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A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND
INDONESIAN ADVERBS OF TIME
a final project
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
in English
by
Yunita Dewi Puspitasari
2201405538
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY
2010
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APPROVAL The final project was approved by the Board of Examiners of the English
Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts of Semarang State University
on February, 2010.
Board of Examiners
1. Chairperson
Dra. Malarsih, M. Sn
NIP. 19610617988032001 _________________
2. Secretary
Drs. Alim Sukrisno, M. A
NIP. 195206251981111001 _________________
3. First Examiner
Drs. Suprapto, M. Hum
NIP. 195311291982031002 _________________
4. Second Advisor as Second Examiner
Dr. Dwi Anggani L. B, M. Pd
NIP.195901141989012001 _________________
5. First Advisor as Third Examiner
Drs. Ahmad Sofwan, Ph. D
NIP. 196204271989011001 _________________
Approved by
Dean of Languages and Arts Faculty
Prof. Dr. Rustono
NIP. 195801271983031003
iii
PERNYATAAN Dengan ini saya: Nama : Yunita Dewi Puspitasari NIM : 2201405538 Prodi : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Jurusan : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Semarang menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa skripsi/ tugas akhir/ final project yang berjudul: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN
ADVERBS OF TIME
Yang saya tulis dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana, ini benar-benar karya saya sendiri yang saya hasilkan setelah melalui penelitian, pembimbingan, diskusi dan pemaparan atau ujian. Semua kutipan baik yang langsung maupun tidak langsung, baik yang diperoleh dari sumber kepustakaan, wahana elektronik, wawancara langsung maupun sumber lainnya telah disertai keterangan mengenai identitas sumbernya dengan cara sebagaimana yang lazim dalam penulisan karya ilmiah. Dengan demikian, walaupun tim penguji dan pembimbing penulisan skripsi/ tugas akhir/ final project ini membubuhkan tanda tangan sebagai tanda keabsahannya, seluruh isi karya ilmiah tetap menjadi tanggung jawab saya sendiri. Demikian pernyataan ini dibuat dan semoga dapat digunakan seperlunya. Semarang, 24 Februari 2010 Yang membuat pernyataan Yunita Dewi Puspitasari NIM. 2201405538
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Key of happiness is doing what you
love with someone you love
(The Writer)
v
To my beloved father and mother, my beloved brother and someone who always
gives me support
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to express my highest gratitude to The
Almighty Allah S.W.T, Lord of the world, for giving me his blessing, health,
inspiration, strength, and spirit leading to finish this final project.
I believe I am nothing without other people around me, therefore, my
greatest gratitude and appreciation is dedicated to Drs. Ahmad Sofwan, Ph. D as
my first advisor, who was willing to give valuable and continuous guidance,
advice, as well as encouragement in making and completing this final project with
great patience and kindness. My special thanks also go to Dr. Dwi Anggani L.B,
M. Pd as my second advisor, who has carefully read the paper for its improvement
and has encouraged me to finish it.
I would like to give my deepest gratitude to my beloved mother, Mira
Sulistyani, and my father, Tulus Suwarno, my young brother, Sandro and my soul
mate, Bonar for the support and everlasting love. I love you all.
I also thank to all of my lecturers at English Department of UNNES.
Finally, I would like to thank to all of students of English Department, especially
people in Class D Parallel ’05 ( Yoshi, Desty, Widha, Fitria, Agus) who always
cheer me up whenever I am down and thank to all people whom I cannot mention
one by one for their unforgettable contribution during completing my final
project, thank you very much. I hope that this research will be useful to improve
knowledge.
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ABSTRACT
Puspitasari, Yunita Dewi. 2010. A Contrastive Analysis between English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time. Final Project. English Department, S1 degree, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Semarang State University. Advisors : I. Drs. Ahmad Sofwan, Ph. D, II. Dr. Dwi Anggani L.B, M. Pd.
Keywords: Analysis between English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time
The topic of this study is “A Contrastive Analysis between English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time”. The objectives of the study are to analyze what kinds of adverbs and to identify the similarities and the differences between English and Indonesian adverbs of time.
This is a qualitative study. First, I collected the data from books on Indonesian grammar and English grammar. Second, I identified them on every type of adverbs. At last, the collected and classified data were then analyzed.
The result of the analysis showed that all types of adverbs were found. After analyze the data I can find the similarities and the differences between them. From the similarities, based on the function, both English and Indonesian explain verb, adjectives, and the other adverbs. There are three kinds of position. They are position in the front, in the middle and in the behind. Based on the type, both of them have three kinds of adverbs. From the differences, based on the function, in English, sentence used many words ending –ed + -ly, but in Indonesian was not. Based on the tenses, in English, if an action was happen in past, the verbs automatically was changed but in Indonesian was not. Based on the type, in Indonesian has eleven kinds of adverbs.
From the explanation above, I concluded that between English and
Indonesian has three kinds of adverbs, they are, adverbs of manner is used to describe the way the action is done, adverbs of place is used to show where the action is done, adverbs of time is used to show when an action is done, or the duration or frequency.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................ vi
Abstract ........................................................................................................ vii
Table of Contents .......................................................................................... viii
1. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................................... 1
1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic ........................................................... 3
1.3 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................... 4
1.4 Objective of the Study ........................................................................... 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ....................................................................... 4
1.6 Limitation of the Study ......................................................................... 4
1.7 Outline of the Study .............................................................................. 5
2. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE .......... 7
2.1 Review of Previous Studies ................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Contrastive Analysis ........................................................................... . 7
2.2 Review of Theoretical Studies ............................................................... 9
2.2.1 Adverbs………………………………………………………… .......... . 10
2.2.2 Kind and Position of Adverbs …………………………………… ....... . 11
2.2.2.1 Kind of Adverbs ................................................................................. 11
2.2.2.2 Position of Adverbs ........................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Function of Adverbs …………………………………… ..................... . 13
2.2.4 Adverbs of Time and Examples in English and Indonesian languages.... 21
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2.2.4.1Definition Adverbs of Time between English and Indonesian
Languages ........................................................................................... 22
2.2.4.2Examples Adverbs of Time between English and Indonesian
Languages ......................................................................................... 23
2.3 Theoretical framework ......................................................................... 26
3. CHAPTER III METHOD OF INVESTIGATION .............................. 27
3.1 Research Type .................................................................................... 27
3.2 Object of The Study ........................................................................... 28
3.3 Data Source ........................................................................................ 28
3.4 Methods of Collecting Data................................................................ 29
3.5 Method of Analyzing Data ................................................................. 29
4. CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS ....................................................... 32
4.1 The Similarities between English and Indonesian Adverbs of
Time………………………...…………………… ……………………. 32
4.2 The Differences between English and Indonesian Adverbs of
Time………………………...…………………… …………………….. 39
4.3 Result of the Data Analysis…………………………………………… 48
5. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ....................... 50
5.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 50
5.2 Suggestion ........................................................................................... 51
References ................................................................................................... 52
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This first chapter will present the background knowledge about the topic being
studied. It comprises the background of the study, reason for choosing the topic,
statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study,
limitation of the study, and the outline of the study.
