that some 44 gravity oil has mi-grated vertically into the F l a m sands

This report demonstrates two oil types are present along the Barrow Arch and where how mixing of these oil types occurs Note that the analytical variations docu- mented by publicly available data within the Prudhoe suite alone could account for allthe differences between the Pt Thomson and Haxxnanreservoirs These oilsare present in neareonomic accumulations additional and definitive crude oil chemical analyses should be opehHy) forthcoming to the Eterature

GHammerhead Oil

The Tibmnerhead discovery is off shore north of h e Pt Thornson area (Plate 1) The discovery well tested almost lWBOPD

frommostly unconsolidated early Oligocene sediments (figure 14) These are thermally immature upper Brookian sands silts and mudstones The sediments have high TOCs highGenetic Potentials from oil staining and high Oxygen Indexes from the predominantly terrigenous indigenous kerogens (figure 15)

Hammerhead oil has a greenish color Analyses show a dramatically higher sulfur content than the Prudhoe suite or even the Dalton oil API gravity is low 17 to 20 (table 4) The a1kanearomaticNSCys ratios (figure 6) and alkane distribution indicate that this oil has been extensively degraded (figure 15) 13cisotopes of Hammerhead kerogens and extracts are low (figure 8)which is probably more indicative of the extract from its nonmarine reservoir sediments than the oil Sterane distributions vary signifi- cantly with depth representing thermal or migrational alteration Note the dramatic loss of COTwith depth which reflects increasing thermal maturity Diasteranes which are typically rare inhigh sulfur crudes arepromi- nent in all samples and also increase with depth (figure 15)

The high sulfur content the Cw^e20 sterane ratios and the possible elution of sterane (figures 10 and 15)suggestthat this crude oil is derived from marine shales and carbonates with noticeably less (or no) nonmarine source contribution than the Prudhoe suite (figure 10)

The triterpanes (mz 191)also show in- triguing distributions and changes with depth hi shallower samples C29 hopane is less than C30hopane In deeper samples there is more Cw which like the Prudhoe suite suggests marine carbonate source rock The extended hopanes become prevalent down section Also the concentration of CS extended hopane inthe deepest sample supports marine carbonate-derived oil Tricyclics are more prominent with depth suggesting like the sterane chemistry that detectable thermal maturation changes occur down section TmgtTs in all-samples This ratio

decreases down section reflecting thermal maturity and the marine derivation of the oil Also peak ratios of the C31extended hopanes of the Hammerhead oil (figure 15NO) are rather similar to those attributed to marine oils leaching biomarkers out of Tertiary coals (Philp and Gilbert 1986)Bothmoretane and bisnorhopane which are usually associated with n o d e - d e r i v e d oil are eluted from the Hammerhead samples

The sybillistic chemistry of the Ham-merhead oil makes it the most enigmatic on the North Slope Biomarkers show appreciable thermal maturity changes with a relatively small increase of depth The high sulfur content and biomarkers indicate derivation at least inpart from marine carbonates perhaps more so than the Prudhoe oils and Dalton oil However high diasterane content the presence of moretane and bisnorhopane are more typical of terrigenous source input Also (he Hammerhead oil is found in upper Brookian sediments deposited during a transgressive high stand Known marine carbonate possible source rocks are more distant areally and stratigraphicdy from Hammerhead than from any other North Slope discovery

Kuvlumis an offshorediscov eryapproxi-mately 15 miles east of Hammerhead (Plate 1)It tested 3400BOPDof 3 4 O gravity oil and 204 MMCFD of gas from middle or upper Brookian sands These limited data show that the Kuvlum oilchemistry differs from the nearby Hammerhead oil Initialspecula-tion is that it may be a high gravity Prudhoe suite oil similar to the Pt Thomson oil(s) However its juxtaposition to Hammerhead ANWRandMackenzie areas with their multiple petroleum systems mandates the exer- cise of caution in predicting oil type at this stage With initial reserves estimated at 1 BBO perhaps marginally economic additional date should be forthcoming

The15Inillion acre kctic National Wild- life Refuge 1002 areaf in northeast Alaska has high potential for the discovery of significant oil and gas reserves The stratigraphy shows that there arq numerous prospective petroleum source rocks and reservoir rocks in this area Bird and Molenaar 1987 Banetf 1992) There are also numerous mapped prospects (Foland and Ldla 1987) Volumetric estimates for the 1002 area rival those estimated for the entire WRADolton md othersf 1987 Bird 1991)

Outcrops are uncommon across the fea- tureless Arctic Coastal Plain However these relatively few Coastal Plain exposures yield a number of oil seepsf 03stained sediments and organic-rich lithologies Due to its kctic environrnentf intense weathering and bia- degradationhas affected the oil seep samples and sediment samples from locations on Utdcturuk Jag0 Ref and Kavik Ck(figure 16 - The bvik Ck locatian is technically outside the 1002 area but is included in the analyses)

Chromtog~ams of the CIS+ fraction show that some samples are dtered to vary-ing degrees Consequentlyf definitive inter- pretations made from them may be arp-able However figure 16 shows that eluted elements have general similarities between the surviving nomesolvable portions of the l3ento~ticShale (Upper Cretaceous) onJago Rand nearby ( b d a t e l y d o m amp e m ) very odorous oil-stained Eocene siltstone There is also rninor similarity between the nonresolvables of the lower Katak- Ck oil stajned sandstone and the Kavik Ckoil s h e d sandstone- These latter two smd- stones are from the upper Brookian Sagavanirktok Formation The m e degree

