a compilation of basic methods in human cytogenetics. 21-09-2011

7/23/2019 A Compilation of Basic Methods in Human Cytogenetics. 21-09-2011.

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@ mej~kf`xkel ec o`}km jaxbeh} kl Bqj`l

M{xeialaxkm} ykxb kffq}xr`xksa a`j~fa},

0,Jaxbeh} kl Bqj`l M{xeialaxkm}

?,Bqj`l Mbreje}eja} kl Ba`fxb `lh Hk}a`}a=,Mbreje}eja @oarr`xkel}8,]k}xar Mbrej`xkh Amb`lia}1,Jkmrelqmfak3,M{xeialaxkm Okej`rgar}

Hr, Grk}bl`d` @,^,

?0*>;*00


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ârk~bar`f Ofeeh f{j~bem{xa} * M{xeialaxkm Jaxbeh}

Xba ra`}el cer xba}a lexa} k} j{ h`qibxar ]qg`l{`, @ }amelh {a`r O]m }xqhalx ~qr}qkli

Fkca ]mkalma} `x ]x R`skar} Meffaia& Jqjo`k& `l Beleqr} ~reir`jja rapqkra} bar xe

}xqh{ Bqj`l F{j~bem{xa Mqfxqra} `lh Ba`s{ Jax`f Xekmkx{ cer xye meqr}a mrahkx},

Bar xa`mbar} `}gah bar xe ie xbreqib xba jaxbehefei{ cer xba }`ja, ]e o`mg beja }ba

m`ja& orkjjkli esar ykxb pqa}xkel} òeqx xba }`ja,

]qg`l{`} pqa}xkel} xeeg ja o`mg => {a`r}& ybal K }ax q~ j{ ckr}x f{j~bem{xa mqfxqra `x

^_F kl G,A,J Be}~kx`f, Kh dq}x mej~faxah j{ ^bH `lh jax ^rec Gqj`x`& feegkli cer `

deo, K helx oafkasa kl marxkckm`xa}& ba m`xaierkm`ff{ xefh ja, [eq ~resa {eqr}afc, Meja

`lh }ax q~ xba fò ybkmb k} ley mfe}ah hqa xe melx`jkl`xkel,

J{ ~rahama}}er& _kmg{ Geffqrk& b`h facx ` }k*fkla lexa el bey xe }ax q~ mqfxqra}, ^rec

Gqj`x` i`sa ja ` craa rakl, K xeeg q~ xba mb`ffalia& }ax q~ xba fò `lh alde{ah yergkli

xbara, Xbe}a yara xba je}x yelharcqf xbraa jelxb} ec j{ ~reca}}kel`f fkca qlxkf xbal, K

x`qibx j{}afc o`lhkli `lh g`r{ex{~kli `lh y`} m`rrkah klxe xba jìkm`f yerfh ec bqj`l

mbreje}eja}, K lasar iex oerah ec kx,

Ybal K deklah O,@,_,M& K b`h xe ì`kl }x`rx crej }mr`xmb& }ax q~ `lexbar fò, Oqx K xex`ff{

fesah yergkli xbara cer xba ckr}x cksa {a`r}, Xba amkxajalx ec feegkli `x oa`qxkcqf& yaff*

}~ra`h jax`~b`}a mbreje}eja} melxklqah cer j`l{ {a`r}, Asal ybal xbkli} mb`liah& K

y`} òfa xe }qrsksa m`lx`lgareq} oe}}a}& xba ~ras`falx }{me~b`lm{ `lh xba }xìl`lx

`xje}~bara elf{ oam`q}a ec xba yerfh ec mbreje}eja},

K be~a xb`x {eq `f}e a~arkalma xba }`ja }al}a ec alde{jalx crej }axxkli q~ {eqr eyl

f{j~bem{xa mqfxqra}& `lh xb`x ybal {eq he feeg `x xba }fkha xbreqib {eqr jkmre}me~a&

{eq ykff oa `} amkxah `} K y`} xe a~fera xbk} klxrkiqkli yerfh, @ yerh ec y`rlkli4 Elma

{eq `ra beegah& xbara k} le a`}{ y`{ eqx,

Alxar `x {eqr eyl rk}g


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ârk~bar`f ofeeh f{j~bem{xa} cer mbreje}eja }xqhka} kl bqj`l},

Mf`}}km m{xeialaxkm `l`f{}k} ha~alh} el maff} qlhariekli jkxe}k} xe eox`kl jax`~b`}a

mbreje}eja }~ra`h}, ârk~bar`f ofeeh f{j~bem{xa} `ra xba j`xark`f ec mbekma cer

mbreje}eja }xqhka} kl bqj`l}, Xba `hs`lxìa k} xb`x ofeeh m`l oa meffamxah a`}kf{

crej }qodamx} o{ salk*~qlmxqra, Xba X*f{j~bem{xa} crej ~ark~bar`f ofeeh `ra }xkjqf`xah

o{ ~b{xebàjìifqxklkl "^B@+ xe hkskha `lh ` f`ria lqjoar ec jax`~b`}a} ykff oa

`mmqjqf`xah `x 9?b `cxar }axxkli q~ mqfxqra}, Ybal mqfxqra} `ra `~~re~rk`xaf{ ~rema}}ah

`reqlh xbk} xkja& ieeh jax`~b`}a }~ra`h} m`l oa eox`klah cer `l`f{}k},

0, Ofeeh }`j~fa} m`l oa a`}kf{ `lh ra~a`xahf{ eox`klah crej a~e}ah ~ar}el& a`}kf{xr`l}~erxah `lh }xerah& elf{ ` cay jkffkfkxar} ec ofeeh laahah cer `l `l`f{}k},

?, Je}x ec xba f{j~bem{xa} mkrmqf`xkli kl ofeeh `ra kl xba ra}xkli }xìa "I> er I0~b`}a ec maff m{mfa+ `}{lmbreleq} ~e~qf`xkel ec maff},

=, Kl mqfxqra}& ÔF} m`l oa a`}kf{ }xkjqf`xah xe hkskha `lh `ra `l amaffalx }eqrma ecjkxe}k},

8, ÔF} b`sa ` raf`xksaf{ feli fkca }~`l `l a}xkj`xah `sarìa b`fc*fkca ec`~~rekj`xaf{ = {a`r} alòfa} xba qlra~`krah h`jìa xe oa ~ra}arsah qlxkf xba

maff} `ra }xkjqf`xah xe hkskha kl skxre,

1, Ofeeh hk}xrkoqxkel `lh mkrmqf`xkel xbreqibeqx xba oeh{ ~arjkx} xba haxamxkel ecxba accamx} ec ~`rxk`f*oeh{ a~e}qra} kl xba mkrmqf`xkli f{j~bem{xa},