1.1 Background of the Study
English is an international language. It is used as a means of communication
in most of countries in the world. Without language, human beings cannot
communicate with the other people. English is also used to write many kinds of
scientific books. Learning English is not easy; therefore, Indonesian learners are
often confused to comprehend it because there are some differences between the
English and Indonesian language systems. Besides that, the Indonesian learners
learning English are influences by Indonesian structure.
Wardhaugh (1985: 3) says that language is a system of arbitrary vocal
symbols used for human communication. It should be realized that language is
unique, having its own structural, cultural, and meaning systems. In order words, I
can say that there are no two languages having exactly the same systems that are
why people usually find some difficulties in learning a foreign language. Based on
those phenomena, it is reasonable for the learners of language to scrutinize the
differences and the similarities of a language from the other language.
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Every year, millions of people start learning a foreign language but very few
succeed in mastering it. The most obvious reason is that the learner of foreign
language has experiences, which vary from person to person. Therefore, if the
native language habit is transferred when learning a foreign language, problem
will arise, so by comparing the foreign language systems with the native language
systems, the teacher will know the potential learning problems. Obviously
learning English as a foreign language is more difficult than learning the first
language. However, the basic problem a rising is not out essential difficulties in
the features of the second language themselves but also from the first language.
Language study surely involves various aspects; they are phonology,
morphology and syntax. I assume that between English and Indonesian have some
differences and similarities in the case of word formation as the part of the study
adverbs, especially in adverbs of time. Based on the assumption, adverbs have
special characteristics often make the learners confused to understand. They often
get difficulties in giving the meaning of adverbs. The common problem faced by
the foreign language learners when reading material written in English is because
they do not master vocabulary, which is the comprehend the four English skills,
namely listening, reading, speaking and writing. Grammar is also very important
in learning English. One part of grammar is about adverbs of time. Here are some
examples of adverbs of time in English:
(1) Do not wait until tomorrow.
(2) Yesterday my sister came from Jakarta.
(3) Our lesson today is English.
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The next are some examples of adverbs of time in Indonesian:
(1) Ibu akan tiba di Surabaya besok pagi.
(2) Tadi malam Sandro datang ke rumahku.
(3) Rapat bulan depan akan dilaksanakan di rumah Bapak Suwarno.
The words in italic above are called adverbs of time. Indonesian and
English adverbs of time in the examples above can be put in the beginning,
middle and the end of the sentence.
Because of the fact, I would like to study one of the adverbs that influence
the mastery of English and Indonesian adverbs of time to get the similarities and
the differences about them, so I want to analyze both of them to give contribution
to the learners learning English.
1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic
In this final project, I choose the topic “A Contrastive Analysis between
English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time” because basically, English consists of
four skill, namely listening, reading, speaking and writing. Grammar is also very
important in learning English. One part of grammar is about adverbs, it is
important for the learners to know adverbs of time English and Indonesian
because of little mistake of using, it can be fatal. Thus, I think that in the
beginning of learning English, Indonesian students often get difficulties in using
adverbs of time.
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1.3 Statement of the Problem
The problem that is discussed in this study is:
(1) What are the similarities and the differences between English and
Indonesian adverbs of time?
1.4 Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is:
(1) To identify the similarities and the differences between English and
Indonesian adverbs of time based on contrastive analysis.
1.5 Significances of the Study
After conducting the research, I hope that the result will be helpful for the
language learners, especially the learners. Briefly, I hope that the result will
provide a good description analysis about adverbs of time. I hope that they will
understand the differences and the similarities between English and Indonesian
adverbs of time and how they will learn it in order to create an effective English
teaching and learning process.
1.6 Limitation of the Study
The discussion is limited on the analysis of the adverbs of time between
English and Indonesian; I tend to limit this study is focused on the Contrastive
Analysis of adverbs of time between English and Indonesian. The kinds of
adverbs of time in English and Indonesian (Rangkuti-Hasibuan, 1996: 163) are:
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a. definite adverbs of time
- Examples in English: yesterday, tomorrow, today, etc.
- Examples in Indonesian: kemarin, besok, hari ini, etc.
b. underfinite adverbs of time
- Examples in English: still, soon, already, etc.
- Examples in Indonesian: masih, segera, sudah, etc
c. frequency of adverbs of time
- Examples in English: always, often, sometimes, etc.
- Examples in Indonesian: selalu, sering, kadang- kadang, etc.
This study is limited to describe the differences and the similarities
between English and Indonesian adverbs of time.
1.7 Outline of the Study
This final project consists of five chapters. Chapter I is introduction. It
consists of background of the study, reason for choosing the topic, statement of
the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, limitation of the
study and outline of the study.
Chapter II covers review of related literature which includes review of
previous studies, review of theoretical studies, and theoretical framework. Review
of previous studies present theory which ever been conducted related to the topic
of this study. The review of theoretical studies presents some theories which is
used to the reference. It includes definition of adverbs, kind and position of
adverbs, function of adverbs, adverbs of time and examples in English and
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Indonesian languages. The last one is theoretical framework. It is the conclusion
from both reviews of previous studies and review of theoretical studies.
Chapter III is method of investigation. It consists of research type, object of
the study, data source, method of collecting data, and method of analyzing data.
Chapter IV is about analysis the data. It will comprise the analysis of the
textbook.
Chapter V is conclusion and suggestion.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, I present review of previous study, review of theoretical
studies, and theoretical framework. Review of previous study is the brief
description about theory related to the topic. It is used as the base of thinking.
The next part is review of theoretical studies which concerns about some theories
used in designing this study. And the last part is theoretical framework. It is a
brief conclusion from both previous studies and theoretical studies.
2.1. Review of Previous Studies
In this part, I present theories related to the topic.
2.1.1 Contrastive Analysis
The topic of this study is related to the concept of contrastive analysis;
therefore, I think that it is necessary to define what contrastive analysis is.
There is various definition of contrastive analysis which is presented by
some experts. According to Sri Hastuti (2003: 45), contrastive analysis to discuss
two differences and two analyses the differences between them. Guntur Tarigan
(1988: 23), contrastive analysis is an activity which tries to compare the structure
of L1 and L2 in order to identify the differences between two languages.
