a compilation of technical presentations during the one...

A Compilation of technical

presentations during the One-day

Awareness Programmes sponsored by

KSCSTE

Science and Technology in Transforming

Women's Lives

A compilation of technical presentations during the

one-day awareness programmes sponsored by KSCSTE

Volume III

2012-2013

KERALA STATE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695004, INDIA

Website: www.kscste.kerala.gov.in

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Government of Kerala

http://www.kscste.kerala.gov.in/

i

Editor-in-chief

Dr. Suresh Das

Executive Vice-President

Coordination

Dr. George Varghese,

Director, KSCSTE

Compilation and Editing

Dr. K.R. Lekha

Scientist EII & Head, Women Scientists Division

Aby Raj P.M.

Senior Project Officer, Women Scientists Division

Technical & Editorial Assistance

Shaija Praveen

Project Fellow, Women Scientists Division

Shuhana Nazeer

Project Fellow, Women Scientists Division

Published by:

Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment

Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom (P.O.)

Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004

January 2016

Thiruvananthapuram

ISBN

©2016, KSCSTE, Govt. of Kerala

ii

CONTENTS

I - PESTICIDES AND AGRICULTURE

1. \nahncsb Adnbm³ -- 2

Dr. Sheela M.S.

2. ]¨¡dnbnse \nahncIÄ - 4

Dr. Nisha M. S

3. \nahnc \nb{´Ww ]¨¡dnbnð - 7

Dr. Sheela M.S., Dr. Nisha M. S

4. \nahnc \nb{´Ww þ hmgbnð -- 9

Dr. Narayana R.

5. \nahnc B{IaWw aäphnfIfnð - 11

Dr. Sheela M.S.

6. \nahncIfpw Ing§phÀ¤ hnfIfpw -- 15

Dr. Sheela M.S.

7. \nahnc \nb{´Ww PohmWp¡fneqsS - 18

Dr. Sheela M.S, .Dr. Nisha M. S, Dr. Narayana R.

8. ImÀjn-I-hn-f-I-fnse IoS- tcmK \nb-{´-W -amÀ-¤-§Ä - 20

Dr. C. Nandakumar

9. ]¨-¡dn þ ]g-hÀ¤ hnf-I-fnse ssPhoI IoS\n{b-´Ww - 23 ssP-h-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄ

Dr. Raji Rani O. P.

10. kkyP\y IoS\min\nIÄ IoS\n-b{´W¯n\v - 31

Dr. Hebsy Bai

11. ]¨¡dn -]ghÀKvKhnfIfnse {][m\tcmK§fpw - - 33 ssPhnI \nb{´WamÀKvK§fpw

Dr. Nazeema A, Archana P.A.

12. ssPhoI tcmK-\n-b-{´W¯n\v kq£vam-Wp-¡Ä - 40

Dr. C. Gokulagopalan, Reshmi C.R.

II - FISHERIES

1. Manufacture of value-added fish products - 43

Dr. K. K. Balachandran

2. Cage culture of pearlspot - 49

Dr. K. G. Padmakumar

III – TRADITIONAL/HERBAL MEDICINES

1. Nurturing a culture of plant based primary healthcare - 53

practices for ahealthy life

V.V. Sivan

IV – USE OF ENERGY SAVING TECHNIQUES

1. Energy Conservation - 56

Prof. (Dr). M.Jayaraju

iii

PREFACE

The Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment under its Women Scientists

Division has been providing financial support for conducting Awareness Programmes on the

topic “Technological Advances in Transforming Women’s Lives” .The programme provides a

platform to speak on the use of Technology to effect social changes on the life of women and to

create awareness on the role Technology plays in improving women’s lives. The topics cover

those technologies that can be applied locally and are cost effective so as to benefit the socially

and economically weaker sections of the community and isorganized as one-day programme.

The major areas of focus for the Awareness Programme include: Clean water, Healthcare and

Sanitation technologies, Use of energy saving techniques, Simple machineries for reducing

drudgery at households, Development of simple electronic gadgets for improved household life,

Information technology, Traditional/herbal medicines, Water conservation and water efficient

technologies, Nutrition & Food habits, Agricultural processing, machinery, products and

practices and Traditional skills and handicrafts etc. Scientists/Academicians/Professionals

working in Universities/ R&D institutions/ Colleges/ NGOs etc. whoare experts in the relevant

field and who could organize the programmes are eligible to apply for financial assistance under

the scheme.

This book is a compilation of the technical presentations contributed by the faculty and

coordinators who had organized programmes at various institutions in Kerala during the year

2012-2013. This book is expected to contribute to the understanding of how technology can

contribute to the uplift of the status of women and can empower them to gain their rightful place

in the society. The technical papers presented in this volume would hopefully serve to benefit the

society in general and women in particular, at the same time serve as a reference material for

professionals working in the field.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This collection of technical presentations during the One-Day Awareness Programmes held at

various places within the State of Kerala has been the effort of a large number of people who

have contributed at various stages of implementaion, compilation and editing. We take this

opportunity to express our gratitude to all of them who have provided tremendous support

towards the publication of compendium.

We would like to express our greatest appreciation to Dr. Suresh Das; Executive Vice-President,

KSCSTE, for his constant encouragement and support in preparing this publication. We

gratefully acknowledge the Research Advisory Committee (RAC) members Dr. A.P. Shashikala,

Dean, Academics, NIT-Calicut, Dr. P.G. Latha, Director, JNTBGRI, Prof. RVG Menon, Formerly

Director IRTC, Dr. R Renuka Nair, Scientist-G, SCTIMST, Dr. Venugopal P. Menon, Advisor,

CMR, Annamalai University, Dr. Laly. A. Pothen, Emeritus Fellow, Bishop Moore College,

Mavelikara, Dr. G. Padmaja, Emeritus Scientist, CTCRI, Sreekariyam, Prof. V.P.N. Nampoori,

Emeritus Professor, Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Prof. Valsamma

Joseph, Dean, KUHAS and Principal, Government Nursing College, Kottayam for their advice

and supervision in the compilation of this book.

We also thank all the Coordinators and the Faculties of the Awareness Programmes who have

shared their presentations with us that form the very foundation of this work.

Thanks are also due to all the staff members at KSCSTE who have contributed directly or

indirectly towards this publication by the Women Scientists Division.

v

FOREWORD

Dr. Suresh Das Executive Vice President

Kerala State Council for Science Technology & Environment

Difficulties in accessing appropriate technologies and innovations by women, especially those

living in rural areas have had a significant impact on the quality of their lives. Compared to their

male counterparts, they are far more exposed to unsafe and unhealthy surroundings and in most

cases their additional societal commitments restricts their ability to work outside their homes.

There are a number of appropriate technology solutions which can solve day-to-day problems

such as access to clean water, health care, sanitation, agriculture and energy, which if made

available can help provide greater flexibility in women's lifestyles and help them to balance their

responsibilities at home and in their workplace.

The special role that women play in family and society makes them especially suited to bring

about early adaptation of innovations associated with households which can help them to play a

catalytic role in the development of our society. An important aspect related to sustainable

development is for society to be able to make better use of its natural resources, and as managers

of our natural resources, women have a special role to play in this. In this context, rural women

need to be made aware of the new knowledge related to better and more efficient use of local

resources. Indigenous knowledge and skills need to be popularized among rural women. Women

in both rural and urban sectors can also be made aware of the use and misuse of technology

especially in resolving economic, social and environmental problems. Women need to have

improved awareness on various technologies related to areas such as health and sanitation, use of

efficient energy devices and improved farming and agriculture practices.

In the above context, the KSCSTE Women Scientist Division is implementing a scheme on

popularizing 'Technological Advancements in Transforming Women's Lives'. The scheme offers

financial support for conducting one-day ‘Awareness Programmes’ on simple technologies that

can improve the lives of rural women.

The present compendium is a compilation of the deliberation of the experts in the 'Awareness

Programmes' conducted during the current year with the financial assistance of KSCSTE. I hope

that this compilation will help in understanding how Science & Technology can play a role in

improving the quality of women's lives.

1

I

Pesticides and Agriculture

2

\nahncsb Adnbm³

tUm: joe.Fw.Fkv.

Atkmkntbäv UbdIvSÀ & slUv IoSimkv{Xhn`mKw,

ImÀjnItImtfPv, shÅmbWn

At\Iw tImi§fpÅ \qð cq]¯nepÅ kq£vaPnhIfmWv \nahncIÄ. Fómð

{]mb]qÀ¯nbmb Nne kv^pScq]¯nepw hr¡ BIrXnbnepw ImWs¸Spóp. Chbv¡v

sam«pkqNn¯etbmfw hen¸apïmbncn¡pw. Chsb Nnc]cnNbw sImïv kq£vaZÀin\nbpsS

klmbanñmsXbpw Iïp]nSn¡mw. km[mcW a®v ]cntim[\bnð IqSntb ChbpsS aäp

ZiIsfbpw hncIsfbpw Iïp]nSn¡phm³ km[n¡pIbpÅp.

kky]cmZ§fpsS {][m\ Bhmk tI{µw a®mWv. Fñm ]cnXØnXnIfnepw

kky]cmZ§sf ImWmw. shÅw sI«n\nð¡pó s\ð¸mS§Ä apXð acp`qanbnse

acp¸ÏÄ hsc Fñm¯cw a®nepw kky\nahncIÄ Dïmbncn¡pw. GXp Irjn`qanbnepw

\mtem Atôm C\w ]cmZ§sf Iïphcmdpïv. Aćo£ Dujvamhv 150c\p Xmsgbpw 300c

apIfnepambmð ChbpsS B{IaWtijn Ipdªncn¡pw. an¡ hncIfpw 500c\p tað NqSv

Gämð \in¨pt]mIpóXmWv.

hnf\jvSw :\nahncIfpsS km{µXbpw sNSnbpsS hfÀ¨bpsS L«hpw B{ibn¨ncn¡pw

hnf\jvSw. A´mcmjv{S IW¡pIÄ {]Imcw hnIknX cmjv{S§fnse hnf\jvSw 8.8

iXam\hpw hnIkzc cmjv{S§fnteXv14.6 iXam\hpw BWv. Cýbnse hnf\jvSw

F®¡pcp¡Ä AôpiXam\w, [m\y§fpw, ]bdphÀ¤§fpw F«p iXam\w, Icn¼pw,

]ghÀ¤§fpw ]¯piXam\w, ]¨¡dnIÄ 12 iXam\w Fó tXmXnemWvhnf\jvSw. GXmïv

242 _ney¬ cq]bmWv.

PohnXN{Iw :\nahncIfnð B¬ s]¬hyXymkw {]ISamsW¦nepw Nne hn`mK§fnse

s]¬hncIÄ _oPk¦e\w IqSmsX {]XypXv]mZ\w \S¯póp. Ch a®ntem

kkytImi§fntem ap«bnSpóp. kz´w icoc¯nð Xsó ap« kq£n¡pó hn`mK§fpapïv.

ap« hncnªv \qðcq]¯nepÅ \nahnc emÀhIÄ ]pd¯phcpóp. Ch XpSÀ¨bmbn \mev

N«IgäepIÄ¡ptijw ]qÀ®Znibnse¯póp. kky]cmZ§fmb Nne s]¬\nahncIÄ

hr¯mIrXn, \mc§mIrXn XpS§n hnhn[ BIrXnIÄ {]m]n¡póp. Hcp PohnX N{I¯nð

s]¬hnc Aªqtdm AXne[nItam ap«IfnSpóp.

\nahncIfne[nIhpw aqópapXð Aôphsc BgvNIÄ¡pÅnð AhbpsS PohnXN{Iw

]qÀ¯nbm¡póXn\mð Ahbv¡v Hcp hnfshSp¸n\pÅnð¯só At\Iw XeapdIÄ

]qÀ¯nbm¡m³ Ignbpw.

shÅ \nd¯nepw Xhn«p \nd¯nepapÅ knÌpIÄ

BlmccoXn: kky]cmZ\nahncIfnð Xe`mK¯v s]mÅbmb kqNn t]mepÅ kqNnI Fó

Ahbhw Dïv. Cu Ahbhw D]tbmKn¨mWv Ch kkyckw Duän¡pSn¡póXv. XÕabw

Xsó AhbpsS Dan\oÀ kkytImi §fntebv¡v Ip¯n hbv¡pIbpw kkytImis¯

{Zhcq]¯nem¡pIbpw sN¿póp. Nne \nahncIÄ kkyckw Duän IpSn¡pI hgn AhbpsS

BIrXn bnepw LS\bnepw ]e amä§fpw kw`hn¡póp. CXv thcnð äyqaÀ t]mepÅ

3

apgIfpïm¡póp. Fómð Nneh tImi§Ä DW¡n Xhn«p\nd¯nepÅ IeIfmbn

Ahtijn¸n¡póp. \nahnc _m[n¨ kky§fnð _mIvSocnb, IpanfpIÄ FónhbpsS

B{IaW§Ä DïmIm\pÅ km²yX IqSpXemWv. Nne \nahncIÄ sshdkpIsf hln¨v

sNSnIÄ¡v kmcamb \miw hcp¯póp. D]Imc{]Zamb ]e kq£vaPohnIfpsS

{]hÀ¯\s¯bpw Ch XSÊs¸Sp¯póp.

tcmKe£W§Ä: \nahncIfpsS B{IaWw thcpIfpsS kzm`mhnI {]hÀ¯\s¯

XSÊs¸Sp¯póp. thcpIÄ¡v bYmhn[n Pehpw aäpw t]mjImwi§fpw hens¨Sp¡phm³

Ignbm¯Xn\mð kky`mK§Ä tcmKe£W§Ä {]ISam¡póp. C¯cw sNSnIfpsS hfÀ¨

apcSn¡pIbpw inJc§Ä IpdbpIbpw CeIÄ aª\ndamIpIbpw sN¿póp. \nahncIfpsS

{IaclnXamb hym]\waqew tcmKe£W§Ä {]ISam¡pó kky§sf Irjn`qanbnð

A§n§mbn ImWm³ Ignbpw. hoXntbdnb CeItfmSp IqSnb sNSnIÄ ]Ið kab§fnð

hmSn \nð¡póXmbn ImWmw. Bg¯nð thtcmSm¯ ]¸mb, hmg apXemb kky§Ä

Imänð DeªphngqIbpw sN¿pw.

a®n\p apIfnepÅ kky`mK§sf B{Ian¡pó \nahncIÄ CeNpcpÄ, CebpsS

A{K`mK§fpsS Icnbð, Xïpw, ]q¦pebpw Npcpfð, Cehm«w, sNSnhm«w Fóo {]tXyI

tcmKe£W§Ä ImWn¡póp.

thcns\ B{Ian¡pó Nne \nahncIÄ thcnð apgIÄ, thcpIfpsS {IamXoXamb

hÀ²\hv, thcpIfpsS A{Kw hfbð, XSn¨pIpdpInb thcpIÄ, thcnsâ {]Xe¯nepÅ \oï

ASbmf§Ä, hnÅepIÄ, thcnsâ sXmen s]mfnªpt]mIð, Ing§pIfnð apgIÄ apXemb

{]tXyI e£W§Ä ImWn¡pópïv.

shïbpsS thcnð ImWpó \namhncIÄ hr¡ \namhnc thcn\pÅnð

4

]¨¡dnbnse \nahncIÄ

tUm: \nj.Fw.Fkv.

AknÌâ v s{]m^kÀ,

IoSimkv{Xhn`mKw, ImÀjnItImtfPv, shÅmbWn

kky]cmZ§fmb \nahncIÄ a®nð Pohn¨psImïv sNSn¡v \miw hcp¯pó

kq£vaPohnIfnð {][m\nIfmWv. sNSnIfpsS thcp]Se§fnð Pohn¡pó Ch {][m\ambpw

]¨¡dnIsfbmWv B{Ian¡póXv. ChbpsS B{IaWw {]Xy£ambpw ]tcm£ambpw

hnfIÄ¡v \miw hcp¯póp. hgpX\, apfIv, ]bÀ, ]mhð, ]Shew Fóo ]¨¡dn hnfIÄ

\nahncIfpsS B{IaW êambn hfÀ¨ apcSn¨v aªfn¨v ImWs¸Spóp. CShnf Irjnbmbn

]¨¡dn Irjn sN¿pó sX§n³tXm¸pIfnepw hmgt¯m«§fnepw cïmw hnfbmbpw aqómw

hnfbmbpw Htc ]¨¡dn Xsó Irjn sN¿pó ]mStiJc§fnepw ChbpsS B{IaWw

cq£amWv. a®nð hkn¡pó \nahncIÄ ]¨¡dn hnfIfpsS thcp]Ses¯

B{Ian¡póXnsâ êambn thcpIÄ¡v bYmhn[n Pehpw aäv t]mjI§fpw hens¨Sp¡m³

IgnbmsX hcpóp. a®nð sNSnbpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v Bhiyamb CuÀ¸w Dsï¦nepw

\nahncbpsS B{IaWw _m[n¨ sNSnIÄ ]Ið kab§fnð hmSpóp. ]¨¡dn hnfIsf

B{Ian¡pó {][m\ \nahncIÄ thcp_ÔI \nahnc, hr¡\nahnc FónhbmWv. ioXIme

]¨¡dnIfmb Imt_Pv, Izmfn^vfhÀ, Imcäv, _oävdq«v, Dcpf¡ng§v Fóo hnfIsf

thcp_ÔI \nahnc, knÌv \nahnc, kÀ¸nf \nahnc, Ìïv \nahnc, UmKÀ (NpcnI) \nahnc

Fónh B{Ian¡póp.

thcp_ÔI \nahnc : sassetUmssK³ C³tImánä Fó imkv{X \ma¯nð Adnbs¸Spó

Chbnð B¬s]¬ hyXymkw {]ISamWv. B¬hncIÄ \qðcq]¯nepw s]¬hncIÄ

\mc§bpsS BIrXnbnepw ImWs¸Spóp. {]mb]qÀ¯nbmb s]¬hncIÄ 300 apXð 400

ap«IÄ tZlIhN¯nt\mSv tNÀó kônbnse hgphgp¸pÅ {ZmhI¯n\pÅnð

\nt£]n¡póp.ap«hncnªp ]pd¯phcpó cïmw ZibnepÅ emÀhIfmWv B{IaWImcn.

ChbpsS B{IaW êambn hfÀäpcSn¡pIbpw hnfhnð KWyamb IpdhpïmhpIbpw

IqSmsX ]qhnSpóXn\pw, Imbv¡póXn\pw ImeXmakw hcnIbpw sN¿pw. aªfn¸pw hm«hpw

thcp_ÔI\nahnc _m[n¨ sNSnIfnð s]mXpsh Iïphcmdpïv. C§s\bpÅ sNSnIÄ

]ngpXv ]cntim[n¨mð thcpIfnð apgIÄ ImWmw. apg _m[n¨ `mK§Ä {ItaW AgpIn

\in¨pt]mIpóp. \nahncbpsS B{IaWw aqew DïmIpó apgIÄ ssdtkm_nbw _mIvSocnb

aqeapïmIpó apgIfnð \nópw hyXykvXambncn¡pw. _mIvSocnb Dïm¡pó apgIÄ thcnð

\nópw thK¯nð ASÀ¯namäm³ Ignbpw. Fómð \nahncbpïm¡pó apgIÄ s]s«óv

ASÀ¯n amäm³ Ignbnñ. Ah thcnsâ `mKambn amdpóp.

thcp_ÔI \nahnc thcp_ÔI \nahnc _m[n¨ Izmfn^vfhÀ

_m[n¨v hfÀ¨ apcSn¨ Imt_Pv

5

thcp_ÔI \nahncIfpsS B{IaWw ]bÀ, ]mhð, ]Shew, shï, hgpX\, apfIv

Imt_Pv, Izmfn^vfhÀ, Imcäv, Dcpf¡ng§v Fóo ]¨¡dnIfnð thcpIfpsS kzm`mhnI

{]hÀ¯\s¯ XSÊs¸Sp¯póp. thcpIfpsS amÀ±hapÅ `mK¯p IqSn Xpf¨v thcn\pÅnð

{]thin¨v Im¼v XnópIfbpóXnsâ êambn thcpIÄ¡v £Xw kw`hn¡póp. Cfw

thcpIsf B{Ian¡póXnsâ êambn thcnsâ hfÀ¨ apcSn¨v {ItaW AgpInt¸mIpóp.

CXpaqew a®nð \nópÅ t]mjI hkvXp¡fpsS BKncWw aµKXnbnemIpóp. \nahncIÄ

Dïm¡pó apdnhneqsS AI¯v IS¡pó _mIvSocnb, IpanÄ Fónh sNSnIÄ¡v aäv

tcmK§Ä hcm\pÅ km²yX hÀ²n¸n¡póp. aªfn¸pw hfÀ¨ apcSn¸pw _m[n¨ \nahnc

B{IaWtaä sNSnIsf Iïmð t]mjlmc¡pdhnsâ e£Wambn sXän²cn¡mdpïv.

hr¡\nahncIÄ : AÀ² BćnI ]cmZ hn`m¯nð hcpó Cu \nahnc shï, ]bÀhÀ¤

sNSnIÄ, hgpX\, X¡mfn Fóo ]¨¡dn hnfIsfbmWv {][m\ambn B{Ian¡póXv. 24

apXð 30 Znhkw sImïv PohnXN{Iw ]qÀ¯nbm¡pó Cu ]cmZw kkyckw `£n¡póp.