Jaxbeh cer xba ~ra~`r`xkel ec "`+ jax`~b`}a mbreje}eja }~ra`h} `lh "o+

jkmrelqmfak kl m{xegkla}k} ofemgah oklqmfa`xa maff}, `x ` if`lma,

O`}km} ec Xk}}qa mqfxqra

Ceqr ~rkj`r{ afajalx} `ra klsefsah kl ` xk}}qa mqfxqra }ax q~,

0, Yerg alskreljalx?, Mqfxqra*y`ra=, Mqfxqra jahk` `lh jahk` klirahkalx}8, Xk}}qa xe oa mqfxqrah

]qmma}}cqf mqfxqrkli rapqkra} yaff*o`f`lmah `lh }xòfa alskreljalx`f melhkxkel}

a}~amk`ff{ ykxb rai`rh xe o`}km ~`r`jaxar} fkga ~B& xaj~ar`xqra `lh j`klx`klkli }xarkfkx{,

Maff} kl mqfxqra b`sa le hacal}a jamb`lk}j, Xba oaxxar y`{ k} xe }xrkmxf{ `hbara xe `l

`}a~xkm yergkli xamblkpqa,


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]axxkli q~ mqfxqra}

Ireyxb jahkqj C 0> % _^JK 038> % JAJ % Jahkqj 0;; axm, F*ifqx`jkla }arsa} `}

`l a}}alxk`f lqxrkalx "alari{ }eqrma+, Oakli ql}xòfa& `hhah dq}x oacera q}a,

Cax`f oeskla }arqj

âlmkffkl `lh ]xra~xej{mkl " Le `lxkokexkm} yara q}ah kl eqr fòer`xer{ +

^b{xebàjìifqxklkl

]MA * OrhQ

Jkmrelqmfak * M{xemb`f`}kl O

B`rsa}xkli ec mqfxqra}

Mefmajkh `hhkxkel `x 3;*9>b jax`~b`}a }~ra`h}

]fkha ~ra~`r`xkel Ela ec xba je}x mrkxkm`f }xa~} kl eox`klkli pq`fkx{ mbreje}eja

}~ra`h},

]x`lh`rh }x`klkli `lh jeqlxkli er I* o`lhkli o{ Xr{~}kl q}kli Ikaj}`,

"IXI+

Ybefa ofeeh mqfxqra jaxbeh xe eox`kl Jax`~b`}a mbreje}eja }~ra`h} %

Jkmrelqmfak

Meffamxkel ec Ofeeh }`j~fa}* Ofeeh meffamxkel sk`f}@lxkmeìqfalx* ]ehkqj Ba~`rkl 0>>> KQ%jf

]axxkli q~ xba ybefa ofeeh mqfxqra}

8jf Mqfxqra Jahkqj "C 0>& _^JK 038> axm+

>,1 jf Cax`f Oeskla ]arqj

>,0jf ramel}xkxqxah B@>,= jf ybefa ofeeh

@lxkokexkm} lex q}ah

0, Klemqf`xa xba `~~re~rk`xa `jeqlx ec ofeeh ">,=jf+ klxe ` ofeeh mqfxqra sk`f ykxbmqfxqra jahkqj& Cax`f Oeskla ]arqj "CO]+& b{xebàjìifqxklkl "^B@+,

?, Klmqo`xa xba mqfxqra `x =9eM cer 82 er 9?b `} xba m`}a j`{ oa,=, Cer ]MA 0> i%jf OrhQ "1*Orejehae{qrkhkla+ hhah x xba klkxk`xkel ec mqfxqra,8, Cer jax`~b`}a mbreje}eja }~ra`h}& ?*=b ~rker xe b`rsa}xkli& `hh mefmajkh }efqxkel

"ckl`f melmalxr`xkel >,>?i%jf+,


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1, Cer JL 3 i%jf m{xemb`f`}kl O `hhah `x ?8b `cxar xba klkxk`xkel ec mqfxqra,3, Mqfxqra} xarjkl`xah `x 82 er 9?b `} xba m`}a j`{ oa,

B`rsa}xkli ec mqfxqra} mbreje}eja ~ra~`r`xkel},

0, Xr`l}car xba mqfxqra xe ` malxrkcqia xqoa `lh }~kl `x 1>> _^J cer 1 jkl,?, _ajesa xba }q~arl`x`lx& jk xbereqibf{& `hh ; jf ec ~ray`rjah >,>91 J GMf&

Klmqo`xa `x =9>M cer 2 jkl,

=, @hh& hre~ o{ hre~& 0 jf cra}b mefh ck`xksa j`ha q~ ec =4 0 Jaxb`lef*@maxkm`mkh

8, ]~kl `x 1>> _^J cer 1 jkl,1, _ajesa xba }q~arl`x`lx& jk xbereqibf{ `lh `hh 0> jf mefh cra}b ck`xksa,3, _a~a`x }xa~} 9 `lh 2 ykxb 9 jf ck`xksa xykma jera,9, ]~kl `x 1>> _^J cer 1 jkl,2, _a}q}~alh xba maff ~affax kl ` }j`ff sefqja >,1 xe 0 jf ec cra}b ck`xksa

"ha~alhkli el xba }kta ec maff oqxxel+ xe iax `l e~`pqa }efqxkel,

;, ^ra~`ra }fkha} o{ `kr hr{ jaxbeh, Hre~ el xe ` mfa`l yax mbkffah jkmre}me~a }fkha`lh `ffey xe hr{ `x 3>>M

Xamblkm`f s`rk`xkel} kl mqfxqra melhkxkel} `lh jahk` b`sa oaal `he~xah xe

0, Eox`kl ` bkib crapqalm{ ec maff hksk}kel}?, @mbkasa oaxxar mbreje}eja jer~befei{=, ]xkjqf`xa xba maff} xe hkskha er alb`lma xba r`xa ec ~refkcar`xkel ec maff} xb`x `ra

exbaryk}a herj`lx kl skse,

Mrkxkm`f }xa~} ra

B{~exelkm xra`xjalx

Ck`xkel

]fkha ~ra~`r`xkel o{ }x`lh`rh `kr hr{kli xamblkpqa

]fkha} xbereqibf{ hrkah,

]fkha ~ra~`r`xkel k} ela ec xba je}x kj~erx`lx mrkxkm`f }xa~} kl eox`klkli pq`fkx{

jax`~b`}a mbreje}eja }~ra`h},

Kx k} ` ieeh ~r`mxkma xe a`jkla xba ckr}x }fkha er }fkha} oacera j`gkli ` f`ria lqjoar ec

ckl`f }fkha}, Kc ~ra~`r`xkel} `ra ql}`xk}c`mxer{& xbara `ra }asar`f s`rk`xkel}& xb`x j`{

afkjkl`xa `l ak}xkli ~reofaj er `x fa`}x kj~resa xba pq`fkx{ ec xba ~ra~`r`xkel},