Chromatograms from the remaining sampies resemble typical exfracts of mature marine derived hydrocarbons All have low pristmephyme ratios

No identifiable alkanes or iso-alkanes were resolved from the oil seep samples Manning Pt appears to have a unimodal m a ~ echaracter whereas the Angun Pt seep may have some bimodal nonmarine character (figure 16)Sa~atemom~csNW distributions show that the Mannhg Pt South Katakturuk Ck and Jag0 samples are similar to tte Prudhoe andUrniat oils whereas the North Katakturuk and A n p samples plat like source rocks because weathering has removed much of the saturate fraction (figure6)Variations of the pristanephytane ratio separate the North from South btakturuk samples (figure 16)13cisotope variations (figure 9) place the bv ik sample out by itselfA n pPt samples are similar to oils generated from m a ~ e clasticsf while the others are closer to the Prudhoe suite The Manning Pt oil seep has isotope ratios which suggest mixed source materials (figure 9)

Biomarker analysis shows that regular sterane concentrations are low and diasteranesare very prominent in fhe mz 217 spectra Like so m y of the Mackenzie oils this is probably due tu thermal mMty or possibly b ide~ada t ion~ weatheringf and derivation from dastic source rocks Only the Kavik smple has no quantitatively re-solvable stermes (plate 4) Thec27-2amp29dis-tribution shows that the h4aming Pt seep plots between the nonmarine Mackenzie (types Bj ClandC2)andPmdhoesuites The Katakturukj Jago and A n p samples and Manning Pt stain plot as inarinampfflved oils (figwe 10)HoweverfCN steme is not readily resolved inmy of these spectra (Plates

of s ~ ~ m y d s o e x t m d ~ ~ o 3 s ~ d 3and 4) middle Brookian turbidite samples found along upper K a a - Crmk and Canning River In additionf the resolvable alkanes show that thesesmples appear tohave some nonmarine character and high pristanephytane ratios (Banet 1990)

Triqclicsare present inallrniz191spec-tra As in the Uxniat mz 191 spectra the tricyclic cuncentrations arevery minorHow-ever degradation leaves the relatively stable tzicyclicsasthe only reaflyidmMable peaks

in the h v i k and hgun samples Oddly both A n p seep and stain samples retain their steranes relatively intact albeit mostly altered In the Jago Manning Pt and Katakturuk samples C29norhopane is much less than CN hopane and Tm slightly larger than Ts These samples also have well resolved extended c31c35hopane series like the Prudhoe suite suggesting marine clastic source derivation Overallf their mz 191 spectra are nearly identical

Both the Kavik and A n p Pt samples are severely altered in the hopane spectra They also lack tiheextended hopmes How- ever unidentified peaks intheir spectra elute where o l e m e and moretime indicative of Tertiary deltaic source materialt should be suspected

The chromatogram show considerable nonmarine source character that is not par- ticularly coincidental to the biomarker geochemistry With the severity of degradation the biumker interpretation is probably less compromised than the chromato- gramsThust the available data show h t the 1 0 2 area samples have predominantly ma-rine source rock characteristics The biomarker data definetheJago-Katampimuk-M m g Pt group which includes all of the samples from the middle Brookian turbid- ites and the Pebble Shale and Kemik samplesf too (figure 16)The Upper Cretaceous Bento- nitic Shale is the predominant source rockt whereas the biomrker distributicm suggest Kingak and the Pebble Sble are also minor contributors (Plates 3and 4) Insome wells immediately west of the 1002area the J3entonitic shale has high resistivities and low sonic velocities suggesting that oil is actively being generated and f i g pore space thus altering the petrophysical properties The ktonit ic Shale correlates to the Smoking Hills and Boundary CreekForma-tions which are the most likely source of the hhckenzie Type Aoils (Snowdonand Powellf 1979Snowdon 1980and Brooks 1986)

ampvik stain is severely weathered and mostly d i k e the other samples It may be

related to the oil stainedf nonmarine Sagavdrktok sandstone found along north Katakturuk Creek The presence of steranes a t h p where alkanes andtriterpanes have been severely altered may be due to mixing of two or more oils Werwise it appears to be a severely altered marine derived crude oil

K Aurora Well

The Aurora well provides the most recentf publicly available geological data for northeast Alaska This well tested a thinup per Brookian sequencef a thick middle Brookian sequence and Breakup sequence rocks Indigenous hydrocarbon potential is very poor- to gas prone (Banet 1993)How-ever there were appreciable amounts of ex- tractable hydrocarbons that migrated into the system Chromtogams show that alteration and degradation are common (figure I)There is minor similarity with 1002area samples derived from m i n e shales the b a k r d - J a g o - M b g Pt and h g u n Pt samples High and variable pristanephytane and high CFIs show that there are also nonmarhe source characteristics The geochemistry and geographic prux- i d t y suggests a possible mixingconnection with the Manning Pt samples

