TUGAS BOTANI FARMASI II

SKEMA KLASIFIKASI

OLEH:

SITI MAS’UDAH

(10112074)

PROGRAM STUDI S1 FARMASI

FAKULTAS FARMASI

INSTITUT ILMU KESEHATAN

BHAKTI WIYATA KEDIRI

2013

1. Adanson’s system of classification

Michel Adanson (1727-1806) A French botanist was first to formulate a natural system of

classification.in his book families des plant (1973) Adanson considered different characters

and also affinities among various group while arranging and classifying plants. He was

poinner in identifying orders and families.Adanson also known for his contribution in the

field of numerical taxonomy and described as the father of numerical taxonomy.

In 1774 Adanson submitted to the consideration of the French Academy of Sciences an immense

work, extending to all known beings and substances. It consisted of 27 large volumes of manuscript,

employed in displaying the general relations of all these matters, and their distribution; 150 volumes

more, occupied with the alphabetical arrangement of 40,000 species; a vocabulary, containing

200,000 words, with their explanations; and a number of detached memoirs, 40,000 figures and

30,000 specimens of the three kingdoms of nature. The committee to which the inspection of this

enormous mass was entrusted strongly recommended Adanson to separate and publish all that was

peculiarly his own, leaving out what was merely compilation. He obstinately rejected this advice;

and the huge work, at which he continued to labour, was never published.

2. Robert Brown’s Classification Robert Brown was an English botanis,who did not purpose a classification of his own but

demonstrated that Gymnosperm were a group discrete from dicotyledons and had naked

ovules.He also clarified the floral morphology and pollination of asclepiadaceae, morphology

of grass flower structure of cyathium in euporbiaceae and etabilished several families

3. Wettstein’s System of Classification

A system of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups, according to R. Wettstein (4th edition, 1935). Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik..

I. phylum Schizophyta

1. classis Schizophyceae 2. classis Schizomycetes

II. phylum Monadophyta III. phylum Myxophyta IV. phylum Conjugatophyta V. phylum Bacillariophyta VI. phylum Conjugatae VII. phylum Rhodophyta

1. classis Bangieae 2. classis Florideae

VIII. phylum Euthallophyta

1. classis Chlorophyceae 2. classis Fungi

A. Eumycetes 1. subclassis Phycomycetes 2. subclassis Ascomycetes 3. subclassis Basidiomycetes B. Lichenes 1. subclassis Ascolichenes 2. subclassis Basidiolichenes

IX. phylum Cormophyta

I. divisio Archegoniatae 1. subdivisio Bryophyta 1. classis Musci 2. classis Hepaticae 2. subdivisio Pteridophyta 1. classis Psilophytinae 2. classis Lycopodiinae 3. classis Psilotinae 4. classis Articulatae

5. classis Filicinae II. divisio Anthophyta 1. subdivisio Gymnospermae 1. classis Pteridospermae 2. classis Cycadinae 3. classis Benettitinae 4. classis Cordaïtinae 5. classis Ginkgoinae 6. classis Coniferae 7. classis Gnetinae 2. subdivisio Angiospermae 1. classis Dicotyledones 1. subclassis Choripetalae A. Monochlamideae B. Dialypetalae 2. subclassis Sympetalae 2. classis Monocotyledones

Gymnospermae

1. subdivisio Gymnospermae 1. classis Pteridospermae (fossil only) 2. classis Cycadinae 1. familia Cycadaceae 2. familia Zamiaceae 3. classis Benettitinae (fossil only) 4. classis Cordaïtinae (fossil only) 5. classis Ginkgoinae 1. familia Ginkgoaceae 6. classis Coniferae 1. familia Taxaceae 2. familia Cupressaceae 3. familia Abietaceae 7. classis Gnetinae 1. familia Ephedraceae 2. familia Gnetaceae 3. familia Welwitschiaceae

Angiospermae

2. subdivisio Angiospermae 1. classis Dicotyledones 1. subclassis Choripetalae A. Monochlamideae