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@jokalx xaj~ar`xqra `lh raf`xksa bqjkhkx{ ~f`{ ` }kilkckm`lx refa kl mbreje}eja

}~ra`hkli,

]x`klkli4Xba ~ra~`rah }fkha} yara }x`klah melsalxkel`ff{ er I *o`lhah "IXI+ o{

Xr{~}kl % Ikaj}`,

Melsalxkel`f }x`klkli,

]x`klkli ~remahqra} ybkmb ~reskha ` qlkcerj qlo`lhah `~~a`r`lma xe mbreje}eja} `ra

racarrah xe `} }efkh er melsalxkel`f }x`klkli, Bejeialaeq}f{ }x`klah,

0! Ikaj}` }x`kl kl ^be}~b`xa oqccar "~B 3,2+, ^f`ma xba }fkha} kl xba Ikaj}` }x`kl cer

?> jkl, _kl}a xba }fkha} xbrkma kl hk}x,y`xar, @kr hr{,

]efkh er melsalxkel`f }x`klkli I* o`lhkli

Qlhar ?>R xbk} k} bey xba jax`~b`}a} ~~a`r,


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@ fkxxfa jera jìlkckah * 8>R, Jax`~b`}a} kl hkccaralx }xìa} ec melhal}`xkel

]efkh er melsalxkel`f }x`klkli

I* o`lh} ~rehqmah o{ Xr{~}kl q}kli Ikaj}` "IXI+

Mbreje}eja} }x`klah o{ xbk} ~rexemef abkokx fkibx `lh h`rg }x`klah raikel}, "fkibx `lh

h`rg o`lh}+ `feli xba falixb ec xba mbreje}eja}, Xba I*o`lh ~`xxarl ~rehqmah o{

xr{~}kl k} ire}}f{ }kjkf`r xe xb`x ~rehqmah o{ pqkl`mrkla, P*o`lhkli

Kl ialar`f& }fkha} cer I*o`lhkli }beqfh oa ìah =*1 h`{} `x reej xaj~ar`xqra er

esarlkibx "03*02b+ x 11*3>>M cer e~xkj`f ra}qfx},


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0, ^be}~b`xa oqccarah }`fkla m`fmkqj `lh jìla}kqj craa, Ô]*MJC, ~B 9,>+L`Mf 2i& GMf >,?i& L`?BÊ8 >,;?i& GB?Ê8& >,?i& hk}x, y`xar 0>>> jf

?, Xr{~}kl }efqxkel, 1> ji kl ?> jf Ô]=, Lerj`f }`fkla }efqxkel ">,;!+8, Yergkli }x`klkli }efqxkel, 8= jf hk}x, y`xar& 1,> jf jaxb`lef& ?jf Ikaj}` }x`kl

Xr{~}kl& ~ra~`ra cra}b `lh q}a cer = xe 8b, Hk}m`rh xba }efqxkel `} }eel `} xqrokhkx{

hasafe~}, Xba }x`klkli }efqxkel k} j`ha q~ cra}b `lh q}ah cer ? xe = beqr},

0, Klmqo`xa xba }fkha} cer 0> jkl, kl ~be}~b`xa oqccar "~B 3,2+ `x 3>>M?, Xra`x xba }fkha} kl xr{~}kl }efqxkel,"?>*8> }am& m`rrkah eqx kl ~axrk hk}ba}+Xr{~}kl

xkja klmra`}a} ykxb klmra`}kli ìa ec }fkha}, Xba e~xkjqj xkja cer xr{~}kl

xra`xjalx cer a`mb o`xmb ec }fkha} b`} xe oa yergah eqx,

=, _kl}a xba }fkha} orkacf{ kl mefh lerj`f }`fkla "?*1>M ga~x kl xba racrkiar`xer+8, ]x`kl xba }fkha} kl Ikaj}` }x`klkli }efqxkel 0> jkl,

Xba }fkha} m`l oa a`jklah& ykxbeqx jeqlxkli& q}kli hr{ eodamxksa} `lh f`xar el

jeqlxah cer q}a ykxb ekf kjjar}kel eodamxksa},

Xr{~}kl `lh Ikaj}` }x`klkli }efqxkel }beqfh oa mb`liah ~arkehkm`ff{ hqrkli xba h`{ xe

j`klx`kl e~xkjqj o`lhkli lh }x`klkli melhkxkel} ra}~amxksaf{,@ Me~fkl d`r ckffah ykxb lerj`f }`fkla k} ga~x kl xba racrkiar`xer `lh k} x`gal eqx orkacf{ xe

rkl}a xba }fkha} `cxar xr{~}kl hkia}xkel, @ff exbar }efqxkel} `ra ga~x `x reej xaj~ar`xqra,

Xba mrkxkm`f }xa~} ì`kl `ra4

0, B{~exelkm xra`xjalx?, Ck`xkel=, ]fkha ~ra~`r`xkel o{ }x`lh`rh `kr hr{kli xamblkpqa8, ]fkha} xbereqibf{ hrkah "11*3>>M esarlkibx+

_a}qfx} ec Ikaj}`*o`lhkli xamblkpqa} m`l oa pqkxa s`rkòfa, Kc xba mbreje}eja} `~~a`r

cqtt{& kl}qcckmkalx ìkli ec }fkha} k} xba je}x fkgaf{ a~f`l`xkel, Esar*xr{~}klktah

mbreje}eja} `~~a`r ~qcc{ `lh ~`fa ykxb }aijalx} }ejaxkja} jk}}kli ybkfa qlhar*

xr{~}klktah mbreje}eja} `ra h`rg ykxb ~eer hk}xklmxkel oaxyaal fkibx `lh h`rg o`lh},


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Mbreje}eja `l`f{}k} * @~~fkm`xkel}4

Mfklkm`f q}a} Haxarjkl`xkel ec xba mel}xkxqxkel`f g`r{ex{~a ec ~`xkalx}rapqkrkli ialaxkm hkìle}k} er ialaxkm meql}afkli,

@}}a}}jalx ec mbreje}eja h`jìa kl klhkskhq`f} a~e}ah xe alskreljalx`fb`t`rh},

Klhqmah h`jìa r`hk`xkel& mbajkm`f}, @mpqkrah olerj`fkxka} bàj`xefeikm j`fkil`lmka} Jax`~b`}a CK]B }xqhka}& iala j`~~kli& jkmrehk}}amxkel `lh ^M_& MIB&

f{jbeof`}x maff fkla} axm,

Mbreje}eja `l`f{}k}4

G`r{ex{~a k} `l erharf{ `rr`liajalx ec mbreje}eja} `mmerhkli xe klxarl`xkel`fmelsalxkel},