\nahncIÄ Dïm¡pó apdnhpIfnð¡qSn AI¯v IS¡pó IpanfpIfpw _mIvSocnbIfpw

thcn\pÅnð hym]n¨v sNSnIÄ¡v hm«w Dïm¡póp. ssdtkm_nbw aqeapïmIpó

D]Imc{]Zamb thcp apgIsf XSÊs¸Sp¯pIbpw Xòqew ]mIyP\I¯nsâ BKncWw

IpdbpIbpw sNSnIfpsS hfÀ¨ apcSn¨v hnfhv IpdbpIbpw sN-¿pw.

knÌv \nahnc : Dcpf¡ng§v sNSnbpsS thcp]Se¯nð ImWpó Cu \nahncbpsS B{IaWw

aqew aªfn¸v, hfÀ¨ apcSn¸v, A§n§mbpÅ {Iaanñm¯ hfÀ¨ Fóo e£W§Ä

sNSnIfnð ImWpóp. \nahncbpsS F®w IqSpXepÅ Irjn Øe§fnð sNSnIÄ ]Ið

kab¯v hmSpóp. IqSmsX ]pXpXmbn hcpó thcpIÄ t\À v̄ \mcpt]membn¯ocpóp. Hcp

lm³Uv se³kv D]tbmKn¨v \nco£n¡pIbmsW¦nð thcp]Se¯nð sNdnb shÅ

\nd¯nepÅ knÌpIÄ ]änbncn¡póXp ImWmw. ]qÀ® hfÀ¨ {]m]n¨ s]¬hncIfpsS

tZlIhNw Hcp kônbmbn cq]mćs¸Spóp.CXn\pÅnð \ndsb ap«IÄ ImWmw. Cu

ZisbbmWv knÌv Fóv ]dbpóXv. {]XnIqe ]cnXØnXnsb AXnPohn¡m\pÅXmWv Cu

Zi. A\pIqe kmlNcyw e`n¨mð ap«IÄ hncnªv Ipªp§Ä Dïmbn IhNw s]m«n¨v

a®nte¡v IS¡póp. BćnI ]cmZamb Cu \nahnc thcpIÄ¡pÅnð {]thin¨v

AI¡m¼p Xnóp \in¸n¡póp.\nahncbpsS B{IaWw IqSpXepÅ Øe§fnð \nóv thcpw

a®pw tiJcn¨v em_pIfnð Ab¨v ]cntim[n¡pI hgn ChbpsS B[nIyw a\Ênem¡mw.

IrjnbnS§fnð knÌv \nahncbptïm FódnbpóXn\v Hcp Sokv]q¬ a®v Hcp ¥mÊv

shÅ¯nen« tijw \ómbn Ipep¡pI. Xhn«p \nd¯nepÅ knÌpIÄ ¥mÊnsâ hi§fnð

]än¸nSn¨ncn¡pópsï¦nð Hcp kq£va ZÀin\nbpsS klmbt¯mSp IqSn Ch s]m«n¨p

t\m¡nbmð \nahnc Ipªp§Ä ]pd¯p hcpóXp Im-Wmw.

thcp_ÔI \nahnc _m[n¨ Imcäv thcp_ÔI \nahncbpsS B{IaWw

Izmfn^vfhÀ sNSnbpsS thcnð

kÀ¸nf\nahnc : slentImssSe³Ikv Fódnbs¸Spó Ch {][m\ambpw thcnsâ

_mly`mK¯p \nópw B{Ian¨v kkyckw `£n¡póhbmWv. thcn\p ]pd¯v Dïm¡pó

apdnhpIfnð IqSn IpanfpIfpw _mIvSocnbIfpw thcn\pÅnð {]thin¨v thcv Noªpt]mIpóp.

Ìïv \nahnc (sNSnapcSn¸³ \nahnc) : ssSe³tImdn³Ikv Fó Cu \nahnc thcv Xpf v̈

apdnhpïm¡póp. Cu \nahnc ap«nbnSpóXpw Ipªp§Ä hncnbp óXpw hnhn[ ZiIÄ

]qÀ¯nbm¡póXpw thcn\pÅnð XsóbmbXn\mð Chsb BćnI ]cmZ§Ä

Fódnbs¸Spóp. kq£va ]cntim[\bnð B{IaW hnt[bamb thcpIfnð Idp¯tXm

6

Xhn«p \nd¯nepÅtXm Bb ]mSpIÄ ImWmw. ssSe³tImdn³Ikv {_mkntI Fó \nahnc

tImfn^vfhÀ, Imt_Pv sNSnIfpsS thcnð Dïm¡pó apdnhnð IqSn tcmKImcnIfmb

IpanfpIÄ _m[n¡pIhgn sNSnIÄ ]qÀ®ambn \in¡pIbpw sN¿póp.

NpcnI \nahnc (UmKÀ \nahnc) : kn^n\na Fódnbs¸Spó Cu \nahnc Imt_Pv sNSnIfpsS

thcp]Se¯nð ImWs¸Spóp. NpcnIbpsS BIrXnbnepÅ kqNnI thcpIfnse

tImi§fnð Bgv¯n Cd¡n kkyckw DuänIpSn¡póp. sNSnIfpsS hfÀ¨ apcSn v̈

Dev]ó¯nsâ hen¸w 60 iXam\w hsc Ipdbm\pÅ km²yX ImWpóp.

7

\nahnc \nb{´Ww ]¨¡dnbnð

tUm: \nj.Fw.Fkv., tUm: joe.Fw.Fkv,

IoSimkv{Xhn`mKw, ImÀjnItIm-tfPv

\nahncIfpsS F®w cïp apXð \mev hsc \nahnc cïp{Kmw a®nð Fó ]cn[nbnð

Ihnbpt¼mÄ Ch hnfIÄ¡v D]{ZhIcamIpóp. ]¨¡dnIfpsS thcpw thcp]Se¯n\v

NpäpapÅ a®pw ]cntim[n¨v ChbpsS B[nIyw a\Ênem¡mw. a®nð ChbpsS kwJy

{IamXoXambn s]cpImXncn¡m³ Xmsg¸dbpó D]m[nIÄ IÀjIÀ¡v kzoIcn¡mhpóXmWv.

IrjnbnSw X¿mdm¡pt¼mÄ \new \ómbn DgpXv IpdªXv HcmgvNsb¦nepw shbnð

sImÅm³ A\phZn¨mð \nahncbpsS hÀ²\hv \nb{ń¡mw. XcnÈnSpIhgnbpw, N v̧NhdpIÄ

Iq«nbn«v I¯n¡pI hgnbpw \nahncIsf \in¸n¡mw. BXntYb hnfbñm¯ kkyhnfIÄ

D]tbmKn¨pÅ hnf]cn{IaWhpw If\nb{´Whpw Hcp ]cn[n hsc ChbpsS kwJy

s]cpImsX \nb{ń¨v \nÀ¯m³ klmbn¡pw. CShnfbmbn iXmhcn, s_ń, Inep¡n

Fónh Irjn sNbvXmð \nahncbpsS B[nIyw Ipdbv¡m³ Ignbpw.

th¸[njvTnXamb th¸n³ ]n®m¡v, th¸n³Ipcp, th¸ne Fónh a®nenSpóXp hgnbpw

\nahncIsf \nb{ń¡mw. th¸n³ ]n®m¡v kq£va PohnIfpsS {]hÀ¯\¯mð

hnLSn¡póXnsâ êambn \nahncIsf \in¸n¡pó LSI§Ä a®nepïmIpóp. IqSmsX

IpanfpIsfbpw _mIvSocnbIsfbpw B{ibn¡pó D]ImcnIfmb \nahncIfpsS F®w

hÀ²n¡pIbpw a®v hf¡qdpÅXmbn amdpIbpw sN¿póp. th¸n³ ]n®m¡v, BhW¡n³

]n®m¡v Fónh a®nenSpóXp hgn \nahncIsf Npän hcnªv sIWnbnðs¸Sp¯n sImñpó

{Sm¸nwKv ^wKknsâ F®hpw IqSpóp.

shï : _mknekv amkd³kv Fó PohmWp tNm¡ps]mSnbnð IeÀ¯nb s]mSn hn¯nsâ

aqóp iXam\w `mc¯n\\p]mXambn hn¯p]cnNcWw \S¯n shïhn¯pIÄ \SpóXv hgn

\nahnc B{IaW¯nð \nóv shï sNSnIsf Bcw`L«¯nð kwc£n¡m³ km[n¡psaóv

]T\§Ä sXfnbn¨n«pïv. a®nse \nahncIfpsS kwJym_ew IqSpXð DÅ Øe§fnð

hn¯p ]cnNcW¯nt\msSm¸w Hcp amk¯n\v tijw cïv iXam\w emb\n

Nph«nsemgn¡póXpw hfsc ê{]Zambn Iïp hcpóp. shïbpsS hnfhnð kmcamb

hÀ²\hv CXpaqew In«nbn«pïv. IqSmsX ]¨neIÄ (Bcyth¸v/I½yqWnÌv ]¨) XSw Hón\v

250 {Kmw FótXmXnð hn¯nSpóXn\v HcmgvN ap¼v CSpóXpw hfsc ê{]ZamWv.

shïbpsS thcp_ÔI \nahncsb \nb{ń¡póXn\v s]kntemssakkv

sseemkn\kv/ss{St¡msUÀa lmÀknbm\w Fó IpanÄ (tNm¡ps]mSnbnð hfÀ¯nbXv) 20

{Kmw Hcp Intem hn¯n\p Fó Afhnð hn¯p ]cnNcWw \S¯póXpw s]kntemssakkv

sseemkn\kv/ss{St¡msUÀa lmÀknbm\w Fó IpanfpIÄ Hcp slIvSdn\v 2.5 Intem Fó

tXmXnð 2.5 S¬ Imenhfhpambn tNÀ¯v a®nð CSpóXpw ê{]ZamsWóv shÅmbWn

ImÀjnItImtfPv IoSimkv{X hn`mK¯nse tZiob \nahnc KthjW ]²XnbpsS `mKambn

Isï¯nbn«pïv.

hgpX\ : XhmcWIfnepw B{IaWw ImWpóXn\mð \n{´W amÀ¤§Ä At¸mÄ apXð

Bcw`nt¡ïXmWv. \gvkdnbnð ssXIÄ X¿mdm¡pt¼mÄ Hcp N: aoädn\v 200 {Kmw

th¸n³]n®m¡v Fó tXmXnð C«tijw HcmgvN Ignªv hn¯v ]mIpI. th¸n³ ]n®m¡v

e`yasñ¦nð XhmcWIÄ FSp¡m³ Dt±in¡pó Øe¯v N¸pNhdpIÄ Iq«n Xobn«v a®nse

hncIsf \in¸n¨tijw hn¯p ]mImhpóXmWv. C§s\bpïm¡pó ssXIÄ¡v

\nahncbpsS B{IaWs¯ sNdp¯p \nð¡phm\pÅ Ignhpïmbncn¡pw. XhmcWIÄ

th\ð¡me¯v kqcy{]Imi tað¡¯¡hn[w cïv aqómgvNtbmfw DgpXnSpóXpw,

XhmcWIÄ 150 tKPv t]mfn¯o³ joäpsImïv aqSn tað¸dª t]mse cïp aqómgvN

kqcyXm]tað¸n¡póXpw \nahncIsf \in¸n¡póXn\v ê{]ZamWv. th\ð¡me v̄

\nahncIsf IqSmsX aäp]e tcmKImcnIfmb IpanfpIsfbpw C§s\ \nb{ń¡m\mIpw.

CubnsS \S¯nb ]co£W§fnð \nópw ]e \qX\ amÀ¤§fpw Dcp¯ncnªn«psï¦nepw

XhmcWIfnse \nahnc \nb{´WamWv Gähpw {]mtbmKnIhpw ê{]Zhpw. {]mcw` Zibnð

Xsó sNSnIsf \nahncbnð \nóv c£n¡m\mbmð hnf\jvSw 20 apXð 30 iXam\w hsc

8

\nb{ń¡m\mIpw. \qX\ amÀ¤§Ä Dcp¯ncnªXnð _mkneÊv amkd³kv Fó

_mIvSocnb (tNm¡p s]mSnbnð hfÀ¯nbXv) 25 {Kmw Hcp N: aoädn\v Fó Afhnð

hn¯nSpóXn\v ap¼mbn XhmcWbnð C«Xn\ptijw \\bvt¡ïXmWv. hn¯n«v HcmgvNbv¡v

tijw 2 iXam\w hocyapÅ tað¸dª _mIvSocnb emb\n XhmcWIfnð

Hgn¨psImSpt¡ïXmWv. C§s\bpÅ XhmcWIfnð \nópIn«pó ssXIÄ \ñ

hfÀ¨bpÅXpw tcmK{]Xntcm[ tijnbpÅXpw \nahnc B{IaWanñm¯ Xpambncn¡pw.

hnf\jvSw ]camh[n Ipdbv¡m³ Cu coXn ]cym]vXamsWóv Isï¯nbn«pïv.

hgpX\ Irjnsb _m[n¡pó \nahncIfpsS \nb{´W¯n\mbn \gvkdnIfnð ssXIÄ

X¿mdm¡pt¼mÄ s]kntemssakkv sseemkn\kv Fó IpanÄ Hcp N: aoädn\v 50 {Kmw Fó

tXmXnð XhmcWIfnð CSpóXpw ssXIÄ ]dn v̈ \Spó Øe§fnð 2.5 Intem

s]kntemssakkv sseemkn\kv 2.5 S¬ Imenhfhpambn tNÀ¯v a®nð CSpóXpw

ê{]ZamsWóv tZiob \nahnc KthjW ]²XnbpsS `mKambn Isï¯nbn«pïv.

]bÀ :þ \SpóXn\v ap¼v \nahnc\min\ntbm th¸n³Ipcp kt¯m D]tbmKn¨v hn¯v

]cnNcWw \S¯póXv {]tbmP\{]ZamWv.

Ipgn Hón\v 250 {Kmw th¸ne/I½yqWnÌv]¨ Fónh C«v HcmgvN Ignªv hn¯nSpI. CeIÄ

AgpIn tNÀóXn\v tijw hn¯nSpóXmWv A`nImayw.

]¨¡dn Irjn sN¿pó Øe§fnð Hcp Irjn Cd¡nbXn\p tijw ASp¯ XhW acö\n,

a[pc¡ng§v, tN\, tN¼v Fónh Irjn sN¿pIbmsW¦nð \nahncIfpsS B{IaW Xo{hX

Ipdbv¡m³ km[n¡pw. tI{µIng§v KthjW tI{µ¯nð Dcp¯ncns¨Sp¯ {io`{Z Fó

a[pcn¡ng§n\w \nahncIfpsS \nb{´W¯n\pXIpó Hcn\ambn Iïphcpóp. \nahnc

B{IaW e£Ws¯¡pdn¨pÅ Aht_m[¯n\pw XpSÀópÅ \ncć \nco£W¯n\pw

CtXmsSm¸w Xsó Duóð sImSpt¡ïXv

]mhð, ]Shew : cmkhf§fpsS Afhv Ipd¨v, ssPhhf§Ä¡v IqSpXð {]m[m\yw \ðIn

]mhð, ]Shew hÀ¤¯nðs¸« ]¨¡dnIÄ Irjn sN¿pIbmsW¦nð \nahnc B{IaWw

XSbmhpóXmWv. AXnte¡mbn th¸n³ ]n®m¡v Ipgnsbmón\v Hcp Intem {Kmw Fó

tXmXnð ]eXhWIfmbn \ðImhpóXmWv.

9

\nahnc \nb{´Ww þ hmgbnð

tUm: BÀ. \mcmbW

AknÌâ v s{]m^kÀ,


a®phgn hym]cn¡pó IoS§fnð {][m\n \nahncIfmWv. \nahncIsf 'Hfnªncn¡pó

i{Xp' FómWv hnfn¡póXv. hmgsb B{Ian¡pó ]eXcw \nahncIfpïv. thcp_ÔI

\nahnc, hr¡\nahnc, thcpXpç³ \nahnc, eoj³ \nahnc, Ìïv \nahnc.

1. thcpXpç³ \nahnc (dmtUmt^mfkv knanekv)

thcpXpç³ \nahncbmb dmtUmt^mfkv knanenknsâ B{IaW êambn hmgbneIÄ

aªfn¨p ImWpóp. Ah km[mcW CeItf¡mÄ hen¸w Ipdªp ImWs¸Spóp.

kqNnbneIfmbn amdpóp. CeIÄ Xq§n hmSnt]mIpIbpw, IpeIÄ sNdpXmbn hnf \jvSw

kw`hn¡pIbpw sN¿póp. thcpIfnepw amW¯nepw Idp¯ ]mSpIÄ {]Xy£s¸Smdpïv.

{ItaW Ch AgpIpóp. thcpIfpsS hfÀ¨bnð KWyamb Ipdhv ImWpIbpw, hmg

Ipebv¡phm³ ImeXmakw hcpIbpw B{IaWw cq£ambmð hmg IS]pgIn hogpIbpw

sN¿póp.

\nb{´Ww : ssPhhf {]tbmKw A\ptbmPyamWv. kwtbmPnX \nahnc \nb{´W¯nð

hmg¡ópIÄ \ómbn hr¯nbm¡nbXn\p tijw hmgIsf 55 Un{Kn skân t{KUv

NpSpshÅ¯nð ap¡n 20 an\näv h¨ tijw IpgnIfnð th¸n³ ]n®m¡v (hmg Hón\v Hcp

Intem {Kmw Fó Afhnð) tNÀ¡póXv hfsc ê{]ZamWv.

2. knÌv \nahnc (slätdmUnd Hmssdknt¡mf)

hmgsb _m[n¡pó asämcp \nahncbmWv slätdmUnd Hmssdknt¡mf. knÌv \nahnc

FómWv Ch Adnbs¸SpóXv. s\ð hbepIÄ \nI¯n Irjnbnd¡pó ]mS§fnemWv

ChbpsS B{IaWw cq£ambn ImWpóXv. hmgIÄ aªfn¨pw apcSn¨pw ImWs¸Spóp.

t\{´hmgbnemWv ChbpsS kmón²yw BZyambn XrÈqcnð Iïp XpS§nbXv. Ct¸mÄ Ch

aäv {]tZi§fntebv¡pw hy]n¨Xmbn ]T\§Ä km£ys¸Sp¯póp. ChbpsS B{IaWw

]mS§fnð A§n§mbn ImWs¸Spóp. C§s\ B{IaW¯n\ncbmb hmgIÄ Ipe hcm³

Aam´w Im«pIbpw, ]et¸mgpw hcpó IpeIÄ aqs¸¯msXbpw, sNdpXmbpw hnfshSp¸ns\

_m[n¡pIbpw sN¿póp.

3. thcp_ÔI \nahnc (satembvtUmssK³ C³tImKv\oä)

hmgIÄ aªfn¨pw, apcSn¨pw \nð¡póXmWv BZy e£Ww. thcpIfnð apgIÄ

ImWs¸SpIbpw, {ItaW B `mKw AgpInt¸mIpIbpw sN¿póp. hmgbpsS CShnfbmbn

]¨¡dn Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ ChbpsS F®w {IamXoXambn s]cpIn ImWmdpïv. CShnfbmbn

acö\n Irjn sN¿póXmWv Chsb \nb{ń¡m\pÅ Gähpw A`nImayamb amÀ¤w.

4. hr¡\nahnc (tdm«nen¦pekv sd\nt^mankv)

s]¬hncIÄ¡v hr¡bpsS BIrXnbmWv. AXn\mð Ch hr¡\na hnc

Fódnbs¸Spóp. hr¡\nahncbpsS F®w {IamXoXambmð hmgbnð apcSn¸pw aªfn¸pw

ImWmw. BlmcanñmsX Xsó Chbv¡v a®nð Pohnbv¡m\pÅ Ignhpïv. ChbpsS F®w

{IamXoXambn IqSnbmð hmg Ipebv¡msX Xsó ISbäv hogpóp. Chbv¡v Cfw

Imäns\t¸mepw {]Xntcm[n¡m\pÅ iàn CñmsX \new]Xn¡póp.

Ch hym]n¡pósX§s\ ?

hmg¡óv hgn Ch Hcp Øe v̄ \nópw asämcp Øet¯bv¡v hym]n¡mdpïv.

AXn\mð tcmK_m[tbä hmg¡ópIÄ sImïpt¸mIpóXv IÀi\ambn \ntcm[nt¡ïXmWv.

Hcp Øe¯v \nóvCXc kwØm\§fnte¡v hym]n¡mXncn¡m³ \nba§fpsï¦nepw AXv

]men¡s¸Spónñ. tIcf¯nð am{Xw Iïphóncpó thcpXpç³ \nahnc Ct¸mÄ

a²y{]tZiv, KpPdm¯v XpS§nb kwØm\§fnepw hym]n¨pIgnªp.

10

hmgIrjn emÌcam¡m\pw, Ibän Abbv¡póXn\pw thïn IoS\min\n D]tbmKw

]camh[n \nb{ń¨psImïpÅ Hcp \nb{´W amÀ¤amWv Cóv \ap¡v thïXv. IqSmsX

a®n\Snbnse \otcm«w, a¬XcnIÄ, ImÀjnI D]IcW§ð Ch hgnbpw Cu \nahnc

hym]n¡mdpïv. Chbvs¡Xnscbpw IÀi\amb ap³IcpXepIÄ DÄs¡mtÅïXmWv.

hmg¡ópIÄ hm§pt¼mÄ \nahncbpsS B{IaWanñm¯ hmgt¯m«§fnð \nómsWóv

Dd¸v hcpt¯ïXmWv. ]qh³, Rmen¸qh³, ]mfbwtImS³ hmgIÄ Hmtcm Irjnbv¡pw

amXrhmg \nónS¯p \nópw amän (dSq¬ Irjn k{¼Zmbw) \SpóXmWp¯aw.

\yqX\ amÀ¤§Ä ]co£n¨Xnð PohmWp¡Ä (_mknñkv amkd³kv /

s]kntemssaÊkv sseemkn\Êv / ss{St¡msUÀ½ þ Chbnð GsX¦nepw) hmg¡ópIfnð

\ómbn ]pc«n \SpóXpw \mð¸Xp Znhk¯n\p tijw 2 iXam\w hocyapÅ PohmWp emb\n

Nph«nsemgn¨p sImSp¡póXpw hfsc {]tbmP\w sN¿póXmbn Iïp]nSn¡s¸«n«pïv.

hmg¡ópIÄ C{]Imcw

PohmWp¡Ä ]pc«n \SpóXv \ñs]mSn¸n\pw, hfÀ¨bv¡pw D¯aamsWópw hnebncp¯póp.

amW¸pgphnsâ B{IaWhpw Hcp ]cn[nhsc C§s\ \nb{ń¡m\mIpw.

hmgbnse kwtbmPnX \nahnc \nb{´Ww

hmg¡peIÄ apdn¨ tijw amWhpw, thcpw sh«namän \new hr¯nbm¡pI.

\nahncbnñm¯ hmg¡ópIÄ sXcsªSp¡pI.

hmgamW¯nð ImWpó Xhn«p \nd¯nepÅ PoÀ®n¨ `mK§Ä aqÀ¨ bpÅ I¯ns¡mïv

sN¯n Ifªtijw shbnenð DW¡n \SpI.