Lado (1962: 21) introduces contrastive analysis as the comparison
between two languages. Lado (1962: 21) introduces contrastive analysis as the
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comparison of the structures of two languages to determine the point where they
differ and the difference is the source of difficulty in learning of target language.
According to Sujoko (1989: 1), the contrastive analysis hypothesis is the
interfering effect of the first language on the second language learning and
claimed, in its strong form, that second language is primarily, if not exclusively, a
process of acquiring whatever items are different from the first language. Guntur
Tarigan (1992: 50) says that at the level of process, we acquaint two versions of
contrastive analysis hypothesis. They are ‘strong form’ and ‘weak form’. Strong
form hypothesis states that the L2 errors can be predicted by identifying the
differences between L1 and L2 which are learned by the learners. Weak form
hypothesis states that contrastive analysis has diagnostic characteristics.
Therefore, contrastive analysis and error analysis must be mutually complete.
Error analysis identifies the errors done by the learners while contrastive analysis
determines which the errors by the differences of both languages. Lee, as quoted
by Guntur Tarigan (1992: 5) states that the strong form hypothesis of contrastive
analysis based on the assumptions as follows:
(1) That the prime cause or single cause of difficulty and error in foreign
language learning is interference coming from the learner’s native language.
(2) The difficulty is caused by the differences between L1 and L2.
(3) The greater the differences between L1 and L2 are the more difficult the
learning foreign language is.
(4) The results of comparison between two languages are needed to predict the
difficulties and errors in learning of foreign language.
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(5) Teaching material can be determined exactly by comparing both languages.
Contrastive analysis is a linguistic enterprise aimed at producing
inverted (i.e. contrastive, not comparative) two valued typologies (a contrastive
analysis is always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the
assumption that languages can be compared (James, 1980: 3).
The term Contrastive Analysis is often compared the same contrastive
linguistics both of them are different. It is an applied linguistics for two reasons
namely that the Contrastive Analysis is different from the pure linguistics in
approaching the other disciplines of knowledge, meanwhile linguistics is used a
lot of by Contrastive Analysis (Tarigan, 1995: 60).
From the definition above, it can be concluded that contrastive analysis
can help in analyzing two differences things.
2.2. Review of Theoretical Studies
In this part, I present some theories which is used to the reference. It
includes definition of adverbs, kind and position of adverbs, function of adverbs,
adverbs of time and examples in English and Indonesian languages.
Since this study is about contrastive analyzing adverbs of time, I will
present what is meant by definition of adverbs, kind and position of adverbs,
function of adverbs, adverbs of time and examples in English and Indonesian
languages.
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2.2.1 Adverbs
Most adverbs in English are formed by adding –ly to an adjective. An
adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a noun or
noun phrase, determiner, a numeral, a pronoun or a preposition phrase and can
sometimes be used as a complement of a preposition. An adverb is a part of
speech that describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, clause, or
sentence. An adverb is the sentence element used to qualify or determine verbs. In
addition, an adverb is also used to qualify or determine nouns, adjectives, other
adverbs, and even entire sentence.
Raymond Murphy (1985: 192) states that an adverb tells us about a verb.
An adverb tells us in what way someone does something or in what way
something happens. An adverb is a word of group words which has function to
explain a verb, adjective of adverbs which also has a function in a sentence (Gorys
Keraf, 1984: 74).
An Adverb is a word that adds more information about place, time,
circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or
another adverb (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995: 18).
Based on Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.com/definition/adverbs that
adverbs are descriptive words that convey a sense of how, when, where, or why.
An adverb's descriptiveness can be applied to a verb, an adjective, or to another
adverb.
An Adverb can be concluded that it can be simply viewed as the process
of the reader’s thinking in relation to written.
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2.2.2 Kind and Position of Adverbs
In this section, I would present the kind and position of Adverbs.
2.2.2.1 Kind of Adverbs
Marcella Frank (1972: 141) in Modern English book says that kinds of
adverbs are:
(1) Adverbs of Manner
The adverbs of manner has characteristic adverbial form (an –ly ending
added to a descriptive adjective)
Example:
- He runs quickly.
- She opened the window quietly.
(2) Adverbs of Place
There are many prepositions which appear after verb on either adverbs of
place or adverbs of direction.
Example:
- He came in.
- They walked down.
Some archaic forms for adverbs of place and direction are still found in the
literary language, hither (here), thither (there), yonder (over there), hence
(from here), thence (from there), whither (where).
(3) Adverbs of Time
Definite Time, these adverbs have a fixed boundary in time (yesterday,
today, tomorrow). Most of these words have noun and some may be used
in plural, for example, He works nights and sleeps days.
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In additional, a group of words may function as a single time expression
(last week, a month ago, and the day before yesterday).
Indefinite Time, these kinds of time has no fixed boundary:
- Words like recently, nowadays, soon, already, still, just,
immediately.
- Words denoting a sequence in time like now, then, before, after
(wards), next, first, later.
- Words denoting frequency, frequency words range in meaning from
at all times to at no time like, always, often, sometimes, never.
Based on Marcella Frank, English language does not make any
grammatical distinction between these three groups adverbs, but some
languages do. For example, in German, if a sentence contains multiple
adverbs, they should appear in a particular order of time, manner, and
place.
2.2.2.2 Position of Adverbs
The adverbs has a greater, it can fill one of three positions, there are:
(1) Initial position is the position before the subject.
(Position of greatest emphasis)
For example: Sometimes he comes late.
(2) Mid-position is the position with the verb (position of close modification
of the verb).
For example: He sometimes comes late.
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(3) Final position is the position after the verb plus object or other
complement (position less emphatic than initial position, but more
emphatic than mid-position).
For example: He comes late sometimes.
Some types of adverbs and adverbial word groups may occupy all
three of the possible adverbial positions others only one or two of these positions.
2.2.3 Function of Adverb
Based on Marcella Frank (1972: 141) on her book “Modern English a
Practical Reference Guide”, classified adverbs by function into five types. The
explanation will be described as follows:
(1) Sentence Adverbs
These adverbs often have a loose grammatical connection with the rest of
the sentence, and are looked upon as modifying the whole sentence rather
than the verb, for example: fortunately, presumably, actually, obviously,
evidently. Such adverbs maybe considered as equivalents of a sentence or
a clause, thus presumably maybe interpreted as representing as may be
presumed. Many of these words have the –ly form of manner adverbs, but
actually they often reflect the independent opinion of the speaker rather
than the manner of an action. For example:
- Fortunately, no one was hurt
- He evidently thinks that he can do not wrong
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Many words ending -ed + -ly are sentence adverbs, for example:
unexpectedly, allegedly, decidedly, advisedly.
