Answers to exercises in A Course in Phonetics

Chapter 1

A:

(1) 1: upper lip

2: (upper) teeth3: alveolar ridge

4: (hard) palate5: soft palate or velum

6: uvula7: epiglottis8: lower lip

9: tongue tip10: tongue blade

11: tongue front12: tongue center

13: tongue back14: tongue root

B:

(2) s: voiceless alveolar central oral fricativek: voiceless velar central oral stop

n: voiced alveolar central nasal stopf: voiceless labiodental oral fricative

l: voiced alveolar lateral oral approximantt: voiceless alveolar central oral stop

C:

(3) a: alveolar stop, e.g. [t ]h

b: labiodental fricative, e.g. [f]c: (inter)dental fricative, e.g. [T]

d: labial stop, e.g. [p]

e: palatoalveolar a ricate, e.g. [> tS]

f. palatoalveolar fricative, e.g. [S]g. velar stop, e.g. [k]

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D:

(4) 1: met bet pet

2. got cot3. fat vat4. zip nip lip sip tip dip

5. thigh thy6. shy

7. race wreath bush breathe rave rose rough8. rain rang dumb

9. lip lit crab dog hide back10. lull

11. we you one run12. much edge13. mother robber leisure razor

14. suit meet15. wad lad

16. gate cat kit17. coop cop good

18. who

E:

(5) adder: voiced alveolar stopfather: voiced interdental fricativesinging: voiced velar nasal

etching: voiceless palatoalvealor a ricaterobber: voiced labial stop

ether: voiceless interdental fricativepleasure: voiced palatoalveolar fricative

hopper: voiceless labial stopselling: voiced alveolar lateral

sunny: voiced alveolar nasallodger: voiced palatoalvealor a ricate

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H: 1

(6) bite: hod/hawed; ho d/hawed

bait: head; headboat: hood; ho od

I:

(7) laugh: 3begged: 4

graphic: 5fish: 3

fishes: 5fished: 4

batting: 5quick: 4

these: 3physics: 6kno ck: 3

axis: 5

J:

(8) 1: mean2: steak

3: mast4. ton

5. good6. dud

Chapter 3

A:

(9) a. Before the vowel ends the soft palate lowers so that air can ow through

the nasal cavity. At the end of the vowel the blade of the tongueis raised to make contact with the alveolar ridge, preventing air from

I’m not completely sure I understand what’s being asked in this question.1

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passing through the oral cavity. The lips remain open. The vo cal folds

continue vibrating.b. Then the velum (or soft palate) is raised and the front of the tongue is

raised, while the tip of the tongue remains in the same place. The lips

become more rounded. The vo cal folds stop vibrating.c. The velum remains closed throughout the end of the word. After a short

period the tip of the tongue moves downward, but the front of the tongueremains close enough to the alveolar ridge to tightly restrict air owing

through the oral cavity. The lips are partially rounded. The vocal foldsare held open.

B:

(10) a. The lips close to block air ow through the oral cavity, while the velum

is lowered to allow air ow through the nasal cavity. The vocal foldscontinue to vibrate.

b. The velum is raised, cutting o nasal air ow, and the vocal folds are

held open, ending voicing. Anticipating the lateral sound, the tip of thetongue is raised to the alveolar ridge.

c. The lips are opened, allowing air ow through the oral cavity, and oneor both sides of the tongue are lowered to allow air ow around a lateral

obstruction. The vo cal folds resume vibration.

D:

(11) (2) par, tar, car: [p A ], [t A ], [k A ]h h h

(3) stab Ted, love Ted, breathe together, kid Ted, buzz cut, lo dge Ted, hug

Ted: [b ], [v ], [ t ], [d ], [z ], [ >dZ t ], [g t ] (only relevant segmentsh h h h h h h

t t t ttranscribed)(4) a boy, this boy; a dog, this dog; a judge, this judge; a girl, this girl: [

b], [s p]; [ d], [s t]; [ g], [s k] (only relevant segments transcribed)(5) spark, stark, scar (Numbering problem in the book here – Statements 5,

6 and 7 are juggled in the Exercises): [spA k], [stA k], [skA ](6) plan, tram, queen, pure (Numbering problem in the book here – State-

ments 5, 6 and 7 are juggled in the Exercises): [p l wh h h

n], [t m], [k in],[p jU ]h

(7) thief, thieve; rat, rad; bus, buzz; lack, lag (Numbering problem in thebook here – Statements 5, 6 and 7 are juggled in the Exercises): [Ti:f], [Tiv];[ :t], [ d]; [b :s], [b z]; [l :k], [l g]