L Belcher Well

The Belcher well is the furthest offshore test in the Beaufort to date It penefxated thermally immature Tuktoyaktuk and upper Brookian sequences ampomtopam show b t immature or biodegraded iso- prenoid-rich saturates are present Ternary plots of sa~aampsmomticsNW~s showthat klcher extracts are unique most likely related to the Mackenzie Type Cland C2oils (figure 6) Pfismephe ratios are low covering the range of marhederived clastic rocks No isotope data are available

able mixingof oil types has occurred along5m cncusions ampe Barrow hhuplifis h reservoirs previ-

for oils found in the basement rocks or the upsection Flaxman Sandsf within the Pt Thomon Unitf but their API gravities are variable and are within the range of the Prudhoe Type Oil type mixingf or a separate oil type are possiblef but such migrational pathways and timings are difficult to effect

The Hammerhead oil is the most e ~ g - mtic oil on the North Slope It has a chexnical compositionf chromatograms and frapentograms that are indicative of its having multiple hydrocarbon sourcesf which have subsequently undergone degradation and thermal alteration The geochemistry sugges6 derivation from both marine carbonates and possibly Tertiary age deltaic sources Stratigapfi~dly~ isneither ~cenario more likely thanthe other The conclusion is that Hamerhead is a mixed suite oilf but perhaps not necessarily mixture of Pmdhoe and Umiat types

The Kavik oilf from immediately west of the1002area is so severely altered that gross chemical composition distributions and biomarkers do not reveal much of its origin Isotapes show that it does not resemble any of the other oils and thus it is still considered as a separate type at this h e Jn the 1002 area the AngunPt stainmd seep has sterane distributions and isotopes suggesting that it is derived k o m p r d o m f l y m i n e source rocks However both alkanes and pentaqclics triterpanes are severely altered Thus further correlations cannot be made with a highdegree of comfort

The oils extracted from stained sediments and seeps along KataktumkCreekand along Jag0 River are derived from marine sources Their geochemistry chromatograms and f r a p e n t o p m s correlate well with the Mackenzie Type A oils The Maruting Pt oil has sterane distributions and isotope ratios indicating that it also has a significant n a b e source component Resolved m z 191 terpane distributions however place it wit31 the Katakturuk and Jago samples The source of these oils is most probably the highly radioactive orgdc-rich Upper Cre-

taceous paper- to cardboard texturef HTR shale facies which represents the distal par- tion of the maximum middle Brookian transgressional event This facies is locally called the Bentonitic Shale Unitf Smoking Hills Formation or Boundary Creek Form- tion

The majority of Mackenzie oils are nonrna~eThey are isotopically light have lowNSO contents low metal and low sulfur contents The pristanephyme ratios are the highest of anyon the North Slope T p e I3 oils are fomd in Cretaceous reservoirs and have terpane biomarkers distinctly different from the Type Coils Two type C oils are differentiated on their reservoir ageand biomrkers Type C l oils are found in Richards or KugmaHit (mid Eocene - Oligocene) reservoirs Risnorlupanef oleamnes and some rim-compounds are eluted intheir mz 218spec-tra Type C2 oils are fomd in the older Rein- deer and Moose Channel Formations (Maastrichtian- early Eocene) and lack the aforemention4 biomarker compaunds The apparent lack of these biomarkers suggests that oils at Issungnak and the Tarsiut areas appear to be type C2oilsthathave migrated up into the Richards and KugmaUit reservoirs

In s w f at least 10 oil types are differentiated on the basis of bulk geochemistry isofopesf ratiosf chromatograms arid biomarkers These data indicate that some mixing of oil types has occurred and that there are likely multiple phases of oil em- placement from single sources Also one oil type is common to bath the US and Mackemie area Limited data show two oils (the h g u n and Kavik) are severely de-graded but are also different from the other types

These 10 oil types represent different petroleum systems operating independently orinconcert Some oiltypesarefound across a wide geographic area ICnornreserveesti-mates for this area approach 100 billion bar-rels This is a tremendous amount of oil h addition oil stained sediments andoil seeps

suggest that much remains to be learned parficularlyin e~ghdyexpIored areas away from the Barrow Arch uplifts

With at least 10different petroleum sys- t em inoperation to draw from the task at hand is to determine which petroleum systems were in action (or interaction) at specific times which migration pathways were available and the ~~g of the trapping mampanisms The next Iogical step to assist successful exploration is to identify quan-tify andrank the source rock facies involved and then to determine when and where in the North Slope basins burial history they were most active and in which plays their products are still preserved

Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk

Sogovonlrktok Colville Gp ss amp ah Wanushuk Gp Torok Formation Fortress Mountain Frn OkpIkruakApt-AI flysch

Breakup aequAtildesectnc 8s amp sh KIngok Shoie Fm

Shublik and Sag R F m Sodlorochlt Gp Etlvluk Gp Llaburne Gp Endicott Gp Hunt ForkKanayut

BAtildesectaucoup Fm wariou basomant lithologtes

^-Not to Scale

Brooks Range Foothills Coastal plain ^sf Beaufort Sea

s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)