Sentence adverbs can serve as single word answers to questions, especially
if they express:
a. Affirmation, for example: yes, certainly, surely, absolutely,
precisely, undeniably.
b. Negation, for example: no
c. Possibility or probability, for example: perhaps, maybe, possibly,
probably.
Interjections expressing a mild degree of feeling are sometimes classified
among the sentence adverbs, for example: well, indeed, now.
Word groups may also function as sentence adverbs, for example: by all,
means, in my opinion, strangely enough.
(2) Conjunctive Adverbs
These adverbs establish a relationship between one sentence or clause and
the preceding sentence or clause. As in the case of sentence adverbs, they
probably should be considered as modifying the whole sentence or clause
rather than the verb alone.
The conjunctive adverbs which join independent clauses behave both as
conjunctions and as adverbs as conjunctions, they have the function of
connecting grammatical structures. As adverbs they both provide
transitional adverbial meanings and have the ability of filling adverbial
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positions. Conjunctive adverbs are more likely to be found in formal
writing than in informal conversation.
The more common conjunctive adverbs are listed below under the
relationship they show:
Table 1
Conjunctive Adverb Corresponding
coordinate conjunction
Addition besides, likewise,
moreover
and
Condition otherwise or
Result accordingly,
consequently, then,
therefore
so
Time then
Concession
(contrast)
still, however,
nevertheless
but, yet
A conjunctive adverb has a more specific meaning than the corresponding
coordinate conjunction.
Some grammarians also classify indeed, also, anyhow, henceforth,
meanwhile, among the conjunctive adverbs. In fact, the list of conjunctive
adverbs is often extended to include certain adverbial word groups,
especially those showing the same relationship as the ones given above,
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for example: in addition, as a result, for this reason, in spite of this fact,
etc.
Conjunctive adverbs may be used correlatively with subordinate
conjunctions, for example: If we miss the bus, then we’ll have to take a
taxi. Other adverbs and adverbial word groups may function as
conjunctive coordinates.
Table 2
Addition for one thing, for another (thing),
partly…partly
Time at one moment… at the next,
sometimes…sometimes, now…then
Contrast on the one hand…on the other ( hand)
Conjunctive adverbs occupy the three possible positions of adverbs
Initial position The boy is sick; therefore, he didn’t
come to school.
Mid-position The boy is sick; he therefore didn’t
come to school
Final position The boy is sick; he didn’t come to
school therefore. (final position only in
a short clause)
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Conjunctive adverbs joining clauses are punctuated in the same way as
other adverbs. The writer is guided by whether he would pause in speech.
However, it is customary, although not obligatory, to use a comma after a
conjunctive adverb in initial position.
A coordinate conjunction maybe followed by another coordinate
conjunction or by a conjunctive adverb. In such a use, the principal
meaning is in the second word.
Table 3
but Still
and yet
and So
and thus
and therefore
or otherwise
or else
For example: The doctor has warned him many times about the dangers of
heavy smoking, and so he has decided to give up this habit (or and he has
therefore decided to give up this habit).
Such combinations are used not only with independent clauses but with
words, phrases, and dependent clauses.
If a strong break is desired between clauses ordinarily joined by coordinate
conjunction or a conjunctive adverb, the clauses maybe written as two
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separate sentences. Textbooks warn against starting a sentence with one of
these connectives, especially the coordinate conjunction, a chief reason
being that young writers have a tendency to break up short sentences into
till shorter ones. However, the works of the best authors contain ample
evidence of sentences beginning with such connectives. This usage is in
line with the modern tendency, even in formal writing, toward shorter
sentences.
(3) Explanatory Adverbs
These adverbs illustrate or enumerate, namely.
(4) Relative, Interrogative Adverbs
When, Where, Why, How
(a) Relative adverbs, these adverbs introduce adjective clauses, for
example: We visited the house where a famous poet once lived.
(b) Interrogative adverbs
- In questions, for example: When will he arrive?
- In noun clauses derived from questions, for example: I asked
when he would arrive.
(5). Exclamatory Adverbs-How
This adverb is used with adjectives and adverbs, for example:
- How beautifully she dresses!
- How beautifully she is!
In short, the importance of function above is an adverb modifies a
verb, adjective, adverb or an entire sentence. Function of adverbs consists of:
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(1) Adverb as modifier of a verb
Sentence: The girl closed the door quietly
or The girl quietly closed the door.
GIRL CLOSED DOOR
(Adverb) QUIETLY
THE THE
Adverbs of manner modify the verb most directly. Adverbs of place and
time may also be considered as modifying the verb, although some
grammarians consider these as modifying the entire sentence.
Sentence: The girl quietly closed the door there once yesterday GIRL CLOSED DOOR
THE THE
THERE QUIETLY ONCE YESTERDAY (Place) (Manner) (Frequency) (Time)
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(2) Adverb as modifier (intensifier) of an adjective or an adverb
Intensifying adverbs of degree modify adjectives or adverbs in the same
way as very in the diagram below.
Sentence: The very small girl closed the door very quietly.
GIRL CLOSED DOOR
THE SMALL QUIETLY THE (Adjective) (Adverb)
VERY VERY
(Adverbs of degree) (Adverbs of degree)
(3) Adverb as modifier of an entire sentence
Sentence: Fortunately, the girl closed the door quietly.
FORTUNATELY (sentence modifier) GIRL CLOSED DOOR
THE QUIETLY THE
Adverbs of degree can participate in several layers of modification, for
example:
21
- She drank far too much lemon tea.
- Nona can do this homework ever so much more quickly than Sandro can.
Functioning as a sentence adverbial may be an entire noun phrase with
pre- and post- modification of a noun head. The noun head of such a phrase
usually denotes definite time.
For example: One day after my uncle came, one of my brother became ill.
(Days are the noun head of the adverbial construction).
Other complex structures that function as adverbial are:
Table 4
Prepositional phrases Nida put the pen on the table.
(On the table modifies the verb put)
Adverbial clauses You will come when you have time.
(When you have time modifies the verb
come)
Infinite phrases Turn left to get to the bridge. (To get to
the bridge modifies the verb turn, or it
maybe interpreted as modifying the entire
sentence)
2.2.4 Adverbs of Time and examples in English and Indonesian languages
In this section, I would present about definition adverbs of time and
examples between English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time.
22
2.2.4.1 Definition Adverbs of Time between English and Indonesian languages.
In English there are many kinds of adverbs, there are adverbs of
place, adverbs of time, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of manner, adverbs
of certainty, adverbs of degree, interrogative adverbs and relative adverbs
(Wishnubroto Widarso, 1994: 86).