Ipd¨v IópItf \Sm³ DÅqsh¦nð Ah 50 Un{Kn NqSp shÅ¯nð ap¡n 20 an\n«v ap¡n

h¨tijw \«mð \nahncbpsS IpªphncIfpw \in¡pw.

th¸n³ ]n®m¡v hmgsbmón\v Hcp Intem {Kmw Fó tXmXnð tNÀ¡pI.\Spó

kab¯pw aqóp amk¯n\p tijhpw Ac Intem {Kmw CSpóXmWv A`nImayw

11

tUm: joe.Fw.Fkv.

Atkmkntbäv UbdIvSÀ & slUv IoSimkv{Xhn`mKw,


18

\nahnc \nb{´Ww PohmWp¡fneqsS

tUm: \nj.Fw.Fkv., tUm: joe.Fw.F-kv, tUm: BÀ. \mcmbW

IoSimkv{Xhn-̀ mKw, ImÀjnItImtfPv, shÅmbWn

a®nð hkn¨v sNSnIÄ¡v \miw hcp¯pó \nahncIsf \nb{ń¡p óXn\v

\nahnc\min\nIÄ [mcmfambn IÀjIÀ D]tbmKn¡mdpïv. \nahnc \min\nIfnð ]eXpw

kky§fnepw a®nepw hnLS\w kw`hn¡msXtbm hnLSn¨v ]pXnb cmkhkvXp¡fmbn

amdntbm Gsd \mÄ \ne\nð¡póXmbn ImWmw. C¯cw IoS\min\nIfpsS AhinjvS

hnjw `£yirwJebnð Ibdn hnj¯nsâ Afhv hÀ²n¡póp. a®nsâ Poh³

\ne\nÀ¯póXv a®nð Pohn¡pó kq£va PohnIfmWv. hnfIfpsS thcp]Se¯nepw

a®nepw hkn¡pó \nahncIsf an{X AWp¡fmb IpanÄ, _mIvSocnb Fónh D]tbmKn¨v

{]hÀ¯\w \nÀhocyam¡n Dòqe\w sN¿mw. C{]Imcw PohmWp¡Ä D]tbmKn¨v \nahnc

\nb{´Ww \S¯pó coXnsb ssPhoI \nahnc \nb{´Ww Fóp ]dbpóp.

an{X_mIvSocnbIfmb kyqsUmsamWmkv ^vfqdsk³kv, _mknekv amkd³kv, _mknekv

kÀ¡pe³kv Fónhbpw IpanfpIfmb ss{St¡msUÀa hndnsU, s]kntemssakkv

sseemkn\kv ssas¡mssdk Fónhbpw \nahncIsf \nb{ń¡póXn\v Gsd ê{]ZamWv.

kyqsUmsamWmkv ^vfqdsk³kv : a®nepw sNSnIfpsS D]cnXe¯nepw AhbpsS

thcp]Se¯nepw ImWpó ssdtkm_mIvSocnbbmWv kyqsUmsamWmkv ^vfqdsk³kv. Cu

_mIvSocnb Dev]mZn¸n¡pó hnjhkvXp¡fpw F³sskapIfpw \nahncIsf \in¸n¡póp.

IqSmsX Ch Dev]mZn¸n¡pó Nne cmkhkvXp¡Ä sNSnIfpsS hfÀ¨sb

XzcnXs¸Sp¯pIbpw kzm`mhnI tcmK{]Xntcm[ iàn hÀ²n¸n¡pIbpw sN¿póp.

_mknekv amkd³kv, _mknekv kÀ¡pe³kv Fóo _mIvSocnbIsf ]co£Wimebnð

hfÀ¯n SmðIv s]mSnbnð IeÀ¯n ÌmÀ¨v emb\n tNÀ¯v Ipg¼p cq]¯nepÅ an{inXam¡n

(hn¯nsâ aqóp iXam\w `mc¯n\\p]mXambn) hn¯p]cnNcW¯neqsS D]tbmKn¡pI hgn

shïsb B{Ian¡pó \nahncIsf \nb{ń¡mw. B{IaWw cq£amsW¦nð hn¯nð

]pc«póXn\v ]pdsa \«v 30 Znhkw Ignªv CtX an{inXw 2 iXam\w hocy¯nð a®nð

Hgn¨psImSp¡pIbpw thWw. hgpX\ hÀ¤ hnfIfnð hn¯nSpóXn\p ap¼v _mknekv

amkd³kv 25 {Kmw Hcp NXpc{i aoädn\v Fó AfhnðC«Xn\v tijw \\bvt¡ïXmWv.

hn¯v ]mIn cïmgvN Ignªv 2 iXam\w hocyapÅ _mIvSocnb emb\n XhmcWIfnð Hgn¨v

XSw IpXnÀ¡pI. hmgbnse \nahnc_m[ XSbpóXn\v _mknekv amkd³kv hmg¡ópIfnð

]pc«n \SpóXpw \mð]Xv Znhk¯n\ptijw 2 iXam\w hocyapÅ PohmWp emb\n

Nph«nsemgn¨v sImSp¡póXpw hfsc {]tbmP\w sN¿póXmbn Iïp]nSn¡s¸«n«pïv.

IqÀ¡sb B{Ian¡pó thcp_ÔI \nahncsb \in¸n¡póXn\v _mknñkv amkd³kv 35

In.{Kmw. Hcp slIvSdn\v Fó tXmXnð D]tbmKn¡póXv ê{]ZamsWóv \nahnc KthjW

]²XnbpsS `mKambn \S¯nb ]T\§fnð \nópw hyàambn«pïv.

ssat¡mssdk : hnfIfpsS thcpambn ]ckv]c klmbt¯msS hkn¡pó Cu IpanfpIÄ

thcn\p Npäpw Hcp BhcWambn ImWs¸Spóp. \SpóXn\v ap¼v Cu IpanÄ {]tbmKn¡póXv

sNSnbpsS hfÀ¨sb klmbn¡póp. CXn\p]pdsa thcns\ _m[n¡pó thcp_ÔI

\nahncs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn \ðIpóXn\pw Cu Ipanfnsâ {]tbmKw ê{]ZamWv.

ssatImssdk {]tbmKn¡pó sNSnIÄ¡v a®nse t^mkv^dkv icnbmbn

D]tbmKs¸Sp¯m\pw shÅhpw aäv kq£va aqeI§fpw IqSpXembn hens¨Sp¡m\pw

Ignbpóp.

ss{St¡msUÀa : a®nð Iïp hcpó Cu IpanfpIÄ hnjhkvXp¡Ä Dïm¡nbpw

ss{St¡msUÀan³ t]mepÅ Bân _tbm«n¡pIÄ Dïm¡nbpw tcmKImcnIfmb IpanfpIfpsS

X´p¡sf hcnªv Npän izmkwap«n¨pw \in¸n¡póp. Ch a®nð {]tbmKn¡póXneqsS

\nahncIsfbpw Hcp ]cn[nhsc \nb{ń¡mw.

ss{St¡msUÀabpsS hwihÀ²\hn\v th¸n³ ]n®m¡pw NmWIhpw tNÀó

an{inXamWp]tbmKn¡póXv. DW§nb th¸n³ ]n®m¡pw NmWIhpw (1 : 10)

A\p]mX¯nð) s]mSn¨v tbmPn¸n¨Xn\p tijw shÅw Xfn¨v \\bv¡pI. CuÀ¸apÅ Cu

an{inX¯ntebv¡v ss{St¡msUÀa (100 In.{Kmw an{inX¯n\v 1þ2 In.{Kmw. Fó tXmXnð)

19

tNÀ¯v \ómbn tbmPn¸n¡pI. AXn\ptijw Cu an{inXw Zzmc§fpÅ t]mfn¯o³

joäpsImtïm \\ª Nm¡psImtïm aqSn XWenð 4þ5 Znhkw kq£n¡pI. IpanÄ

s]cpIpóXn\v thïnbmWv sN¿póXv. hoïpw \ómbn Cf¡n cïmgvN C«Xn\ptijw

XhmcWIfnð tNÀ¯v sImSp¡póXv IpanÄ tcmK§sfbpw \nahncIsfbpw

\nb{ń¡póXn\v ê{]ZamWv.

s]kntem ssakkv sseemkn\kv : thcp_ÔI \nahncIfpsS ap«Isf ]cmòIcn v̈

\in¸n¡póp. Cu IpanfpIÄ ]¨¡dn hnfIsfbpw hmgsbbpw B{Ian¡pó \nahncIsf

\in¸n¡póXn\v Gsd ê{]ZamsWóv AJnteým \nahnc KthjW ]²XnbpsS `mKambn

Isï¯nbn«pïv. shïbnð hn¯p ]cnNcW¯neqsSbpw hgpX\ hÀ¤ hnfIfnð

XhmcWIfnen«pw hmgbnð Iónð ]pc«nbpw D]tbmKn¡pI hgn \nahncIsf \nb{ń¡mw.

Imenhfhpambn tNÀ¯v a®nenSpI hgn thcp_ÔI \nahncbpsS hwihÀ²\hv ê{]Zambn

\nb{ń¡msaóv tZinb \nahnc KthjW ]²XnbpsS `mKambn Isï¯nbn«pïv.

20

ImÀjn-I-hn-f-I-fnse IoS-tcmK \nb-{´-W -amÀ-¤-§Ä

tUm.kn \µ-Ip-amÀ

s{]m^-kÀ (A-{Kn.-Fâ-tam-f-Pn)


ImÀjn-I-hn-f-Isf _m[n-¡pó IoS-§-fp-sSbpw tcmK-§-fp-sSbpw \nhm-c-W-¯n\v ]e

amÀ¤-§fpw kzoI-cn-¡m-dp-ïv. IoS- tcm-K-_m[ Dïm-b-Xn\p tijw AXns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-ó-Xn-

t\-¡mÄ ê-{]Zw Ah -h-cm-Xn-cn-¡m-\pÅ ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ Ah-ew-_n-¡p-ó-Xm-Wv.

IoS- tcm-K-\n-b-{´Ww Fóp ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Xsó cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-sf-¸-än-am{Xw Nnń-

¡pó Hcp Ah-Ø-bmWv km[m-cW ImWm-dp-Å-Xv. ap³Im-e-§-fnð kzoI-cn¨ Aim-kv{Xo-

bhpw A\n-b-{ń-X-hp-amb IoS-\m-in\n {]tbmKw ]e- tZm-j-§fpw hcp-̄ n-bn-«p-ïv. Ah-bnð

{][m-\-s¸-«h Xmsg ]d-bp-óp.

1. IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄs¡-Xnsc IoS-§Ä {]Xn-tcm[ iàn BÀÖn-¡p-óp.

2. A{]-[m\ IoS-§Ä {][m\ IoS-§-fmbn amdp-óp.

3. ]cm-KW Pnhn-IÄ¡pw an{X Pohn-IÄ¡pw tZmj-I-c-am-Ip-óp.

4. ]cn-ØnXn aen-\o-I-cW {]iv\-§Ä

5. IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS -hn-jmw-i-{]-iv\-§Ä a\p-jyÀ¡pw aäp Pohn-I-fnepw tcmK§Ä

Dïm-Ip-óp.

taev]-dª {]iv\-§-fpsS shfn-¨-¯n-emWv kwtbm-PnX IoS- tcm-K-\n-b-{´-W-¯nsâ

Bh-iy-IX Dcp-¯n-cn-ª-Xv. ]cn-Øn-Xnbv¡p lm\n-I-c-a-ñm¯ coXn-bnð ]e \nhm-cW amÀ¤-

§Ä Ah-ew-_n-t¡-ï-Xm-Wv. Ah -G-sXm-s¡-bm-sWóv t\m-¡mw.

kwtbm-PnX IoS-\n-b-{´-W-amÀ¤-§-fnð ImÀjnI bm{ńI ùXnI ssPhn-I, \nb-a-amÀ¤-§-

fpw, kkyP\y IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw icn-bmb coXn-bn-epÅ cmk-Io-S-\m-in\n {]tbm-

Kw. Fónh DÄs¸-«n-«p-ïv. kwtbm-PnX \nb-{´-W-¯n-\mbn BZy-ambn ImÀjnI Bhmk

hyhØm hni-I-e\w (Agro Ecosystem Analysis) sNt¿-ï-Xm-Wv. Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-bn-epÅ

Irjnsb kzm[o-\n-¡pó Poh-\p-ÅXpw Cñm-¯-Xp-amb hnhn[ LS-I-§-sf-¸än a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww.

{]IrXn Z¯-amb IoS-tcmK \nb-{´W amÀ¤-§sf (Natural Control) ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ \S-

]Sn kzoI-cn-¡-Ww.

\nb-{´W amÀ¤-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-ó-Xn-\p-ap¼p Irjn-Øew \nco-£Ww \S¯n

(Surveillance) {]iv\-§Ä icn-bmb coXn-bnð ]Tn- -̈tijw DNn-X-amb \nb-{´W amÀ¤-§Ä

kzoI-cn-¡m-hp-ó-Xm-Wv.

ImÀjnI \nb-{´Ww (Cultural Control)

Nne ImÀjnI apd-IÄ hgn-Xsó IoS-\n-b-{´Ww km[y-am-Im-dp-ïv.

1. IoS-tcmK {]Xn-tcm[ iàn-bpÅ C\-§-fpsS Irjn

DZmx Da s\ñn\w þ Xhn-«p- Xp-Å³ Ku-fo¨ Fónhsb {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-óp.

hgp-X\ hÀ¤-¯nse lcn-X, \oena Fóo C\-§Ä _mIvSo-cn-bð hm«s¯ {]Xn-

tcm-[n- ¡p-óp.

2. ipNnXzw : hnf-sh-Sp¸p Ignªp DSs\ hnf Ah-injvSw amän Irjn-Øew hr¯n-bm-¡pI

3. a®n-se- Inf a®nð Pohn-¡p-ó-Io-S-§sf \in-̧ n-¡m³ klm-b-I-c-am-Wv.

4. Irjn kabw {Iao-I-cn-¡pó hgn IoS-tcm-K-_m[ KWy-ambn Ipdbv¡mw.

5. Irjn-Ø-e-§-fnse If \nb-{´Ww

6. icn-bmb Pe ]cn-]m-e-\hpw \oÀhmÀ¨bpw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-¯p-I.

7. kwtbm-PnX hf-{]-tbm-K-coXn kzoI-cn-¡p-I.

21

ùXnI \nb-{´Ww (Physical Control)

1. NqSp-sh-Å-{]-tbm-Kw: DZm: hmg-I-óp-IÄ 50

OC NqSp-sh-Å-¯nð 20 -an-\näv ap¡n h¨-

tijw \Sp-óXv \nam-hn-e-I-fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯\v klm-bn-¡póp.

2. XWp¸v {]tbmKw: 10

OC Xmsg Xm]-\n-e-bnð shÅ-cn-hÀ¤ ]¨-¡-dn-IÄ kq£n-¡p-óXv

Ibo-¨-¸p-gp-¡sf \in-¸n-¡pw.

3. hn¯nse Pemwiw 8%þ10% B¡n kq£n-¡p-óXv IoS-tcm-K-_m-[- H-gn-hm-¡p-óp.

kqcy-Xm-]o-I-cWw (Solarization)

kqcy-Xm-]-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v a®nsâ Xm]-\n-e-hÀ²n-¸n¨v a®n-epÅ tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä, If-IÄ apX-em-

b-hsb \in-¸n-¡póp.

bm{ńI \nb{´Ww (Mechanical Control)

1. IoS-§-sf-bpw, IoS-tcm-K-_m-[-tbä kky-`m-K-§fpw amän \in-¸n-¡p-I.

2. tISp-hó `mK-§Ä apdn¨p amäpI

3. Imb-IÄ IhÀ, kôn Fónh D]-tbm-Kn¨v s]mXn-bpI

4. sIWn-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v IoS-§sf BIÀjn¨v \in-¸n-¡pI

DZm: shÅo-¨sb BIÀjn-¡m³ aª-s¡Wn, hmg-bpsS XS-¸p-gp-hn\v ]nïn-s¡Wn

^nd-tam¬ sIWn- Fón-h-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw.

DZm: IyqeyqÀ (Cu lure) ]mh-en-sâ-Im-bo-¨bv¡v, aossXð bqPn-t\mÄ sIWnþ

amhnsâ Imbo-¨bv¡v.

ssPhoI-\n-b-{´Ww (Biological control)

kwtbm-PnX \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸-«-amÀ¤-§-fnð HómWv ssPhn-I-\n-b-

{´-Ww. aäp amÀ¤-§-fp-ambn s]mcp-¯-s¸«p {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ Cu co-Xnbv¡p km[n-¡pw.

IoS-§-fp-sSbpw tcmKm-Wp-¡-fp-tSbpw kzm`m-hnI i{Xp-¡Ä {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-ïv. Ch-bpsS

F®w ]co-£-W-im-e-bnð hÀ²n-¸n- -̈tijw IoS-tcm-K-\n-b-{´-W-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡pó coXn-bm-

Wv ssPhoI \nb-{´-Ww. Cc-]n-Sn-b-òmÀ (Predators) ]cm-Z-§Ä (Parasites) tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä

(Microorganisms) Fón-hsb ssPhoI \nb-{´-W-¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.

IoS-§-fpsS Cc-]n-Sn-b-òm-cnð NneńIÄ, Nne hïp-IÄ, ]p-gp-¡Ä Fónh DÄs¸-Sp-óp.

Ah-bpsS F®hpw, {]hÀ¯-\hpw Iq«p-ó-Xn-\pÅ ]cn-t]m-jW amÀ¤-§Ä kzoI-cn-t¡-ï-Xm-

Wv.

IoS-§Ä¡v tcmKw Dïm-¡pó ]e-Xcw kp£m-Wp-¡-fp-ïv. Ch-bnð IpanÄ, _mIvSo-cn-

b, sshd-kv, t{]mt«m tkh Fónh DÄs¸-Sp-óp. Chtbm Asñ-¦nð Ch-bpsS AWp-¡Ä AS-

§nb Dev]-ó-§tfm It¼m-f-¯nð e`y-am-Wv.

DZm:

IpanÄ þ _nth-dnb _kn-bm\

saäm-ssd-knbw Ass\-tkm-¹nb

shÀ«n-kn-enbw eo¡m\n

_mIvSo-cnb þ _mkn-ñkv Xpdn³ Pnb³knkv (BT)

sshdkv þ kvt]mtUm-]vänd F³.-]n.-hn. (SINPV)

kky-tcm-K-§-fpsS ssPhoI \nb-{´-W-¯n\v an{X-kq£va Pohn-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. ss{St¡m-

UÀa- P-\p-Ênðs¸« Ipan-fp-IÄ a®nðIqSn sNSn-Isf _m[n-¡pó tcmK-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-óp.

asämcp Ipan-fmb ssat¡m-ssd-kbpw tcmK-\n-b-{´-W-¯nð D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-óp. am{X-añ Cu

IpanÄs¨Sn-IÄ¡v Bh-iy-amb ]mIy P\-Iw, `mhlw Fóo aqe-I-§-fpsS e`yX Iq«p-ó-Xn\pw

klm-bn-¡p-óp. _mIvSo-cn-bð C\-¯n-epÅ kyqtUm-tamWmkv ^vfqdsk³kv ]e hnf-I-fnð

tcmK-\n-b-{´-W-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn¨p hcp-óp.

22

ssPhoI Io-S-tcm-K-\n-b-{´Ww ]cn-Øn-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw {]iv\-§Ä Dïm-¡m-dn-ñ.

êw imiz-X-hp-am-Wv.

\nba \nb-{´Ww (Legal Control)

\nba-§Ä \S-¸m-¡p-ó-Xp-hgn ssIh-cpó IoS-\n-b-{´-W-am-Wv \nb-a-]-c-amb \nb-{´-

Ww. kky-§tfm Ah-bpsS `mK-§tfm aäp cmPy-§-fnð \nópw Cý-bn-te¡pw Cý-bnð

\nópw ]pdw cmPy-§-fn-te¡pw Ab-bv¡p-óXpw Cý-bnse Xsó Hcp kwØm-\¯p \nópw

aäp kwØm-\-§-fn-te¡v sImïp-t]m-Ip-óXpw \nb-{ń-¡p-ó-Xv ]vfmâ v Izmd-sâ-bnð \nb-a-

§Ä hgn-bm-Wv. kwØm-\-¯n-\-I¯v \nb-a-]-c-amb \nb-{´Ww kwØm\ ImÀjn-I-tcmK IoS

BIvSnð IqSn-bm-Wv.

kky-P\y IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ (Botanicals)

IoS-\n-b-{´-W-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hpó kky-§-fnð \nópw Dev]m-Zn-̧ n-¡pó kky-P\y IoS-

\m-in-\n-IÄ ho«p-h-f-¸n-epw, ASp-¡-f-t¯m-«-¯nepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS

{]iv\-§Ä Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc XcWw sN¿m³ Chbv¡p km[n-¡pw, kkyP\y IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ

kzbw X¿m-dm-¡mw. hymh-km-bnI Dev]-ó-§-fpw -Cóv e`y-am-Wv.

DZm: th¸v, ]p§v, shfp-¯p-Ån, ]pI-bn-e, Incn-bm-¯v, s]cp-hew

cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ \nb-{´Ww

kwtbm-PnX IoS-\n-b-{´-W-¯nð cmk IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ Bh-iy-sa-¦nð am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-

hq. cmk IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-ó-Xn\p ap¼pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡pó ka-b¯pw D]-tbm-K-

¯n\v tijhpw thï ap³I-cp-X-e-IÄ kzoI-cn-t¡-ï-Xm-Wv. ip]mÀi sN¿pó Af-hnð

D]tbm-Kn-¨tijw Im¯n-cn¸p kabw (Waiting period) Ignª tijta hnf-sh-Sp-¡m-hq.

ImÀjnI Dev]m-Z-\s¯ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-¡pó LS-I-§-fnð IoS-§fpw tcmK-§fpw

{]m[m\yw AÀln¡p-óp. Chsb t\cn-Sm³ ]cn-Øn-Xnbv¡v lm\n-I-c-a-ñm¯ hnhn[ \nhm-cW

amÀ¤-§Ä tbmPn-¸n-¨p-sIm-ïpÅ kwtbm-PnX IoS-tcm-K-\n-b-{´W amÀ¤-§Ä P\-]-¦m-fn-¯-

t¯m-Sp-IqSn \S-¸n-em-t¡-ï-Xm-Wv.

23

]¨-¡dn þ ]g-hÀ¤ hnf-I-fnse

ssPhoI IoS\n{b-´Ww þ ssP-h-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄ

tUm. cPn dmWn H.]n.