Ykxb melxklqah ~r`mxkma& jkmre}me~a g`r{ex{~kli oameja} ` q}acqf }gkff, O`lhkli * Q}a} xba `hhkxkel`f klcerj`xkel ~reskhah o{ xba o`lhkli ~`xxarl xe

khalxkc{ a`mb mbreje}eja o{ lqjoar, O`lh fasaf }beqfh oa `hapq`xa cer xba

hkìle}k},

@x fa`}x ?> o`lhah jax`~b}a} }beqfh oa meqlxah `lh a`jklah,

Je}`kmk}j * 0>> jax`~b`}a} xe oa `l`f{}ah,Xba Klxarl`xkel`f ]{}xaj cer Bqj`l M{xeialaxkm Lejalmf`xqra "K]ML+ xe oa ceffeyah

cer yrkxkli ha}mrk~xksa g`r{ex{~a},

Melsalxkel`ff{*}x`klah jax`~b`}a }~ra`h} yara a`jklah cer ql}xòfambreje}eja òarr`xkel} }qmb `} hkmalxrkm} `lh jqfxk~fa cerj}& malxrkm rkli} a`mb

ykxb crìjalx}

Ama}} `malxrkm} "klxar}xkxk`f `lh xarjkl`f hafaxkel}+ mel}k}xkli ec crìjalx}&jklqxa} `lh `malxrkm rkli}, A`mb jax`~b`}a b`h xe melx`kl 83 malxrejara},

@malxrkm} yara meqlxah `} ama}} kc xba{ yara lex `mmeqlxah cer o{ ` hkmalxrkmmbreje}eja er malxrkm rkli,

Xba hkmalxrkm} `lh rkli} }aal ykxbeqx `mmej~`l{kli crìjalx} yara }merah}a~`r`xaf{,

@l{ exbar mbreje}eja ra`rr`liajalx} }qmb } "~arkmalxrkm klsar}kel}&xr`l}fem`xkel}& j`rgar mbreje}eja}+ lh mbrej`xkh ora`g}& i`~}& mbrej`xkh

amb`lia}& `ra `f}e }merah


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Kl }kxq b{orkhkt`xkel, Alt{j`xkm haxamxkel ykxb B_^%@lxk*Hkiekialkl `lhH@O

^`klxah mbreje}eja}, Mbreje}eja R

^`klxah mbreje}eja}, Mbreje}eja 03


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81& R[&*0=&*08&'x"0=708+

I* O`lhah G`r{ex{~a, 83&RR


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Hkmalxrkm mbreje}eja}

_kli mbreje}eja}

Mbrej`xkh amb`lia}


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]k}xar Mbrej`xkh Amb`lia} "]MA+ `}}`{ kl Bqj`l F{j~bem{xa},

Okejelkxerkli ec bqj`l ~e~qf`xkel, O`}afkla crapqalmka} ec ]MA kl bqj`l

~e~qf`xkel, Kl skxre* ialexekmkx{ * Mbajkm`f a~e}qra}, ]MA `} ` racfamxkel ec maffqf`r

HL@ ra~`kr * ìalx} xb`x ~resega HL@ ra~`kr `f}e klhqma ]MA, Kl ialar`f& ]MA racfamx

xba `jeqlx ec h`jìa& ybkmb b`} emmqrrah xbreqib xba xex`f ~arkeh ec HL@ ra~fkm`xkel,

]MA k} rameilktah `} ` ramk~rem`f }ykxmb ec ` layf{ ra~fkm`xah mbrej`xkh ykxb kx} }k}xar

mbrej`xkh `x `~~`ralxf{ bejefeieq} femk& ~e}}kof{ erkikl`xkli crej ` heqofa }xr`lh

ramejokl`xkel ec mbreje}ej`f HL@ mel}xr`klah o{ xba ~ef`rkx{ ec xba hq~fa,

Klmer~er`xkel ec 1*orejehae{qrkhkla"OrhQ+ `} ` xb{jkhkla }qo}xkxqxa hqrkli xba f`}x

xye }qmma}}ksa maff m{mfa} ra}qfx} kl }k}xar mbrej`xkh hkccaralxk`xkel "]MH+, @cxar

a~e}qra xe QS fkibx& xba }k}xar mbrej`xkh ykxb OrhQ klxair`xah klxe oexb HL@ `~~a`r}

c`klxf{ }x`klah ybkfa xba exbar mbrej`xkh melx`klkli elf{ ela }qo}xkxqxah HL@ }xr`lh k}

h`rg ybal }x`klah ykxb Ikaj}`, Amb`lia} oaxyaal }k}xar mbrej`xkh} ra}qfx kl ~`xxarlah

b`rfapqkl mbreje}eja} ybara xba fòaf ec ela mbrej`xkh }ykxmba} xe xba }k}xar

mbrej`xkh,

@ jehkckm`xkel ec xba CÎ "Cfqera}malx ~fq} Ikaj}`+ jaxbeh cer ]MA} }x`klkli,

@ jehkckm`xkel ec xba CÎ jaxbeh "ârr{ `lh ], Yefcc 0;98& L`xqra& ?10& 013*012,

Jerkjexe ax `f, 0;2?& Jqx xkel _a}a`rmb& 0>?& 02=*0;?+, Grk}bl`d` @, , `lh L, G,

]b`rj` 0;;2& Alskreljalx`f Jqxìala}k} `lh M`rmkleiala}k}, Mb`qb`l ^, ], `lh ^, J,

Ie~kl`xb "Ah}+ Pqa}x ^qofkm`xkel}& ~~ 99*;>,


14/67

^remahqra4

Mbreje}eja ~ra~`r`xkel} ìah xye h`{} yara }x`klah kl Beamb}x ==?12"0>>qi%jf kl hk}xkffah y`xar+ cer ?> jkl,

_kl}ah kl x`~ y`xar, Jeqlxah kl ]eral}al} oqccar "J%01& ~B 2,> `hdq}xah ykxb 1! LÈB+ qlhar `

mesar}fk~ `lh a~e}ah xe =3>lj fkibx crej ` Of`mg r`{ f`j~ "hk}x lma ?mj& ?>

D%j?%}am+ cer 0? jkl el ` }fkha y`rjar `x 3>eM, "]eral}al} oqccar J%01"~B 2,>

`hdq}xah ykxb 1! LÈB+ L`?BÊ8 0,022i& GB?Ê8 >,;>9i%hk}x,y`xar 0>>jf,1! LÈB }efqxkel cer ~B 2 `hdq}xjalx,

_kl}ah kl kma*mefh ]eral}al} oqccar ~B 3,2, "]eral}al} oqccar ~B3,2"L`?BÊ80,991i& GB?Ê8 0,9>i%hk}x,y`xar 0>>>jf+,