From http://www.google.com/definition/adverbs of time, adverbs of
time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how
often. Adverbs of time explain or detail temporal circumstances in which
the action expressed by the verb is excused.
From http://www.wikipedia.com/definition/adverbs of time,
adverbs of time show when an action is done, or the duration or frequency.
Encyclopedia says that adverb of time tell when something
happened. According to Aristoteles:
Kata sifat adalah kata yang menyatakan sifat atau hal keadaan dari sesuatu benda, seperti tinggi, rendah, lama, baru, dan sebagainya. Kata sifat adalah kata yang memberi keterangan atau yang menerangkan nama benda.
Abdul Chaer (1994: 202) says that:
Kata keterangan adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk memberi penjelasan pada kata-kata atau kalimat lain yang sifatnya tidak menerangkan keadaan atau sifat.
Stated by Gorys Keraf (1982: 71-72) that
Kata keterangan adalah kata-kata yang memberi keterangan tentang kata kerja, kata sifat, kata bilangan atau seluruh kalimat..
23
Wishubroto Widarso (1994: 87) says that:
Kata keterangan waktu adalah kata keterangan yang menunjukkan atau menjelaskan berlangsungnya suatu peristiwa dalam suatu bidang waktu, misalnya: sekarang, nanti, kemarin, kemudian, sesudah itu, lusa, sebelum, minggu depan, bulan depan dan lain-lain Kata-kata seperti, sudah, telah, akan, sedang, tidak termasuk dalam keterangan waktu, sebab kata-kata tersebut tidak menunjukkan suatu bidang waktu berlangsungnya suatu tindakan, tetapi menunjukkan berlangsungnya suatu peristiwa secara obyektif.
2.2.4.2 Examples Adverbs of Time between English and Indonesian languages.
There are examples Adverbs of Time in English based on function:
(1) To explain verbs
- I have been working hard all day.
- I bought this book three weeks ago.
- The parcel arrived yesterday.
(2) To explain adjective
- Last week, the exam was relatively easy.
- Two days ago, the detective’s disguise as a nervous waiter was
nearly perfect.
- Yesterday, the very small boy threw he ball very quickly.
(3) To explain the other adverb
- I work quite hard everyday, from nine to five.
- Last year, they renovated their house obviously happily.
- Last night, we danced really slowly when the band played.
24
There are examples Adverbs of Time in Indonesian based on
function:
(1) To explain verbs
- Saya punya perasaaan (I have a feeling).
- Saya melihatnya (I saw him).
- Apa ini? (What is this?).
(2) To explain adjectives
- Sebuah bunga merah (A red flower).
- Udara dingin (Air which is cool).
(3) To explain the other adverb
- Kemarin dia menemukan kunci kecil (Yesterday he found a very
small key).
- Setiap hari Ayah bekerja keras untuk keluarga (Everyday my father
work quite hard for my family).
- Kemarin adik bermain bola dengan cepat (Yesterday my brother
played the ball quickly).
There are examples Adverbs of Time in English based on position:
(1) position in the front
- Yesterday, my sister came from Jakarta.
- Later, her baby ate some porridge.
- Today, our lesson is English.
25
(2) position in the middle
- My sister yesterday came from Jakarta.
- Her baby later ate some porridge.
- Our lesson today is English.
(3) position in the behind
- My sister came from Jakarta yesterday.
- Her baby ate some porridge later.
- Our lesson is English today.
There are examples Adverbs of Time in Indonesian based on
position:
(1) position in the front
- Tadi malam Sandro datang ke rumahku.
- Besok pagi Ibu akan tiba di Surabaya.
- Bulan depan rapat akan dilaksanakan di rumah Bapak Suwarno.
(2) position in the middle
- Sandro tadi malam datang ke rumahku.
- Ibu besok pagi akan tiba di Surabaya.
- Rapat bulan depan akan dilaksanakan di rumah Bapak Suwarno.
(3) position in the behind
- Sandro datang ke rumahku tadi malam.
- Ibu akan tiba di Surabaya besok pagi.
- Rapat akan dilaksanakan di rumah Bapak Suwarno bulan depan.
26
2.3. Theoretical framework
In this part, I will make a brief conclusion from both Previous Studies and
Theoretical Studies.
From the previous studies, there are many researches conducted related to the
textbook analysis. Since there is no research in analyzing type of reading on
reading exercises, I intend to analyze type of reading on reading exercises found
in the textbook.
Based on Marcella Frank book entitled “Modern English: A Practical
Reference Guide”, there are three types of adverbs. They are: Adverbs of Time,
Adverbs of Manner and Adverbs of Place.
The object of this study is A Contrastive Analysis between English and
Indonesian Adverbs of Time.
27
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
This chapter presents method of investigation which is divided into four
subsections: research type, object of the study, data sources, methods of collecting
data, and methods of analyzing data.
3.1 Research Type
Since the aim of this study is to analyze English and Indonesian Adverbs
of Time, the writer uses Qualitative research. According to Devy (1997: 76):
Qualitative research studies are designed to obtain information concerning the current status of phenomena. They are directed toward determining the nature of situation, as it exists at the time of the study. There is no administration or control of a treatment as it is found in experimental testing. The aim is to describe what exist with respect to variables or conditions or situations.
Qualitative research presents the data and research in the form of qualitative
description. Analysis of this type is done with words to describe conclusions, so
the qualitative study obtains the descriptive data either spoken or written.
Miles and Huberman state that such data are supposed to be qualitative data.
Qualitative research doesn’t focus on numerals or statistics but give most attention
to how deep the researcher’s knowledge toward the interaction among concepts,
which is being learnt.
28
In this study, I will have description, analysis, and interpretation on English
and Indonesian Adverbs of Time.
3.2 Object of the Study
The object of this study was Adverbs of Time in two languages: there were
English and Indonesian that were contrasted. The similarities and the differences
between the two languages in the areas of Adverbs of Time were described in this
final project.
3.3 Data Sources
In this research, I take several books in the library as data sources, such as
books, papers, internet, etc. They are especially English books and Indonesian
books. They are used by the writer to find out the contrast between English and
Indonesian Adverbs of Time.
Some English books that are used are: Modern English a practical
reference guide (1972), Introduction English Grammar (1984), Contrastive
Analysis (1989), etc.
I use some Indonesian books which have relation to the adverbs of time
material, they are: Adjektiva dan Adverbia dalam Bahasa Indonesia (2000), Tata
Bahasa Indonesia (1974), Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1990), etc.