Akn. s{]m^-kÀ (A-{Kn.-Fâ-tam-f-Pn)


a\p-j-y-cmin Cóv t\cn«p-sIm-ïn-cn-¡pó ]e Btcm-Ky {]iv\-§Ä¡papff Hcp ImcWw

hnj-en-]vX-amb ImÀjn-tImð]-ó-§-fmWv. ]g-hÀ¤-§-fp-w ] -̈¡-dn-Ifpw ]mIw sN¿m-sXbpw

`£n-¡m-hp-ó-h-bm-b-Xn-\mð IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ ISóp IqSm-Xn-cn-¡m³ {]tX-yIw {i²n-t¡-ï-

Xpïv. Cu Ah-k-c-¯nð ssPh-I-y-jnbpw ssPh-Io-S-\m-in-\n-Ifpw hfsc Gsd {]m[m-\yw

AÀln-¡póp.

hnf-I-fnð {]X-y-£-am-Ipó GsXmcp {]mWnbpw i{Xp-hm-sW-óp-f-fXv sXän-[m-c-W-bmWv.

Ch-bnð ]eXpw D]-Im-cn-I-fmb an{X-{]m-Wn-I-fmWv. Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc InS-§sf AIän \ndp-

¯m³ Ch klm-b-I-am-Ipóp. {]I-y-Xym \S-¡pó Cu \n{b-´Ww IqSmsX, \mi-\-jvS-¯nð

\nópw hnfsb c£n-¡p-hm³ \mw Nne ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ FSp-t¡-ï-XmWv.

IoS-§sf Hgn-hm-¡m³ Nne ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ

IoS-tcmK _m[ Gð¡m¯ hn¯pw \Soðh-kvXp-¡fpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI.

cmk-h-f-§Ä Aan-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-Xn-cp-ómð IoS-§-fpsS B{I-a-Whpw Ipdbpw.

F´n\pw GXn\pw cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡pó coXn amän-bmð Iy-jnbnS¯v

[mcmfw an{X{]mWn-I-fmb Nne-´n-IÄ, kpµ-cn-h-ïp-IÄ, Xp¼n-IÄ , IS-ó-ep-IÄ Fón-

h-bpsS kmUn-²yw Dd-¸m¡n, IoS-§Ä {Iam-Xn-X-ambn s]äp-s]-cp-Ip-óXp XS- bmw.

IoSm-{I-a-Ws¯ sNdp¯v \nð¡m³ Ign-hp-ff C\-§Ä a\-Ên-em¡n Ah Iyjn

sN¿pI.

Iyjn-bnSw \ómbn Inf¨p kqc-y-Xm]w Gð¸n-¡p-óXp aqew a®nð hkn-¡pó IoS-§-

sfbpw aäpw \in-¸n-¡mw.

If-Ifpw aäpw \o¡w sNbvXv Iy-jn-bnSw hy-¯n-bmbn kq£n-¡pI.

Iy-jn-bnSw \nco-£n¨v IoS-_m-[-bptïm FóXv F{Xbpw t\cs¯ Isï-¯n-bmð

cmkhkvXp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡msX Xsó InS-\n-{b-´Ww Dd-¸m-¡mw.

shf-fcn hÀ¤ hnf-IfpsS {][m\ IoS-§fpw ssPhoI \n{b-´W amÀ¤-§fpw

]mhð, ]S-hew ,shf-fcn ,a¯³ , tImhð, Npcbv¡ Fón-hsb _m[n-¡pó IoS-§Ä

Htc-bn-\-¯nð s]Sp-ó-h-bmWv

Imbo¨

Imbv]n-Sn¯w Bcw-̀ n-¡p-t¼mÄ Xsó Ch-bpsS B{I-a-Whpw Acw-`n-¡póp. IS-ó-ep-I-

tfmSv kma-y-ap-ff Cu Cu¨-IÄ¡v Xhn«pw aªbpw \nd-¯nse hc-IÄ ImWmw. Imbv¸p-d-

¯mWv ap«-bn-Sp-óXv. hncn-ªn-d-§pó ]pgp-¡Ä DÄ`mKw Xpcóv Df-fn-en-cpóv `£n-¡póp.

X³aqew ImbvIÄ aqs¸-¯p-ó-Xn\v ap³]v ]gp¯v sImgn-bpóp. ]qÀ® hfÀ¨-sb-¯nb ]pgp-

¡Ä a®n-te-¡n-d§n kam-[n-bn-cn-¡póp. GXm\pw Znh-k-§Ä¡p-tijw Cu¨-I-fmbn hncn-ªn-

d§n B{I-aWw hym-]n-¸n-¡póp.

24

{]Xn-hn[n

\Soen\p ap³]v \new \ómbn Inf¨v kqc-y-{]-Imiw Gð¸n¨v kam-[n-Isf \in-¸n-¡pI

Imbv]n-Sn¯w Bcw-̀ n-¡p-t¼mÄ Xsó t]¸À IhÀ sImïv ImbvIÄ s]mXn-bpI.

]q¯p-Xp-S-§pó Ah-k-c-¯nð ]´-enð Ahn-S-hnsSbmbn Nnc-«-s¡Wn Hcp¡n Cu¨-

Isf IpSp¡mw . ]gw, iÀ¡c Fónh tNÀ¯p-ïm-¡nb Ipg-¼nð Htóm ctïm Xpffn

ame-¯-tbm¬ Fó IoS-\m-in\n tNÀ¯v sIWn Hcp¡mw. 4-þ5 Znhkw IpSp-t¼mÄ ]gb

Iq«v amän ]pXn-bXv Hgn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡pI.

aqs¸-¯msX ]gp¯v sImgn-bpó ImbvIÄ At¸mÄ Xsó Xobn-en«v \in-¸n-¡pI.

Iyp ephÀ Fó s^d-tam¬ sIWn D]-tbm-Kn¨v BWo-¨-Isf [mcm-f-ambn IpSp¡mw.

C{]-Imcw hwi-hÀ²hv XSªv B{I-aWw ]nSn¨v \ndp-¯mw

_nth-dnb _kn-bm\ Fó an{X-Ip-anÄ 20 {Kmw 1 enäÀ shf-f-¯nð Ie¡n amk-¯n-

sem-cn-¡ð Nph-«nse a®v \\¨p sImSp-¯mð kam-[n-IÄ hncn-ª-d-§p-óXv XS-bmw.

tað¸-dª {]Xn-hn[n amÀ¤-§-sfñmw Iy-X-y-\njvTtbm-Sp-IqSn Ahew-_n-¨mð am{Xta Imbo-

¨sb \n{b-´n-¡m³ Ignbq.

]S-h-e-¸pgp

]Sh-e-¯nsâ Cebpw ]qhpw [mcm-f-ambn `£n¨v hfÀ¨sb _m[n-¡póp. ]¨-\n-d-¯nse

]pgp-¡Ä Ce-bpsS ASn-`m-K¯v Hfn-ªn-cp-ómWv `£n-¡mdv. Ce-¸p-d¯v {]X-y-£-am-Ipó

ImjvSw aqew Ch-bpsS kmón-²yw hfsc thKw a\-Ên-em¡mw.

]S-h-e]pgp-¡sf F§s\ \in-¸n¡mw?.

Bcw-̀ -¯nð Xsó B{I-aWw Isï-¯n-bmð ]pgp-¡sf s]dp-¡n-sb-Sp¯v \in-¸n-¡pI.

_nth-dnb _kn-bm\ Fó an{X-Ip-anÄ Ce-bv¡-Sn-hiw \\-bpó coXn-bnð sshIp-tó-

c¯v Xfn-¡pI. ( 20 {Kmw Hcp enäÀ shÅ-¯nð)

th¸n³ Ipcp k¯v (2 %) Asñ-¦nð th¸n-e-¨mÀ (5%) Fón-hbpw ^e-{]-Z-amWv.

Ubm-^m-\nbm {Sm¸v Fó s^d-tam¬ sIWn D]-tbm-Kn¨v ie- -̀§sf IpSp¡mw.

\ocq-än-Ip-Sn-¡pó Io-S-§Ä

shf-fo-¨-IÄ, apª, ]¨-¯p-f-f³,Fónh Cfw `mK-§-fn-en-cpóv \ocpän IpSn-¡p-ó-Xn-

t\m-¡m-fp-]cn sshdkv tcmKw ]c-¯póp.

shf-fo-¨-IÄ, shf-f-\n-d-¯nse ]d-óp-\-S-¡pó hfsc sNdnb {]mWn-I-fmWv. ]´ð

A\-¡n-bmð Ch Iq«-ambn ]dóp \o§p-óXp ImWmw. ]¨-\n-d-¯nse Xpf-f³ {]mWn-IÄ Ce-

bv¡Snhi-¯n-cn-¡p-óXv ImWm³ Xsó {]bm-k-amWv. sshfcn hÀ¤ hnf-I-fnse apª

aªbpw ]¨bpw \nd-¯nð Cfw Xïp-I-fnepw ]qsam-«p-I-fnepw Ce-bvIvSn-h-ihpw Iq«-am-bn-cpóp

\ocqän IpSn-¡póp. CXp ImcWw sNSn-IÄ¡v ]pjvSn \jvS-s¸«v hfÀ¨ apc-Sn-¡póp. Bcw-`-

¯nð Xsó Isï¯n \in-¸n-¨n-sñ-¦nð sNSn-IÄ hnf-dp-Ibpw DW-§n-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sN-¿pw.

{]Xn-hn[n

th¸n³ ]n®m¡v hf-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI.

th\ð¡m-e¯mWv Ch-bpsS B{I-aWw cq£-am-hpI.

\ñ coXn-bn-ep-ff Pe-tk-N\w Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯pI.

] -́enð Htóm ctïm aª- \n-d-¯nse sIWn-IÄ Hcp-¡pI (aª \nd-¯nse Sn-ón\p

]pd¯v Bh-W-s¡® ]pcn-«-b-Xv) CXn-te¡v BIÀjn-¡-s -̧Spó shf-fo-¨-Ifpw Xpf-f³

{]mWn-Ifpw H«n-]n-Sn-¨n-cpóv \in-¨p-sIm-f-fpw.

25

shÀ«n-ko-enbw Fó an{X-Ip-anÄ 20 {Kmw 1 enäÀ shf-f-¯nð Asñ-¦nð shÀ-«n-emIv 2 anñn 1

enäÀ shf-f-¯nð Ie¡n Ce-bv¡-Sn-hiw \ómbn \\-bpó coXn-bnð sshIp-tó-c¯v cïm-

gvN-bnsem-cn-¡ð Xfn-bv-¡pI.

ths¸-®þ shfp-¯p-ffn an{inXw (2%) Asñ-¦nð ]pI-bne Ijmbw cïm-gvNbnsem-cn-¡ð

Xfn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡mw.

]bÀ/ A¨n§ ]bÀ

Idp¯ apª

CfwXïp-I-fnepw, ]qsam-«p-I-fnepw, Imbnepw ]än-]n-Sn-¨n-cpóv \ocqän IpSn-¡pó Idp¯

t]³ t]mep-ff {]mWn-I-fmWv apª-IÄ. Idp¯ Ddp-¼nsâ kmón-²yw sImïv apª-bpsS

B{I-aWw thKw a\-Ên-em¡mw. [mcmfw an{X-Io-S-§Ä Ch-sb Xnsóm-Sp-¡m-dp-sï-¦nepw {Iam-

XoX-ambn s]äp-s]-cpIm-\p-ff Ign-hv Ch-bv¡p-ffXn-\mð bYm-k-abw \n{b-´W amÀ¤-§Ä k-zo-

I-cn-t¡-ï-Xpïv.

\nb-{ -́W-amÀ-¤-§Ä

ss\{S-P³ AS-§n-bn-«p-ff hfw Aan-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡pI.

Cebpw Xïpw \\-bpó coXn-bnð thWw Pe-tk-N\w \S-¯m³.

th¸n³ ]n®m¡v D]-tbm-Kn¨v Iyjn sN¿pI.

B{I-aWw Iïp-Xp-S-§p-t¼mÄ Xsó, AXn-cm-hnse sNSn-bnð CuÀ¸w \ne-

\nð¡pt¼mÄ Nmcw Ingn sI«n apª-IÄ Dff `mK¯v hnXdn sImSp-¡pI.

2% ths¸® shfp-¯p-ffn an{in-Xw 2 BgvN CS-hn«v Cfw Xïp-IÄ \ómbn \\-bpó

coXn-bnð Xfn-bv¡pI.

apª-bpsS B{I-aWw Iïp-Xp-S-§p-t¼mÄ _nth-dnb _kn-bm\ 20 {Kmw 1 enäÀ shf-f-

¯nð Ie¡n Xfn-bv¡pI .

]bÀ Nmgn-IÄ

\oïp Idp¯ \nd-¯n-se Nmgn-Ifpw , Cfw Xhn«v \nd-¯nse sNdnb Nmgn-Ifpw D]-{Z-h-Im-cn-I-

fmWv. Imbv]n-Sn-¯¯n\v tij-amWv ChbpsS B{I-aWw Dïm-hpI. ]bÀa-Wn-I-fnð \nópw

k¯v hen¨p IpSn-¡p-ó-Xp- Im-cWw ImbvIÄ sXmen-¸pdw Npfp-§n-b-Xmbpw Np¡n-b-Xmbpw

ImW-s¸Spw.

2% ths¸-®þ shfp-¯p-ffn an{in-Xtam, 2% shfp-¯p-ffn \ocv am{X-amtbm Xfn-¨mð Ch-bpsS

ieyw Ipdbv-¡mw.

Xpc-¸³ ]pgp-¡Ä

Imbpw, sam«pw Xpcóv `£n-¡pó hnhn-[-Xcw ]pgp-¡Ä ]qhn-Sp-ó-Xp-ap-Xð B{I-aWw

Bcw-̀ n¡pw. ]qsIm-gn-¨nð, ImbvI-fnð Zzmcw Fón-h-bmWv e-£Ww.

Bcw`¯nðXsó ]pI-bn-e-Ijm-btam, Im´m-cn apf-Insâ Nmdv (2%) ths¸® þtkm¸v

emb\n (5%), Ch-bn-te-sX-¦n-ep-samóv e`-y-X-bv¡-\p-k-cn v̈ D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.

hgp-X\, shï Fón-h-bpsS ImbvXp-c-̧ ³ ]pgp

hgpX-\-bnepw shïbnepw Xïp-IÄ hmSn HSnªp Xq§n-In-S-¡p-óXpw, Imbv¸p-d-

¯p-ff Zzm-chpw, hnkÀÖ-y-h-kvXphpw ImbvXp-c-¸³ ]pgp-¡-fpsS B{I-aWw aqe-amWv. Cfw

Xïpw , Imbpw Xpcóv ]pgp-¡Ä Df-fn-en-cpóv `£n-¡póp.

{]Xn-hn[n

26

lcnX Fó ]¨-\n-d-¯nse \oï-bn\w hgp-X-b-\bv¡v Xmc-X-ta-y\ ]pgp-i-eyw Ipd- hmWv.

hmSn-¯q-§nb Xïp-IÄ kq£-a-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-̈ mð Zzmcw ImWm³ Ignbpw CXn\p sXm«v

Xmsg sh¨p sIm¼v apdn¨v amän Xobn«v \in-̧ n-¡pI.

B{I-aW e£Ww Iïp-Xp-S-§p-ó-Xn\v ap³]v Xsó Icp-Xð amÀ¤-saó coXn-bnð 2%

Im´mcn apf-Insâ kt¯m ]pI-bne Ijmbtam cïmgvN CS-hn«v Xfn-¡m-hp-ó-XmWv.

shï-bpsS Ce-Np-cp-«n-]pgp

CeNp-cpÄ sNSn-I-fnð Xp§n InS-¡p-óXv ImWmw. CXn-\p-f-fnð ]¨-\n-d-¯nse IqSn

]pgp¡-fp-ïmhpw. Chbv¡v Xhn«p \nd-¯nse Xe-bmWv. ]pgp-¡sf Npcp-fpI-tfmSpIqSn- F-Sp v̄

\in-¸n-¨-Xn\p tijw tað¸-dª kk-y-P-\y IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fnð GsX-¦nepw Hóv Xfn-bv¡pI.

hgp-X\, apfIv, shï Fón-h-bnse \ocpän IpSn-¡pó IoS-§Ä

ið¡-Io-S-§Ä, aoen-aq-«-IÄ, aWvUcn, Ce-t¸³, apª, shf-fo¨, ]¨-Xp-f-f³

Fóo- hnhn-[-Xcw \ocq-än-Ip-Sn-¡pó IoS-§Ä IqS-pX-embpw hgp-X-\-sb-bmWv _m[n-¡p-óXv.

ið¡-Io-S-§Ä

ið¡-Io-S-§Ä Xïp-I-fnð ]än-]n-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p-óXv Isï-¯m³ Xsó {]bm-k-amWv.

Chbv¡v Ne-\-tijn Cñ. ]e-t¸mgpw sIm¼p-W¡w Iïp XpS-§p-t¼m-gmWv Ch-bpsS B{I-

aWw {i²-bnðs¸-Sp-óXv.

aoen-aq-«-IÄ

shfp¯ ]ªn-¡« s]mep-ff ar-Zy ico-c-t¯mSv IqSnb Ne-\-ti-jn-bn-ñm¯v {]mWn-I-fmWv.

sNSn-IÄ DÀÖ-k-z-eX \jvS-s¸«v DW-§n-t]m-Ipóp.

Ce-t¸³

apfIv Iy-jn-bpsS {][m\ i{Xp-hmWv Ce-t¸³. Idp¯ , s\So-b-i-co-c-ap-ff hfsc sNdnb

{]mWn-IÄ Ce-bv¡n-cp-hihpw Npcp«n Df-fn-en-cpóv `£n-¡póp. Ce-IÄ hnfp¼v Npcp-ï-Xmbpw

I«n IqSn-b-Xmbpw ImW-s¸-Spóp. naWvUcn _m[-tbä apfIv sNSn-bnð Ce-IÄ Npcpïv IqSn

hmept]mse \oïn-cn-¡p-ó-Xmbn ImWmw.

\n-b{-´W amÀ-¤-§Ä

th¸n³ ]n®m¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-ff hf-{]-tbmKw, Ce- \-\-¨p-ff Pe-tk-N\w Fónh Ch-

bpsS B{I-aWw DïmI-m-Xn-cn-¡m³ Hcp ]cn[n hsc klm-b-I-amIpw.

B{I-a-W-taä `mK-§Ä Bcw-̀ -¯nð Xsó \pffn amän \in-¸n-¡pI.

shÀ«n-ko-eyw 20 {Kmw / enäÀ Asñ-¦nð shÀ«n-em¡v 2 anñn / enäÀ , 5 anñn kqc-y-Im´n

F®tbm Bh-W-s¡-®tbm tNÀ¯v \ómbn \\-bpó coXn-bnð Xfn-¡pI.

an{X-Ip-anÄ e`-y-a-ñm¯ Ah-k-c-§fnð 2% ths¸® þ shfp-¯p-ffn emb\n Xfnbv¡mw.

IoS\nb-{´Ww ]g-hÀ¤ hnf-I-fnð

amhnsâ {][m-\-Io-S-§fpw Ah-bv¡p-ff {]Xn-hn-[nbpw

Imbo¨ (am-¼g¸p-gp)

27

amhns\ B{I-an-¡pó Imbo-¨bpw shf-fcn hÀ¤-hn-f-Isf B{I-an-¡pó Imbo-¨bpw

cïn\§-fmWv. B{I-aW coXn cïn\pw Hcpt]mse-bmWv. amhp ]q¯v XpS-§p-t¼mÄ Xsó

]cn-k-c-s¯ms¡ Ah-bpsS kmón-²yw Dd-̧ m-¡póp. Imbv]n-Sn¯w XpS-§p-t¼mÄ Bcw-`n-

¡pó B{I-aWw am§ hnfªp XpS-§pó Ah-k-c-¯nð cq£-am-Ipóp. hnf-sh-Sp¸v hscbpw

Ch ]cn-k-c¯p Xsó Dïmhpw.

\n-b{-´W amÀ¤-§Ä

Imbv]n-Sn¯w XpS-§p-t¼mÄ Xsó Xpf-kn-bne sRc-SnbXpw Xcn- cq-]-¯n-ep-ff Hcp

\pffv IoS-\m-in-\nbpw tNÀ¯v Nnc-«-sIWn Xq¡pI. Að¸w shffw Xfn¨p sh¨mð

Xpf-kn-bne ]pXp-a-tbmSp IqSn cïp aqóp Znhkw Ccn¡pw. DW-§p-t¼mÄ ]pXnb

Cebpw hnjhpw tNÀ¡pI. Hcp- am-hn\v 4 sIWn thWw.

]qh-Spó kabw amhnsâ NphSv Inf¨v kqc-y-{]-Imiw Gð¸n-¡pI.

sImgnªv hogpó am§-IÄ Xobn-en«v \in-̧ n-¡pI, Fómð am{Xta B{I-aWw cq£-am-

Im-Xn-cn¡p

aossXð bqPn-t\mÄ {Sm¸v Fó s^d-tam¬ sIWn D]-tbm-Kn¨v BWo-¨-Isf

IpSp¡mw. 2½ amkw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ s^d-tam¬ amän sImSp-¡pI.

]gp-¡m-\mbn ]dn-s¨-Sp-¡pó am§ 500 NqSp-ff shf-f-¯nð (Xn-f¨ shf-f-¯nð

A{Xbpw Xsó ]¨-sh-ffw tNÀ¯-Xv) 15 an\n«v ap¡n-sh-bv¨n-cpó tijw XpS v̈

CuÀ¸w If-ª-v, ]gp-¡m-\mbn Icp-XpI. Ah-km\ \mfp-I-fnð sXmen¸pd¯v Xd¨p

sh¨n-«p-ff ap«-IÄ hncnªv ]pgp-hm-Xn-cn-¡m³ CXv klm-b-I-am-Ipw.

Xpf-f³ {]mWn-IÄ

Ce-IÄ Ipcp-Sn v̈ Idp-¡pI , ]q¡Ä DW§n sImgnbpI, Ce-bnð Idp¯ ]q¸ð

ImWpI, \ne¯v Idp¯ {ZmhIw Xpffn Xpf-fn-bmbn hogpI Fón-h-bmWv e£-W-§Ä

{]Xn-hn[n

Xfn-cn«v XpS-§pó Imew apXð (H-IvtSm-_À þ \hw-_À) ]cn-k-c¯v (Np-h-«nð \nópw

amän) N¸p-N-h-dp-IÄ Iq«n ]pI sImf-fn-¡pI. Bgv¨-bn-sem-cn¡-se-¦nepw CXv BhÀ¯n-¡pI.