Figure 2 Schematic structural-stratigraphic cross section of the North Slope

pre-Ellesmerian sequences northerly derived Ellesmerlan sequences southerly derived Brookion sequences fault bounded Borrow Arch duplex cored anticlines in BrooMon rocks chaotic Brooklon sedimentationdeformation thrust sheets of Ellesmerlan rocks lorge scale far flung atlochthons or panels

prominent to the west

(a collage of major tectonic and depositional styles vertical exaggeration approximately 16x)

- -

NORTH SLOPE STERANES

0 Hammarhaad sedacutttngs)

8urgar (as-sandstono amp sh-shale) TERNARY DIAGRAMS

ampZ2S- UMIAT OIL 27

for r n z 217 RegularPRUDHOE SUITE I Brookion Ellesm~rlanBreokup sources

Prudhaa and llmlat lelda frem Safer and othmrs 1985

1002 area

0 TYPE A lmnak Wognark Atkinson W Atkinson

w W E C Pullen Kwkkoal Koponoo lvik

Tar3ult IssunQnc Niglintak Adqo Kumak

source rocks stalns and seeps oils

Figure 10 C27-28-29ternary diagrams for North Slope oils and some source rocks

(DO

sample

BURGER SSBW $109h hob

FSFGER 18SA onRm f s AM 527 mot 367 ore 266

2 I)

25 MANNING PT 31 I P 79 OIL SEEP

T3NeR22ESEC17 14NR35EuSEC33 T9NRr34EvSEC21 PRiPH 26 53

nonmarine oil- stained ss Eocene oil stained silt stone oil stained sscgl (Sogavanirktok) Sabbath Conqlomerate

Kotokturuk R Jago R Kovik Ck Sabbath Ck

popercardboard Jogo R

fientonitic Shale Unit popercardboard Bentonitic Shale Unit Colville turbidite

tributary of Katakturuk R Colville trubidiKotokturuk R

te

1 Colville turbidite Pebble Shale interbedded shale of Kemik Colville Gp sh

Conning R Ignek Ck Conning R Itkilyariak Ck

ale

ANGUN PT OIL SEEP T7NvR39ESEC33

K E Y

sample tt ident i f i ca t ion number1 T4NRw27ESECll

- prls-tanephytaneo f n( f t samples3

stratigraphic unit

location

Figure 16 Comparison ofC15+ chromatograms of rock extracts and oil seeps from ANWR

(dataf tom Lyle andother 1980 Magoon and Claypool 1981)

st-

Table 1 Compilation of geochemical data from North Slope Alaska oil discoveries and seeps

u DEPTH 8

8

RESERVOIR UanuW SO^ StKfl~OChk U Atilde Dagger b y n Kekikhik Kuparuk ~ u ~ h u ki flaxman B INonuinuk Sagwanirtdok Eocene Eocene

TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N

API GRAVITY s-ni7-26

SULFUR 156

GOR

7t saturates ss06 aromaIica 5512

BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from

Uoqoon and Clltwe 1982 Camion and Hardwick 1903 Ahrka 011 and Gas ~~rnarvotlon 1983Cornmis~ionStatistical ReportW- 1985 Curiak 3905 1987 Sedivyand others 1987 Banet IS92

Table 2 Cheochemical data from wells along Barrow Arch Uplift and foothills

(modified from Hughes and Hoba 1986)

Type sample wellname

U 80 U 105 U 108 M AYZ M GGN M DZG M 76 PM CGN M BHW P CGM P DZF P GGK P 75 P BCY U 79 P GGM P GGL P 77 P GGJ P DZE P OZC P ASN DPM 81

Seabee 1 Well A Umiat 4 Hemi Spgs 1 Gwydyr Bay S 1 M i kkelesen Bay S t 1 S Barrow 20 W Kuparuk St 1 Hemi Spgs 1 Sag R St 1 N Kuparuk St 1 N Kuparuk St I Put R D-3 Kuparuk R 1Y-2 Simpson core tes t Foggy I s Bay St 1 Mikkelesen Bay S t l S Barrow 19 Kavearak Pt 1 Pt Thomson 1 Well B Mukluk OCS-Y-0334 JW Dalton 1

res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2

near sur f ace 10092-10209 11870- 12200 2200- 2245 3794-3845 12063-13050 not 1 i sted 7360- 7385 8568-8665

Reservoi r

Torok not listed Nanushuk Kuparuk Sadlerochit Colvi 1 l e Pebble Sh Shubl i k Sadlerochit Sadlerochit Sadlerochit Colvi l l e ss Sadlerochit Kuparuk Nanushuk L i sburne L i sburne Sag R ss Ugnu ss Thomson ss not 1 i sted Kuparuk R L i sburne

AGE

K K K K T r K K T r T r T r T r KT T r K K MIS Mis Jur T K K K Mis

VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235

U Umiat P Prudhoe M Mixed D Dalton

235

Table 3 Geochemical data from Mackenzie Delta wells

AtildelsquoIMI raawamp dAtildesectpt temp AH is PrWAtilde COT ~alph ~ t e t QOR 2V M-------- ---- -------- ------ ---- ---- ---- ----- ----- ------- ------- --- ---- --Adgo F28 fads ReIndeer 5680 116 165 01 2586 2632 kYg5 Fie bdo 4090 85 18 01 A ~ Q OFie tang sees