1. ordo Verticillatae familia Casuarinaceae 2. ordo Fagales 1. familia Betulaceae 2. familia Fagaceae 3. ordo Myricales familia Myricaceae 4. ordo Leitneriales familia Leitneriaceae 5. ordo Juglandales 1. familia Julianiaceae 2. familia Juglandaceae 6. ordo Salicales familia Salicaceae 7. ordo Batidales familia Batidaceae [sic, now Bataceae] 8. ordo Balanopsidales familia Balanopsidaceae [sic, now Balanopaceae] 9. ordo Urticales 1. familia Moraceae 2. familia Cannabaceae 3. familia Ulmaceae 4. familia Eucommiaceae 5. familia Rhoipteleaceae 6. familia Urticaceae 10. ordo Piperales familia Piperaceae incertae sedis familia Saururaceae familia Chloranthaceae familia Lacistemonaceae 11. ordo Proteales familia Proteaceae 12. ordo Santalales 1. familia Santalaceae 2. familia Grubbiaceae 3. familia Opiliaceae 4. familia Octoknemaceae 5. familia Olacaceae 6. familia Myzodendraceae 7. familia Loranthaceae 8. familia Balanophoraceae 9. familia Cynomoriaceae 13. ordo Polygonales

familia Polygonaceae 14. ordo Centrospermae 1. familia Chenopodiaceae 2. familia Amaranthaceae 3. familia Phytolaccaceae 4. familia Thelygonaceae 5. familia Nyctaginaceae 6. familia Aizoaceae 7. familia Cactaceae [sic] 9. familia Portulacaceae 10. familia Basellaceae 11. familia Caryophyllaceae 15. ordo Tricoccae 1. familia Euphorbiaceae 2. familia Daphniphyllaceae 3. familia Dichapetalaceae 4. familia Buxaceae 5. familia Callitrichaceae 16. ordo Hamamelidales 1. familia Hamamelidaceae 2. familia Cercidiphyllaceae 3. familia Eupteleaceae 4. familia Platanaceae 5. familia Myrothamnaceae [sic] B. Dialypetalae 18. ordo Polycarpicae 1. familia Magnoliaceae 2. familia Trochodendraceae 3. familia Lactoridaceae 4. familia Himantandraceae 5. familia Eupomatiaceae 6. familia Anonaceae [sic, now: Annonaceae] 7. familia Myristicaceae 8. familia Canellaceae 9. familia Aristolochiaceae 10. familia Rafflesiaceae 11. familia Hydnoraceae 12. familia Calycanthaceae 13. familia Gomortegaceae 14. familia Monimiaceae 15. familia Lauraceae 16. familia Hernandiaceae 17. familia Menispermaceae

18. familia Lardizabalaceae 19. familia Ranunculaceae 20. familia Berberidaceae 21. familia Nymphaeaceae 22. familia Ceratophyllaceae incertae sedis 23. familia Nepenthaceae 24. familia Cephalotaceae 25. familia Sarraceniaceae 19. ordo Rhoeadales 1. familia Papaveraceae 2. familia Tovariaceae 3. familia Capparidaceae [sic, now Capparaceae] 4. familia Cruciferae 5. familia Resedaceae 6. familia Moringaceae 20. ordo Parietales 1. familia Cistaceae 2. familia Bixaceae 3. familia Cochlospermaceae 4. familia Tamaricaceae 5. familia Fouquieriaceae 6. familia Frankeniaceae 7. familia Elatinaceae 8. familia Droseraceae 9. familia Violaceae 10. familia Flacourtiaceae 11. familia Stachyuraceae 12. familia Turneraceae 13. familia Malesherbiaceae 14. familia Passifloraceae 15. familia Achariaceae 16. familia Caricaceae 17. familia Loasaceae 18. familia Begoniaceae 19. familia Datiscaceae 20. familia Ancistrocladaceae 21. ordo Guttiferales 1. familia Dilleniaceae 2. familia Actinidiaceae 3. familia Ochnaceae 4. familia Strassburgeriaceae 5. familia Eucryphiaceae 6. familia Caryocaraceae 7. familia Marcgraviaceae