2 % ths¸® þ tkm¸v emb\n Xfn-cn-e-IÄ \\-bpó coXn-bnð Xfn-¡p-I

hmg-bpsS XS-Xp-c-̧ ³ ]pgphpw \nb-{´W amÀ¤-§fpw

]nïn-]pgp AYhm XS-¸pgp hmgIy-jn-bpsS {][m\ i{Xp-hmWv. Xnf-¡-ap-ff Idp¯

\nd-¯nse sNñn-I-fpsS ]pgp-¡-fm-Wnh. ]nïn-bpsS AtX \nd-¯nse Cu ]pgp-¡Ä¡v Imep-I-

fnñ, Xhn«v \nd-¯n-emWv Xe. sNñn XS-bnse sNdnb Ad-I-fnð ap«-bn-Sp-óp. ap« hncn-ªn-d-

§pó ]pgp-¡Ä ]nïn Xpcóv Df-fn-en-cpóv `£n-¡póp. Hcp Xcw sImgp¯ {ZmhIw XS-bnð

\nópw Dudn-h-cp-óXv ]nïn-]p-gp-hnsâ B{I-aW e£-§-fmWv. XS-̧ p-d¯v Idp¯ ]mSp-Ifpw

Zzm-chpw Im-Wpw.

hmg-t¯m«w \nc-´cw \ocn-£n-¨mð am{Xta bYm-k-abw B{I-aWw Isï¯n {]Xn-

hn[n t\Sm³ Ign-bq.

]g-bXpw ]gp-¯-Xp-amb ssIIÄ apdn¨v amän, XS-bnð ad-ªn-cpóv B{I-an-¡m-\p-ff

Ah-kcw Cñm-Xm-¡pI.

Ipe-sh-«nb hmg-IÄ sh«n-ap-dn v̈ Ij-W-§-fm¡n shbn-e¯n-SpI, Asñ-¦nð It¼m-Ìm-

¡pI.

saäm-ssd-Unbw, _nth-dnb Fóo an{X-Ip-an-fp-I-fnð GsX-¦nepw Hóv Ce-¡hn-fnepw

Cän¨p ho-gp-¯pI (20 {Kmw/ enäÀ shf-fw), t]mf-IÄ hnSÀ¯n kvt{] sN¿pI.

3þmw amkw apXð amk-¯n-sem-cn-¡ð Ce-I-hn-fp-I-fnð th¸n³ Ipcp s]mSn-¨Xv CSpI.

28

(50 {Kmw/ hmg).

]nïn s\SpsI ]nfÀóv Ij-W-§Ä tXm«-¯nð Ahn-S-hnsS h¨v sNñn-Isf Cxn-te-b¡v

BIÀjn-¨-Xn\v tijw \in-¸n-¡pI.

amW-hïv

a§nb Idp¯ \nd-¯nse sNñn-I-fpsS ]pgp-¡-fmWv B{I-aW Imcn-IÄ amWw Xpcóv \in-¸n-

¡p-ó-Xn-\mð hfÀ¨ \jvS-s¸«v Ce-IÄ Ipdp-IpIbpw hnS-cm³ aSn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿póp.

\Sm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡pó Ióp-I-fnð Icn¨ ¡p v̄ Cñm-sb-óXv Dd¸v hcp-̄ pI

Ióp-IÄ ]pdw-tXmð sN¯n-amän, Nmcw, NmWIw Fónh tNÀ¯ an{in-¯nð ap¡n 2þ3

Znhkw Cfw shbn-enð DW-¡pI.

\So-en\p ap³]v Ipgn-bnð th¸n³ ]n®m¡v tNÀ¯n-f¡n shbn-teð¸n-¡pI.

Ipe-sh«nb hmg-¯-Sbpw amWhpw bYm-k-abw tXm«-¯nð \nóp amäpI.

tXm«w hy-¯n-bmbn kq£n-¡pI.

Ipe-sh-«nb hmg-bpsS amWw ]nfÀóv tXm«-¯nð Ahn-sS-hnsS h¨v sNñn-Isf

BIÀjn¨v \in-̧ n-¡pI.

tImkvtam ephÀ Fó s^d-tam¬ sIWn D]-tbm-Kn¨pw sNñn-Isf IpSp-¡mw.

ssPh IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ

a\p-j-yÀs¡-ó-t]mse IoS-§Ä¡pw sshdkv, _mIvSo-cnb, ^wKkv Fónh ImcWw

tcmKw ]nSn-s]-Sm-dpïv. Cu tcmKm-Wp-Isf Isï¯n AXnð \nópw IoS-\m-in\n Dcp-Xn-cn-s¨-Sp-

¡p-ó-XmWv kq£-amWp IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ. IoS-\n-b-{´-W-¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡pó kq£-amWp

IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fnð F³ .]n .hn Fó sshdkv IoS-\m-in\n, _mkn-ñkv Xpdn³Pn-b³knkv

Fó _mIvSo-cn-bð IoS-\m-in\n (_n.än) saäm-ssd-knbw, _n-th-dnb, shÀ«n-ko-enbw Fóo an{X-

Ip-an-fp-IÄ Fónh DÄs¡m-f-fp-óp.

an{X-Ip-an-fp-IÄ

an{XIpan-fp-IÄ IoS-§-fpsS sXmen-¸p-d¯v ]än-tNÀóv apf¨v IoS-§-fnð tcmK-ap-ïm-

Ipóp. saäm-ssd-knbw Fó an{XIpan-fn\v ]¨-\n-d-amWv. IpanÄ hn v̄ Smð¡nð tNÀ¯v Xbm-

dm-¡nb an{in-X-amWv e`-y-am-bn-«p-f-fXv. Ch IqSp-X-embpw hïv, sNñn Fón-h-bpsS ]pgp-¡-sf-

bmWv B{I-an-¡m-dp-f-fXv _nth-dnb _kn-bm\ Fó an{X-Ip-anfn\v shfp¯ \nd-am-Wv. ay-Zp -i-

co-c-ap-ff ]pgp-IÄ¡mWv IqSp-Xð ê-{]Zw. Ce-Xo\n¸pgp-¡Ä, Xpc-¸³ ]pgp-¡Ä, apª Fón-

h-bvs¡-Xnsc ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡póp. shÀ«n-ko-enbw Fó an{X-Ip-anÄ, \ncqän IpSn-

¡pó IoS-§-fmb ið¡ IoS-§Ä, aoen-ap-«-IÄ, apª, aWvUcn Fón-h-bvsàn-sc-bmWv ê-

{]Zw.

e-`-yX

1. _nth-dnb _kn-bm\ þ ImÀjnI tImtfPv shf-fm-bWn, ImÀjnI tImtfPv shf-fm-\n-¡c,

XrÈqÀ, Iyjn hIp-¸nsâ kwØm\ _tbm I¬t{SmÄ et_m-«-dn Fónh§fnð s]mSn cq]-

¯n-ep-ff cq]nI e`n¡pw hne 70 cq]/ Intem t_mh-dn³. _tbm-KmÀUv Fónh hn]-

Wn-bnð e`-y-amWv.

2. saäm-ssd-knbw þ hn]-W-bnð Ch saäm-I-zt\m, _tbm-saäv Fóo t]cp-I-fnð e`n¡pw.

3. shÀ«n-ko-enbw en¡m\n -þ ImÀjnI tImtfPv, shf-fm-\n-¡c, XrÈqÀ kwØm\

_tbmI¬t{SmÄ em_v a®p¯n Fón-h-S-§-fnð e`-y-amWv. hn]-Wn-bnð shÀ«n-em¡v

shÀ«n-en³ Fóo \ma-§-fnð e`-y-amWv.

29

4. _mkn-ñkv Xpdn³Pn-b³knkv --þhn]-Wn-bnð Un¸ð, sUð^n³ Fóo \ma-§-fnð Nne IS-

I-fnð e`-y-amWv.

kq£v-amWp IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ {i²n-t¡ï Imc-y-§Ä

aäp IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fnð \nópw hn]-cn-X-ambn Poh-\p-ff hkvXp-¡-fm-b-Xn-\mð ZoÀL-

\mÄ kp£n¸v Imew C-hbv¡v Cñ. Imem-h-[n Xocp-ó-Xn\v ap³]v D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ {i²n-

¡pI.

sshIp-tó-c-§-fnð, shbnð amdn-b-Xn\v tijw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-ó-XmWv D¯aw. kqc-y-Xm-

]-¯mð \oÀho-c-y-am-Im-Xn-cn-¡m-\m-WnXv.

cmk-h-kvXp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨ CS-§-fnð 2 BgvN CS-thf \ðInb tijw am{Xw D]-tbm-

Kn-¡pI.

B{I-aWw Dsï-¦nð am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-¡mhp. ap³I-cp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-¨mð KpW-ap-

ïm-hnñ.

cmk-h-kvXp-IÄ Xfn-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¨ kvt{]b-dp-IÄ \ómbn Igp-In-b-Xn\p tijw

am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI.

5 anñn kk-y-F® (kq-c-y-Im´nþ Bh-W-¡v) IpanÄ emb-\n-bnð Iq«n tNÀ¡p-óXv IpSp-

Xð ^e-{]Zw.

s^d-tam¬ sIWn-IÄ

IoS-§Ä Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-\mbn kzbw Dð¸m-Zn-¸n-¡pó hkvXp-I-fmWv s^d-tam¬.

CXv IrXraambn Dïm¡n IoS-\n-b-{´-W-¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡póp. IoS-§sf BIÀjn¨v \in-

¸n-¡p-hm-\mWv CXv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-óXv.

hnhn-[-bn\w sIWn-IÄ, D]-tbmKcoXn, e-`-yX

IoSw sIWn D]-tbm-K-coXn hne e`-yX

1. am¼g]pgp

t]c-bnse

]pgp

(Im-bo-¨)

anssXð

bqPn-t\mÄ

sIWn

25 skân\v 1 sIWn. Imbv

]nSn¯w Acw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ

apXð hnf-sh-Sp¸v hsc,

2½ amkw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ

]pXn-bXv

D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI

100 cq] ImÀjnI tImtfPv

shf-fm-bWn,

ImÀjnI tImtfPv

Xy-ÈpÀ, Iyjn

hnÚm\ tI{µwþ

sIm«m-c-¡c, ae-

¸pdw, ]«m¼n, Ipa-

cIw (tIm-«bw)

2. ]mhð,

]S-hew

Im-bo¨

Iyp ephÀ

sIWn

15 skân\v 1 sIWn. 2 1/2

amkw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ ]pXn-

bXv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.

Imbv]n-Sn¯w XpS-§p-

t¼mÄ apX.hnf-sh-Sp v̧

hsc.

150 cq] ImÀjnI tImtfPv

shf-fm-bWn, Iyjn

hnÚm\ tI{µwþ

sIm«m-c-¡c

3. hmg-bpsS

amW-hïv tImkvtam 5 skân\v 1 sIWn, 150 cq] {Ko³ hnIvSdn Xy-

ÈqÀ, ]n. kn

30

ephÀ HcmgvN

Ign-bp-t¼mÄ ASp¯ 5

skântebv¡v amän D]-

tbm-Kn¡mw.sIWn-bnð

tNÀ¡pó tkm¸v shffw

Hmtcm {]mhiyhpw amän

D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI. sNñn-IÄ

NmIp-óp-sïóv Dd v̧

hcp-¯pI.

.sF.enan-äUv

Xncp-h-´-]pcw

(Ph: 0471-2729554)

4. ]S-h-e-]pgp Ubm-

^m\nb

{Sm¸v

15 skân\v 1 sIWn tkm¸v

shffw 5 Znhkw IqSp-

t¼mÄ amän D]-tbm-Kn-

¡pI.

{Ko³ hnIvSdn Xy-

ÈqÀ, ]n. kn

.sF.enan-äUv

Xncp-h-´-]pcw

(Ph: 0471-2729554)

s^d-tam¬ sIWn-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ {i²n-t¡ï Imc-y-§Ä

Hmtcm IoS-§Ä¡psaXnsc AXntâXmb sIWn am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-¡mhp.

B{I-aWw Dsï-¦nð am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-¡mhp.

BIÀjn-¡-s -̧Spó IoS-§Ä NmIp-óp-sïóv Dd¸p hcp-¯pI.

Znh-khpw sIWn-IÄ \ocn-£n¨v, IoS-§Ä hogpónñm-sbóp Iïmð FSp¯v amäpI.

Imem-h[n Xocpw ap³]v Bh-iyw Ign-ªmð s]mXnªv sI«n kq£n-¡pI.

Ip«n-IÄ FSp-¡msX kq£n-¡pI.

31

kkyP\y IoS\min\nIÄ IoS\n-b{´W¯n\v

tUm. sl_vkn _mbn

s{]m^kÀ (FâtamfPn hn`mKw)


IoS\min\nbmbn D]tbmKn¡m³ A\ptbmPyamb H«\h[n kky§Ä \ap-¡p Npänepapïv.

cmk IoS\min\nsb¡mÄ XmcXtay\ Dev]mZ-\ sNehv IpdªXpw ]cnkcaen-

\oIcWanñm¯Xpw a\pjyÀ¡pw aäp PohPme§Ä¡pw lm\nIcañm¯Xpam-b KpW§Ä

ChbpsS khnti-j-XbmWv.

IoS\n-b{´W¯n\v D]tbmKn¡mhpó kkyP\y IoS\min\nIfpw Ah X¿mdm¡póhn[hpw

1. ]pIbneIjmbw

]pIbne 100 {Kmw, _mÀtkm¸v - 20 {Kmw, shÅw - 1 enäÀ 100 {Kmw

100 {Kmw ]pI-bne sNdp-Xmbn \pdp¡n 1 enäÀ shÅ-¯nð Hcp Znhkw IpXnÀ¡p-I. AXn\p

tijw IpXnÀó ]pI-bne ]ngnªv Nïn amäp-I. _mÀtkm¸v NoIn 100 anñn shÅ-¯nð ebn-

¸n¨v ]pI-bne k¯pambn tNÀ¯v \ómbn Cf-¡p-I. Cu an{inXw Acn-s¨-Sp¯v 5 enäÀ

tNÀ¯v t\À¸n¨v hnf-I-fnð Xfn-¡-Ww. apª, aoenaq«, ið¡ IoS-§Ä, Ce-Xo\n ]pgp-¡Ä

XpS-§nb IoS-§sf \nb{ń-¡m³ ê-{]-Z-am-Wv.

2. th¸[njvTnX IoS\min\nIÄ

th¸n³Ipcp k¯v (5 %)

th¸n³Ipcp þ 50 {Kmw, shÅw þ 1 enäÀ.

th¸n³Ipcp \ómbn s]mSn¨v Ingn sI«n 1 enäÀ shÅ-¯nð 24 aWn-¡qÀ ap¡n hbv¡p-I.

AXn\p tijw Ingn ]ngnªv emb\n Ie¡n Xfn-¡mw. shï, hgp-X-\, ]bÀ Fón-h-bnse

ImbvXp-c-¸³ ]pgp-hns\ \nb-{ń-¡m³ CXv D¯-a-am-Wv IqSmsX sh«p-In-fn-I-Ä, hn«n-ep-IÄ, Ce-

Xo\n ]pgp-¡-Ä Fón-h-tbbpw AIän \nÀ¯p-óp.

th¸® FaÄj³ (2 %)

ths¸® þ 20 anñn enäÀ, _mÀtkm¸v þ 5{Kmw, shÅw þ 1 enäÀ.

5 {Kmw _mÀtkm¸v NoIn 1/4 enäÀ shÅ-¯nð Aen-bn¨v Acn-s¨-Sp-¡p-I. shfp-¯pÅn \ñ-

h®w NX-s¨-Sp v̄ 50 anñn shÅw D]-tbm-Kn¨v k¯v ]ngnªv Acn-s¨-Sp-¡p-I. tkm¸v emb-\n-

bnð ths¸-®bpw tNÀ¯v \ómbn tbmPn-¸n-¡p-I. CXn-tebv¡v shfp-¯pÅn \ocpw tNÀ v̄

Cf-¡p-I. _m¡n shÅhpw IqSn tNÀ¯v ths¸® shfp-¯pÅn an{inXw X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

th¸n³ ]n®m¡v

th¸n³ ]n®m¡v a®nð tNÀ¯v sNSn-I-fpsS thcp-Isf B{I-an¡pó \nam-hn-c-Isf

\nb-{ń-¡mw.

Incn-bm¯v þ shfp-¯pÅn \ocv (10%)

Incn-bm¯v sNSn-bpsS \ocv þ 100 anñn., _mÀtkm¸v þ5 {Kmw, shfp-¯pÅn þ 20 {Kmw, shÅwþ1

enäÀ

Incn-bm¯v sNSn-bpsS Cebpw Xïpw \ómbn NX¨v 100 anñn \osc-Sp-¡p-I. _mÀtkm¸v 5 {Kmw

NoIn 900 anñn shÅ-¯nð ebn-¸n-¡p-I. Incn-bm¯v k¯pw, \ómbn Ac¨ shfp-¯pÅn 20

32

{Kmw CXn-te¡v tNÀ¯v \ómbn Cf-¡pI FaÄj³ X¿m-dm-¡p-I. shÅo¨, ap¯ Fóo

\ocqän IpSn-¡pó {]mWn-Isf \nb-{ń-¡m³ Ign-bpw.

s]cp-he k¯v 10%

s]cp-he sNSn þ 100 {Kmw , shÅw þ 1 enäÀ

s]cp-he sNSn-bpsS Ce-Ifpw ]q¡fpw tNÀ v̄ Ac¨ an{inXw 100 {Kmw Hcp-en-äÀ shÅ-¯nð

Ie¡n Acn-s¨-Sp¯v Xfn-¡p-I. Ce- I-c-ïp-Xn-ópó hïp-I-Ä, ]pgp-¡Ä, Ce-¨m-Sn-IÄ Fón-

hsb \nb-{ń-¡m³ ê-{]-Zw.

Ce-¨m-dp-IÄ

IoS\min-\n- kz`m-h-apÅ kky-§-fpsS Ce-Ifpw Cfw Xïp-]-tbm-Kn¨v 5 % hocy-apÅ Ce-¨m-dp-

IÄ X¿m-dm-¡mw. Icn-s\m¨n th¸v, \mä-]q-s¨-Sn, Incn-bm-¯v, I½yq-WnÌv ]¨ Fón-h-bn-te-sX-

¦nepw Hónsâ Ce NX-s¨-Sp¯ k¯v 50 anñn enäÀ 1 enä-dmbn t\À¸n-s¨-Sp-¯mð Ce-I-c-ïp-

Xn-ópó hïp-IÄ, ]pgp-¡Ä Fón-hsb AIän \ndp-¯mw.

Dð¸-ó§Ä

hn]-Wn-bnð At\Iw th¸n-e-[n-jvTnX DXv]-ó-§-fpw, aäp kky-P-\y-Io-S-\m-in-\n-Ifpw

e`y-am-Wv. Ch ip]mÀi sNbvXn-«pÅ Af-hnð IoS \nb-{´-W-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp-ó-Xm-Wv.

1. \oa-kmÄ än.kv 1 %

2. GtIm\oa ¹mk

3. \n¼n-kn-Unð

4. HmIvkyq-tdm¬

\m«-dn-hp-IÄ

1. Hcp enäÀ Icn-t§m-«n-sb-®-bnð 50 {Kmw tkm¸v tNÀ¯v t\À¸n¨ emb\n F«n-c«n shÅw

tNÀ¯v t\À¸n¨v ]b-dnse Nn{X-Io-Ss¯ \nb-{ń-¡mw.

2. ]b-dnsâ ]qhn-ep-ïm-Ipó ]pgp-hns\ Xpc-¯m³ 20 {Kmw Imbw 10 enäÀ shÅ-¯nð ebn-

¸n¨p Xfn-bv¡mw.

3. 250 {Kmw Iqh-f-¯ne Hcp enäÀ shÅ-¯nð Xnf-¸n¨v XWp¯ tijw 250 anñn ]pXnb

tKmaq-{X-hp-ambn tNÀ¡p-I. CXv 10 enäÀ shÅ-̄ nð tNÀ¯v ]b-dnse \ocqän IpSn-¡pó

{]mWn-IÄs¡-Xn-cmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.

4. Imªn-c-¯nsâ sXmen CSn¨v ]ngnª \ocp cïp enäÀ ASp-¸¯v h¨v hän¨v Hcp enäÀ

B¡p-I. XWp- -̄tijw 10 enäÀ shÅ-¯n\v Hcp enäÀ Fó IW-¡nð Xfn-¨p-sIm-Sp-

¡p-I. CXv ]b-dnse tdm¡äp ]pgp-hn-s\-Xnsc D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.

5. tKmaq-{X-¯ne th¸ne NX-¨n«v Hcp cm{Xn h¨-Xn\p tijw ASp¯ Znhkw Bdn-c«n

shÅw tNÀ¯p Xfn-¨mð aXn. CXv Noc IoS-_m-[-bn-ñmsX Icp-t¯msS hf-cm³ klm-

bn-¡pw.

6. Im´mcn apfIpw Côn ]pñnsâ Cebpw kam-\p-]m-X-¯nð FSp¯v \ñ-Xp-t]mse Ac v̈

Hcp enäÀ shÅ-¯nð 10 {Kmw Ie¡n IoS-\m-in-\n-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.

7. ]¨-ap-f-Insâ IS-bv¡ð ioa-s¡m-ó-bn-ebpw, NmW-Ihpw tNÀ¯p ]pX-bn-Sp-óXv hnfhv

Iq«p-ó-Xn-\p-]cn IoS-_m-[-bnð \nóp c£n-¡m\pw klm-bn-¡p-óp.

8. th¸n³ ]n®m¡v hgp-X\ XS-¯nð CSp-ó-Xv shÅo-¨sb \nb-{ń-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-óp.

9. X¡m-fn-bpsS Ipcp-Sn v̧ tcmK-¯n\v 200 {Kmw ]mð¡mbw, Hcp enäÀ ]mð, 5 enäÀ shÅw

Fónh tNÀ¯v Xfn-¡p-I.

10. a¯³ þ ]S-he hÀ¤-¯n-s\m¸w apXnc hfÀ¯n-bmð a¯³ hïp-I-fpsS ieyw Dïm-hn-

ñ. \sñmcp ]¨ne hf-s¨-Sn-Iq-Sn-bmWv apXn-c.