Atkinsm HZ5 beta Breakup 5700 118 24 10 2649 2749 284

l v l k J26 IvAtildesect J26 Iv ik J26 I v i k 426 I v i k J26 I v i k JZ6 - - - - tvik 426 end 8797 122 43 01 I v i k J26 dad Brooka an a080 SB 23 02 2597 2709 i v i k J26 BOB0 8 3 I v i k 426 Bramplan 9122 126 33 0 1 39 26116 2709

NlgllntOk 119 bdg 5234 9 6 2621 2738 Nigtlntak N19 hda Kugmttl-t 4547 2664 2782 Nigtan-fcak Hi9 W g Re Indecr 6560 90 2686 2723 Nigllntak M19 M g 5730 2685 2736

Acirc Ulgl lntak N19 Ma 5647 006 2604 2712 2613 UIlantakt419 W e 4345 2631 2916 Ntgllntak N19 conbdg 6910 53 053 015

6 a 5642 2834NSLinAcircyenta H19-----=il------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Parsons D20 cnd 11300 37 Parsons D20 end 11798 34 Parsons D20 end 12168 35

Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454

S i k u Cll S i k u Cll Siku C l l

T ~ Q ~ UC42 Taglu C42 TwIu C42

bt9 con

con con con conbdgconv

Table 4 Geochemical data for selected offshore wells (US)

BURGER KLONDIKE SEAL ISLAND HAMMERHEAD BELCHER AURORA BADAMI KUVLUM Y - 1413 Y- 1482 Y -0181 Y -0849 Y-0917 Y -0943 Y -0866

OIL cut t ings cu t t ings 01L O I L HC zone 5300-5500 2214-3970 2380- 15930 TOTAL DEPTH 8034 13150 18325 8500

Reservoir Sadlerachi t Sadleroch i t Sagavani rktok Oruktal ik Dep Sequence Breakup Mid E l l es Mid E l l es U Brook UM Brook M Brook M Brook U Brook

A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range

P r istanephytane range

Pr istanenC- 17 range

del C-13 whole aromat ics saturates

Metals (ppm) N l v

( ~ a d a m iwas d r i l l e d from onshore t o an offshore bottom hole locat ion)

Alaska 0 2and Gas Canservatian Commission 1983 through 1986 Statistical Report(s) Alaska Oiland Gas Conservation Commission Anchor- age Alaska

A n d e ~ DE LB Magoonf and Sister Carlos Lubeck 1987 Geochemistry of Surface Oil Shows and Potential Source Rocks in Bird KJ and hhgoon LB(eds) Petroleum Geology of the Northern Part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Northeastern Alaska USGSBulletin 1778

Andexsf D-Eaf JD King and Sr CLubeck 1985 Correlation of Oils and Source Rocks from the Alaskan North Slopet in Magoon LBand ClaypoolGE (eds) Alaska North Slope Oil Saurce Rock Correlation Study M G Studiesin Geology 20

Banet AC Jref 1993 A Geochemical Profile and Burial History of the Aurora 890 I Wellt Off-shore of the ANWR 1002Area Northeast Alaska BLM-Alaska Technical Report 16

Banet AC Jr1992 Log Analysis of Aurora 890 1 CX25-Y-0943Well Offshore of the Arctic Na- tional Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area Northeast Alaska BLM-Alaska Technical Report 15

Biinet AS Jr 1992b Some Geochemical Rela- tiomhips Between the Oils andExtractsof Stained S e ~ m t sfrom thePrudhoeAreaI The Bulge and Mackenzie Deltar abstract for poster session h-ternational Conference on Arctic Margins An-chorage ATS Sept 2-4 1992

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Bird KJ 1991 North Slop of Alaska in The Geology of Noamp America6 VolP-2 Economic Gwlogy U S The Geological Sciety of America

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Birdf KgJej and JW Bader 1987 Regional Gee-logic Settingand History of Petroleum Explora- tioninBird K1 and Magoon LB (ampI Petro-leum Geology of the Northern Part of the Arctic National Wildlife ReAcircpounduge Northeastem Alaska USGS Bulletin 1778

BirdfKJa d CMMolenaar 1987 Stratigraphy in BirdKJ and Magoont LB (eds) Petroleum Geology of the Northern Part of the Arctic Na-tional WiMMe Refuge Nodeasampm Alaska USGSB d e h 1778

BidJ KJ and CM Molenaar 1992 The North Slope Fodand Basin Alaska inMacqueen RW and DA Leicke (eds) Foreland Basins and Foldbelts h e f i m h w d a t i o n o f Petroleum Ge-ologists Memoir55

BMKJ SJ C h k ~ ~ m j B m h - W W e rS U S ~ and DMGiovamettiI 1987 Petmlewn Reser- voir Rocks inBird KJ md Magoon LB(eds) Petroleum Geology of the Northern Part of the

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Northeastern Alaska U S S Bulletin 1778

Bodnar DA l98St Age and Correlation of the a u k Formationt NorthXentral Brooks Rangef Alaska abstract AAPG Bulletin V69No 4

Bodnarf DA 1989 Stratigraphy of the Chk For-mation and a Cretaceous Cquinoid Limestone and Shale Unit Northcentral Brooks Range Alaska in Mullf CG and Adams KE (eds) Guidebook 7 Dalton Highwayf Yukon River to Prudhoe Bayf Alaska Volume 2 Bedrock Geology of the Eastern Koyukuk Basin Central Brooks Range and East-Central Arctic Slope