8. familia Quiinaceae 9. familia Theaceae 10. familia Guttiferae 11. familia Dipterocarpaceae 22. ordo Rosales 1. familia Crassulaceae 2. familia Saxifragaceae 3. familia Cunoniaceae 4. familia Brunelliaceae 5. familia Myrothamnaceae 6. familia Pittosporaceae 7. familia Byblidaceae 8. familia Roridulaceae 9. familia Bruniaceae 10. familia Podostemonaceae 11. familia Hydrostachyaceae 12. familia Rosaceae 13. familia Crossosomataceae 14. familia Chrysobalanaceae 15. familia Connaraceae 16. familia Mimosaceae 17. familia Papilionaceae 23. ordo Myrtales 1. familia Penaeaceae 2. familia Geissolomaceae 3. familia Oliniaceae 4. familia Thymelaeaceae 5. familia Elaeagnaceae 6. familia Lythraceae 7. familia Heteropyzidaceae 8. familia Sonneratiaceae 9. familia Rhizophoraceae 10. familia Alangiaceae 11. familia Nyssaceae 12. familia Lecythidaceae 13. familia Combretaceae 14. familia Myrtaceae 15. familia Punicaceae 16. familia Melastomataceae 17. familia Oenotheraceae 18. familia Halorrhagidaceae [sic: now Haloragaceae] 19. familia Gunneraceae incertae sedis familia Hippuridaceae 24. ordo Columniferae

1. familia Malvaceae 2. familia Bombacaceae 3. familia Tiliaceae 4. familia Sterculiaceae 5. familia Elaeocarpaceae incertae sedis familia Chlaenaceae familia Gonystylaceae familia Scytopetalaceae 25. ordo Gruinales 1. familia Linaceae 2. familia Humiriaceae 3. familia Oxalidaceae 4. familia Geraniaceae 5. familia Limnaceae 6. familia Tropaeolaceae 7. familia Erythroxylaceae 8. familia Malpighiaceae 9. familia Zygophyllaceae incertae sedis familia Cneoraceae 26. ordo Terebinthales 1. familia Rutaceae 2. familia Simarubaceae [sic: now Simaroubaceae] 3. familia Burseraceae 4. familia Meliaceae 5. familia Tremandraceae 6. familia Polygalaceae 7. familia Xanthophyllaceae 8. familia Trigoniaceae 9. familia Vochysiaceae 10. familia Anacardiaceae 11. familia Sapindaceae 12. familia Akaniaceae 13. familia Aextoxicaceae 14. familia Aceraceae 15. familia Hippocastanaceae 16. familia Coriaceae 17. familia Cyrillaceae 18. familia Pentaphyllacaceae 19. familia Sabiaceae 20. familia Melianthaceae 21. familia Corynocarpaceae 22. familia Balsaminaceae 27. ordo Celastrales

1. familia Aquifoliaceae 2. familia Celastraceae 3. familia Salvadoraceae 4. familia Staphyleaceae 5. familia Hippocrateaceae 6. familia Stackhousiaceae 7. familia Icacinaceae 28. ordo Rhamnales 1. familia Rhamnaceae 2. familia Vitaceae 29. ordo Umbelliflorae 1. familia Cornaceae 2. familia Araliaceae 3. familia Umbelliferae incertae sedis ordo Garryales familia Garryaceae 2. subclassis Sympetalae 1. ordo Plumbaginales familia Plumbaginaceae 2. ordo Primulales 1. familia Theophrastaceae 2. familia Primulaceae 3. familia Myrsinaceae 3. ordo Bicornes 1. familia Clethraceae 2. familia Pirolaceae 3. familia Ericaceae 4. familia Empetraceae 5. familia Epacridaceae 6. familia Diapensiaceae 4. ordo Diospyrales 1. familia Ebenaceae 2. familia Hoplestigmataceae 3. familia Styracaceae 4. familia Symplocaceae 5. familia Sapotaceae 5. ordo Tubiflorae 1. familia Convolvulaceae 2. familia Cuscutaceae 3. familia Polemoniaceae 4. familia Hydrophyllaceae 5. familia Lennoaceae 6. familia Boraginaceae 7. familia Nolanaceae 8. familia Solanaceae