]fkha} yara ì`kl rkl}ah kl x`~ y`xar, ]x`klah kl 8! Ikaj}` kl ]eral}al} oqccar ~B 3,2 cer òeqx 2jkl,

]MA l`f{}k}4

0, 1> }amelh hksk}kel jax ~b`}a} `ra `l`f{}ah cer ]MA,

?, Asar{ ~eklx ec ora`gìa `lh radeklkli xb`x k} amb`lia k} `fy`{} meqlxah `} ela

amb`lia * xba ~kama ec mbrej`xkh amb`lia,

=, Klxarm`f`r{ amb`liah ~kama klmfqhkli asal ` hex er jklqxa k} meqlxah `} xye

amb`lia},

8,,@l{ xarjkl`f amb`lia k} meqlxah `} ela amb`lia,

1, ]MA `x malxrejara k} meqlxah elf{ kc `l eoskeq} xyk}xkli `x xbk} ~eklx k} rqfah eqx,

F{j~bem{xa ~refkcar`xkel gklaxkm}4

OrhQ fòaffkli ec mbreje}ej`f HL@ c`mkfkx`xah xba `l`f{}k} ec f{j~bem{xa ~refkcar`xkel

gklaxkm},

B`rfapqkl }x`klkli ec OrhQ*}qo}xkxqxah mbrej`xkh} o{ xba CÎ }x`klkli `ffeyah

khalxkckm`xkel ec mbreje}eja} kl xba ckr}x%}amelh%xbkrh lh }qo}apqalx hksk}kel},

0, Ckr}x*hksk}kel maff}83 mbreje}eja} ykxb oexb }k}xar mbrej`xkh} }x`klahqlkcerjf{ h`rgf{,

?, ]amelh*hksk}kel maff}83 b`rfapqkl mbreje}eja} ykxb ela mbrej`xkh h`rgf{}x`klah `lh kx} }k}xar mbrej`xkh fkibxf{ }x`klah,


15/67

=, Xbkrh*hksk}kel maff}}eja b`rfapqkl mbreje}eja} "01=> mbreje}eja}+ `lhexbar mbreje}eja} ykxb oexb }k}xar mbrej`xkh} }x`klah qlkcerjf{ fkibxf{,

8, Ceqrxb*hksk}kel maff}}eja mbreje}eja} }bey xba fkibx `lh h`rg ~`xxarl "90=mbreje}eja}+& `lh xba ra}x ykxb oexb }k}xar mbrej`xkh} }x`klah qlkcerjf{ fkibxf{,

Xba ^refkcar`xkel r`xa klha "^_K+ m`fmqf`xah `} J0' ?J? '=J=' 8J8 % L, Ybara

J0& J?& J= `lh J8 ra~ra}alx K * KS jax`~b`}a} `lh L k} xba xex`f lqjoar ec maff}

}merah,

]MA `ra klhkm`xer} ec ialexekm `mxkskx{,

]MA `l`f{}k} b`} oaal q}ah }qmma}}cqff{ cer jelkxerkli bqj`l a~e}qraxe ~exalxk`ff{ ialexekm ialx},

HL@ h`jìkli ìalx} xb`x `ra m`~òfa ec klhqmkli mbreje}eja fa}kel}`x `ff }xìa} ec xba maff m{mfa `lh xb`x he lex rapqkra `l ] ~b`}a cer

a~ra}}kel `ra raf`xksaf{ klaccamxksa kl klhqmkli ]MA,

@ialx} xb`x rapqkra ` HL@ }{lxba}k} ~arkeh cer klhqmkli mbrej`xkh x{~ah`jìa `ra ~exalx klhqmar} ec ]MA,

Jkmrelqmfak* M{xemb`f`}kl O jaxbeh,

Jkmrelqmfak erkikl`xa crej mbreje}eja ora`gìa `lh fe}}, Lqmfae~f`}jkm orkhia} `ra `

j`rgar ec mbreje}eja ra`rr`liajalx}, Jkmrelqmfaq} `}}`{ k} ` pqkmg `lh rafkòfa

xamblkpqa xe `}}a}} ialaxkm h`jìa,

0, 3i%jf m{xemb`f`}kl O `hhkxkel `x ?8b `cxar klkxk`xkel e c mqfxqra}?, Mqfxqra} xarjkl`xah `x 9?b=, Xr`l}car xba mqfxqra xe ` malxrkcqia xqoa `lh }~kl `x 1>> _^J cer 1 jkl,8, _ajesa xba }q~arl`x`lx& jk xbereqibf{& `hh ; jf ec mefh >,2! GMf cer 1

jkl,

1, ]~kl `x 1>> _^J cer 1 jkl,3, _ajesa xba }q~arl`x`lx& jk xbereqibf{ `lh `hh 0> jf mefh cra}b ck`xksa,

Gaa~ cer 0> jkl,

9, _a~a`x }xa~ 1& `hh ck`xksa melx`klkli 0! cerj`fhab{ha& xb`x alb`lma} xba~ra}ars`xkel ec m{xe~f`}j,

2, _a~a`x }xa~ 1& `hh cra}b ck`xksa =40 Jaxb`lef*@maxkm `mkh elf{,;, _a~a`x }xa~ 1& ra}q}~alh xba maff ~affax kl ` }j`ff sefqja ec cra}b ck`xksa


16/67

0>,Maff} yara ialxf{ hre~~ah el yax mbkffah }fkha} `lh `ffeyah xe hr{ `x reejxaj~ar`xqra,

00,Maff} yara }x`klah ykxb Ikaj}` "Jarmg+ 0 ! kl ]eral}al} oqccar ~B 3,2 cer?> jkl,

JL crapqalmka} `ra haxarjklah kl ela xbeq}`lh oklqmfa`xah maff} ykxb yaff ~ra}arsah

m{xe~f`}j, Lqmfae~f`}jkm orkhia} `ra `f}e }merah,

]merkli mrkxark` cer OLM,

0, Xba xye lqmfak kl xba OLM }beqfh oa ec `~~rekj`xaf{ apq`f }kta& }x`klkli~`xxarl lh }x`klkli klxal}kx{,

?, Xba xye lqmfak kl ` OLM }beqfh b`sa klx`mx lqmfa`r jajor`la} `lh oa }kxq`xahykxbkl xba }`ja m{xe~f`}jkm oeqlh`r{,

=, Xba xye lqmfak ykxbkl ` OLM j`{ oa `xx`mbah o{ ` ckla lqmfae~f`}jkm orkhiaybkmb k} le ykhar xb`l ela*xbkrh ec xba f`ria}x lqmfa`r hk`jaxar,