11. ]mh-ense ]¨-Xp-Å-s\-Xnsc th¸n-e, ioa-s¡m-ó-bn-e, Imªn-c-¯nsâ Ce, Ch-bpsS

Nmdv Hcp enäÀ shÅ-¯nð tNÀ¯p Xfn-¡p-óXv ê-{]-Z-am-Wv.

12. 20 {Kmw shfp-¯pÅn NX¨v Hcp enäÀ shÅ-̄ nð IeÀ¯n sshIp-tócw ]mh-ensâ

Nph-«nð Hgn-¡p-ó-Xn-eqsS shÅo-¨sb \nb-{´-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡pw.

33

]¨¡dn - ]ghÀKvKhnfIfnse {][m\tcmK§fpw -ssPhnI

\nb{´WamÀKvK§fpw

tUm. F. \koa AÀ¨\ ]n.F.

(¹mâ v ]t¯m-fPn)


]cnØnXn aen\oIcWhpw s]mXpP\mtcmKy]cn]me\hpw ]cnKWn¨v ssPhIrjn

Ahew_n¡póXv Cós¯ ImeL«¯n\v A\nhmcyamWv. ssPhIrjn t\cnSpó {][m\

{]XnkÔn IoStcmKm{Ia-§fmWv. tcmK§sf \nb{´n¡póXn\mbn ssPhIrjn¡v

A\ptbmPyambn tcmK\n-b{´W amÀKvK§Ä ]ïpImew apXse A\phÀ¯n¨p hóncpóp.

{]IrXn¡v C§pó hnhn[ amÀKvK§Ä icnbmb hn[¯nð A\phÀ¯n¨v tcmK\nb{´w

Dd¸phcp¯mhp-óXmWv. ipnXz¯n\v Duóð \ðIn tcmK{]Xntcm[tijnbpÅ C\§Ä

D]tbmKn¨v ssPh-Pohmbp IpanÄ \min\nIfpw aäpw thïcoXnbnð {]tbmKn¨mð tcmK\n-

b{´Ww km[yam¡m³ Ignbpw. IpanÄ, _mIvSocnb, sshdkv, ss^täm ]vfmkva apXemb

tcmKmWp¡Ä ]¨¡dn Irjn¡v `ojWnbmIpóp.

tcmKw tcmKImcnbpw

hym]\hpw tcmKe£Ww tcmK \nb{´Ww

Nobð IpanÄ

(hn¯nð

IqSnbpw

aWvWnð

IqSnbpw)

XhmcWIfnð

ImWs¸Spóp.

hn¯pIÄ apf¡msX

Noªp t]mIpóp.

apf¨ ssXIfpsS Xïv

AgpIn \in¨p

t]mIpóp.

AgpInb hn¯pIfnepw

ssXIfnepw

tcmKImcnbmb IpanÄ

hfcpóp

\oÀhmgvNbpÅ {]tZi§fnð

XhmcWIÄ X¿mdm¡pI

hn¯v ]mIpóXn\v ap³]v

kqcyXm]oIcWw hgntbm Xobnt«m

AWp hnapIvXam¡pI

DW¡ns]mSn¨ Imenhftam

AgpInb It¼mkvtäm am{Xw

D]tbmKn¡pI

tcmKw _m[n¨ sNSnIÄ ]ngpXp

\in¸n¡pI

t_mÀtUman{inXw (1%) D]tbmKn¨v

XhmcWIfnse aWvWv \ñhWvWw

IpXnÀ¡pI,,

ss{StImsUÀatbm

kyqUsamWmtkm (20g / 1kg

hn¯n\v) hn¯nð ]pc«n Hcp Znhkw

h¨Xn\v tijw \SpI

]n.Pn. ]n. BÀ anIvkv (20g /1L)

shÅw tNÀ¯v 15 Znhkw CShn«v

aWvWnð tNÀ¯psImSp¡pI

th¸n³ ]nWvWm¡v 250 In.{Kmw Hcp

slIvSdn\v Fó tXmXnð aWvWnð

tNÀ¯psImSp¡pI ^yptk

dnbw

hm«w

IpanÄ

(hn¯nð

IqSnbpw

aWvWnð

CeIÄ {ZpXKXnbnð

hmSn sNSnIÄ HómsI

DW§n \in¡póp

tcmKw _m[n¨ sNSnbpsS

thcIÄ AgpIn

t]mIpóp

tcmK_m[bnñm¯ sNSnIfnð \nóp

tiJcn¨ hn¯v am{Xw D]tbmKn¡pI

hn¯v ]mIpóXn\v ap³]v

kqcyXm]oIcWw hgntbm Xobnt«m

AWp hnapIvXam¡pI

34

IqSnbpw)

Xïnsâ DÄ`mKw Xhn«p

\nd¯nð Bhpóp

Xïv DW§n \in¡póp

hn¯v hnX¡póXn\v 10 Znhkw ap³]v

t_mÀtUman{inXw (1%) XS¯nð

Hgn¨v \\bv¡pI. CtX emb\n

sNSn¡v cïv BgvN {]mbamIpt¼mÄ

Nph«nð Hgn¡pIbpw Cebnepw

XïnepwXfn¡pIbpw sN¿pI

hn¯v ]mIn 30 Znhkw Ignbpt¼mÄ

ss{StImsUÀa 250 In.{Kmw Hcp

slIvSdn\v Fó tXmXn\v aWvWnð

tNÀ¯psImSp¡pI

kyqUtamWmkv (20g / 1 en. shÅw)

CeIfnð Xfn¡pIbpw aWvWnð

tNÀ¯psImSp¡pIbpw

sN¿pIssXIÄ ]dn¨p\Spt¼mÄ

(300g / 1 en. shÅw)

kyqUtamWmknð ap¡n

AcaWn¡qÀ h¨Xn\v tijw \SpI ]bdns

e Ce

Icn¨n

epw

ISNob

epw

IpanÄ

(aWvWnð

IqSn)

sNSnbpsS Xïnð

aWvWnt\mSv tNÀóv

Xhn«p \nd¯nepÅ

]mSpIÄ Dïmbn B

`mKw AgpIpóp.

{ItaW AgpIð

sNSnbpsS Xïv apgph³

_m[n¡pó.

CeIÄ aª\ndambn

sImgnªp t]mIpóp .

]¨bpw Xhn«pw

\nd¯nepÅ

]mSpIÄ Dïmbn Ce

Icnbpóp.

AgpIn Icnª

CeIfnð IpanÄ hfÀóv

X½nð H«n¸nSn¨ncn¡póp

Htc Øe¯v XpSÀ¨bmbn

]bÀhÀKvK§Ä Irjn

sN¿mXncn¡pI

hn¯v \SpóXn\v ap³]v XS¯nð

Nhdv Iq«n I¯n¨v

AwphnapIvXam¡pI

ss{StImsUÀa Fó an{XIpanÄ

NmWIs¸mSn th¸n³ ]nWvWm¡v

(10:1) an{inX¯nð hfÀ¯nbXv XSw

Hón\v 100 {Kmw tNÀ¡pI.

th¸n³ ]nWvWm¡v 250 In.{Kmw Hcp

slIvSÀ Fó tXmXnð aWvWnð

tNÀ¯psImSp¡pI

tcmKw _m[n¨ sNSnIÄ ]ngpXv

\in¸n¨Xn\ptijw IpanÄ

\min\n(t_mÀtUman{inXw 1%) Hgn¨v

XS¯nse aWvWv \ñXpt]mse \\¨v

sImSp¡pI. IqSmsX NpäpapÅ

sNSnIenepw CtX IpanÄ \min\n

Xfn¡pI

samtk

¡v sshdkv

(apªIÄ

hgn)

]bÀ, apfIv, shÅcn

hÀKvvK ]¨IdnIÄ

apXembhbnð

ImWs¸Spóp

CeIfnð aªbpw

]¨bpw CS IeÀó

\ndhyXymkw

ImWpóp

CeIÄ¡v arZpXzw

\jvSs¸Spóp

CeIÄ IpcpSn¡póp

th-s¸® FaÄj³ (2% hocy¯nð)

D]tbmKn¨v apªIsf \nb{´n¡pI

]pIbne Ijmbw CebpsS

ASn`mK¯v hog-̄ -¡h®w Xfn¡pI

tcmK{]Xntcm[tijnbpÅ C\§Ä

Irjn sN¿pI

35

CeIpc

nSn¸v

sshdkv

(shÅoÏÄ

hgn)

CeIÄ sNdpXmIpóp

Xïv, C-e sR«pIÄ

apXemb IpdpIpóp

CebpsS A{K`mK§Ä

]pdt¯¡v Npcpfpóp

]q¡fpw ImbvIfpw

Ipdbpóp

\ñ BtcmKyapÅ tcmKhnapIvXamb

tXm«¯nð \nópw hn¯p

tiJcn¡pI

XS¯nð hn¯nsâ tXmXv Iq«pIbpw

\ñ BtcmKyapÅ Htóm ctïm

ssXIÄ am{Xw \nÀ¯n _m¡nbpÅh

]dn¨p amäpI

tcmKw hóhsb ]ngpXp amän

\in¸n¡pI

tcmKw ]c¯pó {]mWnIsf

\nb{ń¡póXn\v ths¸WvW

shfp¯pÅn Caðjt\m (2%

hocy¯nð) th¸[njvTn[

IoS\min\nItfm D]tbmKn¡pI

tcmKw ]c¯pó shÅoÏsf

\nb{ń¡m³ aªs¡Wn

D]tbmKn¡pI

shïbnse aªfn¸v tcmKw

\nb{ń¡póXn\v shïbpsS

hÀKvK¯nðs¸« IfIsf \in¸n¡pI

tcmK{]Xntcm[tijnbpÅ shï

C\§Ä Bb BÀ¡, A\manI,

AÀ¡ A`bv, hÀj D]lmÀ,

]ôm_v ]ßn\n, kpØnc

XpS§nbh Irjn sN¿pI

aªfn

¸v

sshdkv

(shÅoÏÄ)

tcmKw _m[n¨

sNSnIfnse CeIÄ

sNdpXmbn, Rc¼pIÄ

aª\ndambn sXfnªp

ImWpóp.

CesR«v, XfncneIÄ,

Xïv apXemb `mK§Ä

IpdpIn sNSn apcSn¨p

t]mIpóp. ImbvIfpsS

hep¸w IpdbpIbpw

I«nbpÅXmhnIbpw

sN¿póp

CeIcn

¨nð

IpanÄ

(hn¯nð

IqSnbpw

a®nð

IqSnbpw)

Nphó NocbnemWv Cu

tcmKw IqSpXembn

ImWpóXv

CeIfnð At\Iw

kpXmcyamb ]pÅnIÄ

DïmIpóp

{ItaW CXv hfÀóv

hepXmbn hbvt¡mð

\ndamIpóp

tcmKw A[nIcn¡pt¼mÄ

Cu ]pÅnbpsS DÅnð

DÅ Icnª `mKw

ASÀóv AhnsS Zzmc§Ä

DïmhpIbpw sN¿póp

CeIfpsS ASn`mK¯v

Ipanfnsâ hn¯pIÄ

s]mSncq]¯nð

]än¸nSn¨ncn¡póp

Nphó Nocbpw tcmK{]Xntcm[

iIvXnbpÅ kn.H.1 Fó ]¨ Nocbpw

CSIeÀ¯n \SpI

hn¯v kyqUtamWmkv s]mSn ]pc«n

\SpI

(20 {Kmw s]mSn Hcp Intem hn¯n\v)

XS§Ä \\¡pt¼mÄ shÅw

CeIfpsS apIfneqsS Hgn¡msX

Nph«nð Hgn¡pó coXn kzoIcn¡pI

\SpóXn\v ap³]v NmWIhpw th¸n³

]nWvWm¡pw 10:1 Fó

A\p]mX¯nð Iq«n IeÀ¯nb

an{inX¯nð hfÀ¯nb

ss{St¡msUÀa 2.5 In.{Kmw Hcp

slIvSdn\v Fó tXmXnð aWvWnð

tNÀ¡pI. CXn\p ]Icw ]¨nehfhpw

th¸n³

]nWvWm¡pw (100 Intem Hcp

slIvSdn\v) ss{St¡msUÀabpw (2In.

Hcp slIvSdn\v) Iq«n IeÀ¯nb

an{inXw D]tbmKn¡mw

tcmK{]Xntcm[tijn hÀ²n¸n¡m³

aªÄ s¸mSnbpw tkmUm¡mchpw

4:1 Fó A\p]mX¯nð Iq«n

36

IeÀ¯nbXv 2 {Kmw Hcp enäÀ

shÅ¯n\v Fó tXmXnð

t\À¸n¨Xv sNSnIfnð Xfn¨p

sImSp¡pI

]¨¨mWIsXfn (Hcp Intem

NmWIw 10 enäÀ shÅ¯nð

tNÀ¯v Acns¨Sp¯Xv) CeIfpsS

Ccphi¯pw ]Xn¡¯¡ coXnbnð

2 BgvN CShn«v Xfn¡pI

hm«

tcmKw

_mIvSocnb

(a®nð

IqSn)

I¯ncn, apfIv, X¡mfn

apXembhbnemWv

ImWpóXv

CeIÄ {ZpXKXnbnð hmSn

DW§póp

sNSnbpsS Xïn\pÅnð \nd

hyXymkw ImWpóp

hmSnb sNSnbpsS Xïv

apdn¨v sXfnª shÅ¯nð

ap¡n h¨mð apdn¸mSnð

\nópw tcmK tlXphmb

_mIvSocnb \qep t]mse

Dudn Cd§póp

sNSn \SpóXn\v ap³]v XS¯nð

Ip½mbw hnXdn aWvWv

AWphnapIvXam¡pI.

Øncambn tcmKw ImWpó

Øe¯v ]pXn-b-Xmbn Irjn

XpS§póXn\v ap³]v 1%

t_mÀtUman{inXw / tIm¸À HmIvkn

tIvfmssdkv (3 {Kmw Hcp enäÀ

shÅ¯nð) Hgn¨v XSw IpXnÀ¡pI

kyqUtamWmkv / ]n.Pn. ]n. BÀ.

an{inXtam (20 {Kmw /1 enmÖ

shÅw) Hgn¨v XSw IpXnÀ¡pI.

cïmgvN CShn«v ctïm aqtóm

{]mhiyw sN¿pI

ssXIÄ kyqUtamWmkv emb\n

(300 {Kmw / 1 enäÀ) 15 an\n«v

ap¡nh¨Xn\ptijw AcaWn¡qÀ

Ignªv \SpI. \«Xn\ptijw CtX

IpanÄ \min\n (20{Kmw / enäÀ

shÅw) 15 Znhkw CShn«v ctïm

aqtóm {]mhiyw Xfn¡pI

hnf]cn{IaWw ]men¡pI

tcmK{]Xntcm[tijnbpÅ

Xmsg]dbpó C\§Ä Irjn

sN¿pI. apfIv: aôcn, DÖze,

A\p{Kl. hgpX\: lcnX, tizX,

X¡mfn: apIvXn, A\L

hm«w _m[n¨ sNSnIÄ ]ngpXv

\in¸n¡pI

arZptcm

a]q¸v

tcmKw

IpanÄ

(a®nð

IqSnbpw

hmbphnð

IqSnbpw)

shÅcn hÀ¤

]¨¡dnIfnepw ioXIme

]¨¡dnIfnepamWv Cu

tcmKw ImWpóXv

CeIfnð {]tXyIn¨v Hcp

BIrXnbpanñm¯

aª¸mSpIÄ

{]Xy£s¸Spóp. tcmKw

_m[n¨ CeIÄ {ItaW

Icnªpt]mIpóp

tcmKe£Ww ImWpó CeIÄ

A¸t¸mÄ FSp¯p amän \in¸n¡pI

kyqUtamWmkv s]mSn, 20 {Kmw Hcp

enäÀ shÅ¯nð Ie¡nb emb\n

CeIfpsS Ccp hi¯pw Xfn¡pI

a®nð \nópw t\cn«pÅ k¼À¡w

Hgnhm¡m³ sNSnIÄ sXt§metbm,

It¼m D]tbmKn¨v Aev]w DbÀ¯n

hbv¡pI

37

ShÅc

nbpsS

ImbvNo

bð

IpanÄ

(a®nð

IqSn)

Imbv-I-fn-ð a®nð ImWpó

IpanfpIÄ B{Ian¡pIbpw

A-h-bnð shfp¯ Ipanfnsâ

hfÀ¨ ImWpIbpw sN-bp-

óp. Xïpw CeIfpw

B{IaW hnt[bamIpóp

PetkN\w {IaoIcn¡pI

IrjnbnS§fnð ipNnXzw ]men¡pI

tcmKw hó `mK§fpw ImbvIfpw

]dn¨p amän \in¸n¡p-I

a®nt\mSp t\cn«v

kv]Àin¡mXncn¡m³ ]pXbn«p

sImSp¡póXv \ñXmWv

]ghÀKvK§fnse tcmK§Ä-- hmgbpsS tcmK§Ä

tcmKw

tcmKImcnbpw

hym]\hpw

tcmKe£Ww tcmK \nb{´Ww

knKtämI IpanÄ (hm-bp-

hnð IqSn

Idp¯tXm

Xhn«p\nd¯ntem DÅ

]pffnItfm hcItfm

{]Xy£s¸Spóp

tcmKw aqÀOn¡pt¼mÄ

CeIÄ sam¯¯nð

Idp¸p \ndtam aª

\ndtam Bbn Icnbpóp

tcmKw _m[n¨ Icnª CeIª

]dnap amän \in¸n¨v ipNnXzw

]men¡pI

\oÀhmÖa Dd¸p hcp¯pI

t_mÀtUman{inXw 1% hocy¯nð

X¿mdm¡nbXv tcmKmcw`¯nepw

cïmgvN CShn«v 5 - 6 {]mhiyw

Xfn¡pI

]\ma

hm«w

IpanÄ

(a®nð

IqSnbpw

Iónð IqSn-

bpw)

CebpsS AcnInð \nóv

\Sp`mKt¯¡v aªfn¸v

hym]n¡póp.

Xmgv`mK¯pÅ CeIÄ

aªfn¨v HSnªv Xq§p-

óp. {ItaW \m¦n-e-bpw aäv

CeIfpw a-ª-fnv hmSn Xq-

§póp. tcmKw _m[n¨

hmgbpsS amWw

]cntim[n¨mð DÄ`mKw

AgpIn Ahbnð Xhn«v

\nd¯nepÅ hcIÄ Im-

Ws]-Sp-óp. A[nIw

XmaknbmsX hmg HómsI

hmSnt¸mIpóp

CebpsS AcnInð \nóv

\Sp`mKt¯¡v aªfn¸v

hym]n¡póp. Xmgv`mK¯pÅ CeIÄ

aªfn¨v HSnªv Xq§p-óp.

{ItaW \m¦n-e-bpw aäv CeIfpw a-

ª-fnv hmSn Xq-§póp. tcmKw _m[n¨

hmgbpsS amWw ]cntim[n¨mð

DÄ`mKw AgpIn Ahbnð Xhn«v

\nd¯nepÅ hcIÄ Im-Ws]-Sp-óp.

A[nIw XmaknbmsX hmg HómsI

hmSnt¸m-Ip-óp

tcmKw hó-I-óp-IÄ ]dn-̈ p-amän

\in-̧ n-¡p-I.

\Sp-ó-Xn\v Hcp amkw ap³]v XS-

¯nð Ip½mbw hnXdn AWp-hn-ap-à-

am-¡p-I.. (XSw 1\v 1 Intem)

tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ iàn-bpÅ C\-

§Ä Irjn sN¿p-I. (t\-{µ³, tdm_-

Ì, ]mfbwtImS³)

tamt¡m

hm«w

_mIvSocnb

(PetkN\w,

ImÀjntIm]

IcW§Ä,

{]mWn-IÄ

Fónh hgn)

CebpsS {][m\

Rc¼nt\mSv ASp¯v \nóp

XpS§pó aªfn¸v

{ItaW Ce apgph³

hym]n¡póp.

tcmKe£Ww sNSnbnð

]qÀ® hym]n¡pIbpw

sNSnIÄ hmSn

\in¡pIbpw sN¿póp

\Sm\pÅ IpgnIÄ Xobn«p

AWphnapIvXam¡pI.

tcmK hnapIvXamb Øe§fnð

\nóp tiJcn¨ BtcmKyapÅ

IópIÄ \Sm³ D]tbmKn¡pI

ImÀjnI D]IcW§Ä

AWphnapIvXam¡pI

\oÀhmÖa Dd¸m¡pI.