29
3.4 Method of Collecting Data
Data collecting is a very important work in the research, so I must
determine what method is used to get the data. Arikunto (1993: 18) states that
there are six method of collecting the data. They are questionnaire, interview,
observation, rating scale, test, and document.
Sudaryanto (2001: 133) states that there are two methods in collecting
data, they are:
(1) “Simak” Method
“Simak” method can be called the observation method, because it actually
constitutes as an observation that is done by observing the use of language
attentively.
(2) “Cakap” Method
“Cakap” method can be called the interview method, because it actually
constitutes as an interview and there is a contact between the researcher
and the speaker as the resource.
In this study, I use ‘simak method’ (observation method). I gather the data
by observing attentively and taking notes, especially English and Indonesian
adverbs of time.
3.5 Method of Analyzing Data
The last step is analyzing the data. It is the main part of the final project.
According to James (1980: 158), method is motivated by theories of the nature of
30
human language, how it is acquired and how it is put to use. I use contrastive
method, analysis method that is the way to investigate something in detail which
exists, in one language comparing with the same thing in another language in
order to know the differences and the similarities between them as stated by Lado
(1962: 21).
Analyzing the data becomes a step that is very crucial in a research by Soy
(2000: 85), soon after the data are assembled, I do the analysis. The techniques of
analyzing data are varied. I do the analysis by describing what the similarities and
the differences between English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time are. I also do
contrastive analysis to find the similarities and the differences between English
and Indonesian Adverbs of Time. I use one technique in analyzing the data ‘simak
method’ (observation method).
Contrastive analysis is used to find what the similarities and the
differences between them are. The technique is directed to provide answers to the
research question about grammatical and sentence problem or structure of
sentence.
Contrastive analysis generally defined as a systematical comparison of
selected linguistic features of two or more languages. The contrastive analysis is
distinguished from the comparative one based on the purpose. If it is aimed to find
the similarities and the differences within the two languages, it is called
contrastive analysis. Contrastive analysis is a procedure of comparison of the
source and target language to identify the differences both of languages.
31
I try to find out the similarities and the differences between English and
Indonesian adverbs of time by contrasting two languages through point by point
contrastive. Here I contrast between English and Indonesian adverbs of time. To
get the objective, I take some procedures or steps as follows:
(1) Presenting Data
The data concerning the example of English and Indonesian Adverbs of
Time will be written by I and will be contrasted and classifying the data
into English and Indonesian adverbs of time.
(2) Comparing
I divide the data into two classifications, the similarities and the
differences of English and Indonesian adverbs of time.
(3) Describing
I am describing to give the description of English and Indonesian adverbs
of time and then analyzing the data by using contrastive analysis.
(4) Concluding the interpretation of the analysis.
32
CHAPTER IV
RESULT OF THE ANALYSIS
In this chapter, I would like to describe the result and the interpretation of
the data analysis. The similarities and the differences between English and
Indonesian Adverbs of Time will be discussed in this chapter. By analyzing the
data from many source, I found that English and Indonesian have the similarities
in the adverbs of time. On the contrary both English and Indonesian have the
differences in the adverbs of time. Some similarities and differences of English
and Indonesian adverbs of time explained below:
4.1 The Similarities between English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time
English and Indonesian adverbs of time have some similarities. The
similarities can be found in the following:
(a) Based on the function
Both of English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time have the function
to explain about verb, adjectives, and the other adverb. I will be applying the
data into table to make clear:
33
(1) To explain verbs
Table 1
Similar English Indonesian
To explain verbs 1. I have been working
hard all day.
2. I bought this book
three weeks ago.
3. The parcel arrived
yesterday.
1. Saya punya perasaaan
(I have a feeling).
2. Saya melihatnya (I
saw him).
3. Apa ini? (What is
this?).
Adverbs of time explain or detail temporal circumstances in which
the action expressed by the verb is excused.
34
(2) To explain adjectives
Table 2
Similar English Indonesian
To explain adjective
1. Last week, the exam
was relatively easy.
2. Two days ago, the
detective’s disguise
as a nervous waiter
was nearly perfect.
3. Yesterday, the very
small boy threw he
ball very quickly.
1. Sebuah bunga merah
(A red flower).
2. Udara dingin (Air
which is cool).
An adjective can be modified by an adverb, which precedes the
adjectives, expect ‘enough’ which comes after.
35
(3) To explain the other adverb
Table 3
Similar English Indonesian
To explain the other
adverb
1. I work quite hard
everyday, from nine to
five.
2. Last year, they
renovated their house
obviously happily.
3. Last night, we danced
really slowly when the
band played.
1. Kemarin dia
menemukan kunci kecil
(Yesterday he found a
very small key).
2. Setiap hari Ayah
bekerja keras untuk
keluarga (Everyday my
father work quite hard
for my family).
3. Kemarin adik bermain
bola dengan cepat
(Yesterday my brother
played the ball quickly).
An adverb can modify another. As with adjectives, the adverb
precedes the one it is modifying with ‘enough’ being the exception again.
(b) Based on the position
36
Both of English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time have three
position namely in the front, middle, and behind. The data can be seen in the
table below:
(1) Position in the front
Table 4
English Indonesian
1. Yesterday, my sister came from
Jakarta.
2. Later, her baby ate some
porridge.
3. Today, our lesson is English.
1. Tadi malam Sandro datang ke
rumahku.
2. Besok pagi Ibu akan tiba di
Surabaya.
3. Bulan depan rapat akan
dilaksanakan di rumah Bapak
Suwarno.
The table shows that adverbs of time, yesterday, my sister came
from Jakarta and tadi malam Sandro datang ke rumahku are placed in the
front position.
(2) Position in the middle
Table 5
English Indonesian
1. My sister yesterday came from
Jakarta.
1. Sandro tadi malam datang ke
rumahku.
37
2. Her baby later ate some
porridge.
3. Our lesson today is English.
2. Ibu besok pagi akan tiba di
Surabaya.
3. Rapat bulan depan akan
dilaksanakan di rumah Bapak
Suwarno.
The table shows the similarities of both adverbs of time positions.
My sister yesterday came from Jakarta and Sandro tadi malam datang ke
rumahku are placed in the middle position.
(3) Position in the behind
Table 6
English Indonesian
1. My sister came from Jakarta
yesterday.
2. Her baby ate some porridge later.
3. Our lesson is English today.
1. Sandro datang ke rumahku tadi
malam.
2. Ibu akan tiba di Surabaya besok
pagi.
3. Rapat akan dilaksanakan di rumah
Bapak Suwarno bulan depan.
The table shows the similarities of both adverbs of time positions.