8, Xba xye j`kl lqmfak kl ` OLM j`{ xeqmb er esarf`~ a`mb exbar a}~amk`ff{ kl~ra~`r`xkel} kl ybkmb xba m{xe~f`}j b`} oaal ~ra}arsah, @ maff ykxb xye

esarf`~~kli lqmfak m`l oa }merah elf{ kc xba lqmfa`r oeqlh`rka} ec a`mb lqmfaq}

`ra hk}xkliqk}b`ofa,

1, Xba m{xe~f`}jkm oeqlh`r{ er jajor`la ec ` OLM }beqfh oa klx`mx `lh mfa`rf{hk}xkliqk}b`ofa crej xba m{xe~f`}jkm oeqlh`r{ ec `hd`malx maff},

]merkli mrkxark` cer JL

0, Xba hk`jaxar ec JL kl bqj`l f{j~bem{xa} j`{ s`r{ oaxyaal 0%03 `lh 0%= ecxba hk`jaxar ec xba j`kl lqmfak,

?, JL `ra reqlh er es`f kl }b`~a,


17/67

=, JL `ra lel*racr`mxkfa `lh m`l oa ra`hkf{ hk}xkliqk}bah crej `rxkc`mx} }qmb `}}x`klkli ~`rxkmfa},

8, JL q}q`ff{ b`sa xba }`ja }x`klkli klxal}kx{ `} xba j`kl lqmfak oqx emm`}kel`ff{}x`klkli j`{ oa jera klxal}a,

1, JL `ra lex fklgah xe xba j`kl lqmfak oqx xba{ j`{ esarf`~ xba j`kl lqmfak,Lqmfa`r hksk}kel klha "LHK+ haxarjklah o{ }merkli xba lqjoar ec jele& ok& xrk &xaxr`

`lh jera "~ef{lqmfa`xa+ maff} kl ela xbeq}`lh maff}, Lqmfa`r hksk}kel klha y`} m`fmqf`xah

`} LHK : "J0 ' ?J? ' =J= ' 8J8+ % L& ybara J0 * J8 ra~ra}alx xba lqjoar ec

maff} ykxb 0 xe 8 lqmfak ra}~amxksaf{ `lh L k} xba xex`f lqjoar ec maff} }merah,

Kl xba reqxkla fòer`xer{ alskreljalx mbreje}eja `lh JL `l`f{}k} `ra `fy`{}

melmarlah ykxb fkibx jkmre}me~a }xqhka}, Xba `kj ec reqxkla mbreje}eja `l`f{}k} k} xe

axr`mx klcerj`xkel crej xba g`r{ex{~a& melsalxkel`f& I*o`lhah& bkib ra}efqxkel o`lhah

er CK]B `} xe ybaxbar ` mbreje}eja òarr`xkel k} ~ra}alx er lex, Bey yaff xbk} ie`f

k} `mbkasah ha~alh} el xba pq`fkx{ ec xba jax`~b`}a} `l`f{}ah `lh el xba

}qodamxksa dqhiajalx ec xba m{xeialaxkmk}x, Xba cerjar hacklkxaf{ klcfqalma} xba

f`xxar,

Xr`hkxkel`f M{xeialaxkm} k} fòeqr klxal}ksa& rapqkra} ` bkibf{ xr`klah `l`f{}x, O`lhkli

`l`f{}k} cqrxbar rapqkra} ` xr`klah }gkffah `l`f{}x, @ bkib hairaa ec `l`f{xkm`f }gkff `x xba

jkmre}me~a k} lama}}`r{ cer mfa`r mqx klxar~rax`xkel xe qlmesar xr`l}fem`xkel} `lh exbar

mej~fkm`xah mbreje}eja oarr`xkel},

]merkli k} `l axrajaf{ kj~erx`lx afajalx kl m{xeialaxkm okejelkxerkli, @mmqr`xa

hkmalxrkm `lh JL }merkli j`{ ha~alh el xba pq`fkx{ ec xba ~ra~`r`xkel} `lh xba }gkffah

xamblkm`f ~ar}ellaf} }qodamxksa `}}a}}jalx ec xba raf`xksa pq`fkx{ ka }meròkfkx{ ec xba

}~ra`h}, Xba bkiba}x {kafh ec òarr`xkel} kl mqfxqra k} fkgaf{ xe oa }aal kl ckr}x hksk}kel

jax`~b`}a}& 82*1? b mqfxqra}, Kx k} kj~erx`lx xe }mera maff} `cxar ckr}x hksk}kel kl xba m`}a

ec M@ er JL `lh `cxar }amelh hksk}kel kl m`}a ec ]MA] kl erhar xe eox`kl xba oa}x

a}xkj`xa ec h`jìa klhqmah kl skxre, @}{jjaxrkm`f mbreje}eja x{~a amb`lia}

"hkmalxrkm} `lh rkli}+ j`{ `rk}a akxbar hkramxf{ er crej mbrej`xkh amb`lia} ceffeykli

ra~fkm`xkel kl ` }qo}apqalx maff m{mfa, Kha`ff{& elf{ ckr}x kl skxre jkxe}a} }beqfh oa

`l`f{}ah cer mbreje}ej`f òarr`xkel} oam`q}a òarr`xkel} `ra fe}x er `~~a`r kl `fxarah

cerj kl }qo}apqalx maff hksk}kel},


18/67

Bqj`l ~ark~bar`f ofeeh f{j~bem{xa} ~ra}alx ` ra`hkf{ `s`kfòfa }eqrma ec maff} xe

as`fq`xa mbreje}eja h`jìa, Beyasar xbk} rapqkra} m`racqf `xxalxkel xe ~rexemef ha}kil

`lh ieeh gleyfahia ec xba j`xark`f& kx} ra`mxkel} xe hkccaralx x{~a} ec xra`xjalx& xba

}~elx`laeq} o`mgireqlh crapqalmka} ec xba alh~eklx} }xqhkah& xbakr s`rk`lma} `} yaff `}

xba c`mxer} xb`x klcfqalma xbaj,

M{xeialaxkm okejelkxerkli }xqhka} `ra xahkeq} `lh hkcckmqfx kl j`l{ ra}~amx}& }e m`racqf

~f`llkli `lh `hbaralma xe }xrklialx fòer`xer{ ~rexemef} `ra sar{ kj~erx`lx, _kiereq}}xqh{ ha}kil k} a}}alxk`f kl `ff m{xeialaxkm okejelkxerkli jaxbeh}& }klma j`l{ klxar

klhkskhq`f c`mxer} lex raf`xah xe xba }~amkckm a~e}qra} ec }xqh{ m`l `ccamx xba m{xeialaxkm

~`r`jaxar} ec klxara}x,

^reoòf{ le xye fòer`xerka} `he~x ~ramk}af{ xba }`ja ~remahqra, Lasarxbafa}}& `ff

fòer`xerka} }beqfh ceffey }kj~fa }x`lh`rh ~rexemef} xb`x yerg yaff kl xbakr }ax q~,