38

XïpIfpsS DÅnð

AgpIð ImWmw

CXnð \nópw sImgp¯

aª {ZmhIw Dudn hcpóp

sh«namänb tcmKw _m[n¨

hmgIfpsS Nph«nð \nóv

apf¨p hcpó IópIÄ

Idp¯v hfÀ¨

apcSn¨hbmbncn¡pw

Ahkm\s¯ ]Se hncnª tijw

hmg¡pebpsS Iq¼v HSn¨p amäpI

_ônt

äm¸v /

Ipdp\m

¼v

tcmKw

sshdkv

(apªIÄ

hgn)

Ce Rc¼pIÄ¡v

kam´cambn ISpw ]¨

\nd¯nepÅ hcIÄ

{]Xy£s¸Spóp

CebpsS XïpIÄ

IpdpIpóXp aqew CeIÄ

]pd¯phcm\mImsX

apcSn¨p t]mIpóp

CebpsS h¡v NpcpïpIqSn

s]s«óv Iodnt¸mIpóp

tcmKw _m[n¨ hmgIÄ Bcw`¯nð

Xsó Isï¯n \o¡w sNbvXv

\in¸n¡pI

tcmKanñm¯ IópIÄ \Sm³

D]tbmKn¡pI

_\m\ kv{So¡v tcmKw

A[nIcnI¨p ImWpó

{]tZi§fnð hmgt¯m«¯nð

CShnfbmbn shÅcn hÀKvKhnfIÄ

Irjn sN¿mXncn¡pI sIm¡m

³

sshdkv

(apªIÄ

hgn)

I®nsâ BIrXnbnð ]n¦v

\nd¯nepÅ heb§Ä

hmgss¡bnepw

XïpIfnepw ImWs¸Spóp

{ItaW Xhn«p \ndtam

Idp¸p \ndtam BIpóp

hmgt¸mf s]m«n ]nfÀóp

t]mIpóp

{Smhtñgvkv ]\ t]mse

CeIÄ FXnÀ

Znibntebv¡mbn

cq]s¸Spóp

hmgIq¼pIfnð

Xhn«p\nd¯nepÅ

hcItfmSp IqSnb

samtk¡v ImWmw

tcmKw _m[n¨ hmgIfnð

ipjvIn¨p hfªp

IpdpInb ImbvItfmSp

IqSnb IpeIÄ am{Xta

DïmIpIbpÅq

_\m\

kv{So¡v

sshdkv(aoen

ap«IÄ hgn)

aª\nd¯nepÅ hcIÄ

CeIfnð {]Xy£s¸Spóp

XïpIÄ¡pffnð

Icn¨nepïmIpóp

39

amhnsâ tcmK-§Ä

tcmKw tcmKImcnbpw

hym]\hpw

tcmKe£Ww \n-b-{´W amÀ¤§Ä

B{´m

Ivkv

tcmKw

IpanÄ

(hmbphnð

IqSn)

XfncneIÄ, CfwXïpIÄ,

]q¡pe Fóo `mK§fnð

tcmKe£Ww ImWpóp

tcmKw _m[n¨ `mK§fnð

Xhn«v \nd¯nepÅ s]m«pIÄ

{]Xy£s¸Spóp

XfncneIÄ Npcpïp DW§n

t]mIp-óp.

tcmKw cq£-am-Ip-t¼mÄ Ipe- I-

cn-̈ nð Dïmbn sImgn-bp-óp.

tcmKw _m[n¨pW§nb

sIm¼pIÄ apdn¨v \in¸n¡pI

Hcp iXam\w hocyapÅ

t_mÀtUman{inXw/ tIm¸À

HmIvkn tIvfmssdUv (3 {Kmw Hcp

enäÀ shÅ¯n\v) ImehÀj¯n\v

ap¼v CeIfnepw sIm¼pIfnepw

hog¯¡hn[w Xfn¡pI.

sR«pN

obð

tcmKw

IpanÄ

(hmbphnð

IqSn)

am§bpsS sR«ntem

apdn¸mSntem tcmKImcnbmb

IpanÄ hfcpóp

sXmen¸pd¯v Idp¯ ]mSpIÄ

{]Xy£s¸Spóp.

am§ ]gp¡m³ hbv¡pt¼mÄ

Idp¸v \nd¯nð

hr¯mIrXnbnepÅ ]mSpIÄ

sR«nt\mSv tNcpó `mK¯v

ImWs¸Spóp

{ItaW B `mKw Nobpóp

IgnbpóXpw £Xw Gð¡m¯

coXnbnð am§ ]dn¨p ]gp¡m³

hbv¡pI

40

ssPhoI tcmK-\n-b-{´W¯n\v kq£vam-Wp-¡Ä

tUm.kn. tKmIp-e-]m-e³, civan kn.-BÀ

]vfmâ v ]t¯m-fPn


cmk-Io-S-\m-S-in-\n-I-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Irjn coXn-IÄ thK-¯n-ep-Å-tcmK IoS \nb-

{´Ww km[y-am-¡p-óp-sï-¦nepw cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bmb D]-tbmKw Ime-{I-a-

¯nð an{X-Po-hm-Wp-¡sf \ni-¸n-¡p-ó-Xmbpw a®ns\ tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-¡p-óm-Xmbpw

Iïp-h-cp-óp. IqSm-sX, a®nepw Pem-i-b-§-fnepw Ch-bpsS tXmXv {Iam-Xo-X-ambn hÀ[n-¡p-ó-

Xn-eq-sS- ]-cn-Øn-Xn aen-\o-I-c-W-¯n\pw CXp hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-óp. Htc coXn-bn-epÅ IpanÄ\m-in-

\n-IÄ XpSÀ¨-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ tcmK-Im-cn-I-fmb AWp-¡Ä Ch-s¡-Xnsc {]Xn-tcm-[-

tijn t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-ó-Xp-aqew tcmK-\n-b-{´Ww Zpjv¡-c-am-bn-¯o-cp-óp.

C¯cw kml-N-cy-§-fnð, ]cn-Øn-Xn-¡p-tZmjw hcm-¯-co-Xn-bnð ssPho-I-co-Xn-I-fn-

eqsSbpÅ tcmK-\n-b-{´-W-co-Xn-IÄkzo-I-cn-¡m-hp-ó-Xm-Wv. s\ñv, ]¨-¡-dn-IÄ, ]g-hÀ¤-hn-f-

IÄ,-kp-K-Ô-hy-RvP-\-hn-f-IÄ, XpS§n H«p-an-¡-hn-f-I-fnepw ssPhn-I-tcm-K-\n-b-{´Ww km[y-am-

Wv.

ssPhoI tcmK\nb-{´-W-¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cpó an{X-Ip-anÄ-þ-_m-IvSo-cn-b-IÄ

ss{St¡m-sUÀa

kky-tcm-K-Im-cn-I-fmb kq£m-Wp-¡sf \in-¸n-¡p-ó-Xn-\vss{S-t¡m-UÀa Fó an{X-Ip-anÄ D]-

tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-ó-Xm-Wv.

ss{St¡m-UÀa an{X-Ip-anÄ hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-ó-hn[w

DW-§nb th¸n³ ]n®m-¡pw -Nm-W-I-s¸m-Snbpw 1x 10 A\p-]m-X-¯nð IeÀ¯nb an{in-X-

¯nð Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw shÅw Xfn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯v, (100 Intem{Kmw an{in-X-¯nð 10Intem

th¸n³]n-®m¡v + 90 Intem NmW-I-s¸m-Sn) Hóp apXð cïp Intem{Kmw hsc ss{St¡m-UÀa

s]mSn (I-t¼m-f-¯nð e`y-am-b-Xv) tNÀ¯ \óm-bn -I-eÀ¯n-b-Xn\p tijw CXv ]-{X-¡-

Semtkm t]mfn-¯o³ jotäm D]-tbm-Kn¨v \mep apXð Aôp Znhkw hsc aqSn hbv¡p-I.

]nóoSv \ñ-h®w IeÀ¯n aqóp Znh-k-§Ä IqSn aqSn-bn« tijw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp-ó-Xm-Wv.

NmW-I-s¸m-Sn- am-{X-am-Wp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-ó-sX-¦nð an{X-Ip-anÄ hfÀ¯m-\mbn Aôp Znh-

k-§Ä IqSp-t¼mÄ Cf¡n 15 Znh-k-t¯mfw aqSn-bn-«-tijw D]-tbm-Kn-t¡-ï-Xm-Wv.

Noc-bnse Ce-¸p-Ån-tcm-K-¯n\v

ss{St¡m-UÀa th¸n³ ]n®m¡v k¼pjvS NmWIw Nph-«nðtNÀ¯p sImSp-¡p-I.

]¨-¡dn ]bdphÀ¤ hnf-I-fnse hm«-tcm-K-§Ä¡v

ss{St¡m-UÀa cïp{Kmw Hcp Intem{Kmw hn¯n\v Fó tXmXnð hn¯p ]cn-N-cWw

30 Znh-k-§Ä¡p-tijw 2.5 Intem ss{St¡m-UÀa Hcp slIvS-dn\v Fó tXmXnð a®nð

IeÀ¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-I.

hmg

hmg-bnse ]\mam hm«-¯n\v hmg-sbm-ón\v 50 {Kmw Fó tXmXnð ss{St¡m-UÀa lmÀkn-

bm\w Nph-«nð C«p sImSp-¡p-I.

^vfqd-kâ v kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv

41

kky-§-fnse hnhn[ IpanÄ þ _mIvSo-cn-bð tcmK-§Äs¡-Xnsc ê-{]-Z-amb an{X

_mIvSo-cn-b-§-fm-Wn-h. ImÀjnI kÀÆ-I-em-ime hnI-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp¯ ^vfqd-kâ v kyqtUm-

tamWkv P1, P14 Fóo C\w _mIvSo-cn-b-§Ä hnhn[ kky tcmK-§Ä \nb-{ń-¡p-óXp

IqSmsX kky-§Ä ]pjvSn-tbmsS hf-cp-ó-Xn\pw Gsd klm-b-I-c-am-Wv.

Noc-bnse tcmK-§Ä¡v kptUm-tam-Wmkv IÄ¨À 10 {Kmw/Intem Fó tXmXnð hn¯p ]cn-N-

cWw sN¿p-I. 2% hocy-apÅ emb\n Ce-I-fnð Xfn-¡p-I.

]¨-¡dn hnf-I-fnse Ce-¸pÅn tcmK-§Ä¡v 2 % hocy-apÅ kyqtUm-tamWmkv emb\n Xfn¨p

sImSp-¡pI

]¨-¡dn hnf-I-fnse _mIvSo-cn-bð þ IpanÄ hm«-tcm-K-§Ä¡v

2 % hocy-apÅ kyqtUm-tamWmkv emb\n 15 Znhkw CS-hn«v a®nð tNÀ¯p sImSp-¡p-

I. ssXI-fpsS thcp-IÄ 1-þ2 % kyqtUm-tamWmkv IÄ¨-dnð ap¡n shbv¡p-I. CtX hocy-

¯nð Ce-I-fnepw Xfn¨p sImSp-¡p-I.

hmg-bnse ]\mam hm«-¯n\v

\Soð hkvXp-¡Ä 2 % hocy-apÅ kyqtUm-tamWmkv emb\nbnð ap¡n sh¨-Xn-\p-

tijw \Sm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I. kyqtUm-sam-Wmkv IÄ¨À hmg-sbm-ón\v 50 {Kmw Fó

tXmXnð Nph-«nð tNÀ¯p sImSp-¡p-I.

hmg-bnse Ce-¸p-Ån-tcm-K-¯n\v

2 % hocy-apÅ kyqtUm-tamWmkv emb\n Xfn¨p sImSp-¡p-I.

]n.-Pn.-]n.-BÀ anIvkv 2

kky-tcm-K-Im-cn-I-fmb kq£vam-Wp-¡sf \in-¸n-¡m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hpó hnhn[ an{X-_m-

IvSo-cn-b-IÄ H¯p-tNÀ¯pïm-¡pó an{in-X-am-Wn-Xv. hnf-I-fpsS hfÀ¨m-]p-jvSn¡pw {]tbm-P-\-

I-c-am-Wv. CXnsâ D]-tbm-K-coXn kyqtUm-sam-Wkv ^vfqd³kn-tâ-Xn\p kam-\-am-Wv.

]¨-¡-dn-I-fnse Nobð, _mIvSo-cn-bð hm«w XpS-§n-b-h-s¡-Xnsc PGPR mix II, 20 g Hcp enä-dn\v Fó tXmXnð 15 Znh-ks¯ CS-th-f-I-fnð a®nð tNÀ¯p sImSp-¡p-I.

ssPhnI kky-tcmK \nb-{´Ww {i²n-t¡ï Imcy-§Ä

PohmWp tcmK-\n-b-{´W Dð]-ó-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ a®nð thï{X CuÀ¸w

Dsï-óp-d¸p hcp-¯p-I.

cmk-Io-S-þ-Ip-anÄ \min-\n-IÄ¡pw ssPhnI \nb-{´-W-¯n\pw CS-bnð thï{X CS-th-f-

IÄ ]men-¡p-I.

IqSp-Xð ê-{]-Z-amb kwc-£-W-¯n\v ssPho-I-\o-b-{´Ww \nÝnX CS-th-f-I-fnð

BhÀ¯n¨v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.

hniz-k-\o-b-amb tI{µ-§-fnð \nóp am{Xw ssPhoI \nb-{´W Dð]-ó-§Ä hm§p-I.

]mbv¡-änð tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡pó Imem-h[n Xocpw apt¼ PohmWp s]mSn-IÄ

D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.

tcmKw A[n-I-cn-¨-Xn\p tijw ssPhnI \nb-{´Ww Gsd-¡psd ZpjvI-c-am-b-Xn-\mð

tcmK-§Ä hcp-ó-Xn\p ap³t]m, Ah-bpsS {]mcw-̀ m-h-Ø-bntem am{Xw ssPhnI \nb-

{´W coXn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-I.

42

II

Fisheries

43

MANUFACTURE OF VALUE-ADDED FISH PRODUCTS

Dr. K. K. Balachandran Principal Scientist (Rtd. )

CIFT Cochin

INTRODUCTION

Fish is a rich source of easily digestible protein that also provides polyunsaturated fatty acids,

vitamins, and minerals for human nutrition. Nonetheless, a large proportion of total landed fish

remains unused due to inherent problems related to unattractive color. flavor, texture, small size.

and high fat content. Most of these underutilized fish belong to the abundantly available pelagic

species,which are landed as bycatch, and some are unconventional species such as krill.

Although some species are used industrially for fish meal manufacture, a need for their

conservation and utilization for human consumption has been recognized in order to prevent

post-harvest fishery losses. Recovery of flesh by mechanical deboning and development of

value-added products are probably the most promising approaches. These include surimi and

surimi-based products, sausages, fermented products,protein concentrates and

hydrolysates,extruded products, and biotechnological possibilities. The most prominent among

the group of value-added products is breaded and battered products processed out of a variety of

fish and shellfish. The dual advantages of this approach are such as finding ways for better

utilization of low-value fish species and providing protein-rich convenience foods. However, the

key to the success of this approach depends largely on the market strategies utilized. The future

of investment in fishery sector, fish processing,cold chains,handling and packaging of value-

added food need encouragement. With increasing income and population, demand for value-

added food is likely to increase. It is necessary to cater to this challenging demand and at the

same to enhance the income of fishers.

VALUE-ADDED FISH PRODUCTS

There are several varieties of fish which do not command a ready market as fresh fish, but are

comparable to many table fish in nutritive value and other attributes. One of the ways of ensuring

effective utilisation of such fish is to process ready-to-serve or ready-to-cook value added

‘convenience' products, for which there already exists great demand from within the country as

also from abroad.

Different value added fish products and their preparation

1. Fish Cutlet

Method of preparation

Fry chopped onions in oil till brown. Fry chilli and ginger. Mix these with the cooked meat

Add mashed potato and spices and mix well with the meat.

Shape 40 g each of this in oval or round form, dip in beaten eggs, roll in bread powder

store in deep freezer.

44

Thaw and fry in oil before use.

2. Fish Ball


Mix mince prepared from fish using a mechanical meat bone separator after heading,

gutting and washing thoroughly with 1 % salt and 5% corn starch (if required, spices like

garlic, ginger etc. can be added).

Prepare balls, 2-3 cm in diameter, from the resultant mass and cook in boiling 1% brine

for 5-10 minutes.

Cool the cooked balls after which they are battered and breaded.

Pack the balls preferably in thermoformed trays as such or after flash frying in hot

vegetable oil.

Preserve by freezing and store at -18°C.

Though mince from different species of fish can be used for processing fish balls, threadfin

bream (Nemipterus japonicus),Pallikora (Otolithus argenteus) and Barracuda (Sphyraena spp.)

are found to yield satisfactory products. Mince from freshwater fishes such as Rohu (Labeo

rohita) and Catla (Catla catla) also can be used. However, in such cases,the mince needs to be

refined by passing through a mechanical strainer to get rid of the interstitial spines.

3. Fish Pickle

Ingredients

.Fish (dressed and cut into small pieces : 1 kg

Mustard : 10 g

Green chilli (cut into pieces) : 50 g

Garlic (peeled) : 200 g

Ginger (peeled and chopped) : 150 g

Chilli powder : 50 g

Turmeric powder : 2 g

Gingelly oil : 200 g

Vinegar (acetic acid 1.5%) :2 400 ml

Salt : 60g

Pepper (powdered) : 2.5g

Sugar: 10g

Cardamom, clove, cinnamon (powdered) : 1.5 g


Mix the fish thoroughly with 3% of its weight of salt and keep for two hours. Light salted

and partially dried fish also may be used. Fry the fish in minimum quantity of oil. Set

apart the fried fish.

45

Fry the ingredients (mustard,green chillies,garlic, ginger) in the remaining quantity of oil and

then add chilli powder, pepper powder and turmeric powder and mix well over low flame for a

few minutes. Remove from fire, add fried fish and mix well. When cooled, add vinegar,

powdered cardamom, clove, cinnamon, sugar and remaining salt and mix thoroughly. Sufficient

quantity of boiled and cooled water may be added to cover the ingredients well. Transfer to

clean, sterile glass bottles and seal with acid proof caps. Take care to see that there is a layer of

oil over the contents in the bottle. Flexible pouches made of 12 micron polyester laminated with

I 18micron LD-HD co-extruded film can also be use for packing the pickle.

4. Prawn pickle

Ingredients

Prawn (peeled) : 1 kg

Green chilli (small pieces) : 50 g

Ginger (small pieces) : 150 g

Garlic : 200 g

Chilli powder : 35 g

Turmeric powder :2 g

Gingelly oil : 200 ml

Vinegar (1.5% acetic acid) (boiled and cooled) : 300 ml

Salt (approx. 60 g) : to taste

Sugar: 5g


Mix the peeled prawns with salt (3% on the basis of weight of prawns) and dry under sun for 1-2

hours. Fry the prawn in minimum quantity of oil and set apart. Fry garlic, ginger and green chilli

in remaining quantity of oil. When brown in colour, add chilli powder and turmeric powder and

mix together over a low flame. Remove from flame, add the prawns and mix thoroughly. Allow

to cool and add vinegar, sugar and remaining salt. If necessary, add 1 % acetic acid to make up

the consistency. Fill in clean, dry bottles taking care to provide a layer of oil at the top covering

the contents.

5. Fish soup powder

Soup powders prepared from different materials like vegetables, meat, egg, chicken etc.

are very popular and widely consumed in different parts of the world. These are rich in

dietary constituents like protein, vitamin, fat and minerals. However,soups making use

of fish are not so common. But fishes of low economic value can very well be used for

making soup powder.

Ingredients

Picked cooked meat : 750 g

Salt : 170 g

Fat : 125 g

Onions : 750 g

46

Coriander : 12 g

Starch : 250 g

Milk powder : 100 g

Sugar : 30 g

Pepper (powder) : 15g

Ascorbic acid : 1.5 g

Carboxymethyl cellulose : 3 g

Monosodium glutamate : 10 g


Blending of the processed fish meat: Disperse the processed fish meat in about

150 ml of water and blend the material in a waring blender.

Incorporation of fried ingredients and reblending : Fry the onion in vegetable fat in

quantities as shown in the composition above. When the onion becomes light brown,add

the powdered coriander and pepper and stir. Remove from fire. Add the fired onion and all

other ingredients other than milk powder to the blendedfish and again blend till it becomes a

thick fine paste.

Drying : Pour the whole mass in thin layer in aluminium trays and dry in artificial

dryer at about 70° C.

Powdering and incorporation of milk powder: Powder the dried mass, add the skimmed milk

powder and powder well to get a homogenous product.

Packing: Pack the soup powder in airtight, polythene lined, aluminium foil bags or in cans.

(Storage life of the product is one year)

Boil 5 g of the powder in 100 ml water for 5 minutes. The soup is now ready for the table.

6. Fish Vathal

Dried. ready-to-fry-and-serve wafers, using a carbohydrate as main base and incorporating salt

and several other ingredients with or without spices are very

popular in most parts of the country.

Ingredients

Processed fish meat : 2 kg

Corn flour :1 kg

Tapioca starch : 2 kg

Common salt : 50 g

Water : 3.5 litres


Homogenise the processed fish meat with 1 litre of water for 10 mins. in a

mechanical grinding machine

Add the cornflour,tapioca starch and salt and rest of the water and blend the

whole mass for one hour

Spread the homogenised mass uniformly in aluminium trays in a thin layer of 1-2

mm thickness and cook in steam for 3-5 mins.

47

Cool to room temperature.

Cut the cooked material into desired shapes and dry under sun or preferably in

artificial dryer (at 45° C to 50° C) to a moisture content below 10%

Pack suitable lots of the dried product in sealed polythene bags or glass bottles

and store it in a cool and dry place till marketing.

The product can be stored in good condition for two years.

Packaging Requirements of Individual Seafood Products

1. Battered and breaded seafood products

A number of value-added marine products both for export and internal markets are prepared from

shrimp,squids, cuttle fish, certain species of fish and minced meat from low-priced fish. The

changes taking place during frozen storage of the value added products include desiccation,

discoloration and development of rancidity. Conventional packaging materials such as flexible

plastic films alone are not suitable for these products as they provide little mechanical protection

to the products and as a result the products get damaged or broken during handling and

transportation. Hence, thermoformed containers are commonly used: polyvinyl chloride (PVC),

high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and HDPE are unaffected by the low temperature of frozen

storage and provide protection to the contents against desiccation and oxidation during

prolonged storage.

2.Frozen products

Frozen shrimp is the most important marine export of India. Conventionally shrimp was frozen

as 2 kg blocks in duplex board cartons lined with low density polyethylene (LDPE) and 10 such

cartons are packed in a master carton made of 5 ply or 7 ply corrugated fibre board boxes. There

is now great demand from importing countries for shrimp in individually quick frozen (IQF)

form. IQF shrimp is packed into plastic film pouches. The other major IQF products are cooked

whole lobster,lobster tail,lobster meat,cuttle fish fillets, boiled clam meat and fish fillets from

white lean fish.

3. Dried fishery products

One fifth of India's fish catch is salted and dried for internal consumption. Baskets improvised

with braided coconut or palmirah leaves are the containers mainly used for packaging this

product both for export and internal distribution. An overwrap with gunny fabric is given as

reinforcement in the case of products meant for export and those which have to be transported

over long distances. These packages are however prone to easy entry of insects, rodents and

other pests. As the product is highly sensitive to changes in relative humidity, the packaging has

to be sufficiently water vapour proof.

The commonly used packaging materials for consumer packs of dry fish are LDPE or

polypropylene (PP). These materials are cheap, readily available and have good tearing and

bursting strength. Disadvantages are high water vapour and gas transmission rates, proneness to

puncture or damage from sharp spines and odour problems, and hence shelf life is limited. A

recent development is the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/LDPE laminate pouches.

48

4. Canned fish

In India tinplate cans with a sulfur-resistant lacquer are the traditional containers for fish and

shellfish. However, the high cost of imported tinplate was one of the reasons for the collapse of

canned fish exports from India. Aluminium containers offer tremendous opportunities to take

care of the packaging needs of food-based products such as canned fish. An indigenously

developed aluminium can has been found quite good for heat processing fish and fish-based

products. Pull-tab polymer-coated tin-free steel cans are presently manufactured in India and

some canneries use them for both internal and export markets.