My sister came from Jakarta yesterday and Sandro datang ke rumahku tadi
malam are placed in the behind position.
38
(c) Based on the type
Both of English and Indonesian have adverbs to explain sentence
correctly, they are:
(1) Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of Manner modify a verb to describe the way the action is
done.
Table 7
Type English Indonesian
Adverbs of Manner
(to tell how and
describe adjective)
She walked fast
He ate the banana slowly
Sandro bekerja (dengan)
cepat.
Dia datang kemari dengan
(menggunakan) mobil.
The table shows the similarities of both adverbs of manner. The
sentences are explaining how to do something.
(2) Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Place show where the action done.
Table 8
Type English Indonesian
Adverbs of Place
(to tell where)
She is teaching the boy in
her room
He went to school
Saya tidur di kamar Ibu.
Ibu memasak di dapur.
39
The table shows the similarities of both adverbs of place. The
sentences are explaining where something happen.
(3) Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of Time show when an action is done, or the duration or
frequency.
Table 9
Type English Indonesian
Adverbs of Time
(to tell when)
Yesterday he came
I am reading newspaper in
the morning
Paman datang tadi malam.
Ayah berangkat ke kantor
pukul 7 pagi.
The table shows the similarities of both adverbs of time. The sentences are
explaining when something happen.
4.2 The Differences between English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time
English and Indonesian adverbs of time have some differences. The
differences can be found in the following:
(a) Based on the function
In English, sentence adverbs used many words ending –ed + -ly, but
in Indonesian was not.
(b) Based on the tenses
In English, if an action was happen in past, the verbs automatically
was changed, for example come (V1) = came (V2), because English
language has verb tenses but in Indonesian was not, for example:
40
Table 10
TENSES ENGLISH INDONESIAN
The simple tenses
1. Simple Present
Example: I meet you
every day.
2. Simple Past
Example: I met you
last night.
3. Simple Future
Example: I will meet
you tonight.
1. Saya bertemu
denganmu setiap
hari.
2. Saya bertemu
denganmu tadi
malam.
3. Saya akan bertemu
denganmu nanti
malam.
The progressive tenses
or continuous tenses.
1. Present Progressive
Example: Sandro is
watching movie right
now.
2. Past Progressive
Example: Sandro was
watching movie when
I ate.
3. Future Progressive
Example: Sandro will
be watching movie
when we sleep.
1. Sandro sedang
menonton film
sekarang.
2. Sandro sedang
menonton film
ketika saya datang.
3. Sandro akan
menonton film
ketika kami tidur.
41
The perfect tenses
1. Present perfect
Example: I have
already read
2. Past perfect
Example: I had
already read when he
came.
3. Future perfect
Example: I will
already have read
when he come.
1. Saya sedang
membaca.
2. Saya sedang
membaca ketika dia
(laki-laki) datang.
2. 3. Saya akan
membaca ketika dia
(laki-laki) datang.
The perfect progressive
tenses
1. Present perfect
progressive
Example: I have been
typing for three hours.
2. Past perfect
progressive
Example: I had been
typing for three hours
after my mother
arrived.
3. Future perfect
progressive
1. Saya sedang
mengetik selama
tiga jam.
2. Saya telah mengetik
selama tiga jam
setelah Ibu saya
datang.
3. Saya akan mengetik
selama tiga jam saat
dia (laki-laki)
datang.
42
Example: I will have
been typing for three
hours by the time he
arrives.
(c) Based on the type
In Modern English book by Marcella Frank (1972: 141), adverbs
consists of three, they are: adverbs of manner, adverbs of place and adverbs
of time.
According to Gorys Keraf (1898: 162), there are many kinds of
adverb, they are following:
(1) Kata keterangan kecaraan (adverbs of manner)
(2) Kata keterangan tempat (adverbs of place)
(3) Kata keterangan waktu (adverbs of time)
(4) Kata keterangan kualitas (adverbs of quality)
(5) Kata keterangan aspek (adverbs of aspect)
(6) Kata keterangan derajat (adverbs of degree)
(7) Kata keterangan alat (adverbs of instrument)
(8) Kata keterangan kesertaan (adverbs of accompaniment)
(9) Kata keterangan syarat (adverbs of condition)
(10) Kata keterangan tujuan (adverbs of purpose)
(11) Kata keterangan perbandingan (adverbs of comparison)
43
To make the analysis clear, I would like to give the table.
Table 11
English Meaning Examples Sentence
Adverbs of
Manner
Adverbs of Manner
modify a verb to
describe the way the
action is done.
Angrily, bravely,
crazily, deeply, fast,
hard, well, better,
best, etc.
1. Wish you all
the best.
2. Study hard
and don’t be
lazy!!!
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Place
show where the
action done.
Here, there,
everywhere,
upstairs, up,
downstairs, down,
away, in ,out, etc.
1. He lived in
there for ten
years.
2. Come here!
Adverbs of
Time
Adverbs of Time
show when an action
is done, or the
duration or frequency.
Yesterday,
tomorrow, today,
now, then, next, etc
1. What will
you do
tomorrow?
2, What were
you doing at
this time
yesterday?
From the table above, I found out that there are three kinds of kinds of
adverbs presented in the book.
44
Table 12
Indonesian Meaning Examples Sentence
Kata keterangan
kecaraan (adverbs
of manner)
Kata keterangan
yang menjelaskan
suatu peristiwa
karena tanggapan
pembicara atau
berlangsungnya
peristiwa tersebut.
Memang, niscaya,
pasti, sungguh,
tentu, tidak,
bukannya, ya,
benar, malahan,
betul, sebenarnya,
agaknya,
barangkali, entah,
mungkin, rasanya,
rupanya, moga-
moga, mudah-
muahan, baik,
mari, hendaknya,
kiranya, jangan,
masakan, mustahil,
mana boleh dan
sebagainya.
1. Memang
pembangunan
ini harus
diteruskan.
2. Mereka sungguh
anak-anak yang
nakal.
3. Beliau belum
pasti bisa hadir.
Kata keterangan
tempat (adverbs
of place)
Kata keterangan
yang menjelaskan
atau
berlangsungnya
Di sini, di situ, di
sana, ke mari, ke
sana, di rumah, ke
Bandung, ke
1. Adik bermain di
rumah bersama
teman-
temannya.
45
suatu peristiwa atau
perbuatan dalam
suatu ruang.
Jakarta dan
sebagainya.
2. Kakak akan
pergi ke
Bandung selama
satu minggu.
Kata keterangan
waktu (adverbs of
time)
Kata keterangan
yang menujukkan
atau menjelaskan
berlangsungnya
suatu peristiwa
dalam suatu bidang
waktu.