Xbara k} }xkff ` j{}xarkeq} `}~amx xe xba ~remahqra& `lh kx k} kj~e}}kofa xe saro`fkta `ff ec

xba lama}}`r{ }gkff}, Ela jq}x }kj~f{ ~r`mxkma qlxkf xba klxqkxksa ~`rx ec xba }gkff k}

j`}xarah `lh xbara ykff `fy`{} oa }eja xamblefeik}x} ykxb ` oaxxar caaf cer kx,

Xba jaxbehefei{ j`{ `~~a`r }kj~fa& oqx ~ra~`rkli ieeh pq`fkx{ jax`~b`}a

}~ra`h} k} xamblkm`ff{ mb`ffalikli, M`racqf `xxalxkel xe ` lqjoar ec s`rkòfa}

marx`klf{ klmra`}a} xba mb`lma ec }`xk}c`mxer{ ra}qfx}, ]xkff& xbk} `}~amx ec

m{xeialaxkm jaxbehefei{ k} }ejaxbkli ec `l `rx, Kl xb`x }al}a& ~ra~`r`xkel ec

ieeh pq`fkx{ jax`~b`}a }~ra`h} `lh mbreje}eja o`lhkli m`l oa mel}kharah `l

`rx `} yaff `} ` }mkalma,

bxx~4%%yyy,}mrkoh,mej%hem%?3;29129%Bqj`l*Mbreje}eja}*kl*Ba fxb*`lh*Hk}a`}a*

`*Skrxq`f*Xeqr*09xb*Caorq`r{*?>0>

bxx~4%%yyy,}mrkoh,mej%hem%?8>03?;=%Mbreje}eja*@oarr`xkel}*0>*0?*>;

bxx~4%%yyy,}mrkoh,mej%hem%?0?0;9=0%]k}xar*Mbrej xkh*Amb`lia}*Bqj`l*

F{j~bem{xa}*@*feeg*xbreqib*xba*Fal}*09*0>*>;

bxx~4%%yyy,}mrkoh,mej%hem%?8??22?0%Jkmrelqmfak*@*feeg*xbreqib*xba*Fal}*00*;*

>;*Me~{*01*0?*>;

bxx~4%%yyy,}mrkoh,mej%hem%?1>>;88>%M{xeialaxkm*Okej`rgar}*0>*0*?>0>


19/67

Bqj`l Mbreje}eja} kl ba`fxb `lh hk}a`}a * ` skrxq`f xeqr

Hr, Grk}bl`d` @,^,

09*?*?>0>,


20/67

Xba }x`rxkli ~eklx ,

Qlhar ?>R xbk} k} bey xba jax`~b`}a} `~~a`r,


21/67

@ fkxxfa jera jìlkckah * qlhar 8>R, Jax`~b`}a} kl hkccaralx }xìa} ec

melhal}`xkel

Ckl`ff{ xba jìkm y`lh * xba ra}xerah oa`qxka} qlhar 0>> R& xba q}q`f

jìlkckm`xkel cer hax`kfah `l`f{}k}, Melsalxkel`f Ikaj}` }x`klkli % ]efkh

}x`klkli,


22/67

Alxar xba O`lhkli ar`, M*o`lhkli

I*o`lhkli `lh xbal m`ja bkib ra}efqxkel o`lhkli ,


23/67

I* o`lhah jax`~b`}a},


24/67



25/67



26/67

Alherahq~fkm`xkel o`lhah


27/67


81& RR&*;&*08&'x";708+


28/67

81& R[&*0=&*08&'x"0=708+

89& RRR


29/67

89& R[[



30/67

Xba lay `rrks`f * CK]B j`ikm kl jqfxk mefeqrah bqa},

Kl }kxq b{orkhkt`xkel, Alt{j`xkm haxamxkel ykxb B_^%@lxk*Hkiekialkl `lh H@O

^`klxah mbreje}eja}, Mbreje}eja 03


31/67

^`klxah mbreje}eja}, Mbreje}eja R


32/67

89&R[&'?0 "Xrk}ej{ ?0+

83&R[&*01&'x"017?0+&'?0


33/67

83&RR&x"0;7?>+"~0=,04p0=,=+

81&R"=?+% 83&RR"3+% 83&Rx"R7R+"~7p+ er 83&R&x"R~'5+"3?+

F`xa ra~fkm`xkli R mbreje}eja


34/67

81&R"=?+% 83&RR"3+% 83&Rx"R7R+"~7p+ er 83&R&x"R~'5+"3?+


35/67

83&RR&haf"03+"p?8+


36/67

Mbreje}eja 03p?= cr`ikfa }kxa, Cr` 03"p?=+


37/67

]j`ff j`rgar mbreje}eja}, 89&RR&'j`r,

Mbreje}eja S`rk`lx}4 Feli [ mbreje}eja, 83&R[p'


38/67

Mbreje}eja S`rk`lx}4 Mbreje}eja 03 ~ef{jer~bk}j, 83&R[&03pb'

83& RR & ??}' ]`xaffkxa `}}emk`xkel} H # I ireq~

mbreje}eja}


39/67

^ef{~fekh{


40/67

Jkxexkm hksk}kel `olerj`fkxka} % jkxexkm hksk}kel klckhafkx{ % jkxexkm kl}x`okfkx{


41/67

Alherahq~fkm`xkel


42/67

La`r B`~fekh maff}

^raj`xqra }a~`r`xkel ec }k}xar mbrej`xkh}


43/67

Hkccaralx @sx`r}

Afeli`xah mbreje}eja} Mbreje}eja ~qfsarkt`xkel

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

''''


44/67

Mbreje}eja `oarr`xkel}

@ y`fg xbreqib xbaLqmfaq}

Hr, Grk}bl`d` @, ^,

0>*0?*>;


45/67

@ xbkli ec oa`qx{ k} ` de{ cer asar,

Ybal K yeqfh feeg `x mbreje}eja ~ra~`r`xkel} xbreqib ` jkmre}me~a& K y`} ecxal rajklhah

ec B}qn} yerh},

Le ela iax} jqmb sk}q`f ~fa`}qra crej ` }mklxkff`xkel ~fex er ` hal}kx{ ir`hkalx xr`mkli, El

xba exbar b`lh& jkmre}me~km eodamx}& ~`rxkmqf`rf{ mbreje}eja}& `ra xbaj}afsa} eodamx} ec

oa`qx{& `l`feieq} xe xba oa`qx{ ec ` _ajor`lhx,

Kl xba f`xar {a`r} ec j{ yerg `x O@_M& ybal yergkli xbara y`} `fje}x ` xerxqra&

"meqrxa}{& xba ~ras`kfkli lel ~rehqmxksa& }xkcfkli& }xìl`lx& be}xkfa `xje}~bara&

hk}meqrìkli saliacqf oe}}a}& ykxbbefhkli o }km c`mkfkxka} fkga yerg }~`ma& xafa~bela&

mej~qxar& xba }kmgalkli }{me~b`lm{& xba rahqlh`lx bkar`rmb{ `lh ~rexemef& xba xex`ff{

qlc`kr }{}xaj ec as`fq`xkel `lh xba kldq}xkma ec `ff xb`x ybkmb ~rasalx} ` ~ar}el kl