Brooks PW 19 Biological Marker Geochem- istry of Oils from the ampaufort-Macken~e Region kctic Canada Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology V34 N04

Bum BJ TC Hopgarth and CWD Miher l9Ef Properties of Beaufort Basin Liquid Hydro- carbonsf Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology V23 N02

CamtmG J and Peter Hardwick 1983 Geology and Regional Setting of the Kuparuk Oil Sieldt Alaska American Association of Petroleum Ge- olosts Bulletin V6Tf N06

ChungHMMA Rooneyt MB Toon and GE Claypool 1992 Carbon isotopic composition of m a ~ ecrude oilsBulletin of American Associa- tion of Petroleum Geologists V76 N07

Craig JD KW Shewood and PP Johnsont l9Sf Geologic report for the Beaufort Sea Plart-ningAreaf Alaska Regional Geology Petroleum Geology and Enviromental Geology US Min-erals Management Service OCS Report MhfS 85-O11lf 192~

Creany Stephen and Passey QRf 1933 Recur- ringPatterns ofTota1 Organic Carbon and Source Rock Quality w i t h a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework herimAssociation of Petroleum Geologists B d e VnfN03

Curhale J AI98sfOilTypesand Source Rock-Oil CorrelationmtheNorthSlopeAlaska-A Coop-

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CurialeJA1987 Crude 0 3ChemistryandClas-sification Alaska North Slope in TailleurIand I Weimer (eds) Alaskan North Slope Geology The Pacific Section Society of Economic Paleon- tologists and Mineralogists Bakersfield Califor- nia and the Alaska Geological Society Anchor- age Alaska

Curiale JA 1991 The Petroleum Geochemistry of Canadian Beaufort Tertiary Nonmarher Oilsf Chemical Geologyl 9321-45

Dietrichf JR J Dixon a d DH McNeamp 1985f Sequence Analysis and Nomenclature of Upper Cretaceous to Holocene Strata in the Beaufort- Mackenzie Basin in Current Researchl part A Geological Survey of Canada Paper 85-1A pp 613-428

Dietrich JR and LS Laner 199Zf Geology and Structural Evolution of the Demarcation Subbasin and Herschel Highl Beaufort-hhckenzie Basin Arctic Canada Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geologyt V40f n03

Dixon James 1982 Jurassic and Lower Creta-ceous Subsurface Stratigraphy of the Wckemie Delu-Tukbyak~Pamp-sulaf MGeological Survey of Canada Bulletin 349

Dixonf J GR Momell JTDietrich KMPmc-tor and GC Taylort 19Bf Petroleum Resources of h e bckenzie Delta-Beaufort Sea Geological Survey of Canada Open File Report 1926

Dixon J JR Dietrich JR McNeil DH Mchtyre LR Snowdon and PBrookst I9Sf Geologyt Biostratigraphy andOrganicChchem-istry of Jurassic to Pleistocene StrataJ3eahrt- Mackenzie Basinf Northwest Canada Course Notesf Canadian Societyof Petroleum Geologyf Calgary Albertaf 63 p

Dolton GL KJ B i d and RA CmvelE 198Tf Assessment ofIn-Place Oiland Gas Resources in Magoon and Birdsf (eds) Petm1ewn Gealogy of

the Northern Part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Northeastern Alaskaf USGSBulletin 1778

Emachescu ME l99Oi Structural Setting and Validation of Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators for Amadigak Oil Field Canadian Beaufort Sea American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin V74No -1

Foland RL and 0JLaUa 1987 Seismic-reflec- tion Data Acquisition Processing and Interpreta- tion in Magoon and Birdf (eds) Petroleum Geol- ogy of the Northern Part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refugef Northeastern Alaska USGS Bulletin 1778

Grantz Arthur SD May and PE Hart 1990 Geology of the Arctic Continental Margin of AlaskainA Grantzf LJohnsonand JFSweeney (ds) Geological Society of America The Geol- ogy of North Americaf vLf p257-288

GrycGeoee editar 1988 Geology and Explura- tion History of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska 1974 to 1982f USGSProfessional Paper 1399

Hitchon Brian JR I J n d e ~ u I t zStefan Bachu

Patterns Advances in Organic Geochemistryf 1987 Organic Geochemistry Vol13 Nos 1-3

Hughes WB AG Holba and DE Miiller 1985 North Slope Alaskaf Oil-Rock Correlation Study inMagoon LB and Claypool GE(eds) Alaska North Slope OilSource Rock Correlation StudyAAR2 Studies in Geology20

Isslerf R1 and LR Snowdon 1990 Hydrocar- bon Generation Kinetics and Thermal Modelling badort-bckenzie Basin Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology V3Sf No1

JmkmHCCD Brockett and KAMcIntoshi 1980 Prudhoe Bay A Ten Year Perspective in Halbouty MT (ed)Giant Oii and Gas Fields of the Decade 1969-1978 M G Memoir No 30f pp 289-314

Johnssonf MK KJ Bird DG Howell LB Magoon RG SWey 2CV a h f AG Harris andM J P a w l e ~ ~ 1 9 9 l P r e E ~ ~ m p s h o w -ing thermal maturity of sedimentary rocks in AJaska (abs) AAPG Bulletinfv 75 No 3