Tadi malam, besok
pagi, kemarin, lusa,
dua minggu yang
lalu, bulan depan,
sekarang, nanti,
kemudian, sesudah
itu, sebelum,
minggu depan dan
sebagainya
1. Bulan depan
akan diadakan
pesta ulang
tahun untuk
Nisa.
2. Tadi malam
saya bermimpi
buruk.
3. Sekarang saya
masih tinggal di
Semarang.
Kata keterangan
kualitas (adverbs
of quality)
Kata keterangan
yang menerangkan
atau menjelaskan
suasana atau situasi
dari suatu
perbuatan.
Perlahan-lahan,
nyaring dan
sebagainya
1. Ia berjalan
perlahan-lahan.
2. Ia menyanyi
dengan nyaring.
Kata keterangan
aspek (adverbs of
Kata keterangan
yang menjelaskan
Sedang ,
sementara, sudah,
1. Ibu sedang
memasak di
46
aspect) berlangsungnya
suatu peristiwa
secara obyektif,
bahwa suatu
peristiwa terjadi
dengan sendirinya
tanpa suatu
pengaruh atau
pandangan dari
pembicara.
telah, sering, biasa
dan sebagainya.
dapur.
2. Adik masih
sering menangis.
3. Sementara
sekolah itu di
bangun, para
siswanya di
liburkan.
Kata keterangan
derajat (adverbs
of degree)
Kata keterangan
yang menjelaskan
derajat
berlangsungnya
suatu peristiwa atau
jumlah dan
banyaknya suatu
tindakan
dikerjakan.
Amat, hampir, kira-
kira, sedikit, cukup,
sekali hanya dan
sebagainya.
1. Nampaknya
gadis itu cantik
sekali.
2. Saya hampir
sampai rumah
Paman.
Kata keterangan
alat (adverbs of
instrument)
Kata keterangan
yang menjelaskan
dengan alat
Dengan dan
sebagainya.
1. Ia memukul
anjing itu dengan
tongkat.
47
manakah suatu
prose itu
berlangsung.
2. Anak itu
mengambil buah
dengan galah.
Kata keterangan
kesertaan
(adverbs of
accompaniment)
Kata keterangan
yang menjelaskan
pengikut sertaan
seseorang dalam
suatu perbuatan
atau tindakan.
Pergi dan
sebagainya.
1. Saya pergi ke
pasar bersama
Ibu.
2. Adik dan Ayah
pergi
memancing.
Kata keterangan
syarat (adverbs of
condition)
Kata keterangan
yang menjelaskan
terjadinya suatu
proses di bawah
syarat-syarat
tertentu yang
dipenuhinya
Jikalau,
seandainya, jika
dan sebagainya.
1. Seandainya Ibu
di sini, tentu aku
tak akan
kesepian.
2. Jikalau bulan
bisa ku ambil
akan ku
persembahkan
untukmu.
Kata keterangan
tujuan (adverbs of
purpose)
Kata keterangan
yang menjelaskan
atau menerangkan
hasil atau tujuan
dari suatu proses.
Supaya, agar, agar
supaya, hendak,
untuk, guna, buat
dan sebagainya.
1. Para guru
diminta supaya
menyumbangkan
tenaga masing-
masing untuk
48
menyukseskan
pembangunan.
Kata keterangan
perbandingan
(adverbs of
comparison)
Kata keterangan
yang menjelaskan
sesuatu perbuatan
dengan
mengadakan
perbandingan suatu
proses dengan
proses yang lain,
suatu keadaan
dengan keadaan
yang lain.
Sebagai, seperti,
seakan-akan,
laksana, umpama,
bagaikan dan
sebagainya.
1. Seakan-akan
bumi ini akan
runtuh ketika
saya mendengar
kabar itu.
2. Kedua matamu
laksana
rembulan.
3. Kita bagaikan
langit dan bumi.
From the table above, I found out that there are eleven kinds of kinds
of adverbs presented in the textbook.
4.3 Result of the Data Analysis
After analyzing the data, I can find the similarities and the differences
between English and Indonesian adverbs of time, based on the function, position,
tense and type.
The similarities based on the function can be found, both English and
Indonesian, to explain verbs, adjectives and the other adverb. Based on the
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position, both of them can be placed in the front, middle and behind. Based on the
type, both of them have three kinds of adverbs.
The differences based on the function can be found that only English has
sentence adverbs used many words ending –ed + -ly. Based on the tenses, only in
English can be found the verbs automatically was changed, if an action was
happen in past, but in Indonesian was not. Based on the type, in Indonesian has
eleven kinds of adverb.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
After performing every activity in this study, such as: choosing the topic,
developing the topic, gathering the references, gathering and analyzing the data
obtained, I could draw the conclusion and suggestion as follows:
5.1 Conclusions
This final project deals with contrastive analysis of English and Indonesian
Adverbs of Time. After analyzing the data of the research by using contrastive
analysis, I found the similarities and the differences. The differences found out as
the results of the contrastive analysis are then used to predict learning problems
which might be encountered by Indonesian students studying English adverbs of
time.
Since it is the different features which usually bring about problems, while
similar features do not usually because problems for the students, while different
features do. The similarities and the differences between English and Indonesian
Adverbs of Time may be summarized as follows:
(1) The similarities between English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time.
(a) Based on the function, both of them explain verb, adjectives, and the
other adverbs.
(b) Based on the position, both of them can be placed in front, middle and
behind.
(c) Based on the type, both of them have three kinds of adverbs.
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(2) The differences between English and Indonesian Adverbs of Time.
(a) Based on the function, in Indonesian, In English, sentence adverbs used
many words ending –ed + -ly, but in Indonesian was not.
(b) Based on the tenses, in English, if an action was happen in past, the
verbs automatically was changed, for example come (V1) = came (V2),
but in Indonesian was not.
(c) Based on the type, in English has three kinds of adverbs, and in
Indonesian has eleven kinds of adverbs.
5.2 Suggestions
Based on the conclusion above I would like to give some suggestions for
the teacher and learners of English, especially in teaching and learning adverbs of
time.
For the teachers, they should give a clear explanation about the
characteristics of adverbs of time. They can also explain the similarities and the
differences between English and Indonesian adverbs of time to make the
explanation easier and clear. They should be able to predict the difficulties faced
by the beginner based on the difficulty given by the teacher. They need to give
extra drills to the beginner.
For the learners, they should pay attention to the teacher’s explanation.
They must reading more texts contains adverbs forms can help them to practice
their skill in give the meaning and understand it. They have to do many exercises
in order that they can use it correctly to solve the problem in learning adverbs.
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