}m`fkli xba bakibx} ec bk} % bar ~reca}}kel+& xbraa xbkli} ga~x ja iekli4 j{ fesa ec xba

}qodamx& kllar jexks`xkel& `lh xba sarh`lx }arala }qrreqlhkli} ec O@_M& xb`lg} xe `

ira`x sk}kel`r{& Hr, Bejk Obòb`, Kl c`mx kx y`} ` de{ asar{ jerlkli xe alxar xba

i`xa} ec xbk} b`ffeyah kl}xkxqxkel& ybkmb K hkh kls`rkòf{ ykxb ` ira`x caafkli ec oakli

~`rx ec ` ~rkskfaiah cay,

Lerj`f Jax`~b`}a mbreje}eja ]~ra`h}


46/67


47/67

Hkmalxrkm mbreje}eja}


48/67

Hkmalxrkm} melx,


49/67

_kli mbreje}eja}


50/67

@malxrkm mbreje}eja cr`ijalx}

J`rgar mbreje}eja


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Mbrej`xkh ora`g} `lh i`~}

Mbrej`xkh amb`lia}


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^qfsark}ah mbreje}eja}

^ef{~fekh{


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Alherahq~fkm`xkel

B`~fekh{

Alherahq~fkm`xkel

Ykxb xbk} ya meja cqff mkrmfa, Be~a {eq alde{ah xba y`fg,

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv


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]k}xar Mbrej`xkh Amb`lia} Bqj`l F{j~bem{xa}, @ feeg xbreqib xba

Fal},

Hr, Grk}bl`d` @,^,

09xb

Emxeoar ?>>;

^feaj * Me}xqja} ec jahkas`f mfeyl}, Eb B`rfapqkl mbreje}eja} "Yefcc ]+

]MA }merah kl }amelh hksk}kel maff}

Mbajkm`f klhqmah ]MA,

HL@ ra~`kr, ]MA * HL@ xaj~f`xa amb`lia hqrkli }xr`lh }{lxba}k},


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Hkskha `lh Jqfxk~f{ K& KK& KKK& KS,,

M{xexekmkx{ mbamg % ^refkcar`xkel r`xa klha %Maff m{mfa gklaxkm},

Hkccaralxk`f }x`klkli ~`xxarl ec }k}xar mbrej`xkh} iksa} mfqa xe xba lqjoar ec xkja} `

maff b`} hkskhah kl mqfxqra,

K* @ff mbreje}eja} oexb }k}xar mbrej`xkh} }x`klah qlkcerjf{ h`rgf{,

KK* B`rfapqklmbreje}eja} ykxb ela mbrej`xkh h`rgf{ }x`klah `lh }k}xar mbrej`xkh fkibxf{ }x`klah,


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KKK* }eja b`rfapqklmbreje}eja} "01=> mbreje}eja}+ `lh exbar mbreje}eja} ykxb oexb }k}xar

mbrej`xkh} }x`klah qlkcerjf{ fkibxf{,

KS* }eja mbreje}eja} }bey xba fkibx `lh h`rg ~`xxarl "90= mbreje}eja}+& `lh xba ra}x ykxb

oexb }k}xar mbrej`xkh} }x`klah qlkcerjf{ fkibxf{,


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]MA `}}`{4 J`klf{ q}ah kl bqj`l f{j~bem{xa} `lh maff fkla},

@~~fkm`xkel} kl xba ckafh} ec Ialaxkm Xekmefei{& Okejelkxerkli& A~khajkefei{,

@ m{xeialaxkm okej`rgar xe `}}a}} a~e}qra xe m`rmkleialkm er jqxìalkm ìalx} kl

emmq~`xkel f }axxkli},

@~~fkmòfa xe `l{ maff} òfa xe hkskha xykma "? ]*~b`}a}+ kl mqfxqra kl xba ~ra}alma ec

`l`feiqa} ec xb{jkhkla }qmb `} orejehae{qrkhkla"OrhQ+,

Xba ba`fxb }kilkckm`lma ec klmra`}ah fasaf} ec ]MA }xkff ~eerf{ qlhar}xeeh,

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$


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Jkmrelqmfak @ feeg xbreqib xba Fal}

Hr,Grk}bl`d` @,^,

00xb

]a~xajoar ?>>;


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Jkmrelqmfak @ feeg xbreqib xba Fal}

Ar{xbrem{xa JL* xba oaikllkli

A`rf{ }xrqiifa} ykxb F{j~bem{xa JL oacera xba `hsalx ecMOJL `}}`{

Alxar xba M{xegkla}k}*Ofemg Jkmrelqmfaq} "MOJL+ `}}`{

F{j~bem{xa}


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@ff xbkli} meja xe `l alh!

`lhLay oaikllkli}!

Jele& Ok& Xrk `lh Xaxr` lqmfa`xah maff} ykxb JL* 0& ?& =& 8& 1


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Ckafh ec skay crej ` jkmre}me~a }fkha

Acefk`xksa qrexbafk`f maff}

Oqmm`f maff} xee Xba pqa}x melxklqa},,


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M{xeialaxkm okej`rgar}

Mbreje}eja @oarr`xkel} "M@+

M@ M@

Jkmrelqmfak "JL+

JL JL

]k}xar Mbrej`xkh Amb`lia} "]MA+

]MA ]MA

Hr,Grk}bl`d` @,^,01xb D`lq`r{ 0*?>0>


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Hkmalxrkm mbreje}eja} `lh @malxrkm cr`ijalx}

_kli mbreje}eja}

_`hk`xkel er r`hkejkjaxkm mbajkm`f} klhqma,


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Mbrej`xkh ora`g} `lh i`~}

Mbrej`xkh amb`lia}

Mbajkm`f} klhqma,


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Jkmrelqmfak * MOJL `}}`{

JL kl oklqmfa`xa maff}

Lqmfae~f`}jkm orkhia

Lqmfa`r Hksk}kel Klha "LHK+


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]k}xar Mbrej`xkh Amb`lia} "]MA+ * }merah kl }amelh m{mfa maff}

]MA mbajkm`f jaxbeh C^I jaxbeh


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^refkcar`xksa _`xa Klha "^_K+

a compilation of basic methods in human cytogenetics. 21-09-2011

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