5. Freeze dried products

Application of freeze drying in fish preservation is a relatively recent development. In spite of

the high production costs,the process is becoming very popular due to several advantages

associated with the products. They are generally packed under an inert gas to exclude air and

oxygen. Hence the main requirements in the packaging are low oxygen and water vapour

permeability to protect the product from rancidity and absorption of moisture, and sufficient

mechanical strength to protect from shock. Paper/ aluminium foil /LDPE laminates or metallised

PET/LDPE laminated pouches are used for freeze dried products.

6. Fish curry

Fish curry is a processed item presented in a 'ready-to-serve’ style. It can be preserved both by

freezing and heat processing. When heat processed in conventional tinplate or aluminium cans

the problems encountered are development of a metallic taste and discoloration. Conventional

flexible films are not suitable packaging for this product as they provide little mechanical

protection and are sensitive to heat. Thermoformed trays made of HIPS or PVC are ideal for

packing frozen fish curry. Thermally processed fish curry products are packed in PET/aluminium

foillcast PP retortable pouches.

7.Fish soup powder

Fish soup powder is a speciality product containing partially-hydrolysed fish, protein,

carbohydrates,fat and several seasonings including salt. An appropriate package developed for

such products is 12 µm plain PET laminated with LDPE-HDPE co- extruded film or 90-100 µm

LDPE/LLDPE/Nylon/LLDPE/Primacor (where Primacor =ethylene - acrylic acid co-polymer)

multilayer film which ensures safe storage of the product up to 180 days.

8.Dry fish pickle

Although fish such as anchovies are generally dried and marketed, they offer a very good raw

material for processing into dry pickle which is considered a value-added product. A packaging

material which offers safe storage of the product up to 14 months at ambient temperature has

been identified as nylon/Surlyn or LDPE/LLDPE/nylon/LLDPE/Primacor.

9. Chitin / chitosan

Until recently posing a very serious problem in its disposal,shrimp waste has now become a

very valuable commodity because of its use in the manufacture of chitin and chitosan derived

from chitin. Chitin and chitosan are exported commodities and appropriate packaging should

protect the product against moisture gain as well as microbial and insect attacks. The packaging

extensively being used by the industry is a HDPE woven gusseted bag laminated with 100 gauge

LDPE liner.

49

CAGE CULTURE OF PEARLSPOT

Dr. K. G. Padmakumar

Associate Director, RARS, Kumarakom

Sustainable intensification of food production through aquaculture calls for exploration of new

systems of farming and diversification of species. In the context that water will be at a premium

and its shortages are becoming critical, multiple use of water systems is also gaining attention

worldwide (FAO 2006). With reduction in facilities for production, the shift is from low-value

species,such as cyprinids, to high- value species.

Etroplus suratensis, pearlspot or karimeen is a high valued non-tilapian cichlid, table fish

endemic to peninsular India and Srilanka. This species is severely hindered by human

interferences and habitat disturbances. The pearl spot fish - declared the state fish last year -is on

the verge of extinction because of its unbridled exploitation due to its demand riding high on

backwater tourism. Few tourists leave the state without relishing karimeen delicacies. The major

problem for taking up commercial aquaculture and fishery enhancement in open waters by

ranching has been the lack of standardized technologies for mass production of seeds in captive

conditions. The captive breeding techniques developed is there for of great commercial

significance. The breeding of this species is invariably correlated to lunar periodicity. The fish

exhibit a peculiar breeding behavior especially pairing, nesting and courting. A modified method

of breeding manipulation in the natural habitat was accomplished in raceway system at RARS,

Kumarakom.

Pearl spot is a brackish water fish that has become naturally acclimatized to freshwaters. Being a

high-valued species, locally fetching almost six times market value compared with carps,there

are immense possibilities of farming of pearl spot in net cages. Unlike carps,Etropius is not a

jumping species, and being very gentle they do not damage the cage netting during sampling or

at harvest. The laterally compressed body shape foils easy escape of the fish from cages and also

permits larger mesh size and a better water turn over for the cages. The fish feeds predominantly

on filamentous algae and detritus in nature. Owing to good palatability, omnivorous feeding

habits and hardy nature, it is greatly suited to aquaculture. Culture of commercially important

fishes in enclosures in open water bodies is an accepted strategy that ensures high production

and when adopted judiciously, it can promote parallel enhancement of natural fisheries (Hu&Liu

1997; Welcomme &Bartley 1997).

After a decade of experiments, cage farming of pearl spot fish or karimeen has been

commercially launched by the technology from RARS, Kumarakom in the Kerala backwaters in

what is set to be a major boost to aquaculture. Inland fishermen, especially those in the

backwaters of Kuttanad in Alappuzha, have been introduced tothe new technology. The Kerala

Fisheries department has issued 1,000 cages among 10 inland fishermen societies in Alappuzha

and Kottayam.

Fish culture in net cages was undertaken in open waters in Vembanad Lake off Muhamma near

Pathiramanal. Floating cage rafts made on pontoons were erected using PVC barrels and bamboo

structures with catwalk for facilitating feeding, observations etc. The cages were made of nylon

webbing of mesh 18 mm. The shape of the cages were all ‘square’ type. Optimum cage depth

was 2 m with a minimum depth of 1.5 m under water. Cages were placed in deeper locations so

50

that the cage was 0.5 m above the lake bottom. Cage spacing of 2 m was maintained invariably

between all cages. Cage sizes of 1 m2, 2 m

2, 4 m

2 were evaluated for growth efficacy. 1 m

2 cages

were found to be the most effective size. Stocking size was invariably above 50g in case of carps

and above 10g in the case of pearl spots. The Indian major carps, catla and rohu as well as the

locally important fish, Etroplus suratensis were evaluated for growth efficiency using formulated

commercial pellets of 25% protein. Amongst all the species, the pearl spot showed the maximum

growth .

Pearl spot, E. suratensis, is a suitable species for culture in cage enclosures in open waters in the

Vembanad estuarine system. It attains an average size of 127g in 130 days in open water cages.

This indicates the versatility of pearl spots for cage culture. Apparently, production of fish in

cages increased with increase in initial stocking size and stocking density. Even at low stocking

densities, higher stocking size results in a reasonably better fish yield. This implies that for

maximizing production in cage farming, it is essential to ensure an optimum individual size and

biomass. An initial stocking size of 30-50 g will be good if the commercial target is to market

pearl spot at 200-250 g in 6-8 months. Survival rates are also very good when stocking size is

high. The observed biomass gain of 0.9 g. day-1

for pearl spot under cage culture. High stocking

rate coupled with heavy feeding contribute to enhanced production in cage fish farming. Pearl

spot adapts well to captivity in low-volume cages. Probably being a schooling species, the fish

tolerate such crowding in cages. The net cages stocked with pearl spots must be devoid of algal

growth and mesh clogging, a common problem encountered in cage fish farming.

Under this practice, cages of a square meter size each and made of soft polythene are submerged

in a water body, 500 meters away from the shore. The cages have wooden pillars for support and

their floors are covered with fine meshes so as to prevent loss of feed. The cages are moored to

the lake bottom using concrete anchors.

With more than 70% of its land area under water, Kuttanad is ideal for freshwater fish/prawn

culture. Trials conducted at RARS Kumarakom have conclusively proved that fresh water fishes

like grass carp, rohu. mrigal, catla and common carp could be successfully raised in this tract.

Besides pearl spot, integrated farming is another lucrative business which can be practiced at

Kuttanad. The studies on prawn culture at RARS, Kumarakom shows that in channels

surrounding bunds on which coconut is grown have shown that an average production 0.80 tons

per ha of fresh water prawns could be produced in 220 days, fetching a profit of Rs.21,050/-per

ha. The fresh water prawns grow to a maximum size of 200 g during this period with a recovery

of 97 per cent.

Simultaneous farming of rice and fish has been proved to be a viable technology for the Kuttanad

tract. in an experimental culture system at RARS, Kumarakom, a record yield of 0.60 tons per ha

of fish has been obtained in 220 days when raised along with rice. The yield of fish recorded

from this experiment is much higher than that reported elsewhere in India. Similarly, the trials on

fish-cum-duck farming resulted in significant achievements. By raising ducks in a cage

constructed over the fish pond, an yield of 5.4 tons per ha of fish could be harvested in 302 days.

The yield thus obtained was significantly higher than that of the control system where no duck

was maintained. It has been demonstrated that duck droppings substantially enhanced the pond

productivity.

51

Rotational cropping of rice and fish (Orune|lum Oru Nellum) resulted in the production of 1.0

ton per ha of table sized fish in 184 days in addition to rice grain yield of 2.1 tons per ha. Fish

culture in rice fields after the kharif crop of rice (additional crop) is more profitable than second

crop (punja-rabi) rice. The study also showed that by a cyclic conversion of rice fields for fish

culture, table sized marketable fishes could be produced even in a short interphase period of six

months without additional expenditure on feed or fertilizers. This farming practice has caught on

with the farming community of Kuttanad and about 5000 acres of wetlands cropped annually for

rice alone have been higher than that reported elsewhere in India.

Studies on pig cum fish farming under integrated situations revealed that cost on feeds that

generally account for over 50 percent of the input costs in aquaculture could be fully saved by

integrating 40 pigs per hectare of pond area. Fish yield up to four tons per hectare could be

realized.

The following thrust areas have been identified for research in RARS, Kumarakom:

Integrated farming involving crops, livestock and fish.

Conservation of mangroves.

Changes in the ecosystem of Kuttanad and their impact on the agrarian economy of the tract

Reclamation and management of problem soils.

Womens‘ role in the agrarian economy of Kuttanad.

Testing and popularising improved farm implements.

lntercropping with annual and perennial crops in coconut gardens.

Establishing a data base (information system) Kumarakom.

Aquaculture in kari lands of Kuttanad: selection of species and their culture.

High density culture of fishes in open waters

Fish ranching and augmentation of fish production in the Vembanad backwaters

Economics of rice-fish farming systems of coastal agro-ecosystems

Monitoring pesticide residues in crops

Screening and evaluation of medicinal plants for reclaimed alluvial lands of Kuttanad

52

III

Traditional/Herbal Medicines

53

Nurturing a Culture of Plant based Primary Healthcare Practices for a

healthy life

V V Sivan Senior Scientist,

Community Agrobiodiversity Centre,

M S Swaminathan Research Foundation

Plants have ever fascinated human beings in various ways as sources of food. shelter, medicine

and other healthcare products, cloths, dyes etc. They are one of the most valuable resources that

need to be nurtured, consumed and conserved with at most care. The dependency of human on

plants dates back to the history of mankind. It is estimated that over 2,50,000 higher plants exist

on earth. Out of this enormous plant wealth 80,000 species of plants found to have medicinal

property according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Majority of these are being

utilized for treating a number of ailments in various systems of medicines. W. H.O has estimated

that over one million people around the world depend on herbs or herb based medicine for

preventive or curative healthcare needs at varying extent in a variety of ways. W.H.O's

estimation of 80% of the world population still depends on plants to address various kinds of

health requirements shows the pivotal role that plants play in the day to day life of human being.

The therapeutic and curative properties have well recorded.

India's medicinal plant wealth is remarkably unique. As per the master database prepared by the

Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT) there are over 7500 species of

medicinal plants being utilized in varying systems of medicine in India. These plants are known

to the Indian population through 1,40,500 local names. It is 16.67% of the total number plant

species recorded in India. These plants address the health needs of large sections of population;

provide raw materials to various Indian systems of medicine such as ayurveda, siddha unani.

amchi, folk and modern medicine. Medicinal plants are potential source of livelihoods to the

tribal communities and thousands of them are making an earning by engaging in its collection

and marketing. India has the potential to become a champion in the world in medicinal plant

sector with its rich resource base and traditional knowledge on their uses.The most widely

practiced system all over the world would undoubtedly be the home or society based herbal

applications for a number of simple to complex ailments. The first rays of knowledge on the

application of plants for curing ailments probably have its origin from the chimpanzee's practice.

Human beings might have observed the chimpanzees and adopted the herb based treatment and

later developed the system over a period of time through continuous trial and error method.

There are research undertaken on this aspect and ample of data are now available to support this

view.

Of the remarkable wealth of medicinal plants that we have, at least fifty very potential plant

species could be applied directly either single or in combination with other locally available

plants for simple basic ailments. Everyone not only needs to keep these herbs at their households

for the purpose of their primary healthcare but to use them for ensuring their conservation also.

This practice is gaining more and more importance in an era where the healthcare needs are

increasing and the expenditure for it is skyrocketing. It would also help to revitalize the time

tested practices and in regulating the fast erosion of traditional knowledge and skills. But the

necessary knowledge and skill on the uses and the method of application is absolutely essential

for the right and effective utilization of plants for curative, preventive and cosmetic purposes.

54

It was our tradition to use ginger in fresh or dried form for cold, cough, indigestion and other

stomach disorder in varying form and combinations. Pepper and 'thippali' were also used for the

same purpose. Adalodakam (Adathoda zeylanica) is a must keeping herb at each household for

its phenomenal property of curing long lasting cough and cold. Turmeric is the wonder herb

having antibacterial, germicidal, cosmetic and insecticidal properties. It can be used for a number

of purposes in different combinations. Panikkoorkka (Coleus zeylanicus) is one plant that must

be planted at houses where there is children. It is proved that it can give relief to infants from

cold mostly with a bath in water boiled with panikkoorkka or application of a little leaf juice on

the head. Neelayamari, chittaratha, Chittamruth. asokam, agathi, arootha, aryaveppu,

Ungu,avanakku, lemon grass, kiriyath, kattarvazha, thulsi, koovalam, kacholam, kayyunyam etc

has its own place in primary healthcare. The wound healing properties of murikootti

(Hemegraphis colorata). anti cholesterol properties of curry leaf kudampuli and kokum are well

known and utilized by people based on the knowledge they have inherited or acquired. Some of

the medicinal plants used as vegetables are rich in vitamin and minerals. Each of these home

remedial plants has different uses among different communities.

One can also think about using value added herbal formulations like murivenna, pain

balm,massage oils, different kinds of hair oils, ointments for skincare,tooth powder, uragulika

etc,can be prepared and used for one's own healthcare. What is needed a good understanding

about the plants and the necessary skills for the preparation. The wound and burn healing

properties of murivenna and uragulika's capacity to control upset stomach are well known. A

person knowledgeable on herbal tooth powder using the leaves of guava, mango. and charcoal

with other minor ingredients will never spend money for buying costly items which can be

injurious to the tooth and gum. In fact it was our tradition to use these materials either single or

in combination. Anyone with proper training can prepare top quality hair and massage oils at

cheaper price and minimize certain medical expenditure. No need to run after advertisement for

wasting money. An open mind,good attitude, patience and minimum money are the capital

required.

Lots of people. particularly women have by now undergone training and capacity enhancement

programmes on primary healthcare aspects in Wayanad. Most of them have initiated home herbal

gardens at their households and started using the plants for various needs. It is the need of the

present to do so when the life of the common person is lead by a handful of giants by pumping

thousands of their healthcare products in to the market and forcing us to buy through penetrating

advertisement and campaigns even if you don't need them. Many such giants don't even keep the

minimum ethics. it is high time to think about revitalizing traditional healthcare practices at least

for not getting them degraded and lost. Let us include the leafy herbs in our daily diet so that one

need not always run after tablets, capsules and tonics for vitamins and minerals. Identify the

local resources, acquire the knowledge and skills needed and start using them. it will certainly

give you relief economically, mentally and physically.

55

IV

Energy Saving Techniques

56

Energy Conservation

Prof. (Dr). M.Jayaraju

Director, Anert

Department of Power, Govt of Kerala

Introduction

Man arrived on this earth and started exploiting different sources of energy for raising his

standard of living. Energy has been an important component to meet the day- to- day need of

human beings. The degree of civilization (or human culture) is measured by the energy

utilization for human advancement or needs.

Civilization = Energy + Intelligence

What is Energy?

• A fundamental concept such as GOD, and is very difficult to define.

• However, defined as the capability to produce an effect or capability to do work.

Issues in the area of Energy

All of the energy we consume is from our planet’s resources. It is important that each

citizen make an effort to conserve energy. Individuals should do this because their environment

is that for future generations as well. The environment can be as clean as the prior generations

leave it.

Issues

Rising cost of natural resources

Inability to refine energy

The onset of global warming

Unhealthy living conditions

Global Warming

Global warming began in 1790 at the onset of the industrial revolution that was characterized by

the emergence of factories and steam engines that began to spew greenhouse gases into the air

we breathe.

Although the outcome of this process is unknown, it is suspected that it will be detrimental

to future generations. Right now Americans produce 6.6 tons of greenhouse gases per person per

year and 82% of these emissions are a result of the combustion engine.

For these reasons, along with countless others,

There should be a concerted effort to utilize all current energy saving methods

Continue to pursue new and innovative ways to protect and prolong our environment.

57

The future promises cleaner energy sources and more options that will allow individuals

to leave a healthy environment for future generations. Ethanol fuel is one of the cleaner energy

sources that is here today and is being used in many parts of the world. Advances in solar power

are bringing that form of energy closer to being a feasible form of energy. Modern technology

has given individuals options.

Why India needs Energy Independence?

• Extreme dependence on hydrocarbons (96.26%) as primary source of India’s energy

supply:

• Coal (51%)

• Oil (36.39%)

• Natural gas (8.84%).

More than 70% of India’s crude oil is imported, projected to increase by 90%.Raising

petroleum import bill, takes away nearly 10% of the country’s GDP. Fuel imports are from

politically sensitive regions.

Sector-wise Total Energy Consumption in India

Energy Conservation

It is a process for minimizing wasteful expenditure and utilizing available energy efficiently and

judiciously. It is a key strategic business goal and way of life.

Energy Management

Energy management involves both supplies as well as demand management from a nation’s

perspective.

Energy supply management

Manage the supply of energy to fulfill the requirement of the nation.

58

Supply management encompasses

• Augmenting existing capacities, thermal hydel and nuclear power

• Increasing efficiency of generation and transmission and its optimal utilization

• Exploration and application of new and renewable energy such as solar, wind and bio-

mass energy

Energy demand management

• Managing demand (user requirements) in relation to available or limited supply of energy

Demand side management encompasses

• Energy conservation

• Energy efficiency improvement

• Changing user pattern

• Energy substitution

Benefits of Energy Conservation

• Savings add directly to bottom line

• Reduced emissions

• Reduced effluent

• Conserves resources

• Reduced maintenance

• Improved comfort

Where to Start?

Home

Educational institutions

Office etc

Energy conservation in Industries

Why in Industries

About 70% of generated energy in the country is used by the industry

So, implement energy conservation measures in these sector ( having lesser number of

consumers than domestic sector)

Energy Audit

A scientific method for identifying and assessing potential areas where energy could be

conserved by way of introducing required modifications.

Why Energy Audit

• The international climate protocols oblige to reduce emissions

• Energy Strategy and Energy Conservation Programme support the Climate strategy

• Improving energy efficiency and increasing the amount renewable energy sources will

cover about 50 % of the emission reduction targets

59

Aspects of Energy Audit

Areas where energy is used.

Quantum of energy conserved.

Methods of usage of energy, area of wastage, and step to plug them.

Evaluates the existing consumption at the site

Identifies and scales the cost effective energy saving opportunities (payback time < 10

years)

Reports the findings

Conducted by an authorized auditor

Energy Audit Methodology

Primary Energy Audit

- Within limited time, if losses are more go for the detailed audit.

Detailed Energy Audit

-Take long time, measures quantity, cost and savings

- Then give Engg. recommendations and defined projects.

Various Measures of Energy Audit

Immediate measures

Better operating practices

Better technological discipline

Better utilization and avoidance of waste

These are no or low cost measures.

Short term measures

Addition and modification

- needs small investments

- requires one or two year.

Long term measures

Introduction of

- new technologies

- new equipments

- maintenance etc.

Require large capital investments and modification of existing plants.

Energy Conservation in Domestic Sector

Education on:-

Good cooking habits

Energy efficient lighting and other domestic equipments

60

Use of Fuel Efficient BIS marked Kerosene / LPG stoves and lighting appliances.

Use of alternate sources of energy i.e. Biogas, Solar etc.

Women as ambassadors

LPG Clinics including workshops

Green Building – domestic & commercial

Energy Efficient Chulhas

Urgency for Cleanup

World 8 years away from being a living hell ? – IPCC report - May 2007.

India 5th largest emitter of CO2 (1100 MT) in the world after

USA (5800MT),China (4732 MT), Russia (1529 MT) & Japan (1215 MT).

China reduces 20% CO2 between 2006 and 2010*!!

Energy Policy for Europe(EPE)

-20% reduction in energy consumption by 2020

Three –way Approach to Clean Environment

-Reduce demand (energy demand)

-Use the fossil fuels in the cleanest form

-Maximize the use of renewable energy sources

Government Initiatives

Energy Audits of Buildings

Capacity building

Development of Energy Conservation norms

School Education Program

Women Education Program

Energy Conservation Awards

Mass Awareness

Energy Labeling

Energy Auditors Accreditation

Role of Government

• Government has to play pivotal role

- National Energy policy

- Energy Conservation Legislation

- Integrated Urban Transport Policy

- Rational Pricing & Subsidies

- Proper Economic Climate

• Government has to play pivotal role

Financial

* Incentives

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* Support

* Incentives to be output oriented rather than installation cost

Conclusion

• An effort to incorporate energy conservation into education would not be complete unless

a program was created to teach the women and youth of the country, particularly in the

elementary and middle schools. This program would consist of useful tips to conserve

energy in the home. The program would also have a component to allow women/students

to learn about the way their families use energy.

• Students and women would be given a workbook including a worksheet about their

family’s usage. Then they would learn about ways to reduce those levels.

• Also included in this program would be education about renewable natural resources.

• They could also be taken on field trips as a part of the program to learn about different

ways that energy is produced in their areas.

• One possible option would be local power plants, refineries, or coal mines. These types

of trips would differ depending on the area.

• By creating a program that requires the students/women to learn about different methods

of energy conservation it encourages their minds to grow with eco-friendly ideas.

According to Gandhiji

Energy Conservation is essential for sustainable development.

Goal

Conserve energy in every sector of life.

Remember

Energy conserved is energy produced

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Faculty-Participant interaction

Distribution of kits for participants during a session

a compilation of technical presentations during the one...

Documents