Jones HP and RGSpeemf 1976 Permo-Trias- sic Reservoirs of Prudhoe Bay Fieldf North Slope

and CM Sauveplane 1990f Hydr~geology~ Alaska inJ Braunsteinf edNorth American Oil Geopressures and Hydrocarbon Occurrences k d o e - m c h z i e Basin Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology V38 N02

Howell DG KJ Bird L Haufau and MJ J o b s o n 1992 Tectonics and Petroleum Poten- tial of the Brooks Range Fold and Thrust Belt-A progress report in DC Bradley and AB Ford eds Geologic Studies inAlaska by the US Geo- logical Survey 1990 U X S Bulletin 1999

Hubbad RJSP Edrichand ILP httey 1987 Geoloc Evolution andHydrocarbon Habitat of theArctic Alaska Microplate in Tailleur I andP Weimer (eds) Alaskan North Slope Geology The Pacific Section Society of EconomicPalmn-tologists and amperalogistsf Bakersfield Califor- nia and the Alaska Geologicalkiety Anchoragef Alaska

Hughes WB and AG HoIbaf 1988 Relation- ship BetweenCrude OilQuality and Biomarker

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KleistJRTR BardDB Engstmm HB Mor-row and SJReber 1383f Central Arctic Foothills Alaska A Unique Challenge inFrontier Explora- tion abstract American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin V63N03

Kvenvoldem KAJB Rapp and JH Barell 1985 Comparison of Molecular Markers inCrude Oils andRods from theNorth Slope of Alaska in LyleWMIFPalmerJGb l mandLXMaxey 1980 Post-Early Triassic Formations of North- eastern Alaska and t h e h P e m l m Remmohmd Source Rock Potential Alaska Division of Geo-logical and Geophysical Surveys Geologic Report 76lo

Mackenzie ASJ Rulkotter DE Welte and P Mankiewicz 1985 Reconstruction of OilForma-tion and Accmdation In Noamp SlopfAlaska Using m ~ b t i v e Gas omabvaphy-ampss

SpectrometryfinMagoonf LB and GE Claypool (edsI Alaska North Slope OilSource RockCorrelation Study AAPG Studies in Geol-ogy 20

MagoorifLBeditor) 1988) Petroleum Systems of the United Statesf USGeological Survey Bulletin 1870-

amplagoonf LB and KJBidf I98Tf Alaskan North Slope Petroleum Geochemistry for the Shublik Formation Kkga k Shale) Pebble Shale and Torok Formation in Tailleur i and P Weimer (eds) Alaskan North Slope Geology The Pacific See tion Society of Economic Paleontologists and h4in-eralogists Bakersfield California and fhe Alaska Geological Society Anchorage Alaska

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Magoan LB and GE Claypol (eds) 1985 Alaska North Slope CXlSowce Rock Correlation Study AAPG Studies in Geology 20

Magoon LB and GEClaypool l9iBf Geochern- istry of Oil~ ~ e n c e sNational Petroleum Re-serveinAlaska in GeorgeGryc edGeology and Exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska 1974 to 1982 USGS Bulletin 1399

Magoon LB KJBird GE Claypoolf DE Weitzman and RT Thompson 1988 m a n i c Geochemistryf Hydrocarbon Occurrence and Stratigraphy of G v m m t - M l e d Wells North Slopef Alaskaf in George Gryc edGeology and Exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaskaf 1974 to 1982 USGS Bulletin 1399

MagoonLBPV WoodwardAC Banet Jr SB Griscom and Theodore Daws 1987 Ther- malMaturity Richnessand Type of OrganicMat-ter of Source-Rock Units in Wgmn and Birdf (eds) Petroleum Geology of the Northern Partof the Arctic National Wildlife Refugef Northeast- ernAlaska USGS Bulletin 1778

MayfieldfCF 1L Taillemand CE Kischner 1988 Stratigraphy Struchm aqd Palinspastic

Synthesis of Western Brooks Range Northwest- ern Alaska in George Gryc ed Geology and Exploration ofthe National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska) 1974 to 1982 USGS Bulletin 1399

MclGmeyCM E L Garton and FG Schwartz l95gf Analyses of Some Crude 0 3 s from Alaska US Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 5447Zgp

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N o d DK1985 The Nemokpuk Fornation Yukon Territory and Alaska inCurrentResearch part b Geological Surveyof Canada Paperf 851l3 pp 223-229

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Radlhski AP and SJ C a a 1993 Tilt and DrainageRatioin3edhmta~Basins American Association of Petroleum Geolosts BulletinV77 n01

Philp RTTD Gilbefi and CK Waltemf 1985 A Geochemical hvestigation of Alaskan North

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Werner MA 1987 West Sak and Ugnu Sands Low-gravityOilZonesof theKuparukRiverarea AlaskanNorth Slope inTailleurI andPWeimer (ecis) Alaskan North Slope California and the Alaska Geological Society Anchorage Alaska

The Bureau of Land Management-Akska Division of Minerals is responsible for the assessment and evaluation of the federal minerals estate To this end I have been able to pursue various geological and geochemical investigations I sincerely appreciate the continued support that current and previous managers directing the Division of Minerals have provided towards my effotts in these fields