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(8) lobbed, lapped, whacked, bagged. (Can you have alveolar stops in this

environment?) [lAb^d], [l p^t], [w k^t], [b g^d](9) stop, tot, Scot: [stAPp], [t APt], [skAPt]h

(10) bitten, kitten, litter: ["bIP@n], ["kIP@n], ["lIP@ ]

(11) rotten, sudden, bottom: ["rAtn" ], ["s dn" ], ["bAtm" ](12a) puzzle, simple, wrinkle, butter, summer, hacker: ["p zl

"], ["sImpl"], [" INkl"],["b R

" ], ["s m "], ["h k "](13a) atom, capital, feudal, ladder, center, winter: [" R@m], ["k pIR@l], ["fjuR@l],

["l R@ ], ["sEnR@ ], ["wInR@ ](14) width, had that, done that: [wId ”T], [h d” t], [d n ” at]

(15) hand write, went lo oking, old money: [h n aIt], [wn "lUkIN], [oUl "m ni](16) answer, comfort: [" nts@ ], ["k mpf@ t]

(17) wide door, bag girl, love virtue: [waI doU ], [b g@ l], [l v@ > tSu](18) can, Kay, guess, gear: [k n], [k eI], [g Es], [g i ](19) lip, pill; gull, lug: [lIp], [p I ]; [g ], [l g]h

Chapter 4

C:

(12) [i]: sheep [Sip]

/I/: ship [SIp]/eI/: shape [SeIp]

/E/: step [stEp]/ /: sap [s p]

/A/: hop [hAp]/O/: gawp [gOp]/oU/: grope [g oUp]

/U/: whoop [wUp] 2

/u/: soup [sup]

/ /: sup [s p]/aI/: stripe [st Ip]/aU/: None?/OI/: None?

As in “whoop his ass,” not “whoop for joy.”2

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D:

(13) Vowels that can’t occur in syllables closed with /p/:/aU/ /OI/

/b/ – –/m/ – –

/f/ – –/t/ out [aUt] –/n/ town [taUn] coin [kOIn]

/l/ owl [aUl] coil [kOIl]/z/ house (verb) [haUz] poise [pOIz]

/k/ – –

E:

(14) /OI/ occurs before the smallest number of consonants. Alveolar (or coronal)consonants o ccur after the largest number of vowels.

F:

(15) Tense and lax vowels:/i/ secrete [s@k it] secretive [sik @tIv]/I/ explicit [eksplIsIt] explication [ekspl@keIS@n]/eI/ opaque [oUpeIk] opacity [op s@Ri]

/E/ repair [ @pE ] reparation [ Ep@ eIS@n]/ / erratic [@ RIk] errant [E @nt]/A/ monster [mAnst@ ] monstrosity [m@nst AsIRi]

/oU/ provoke [p @voUk] provocation [p Av@keIS@n]/aI/ divine [d@vaIn] divinity [dIvIn@Ri]

G:

(16) The red monster shu ed around the room three times.

[ Ed mAnst@ S f@ld aUnd um T i taImz.]

H:

(17) (1) me, meet, mead: [mi], [mi:t], [mi::d](2) refuse, refuse; protest, protest; contest, contest: [ "fju:z], [" Efjuz]; [p @"t E:st],h

["p oUtEst]; [k n"tE:st], ["kAntEst](3) need, needy, neediest; pow, power, powerful: [ni::d], ["ni:di], ["nidi@st];

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[p aU], ["p aU@ ], ["p aU@ f@l]h h h

(4) testify, repetition, mystify, diluted: ["tEst@ IS@n], ["mIst@h

faI], [ Ep@ "t faI],[daI"lut@d](5) Sam, sin, sang, crumb: [s m], [s In], [s eIN], [k m]

(6) pad, pal; sid, sill: [p d], [p ]; [sI], [sIh h

]

Chapter 7

A:

(18) [b]: pulmonic egressive voiced bilabial oral stop

[t ]: pulmonic egressive aspirated apical alveolar central oral stoph

[t’]: glottalic egressive laryngealized apical alveolar central oral stop[ ]: pulmonic egressive voiceless apical alveolar lateral oral fricative[!]: velaric ingressive voiceless laminal palato-alveolar central oral stop[ ]: pulmonic egressive voiced laminal uvular central oral trill

A:

(19) nasal trill

apical pharyngealbilabial lateralpharyngeal nasalglottalic egressive voiced

C:

(20) [h]; I have no idea.

D:

(21) Sounds with multiple primary articulations, such as [ > gb] and [ ].

References

Ladefoged, Peter (2006) A Course in Phonetics. Wadsworth.

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