a country in peril: domestic and global energy demand & threat to the environment fabby tumiwa...
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A country in peril:domestic and global energy demand &
threat to the environment
Fabby TumiwaInstitute for Essential Services Reform
Indonesia
Indonesia (de)Forest(ation)
Sumber: SDSU & Dephut-
MODIS Images, 2007
• Forest Cover: 162 mil ha (1950) 94 mil (2003)
• Destructive Forest: 42 mil ha (2003)• People live in forest: 48 mil• Deforestation and forest degradation rate:
1.1-2.6 mil ha/ year
What is the causes?
• Population: 97 mil (1961), 215 mil (2003)
• Infrastructure development
• Land use change: agriculture, plantation, mining
• Land clearing
• Illegal logging
Coal Resources
Coal Production Target
• Coal production target:– 2010: 240 - 260 million ton– 2015: 280 - 300 million ton– 2020: 320 - 350 million ton– 2025: 370 million ton
• Driver:– Domestic demand growth: 9,17 mil ton/yr
• Domestic demand in 2020: 170 mil ton• Domestic demand in 2025: 220 mil ton
– International demand growth: 3,8 mil ton/yr
Coal Production and Consumption
Source: APBI-ICMA
50
100
150
200
250U
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Rus
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Chi
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Indi
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Sou
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Aus
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Ukr
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Kaz
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Pol
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Bra
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Can
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Cze
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Indo
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Tur
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Ger
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Gre
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Hun
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Uzb
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Pak
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Bul
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Iran
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Coal reserves and production
1000 Mt
World production 2006: 5,356 Mt (hard coal)967 Mt (lignite)
Source: WEC 2007/BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2007Analysis LBST 2007
Lignite ReservesSubbituminous Coal ReservesBituminous Coal Reserves
depletion rate: 2.5% p.yr.
1000 Mt
Hard coal production
ReservesProduction
Agrofuel
• 70% of the oil palm plantations were planted on land that formally fell within Indonesia’s forest estate between 1982 and 1999. This totaled close to 2.2 million ha of forest land
• fragmentation of high conservation value forests (HCVF)
• loss of forest ecological functions and socioeconomic benefits for local people.
Demand for Agrofuels
• Increased global demand for palm oil to be used for bio-fuels
• EU (European Union) target of 5.75% of energy from renewable sources by 2012
• US (United States) administration has pledged to increase the use of renewable fuels from 7.5 billion gallons in 2012 to 35 billion gallons in 2017
• Government of Indonesia has promoted a plan to use oil palm based biodiesel to reduce dependency on fossil fuels by 10% for 2010 and 25% by 2025
• Change in mega plan (1.8 million ha new plantation) at the border of Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo eco-region)
Mega Oil Palm Project
Conclusion
• Indonesia environment is in peril due to increasing fossil and agrofuel demand from domestic and the world, which is unsustainable.
• This pattern must be changed, driver of ecological destruction must be addressed both in domestic and international level.
World Energy Demand Scenario (Reff)Source: IEA WEO 2008