In addition I wish toacknowledge the editorial mntribMions pmvided by Dan flurlbert and Susan Banet (MMS) Tom Mowatt (BLM) Mike Werner (ARC01 and Marvin Mangus Mike Mickey and hideyo tiaga (Micro Pal-Associates) and Kirk she^^ (MMS) have also shared their exptrtise with me These colleagues have provided i m p ~ a n t cifiiques observations and suggestions towards making this analysis available While I take respnsibilw fur the data presentation and interpretation I hope this material reflects their professional input Also I thank Ed Bovy (BLM Office of E3ternal Affairs) for manipulating my report into the format which

is the trademark of the BLM-Alaska technical report series

Author

Atthar C Banet Jr isa geologist in the Bureau of Land Managements Alaska State Mice Division of Mineral Resources~Branch of Mineral Assessment Anchoragev Alaska

TechnicaI repotts issued bythe Bureau of Land Management-Alasb present the results of research studies investigations literature searches testing or similar endeavors on a variety of scientific and technical subjects Tbe results presented are final or are a summation and analysis of data at an intemediate point in a long-term research project and have received objective review by peers in the author fiek4

The reports are available at 5LM offices in Alaska the USDI Resources Libraty in Anchorage vafius libraries of the University of Alaska andother selected locations

Copies are also available for inspection at the USDI Natural Resources Libraw in Washington DC and at the E3LM Service Center Library in Denver



Arthur CBanetBJr


Table of Contents

introduction 1

Stratigraphy 2

Oils 4








7 Bibliography -64

tist of Tables

Table 1

Table 2 Table 3

Table 4





List of Figures


















List of Plates




















2 Stratigraphy

























C U d a t TypeOil





















B ChukchiSea Oils












CNPR-A










E Seal Island








GHammerhead Oil






















K Aurora Well


L Belcher Well













Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v



































































































Arthur CBanetBJr


Table of Contents

introduction 1

Stratigraphy 2

Oils 4








7 Bibliography -64

tist of Tables

Table 1

Table 2 Table 3

Table 4





List of Figures


















List of Plates




















2 Stratigraphy

























C U d a t TypeOil





















B ChukchiSea Oils












CNPR-A










E Seal Island








GHammerhead Oil






















K Aurora Well


L Belcher Well













Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v

































































































Table of Contents

introduction 1

Stratigraphy 2

Oils 4








7 Bibliography -64

tist of Tables

Table 1

Table 2 Table 3

Table 4





List of Figures


















List of Plates




















2 Stratigraphy

























C U d a t TypeOil





















B ChukchiSea Oils












CNPR-A










E Seal Island








GHammerhead Oil






















K Aurora Well


L Belcher Well













Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v

































































































List of Figures


















List of Plates




















2 Stratigraphy

























C U d a t TypeOil





















B ChukchiSea Oils












CNPR-A










E Seal Island








GHammerhead Oil






















K Aurora Well


L Belcher Well













Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v
















































































































2 Stratigraphy

























C U d a t TypeOil





















B ChukchiSea Oils












CNPR-A










E Seal Island








GHammerhead Oil






















K Aurora Well


L Belcher Well













Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v





















































































































C U d a t TypeOil





















B ChukchiSea Oils












CNPR-A










E Seal Island








GHammerhead Oil






















K Aurora Well


L Belcher Well













Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v











































































































B ChukchiSea Oils












CNPR-A










E Seal Island








GHammerhead Oil






















K Aurora Well


L Belcher Well













Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v











































































































CNPR-A










E Seal Island








GHammerhead Oil






















K Aurora Well


L Belcher Well













Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v




































































































E Seal Island








GHammerhead Oil






















K Aurora Well


L Belcher Well













Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v





















































































































K Aurora Well


L Belcher Well













Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v












































































































Ts KTc Kn Kt Kfm KO

JKk JKk





^-Not to Scale


s Sea Leve

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25O00

-30000

ltD ltS)





- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v

































































































- -







1002 area






(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v

































































































(DO

sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v

































































































sample



2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v

































































































2 I)








te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v








































































































te



ale


K E Y



stratigraphic unit

location



st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v

































































































st-


u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v


































































































u DEPTH 8

8


TEMPERATURE 45-100

lt

GAS CAP N


SULFUR 156

GOR


BIODEGRADED Y

P

Y Data from







res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v






































































































res depth f t

5366-5394 14126-14144

299 7196-7245 10053-10105 10468- 10550 1629- 1639 8880 - 8924 9538-9582 8890- 9008 8890 - 8984 3708

1041 7- 10536 7638- 801 2


Reservoi r


AGE


VV+Ni Sats

050 907 110 647 010 693 027 518 032 559 045 481 053 648 068 463 028 571 069 400 066 423 067 327 066 435 073 389 064 580 078 381 070 351 050 481 071 390 071 360 074 293 - 283 076 235


235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v

































































































235








Parsons N17 end 9762 40 249 2454



bt9 con






A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v





































































































A P I ~ range 27- 28 34

Sul fur (I

Saturates () range

Aromatics range




Metals (ppm) N l v

































































































a comparison of crude oil chemistry on america's north slope- chukchi sea-mackenzie delta...

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