9. familia Scrophulariaceae 10. familia Lentibulariaceae 11. familia Orobranchaceae 12. familia Gesneriaceae 13. familia Bignoniaceae 14. familia Pedaliaceae 15. familia Martyniaceae 16. familia Acanthaceae 17. familia Verbenaceae 18. familia Labiatae 19. familia Tetrachondraceae 20. familia Globulariaceae 21. familia Phrymaceae 22. familia Myoporaceae 23. familia Plantaginaceae incertae sedis familia Columelliaceae 6. ordo Contortae 1. familia Loganiaceae 2. familia Buddleiaceae 3. familia Gentianaceae 4. familia Menyanthaceae 5. familia Apocynaceae 6. familia Asclepiadaceae 7. ordo Ligustrales familia Oleaceae 8. ordo Rubiales 1. familia Rubiaceae 2. familia Caprifoliaceae 3. familia Adoxaceae 4. familia Valerianaceae 5. familia Dipsacaceae 6. familia Calyceraceae 9. ordo Cucurbitales familia Cucurbitaceae 10. ordo Synandrae 1. familia Campanulaceae 2. familia Lobeliaceae 3. familia Goodeniaceae 4. familia Stylidaceae 5. familia Brunoniaceae 6. familia Compositae II. classis Monocotyledones 1. ordo Helobiae 1. familia Alismataceae 2. familia Butomaceae

3. familia Hydrocharitaceae 4. familia Scheuchzeriaceae 5. familia Aponogetonaceae 6. familia Potamogetonaceae 7. familia Najadaceae 2. ordo Liliiflorae 1. familia Liliaceae 2. familia Stemonaceae 3. familia Cyanastraceae 4. familia Pontederiaceae 5. familia Haemodoraceae 6. familia Philydraceae 7. familia Amaryllidaceae 8. familia Velloziaceae 9. familia Iridaceae 10. familia Juncaceae 11. familia Flagellariaceae 12. familia Rapateaceae 13. familia Thurniaceae 14. familia Bromeliaceae 15. familia Dioscoreaceae 16. familia Taccaceae 17. familia Burmanniaceae 3. ordo Enantioblastae 1. familia Commelinaceae

2. familia Mayacaceae 3. familia Xyridaceae 4. familia Eriocaulaceae 5. familia Centrolepidaceae 6. familia Restionaceae 4. ordo Cyperales familia Cyperaceae 5. ordo Glumiflorae familia Gramineae 6. ordo Scitamineae 1. familia Musaceae 2. familia Zingiberaceae 3. familia Cannaceae 4. familia Marantaceae 7 ordo Gynandrae familia Orchidaceae 8. ordo Spadiciflorae 1. familia Palmae 2. familia Cyclanthaceae 3. familia Araceae 4. familia Lemnaceae 9. ordo Pandanales 1. familia Pandanaceae 2. familia Sparganiaceae 3. familia Typhaceae

4. John Hutchinson’s classification

J. Hutchinson (two volumes, 1926–1934; 2nd edition 1959; 3rd edition, 1973). The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny.

This classification is according to the 1st Edition in 2 volumes, 1926–1934, Volume 1: Monocotyledonae and Volume 2:Dicotyledonae.

A criterion considered important in this classification is the habit of the plant: herbaceous or woody.

phylum Angiospermae 1 subphylum Monocotyledons 1 divisio Calyciferae ordo Butomales Hydrocharitaceae Butomaceae ordo Alismatales Alismataceae Scheuchzeriaceae

Petrosaviaceae ordo Triuridales Triuridaceae ordo Juncaginales Juncaginaceae Lilaeaceae syn.: Heterostylaceae Posidoniaceae ordo Aponogetonales Aponogetonaceae

Zosteraceae ordo Potamogetonales Potamogetonaceae Ruppiaceae ordo Najadales Zannichelliaceae Najadaceae ordo Commelinales Commelinaceae Flagellariaceae Mayacaceae ordo Xyridales Xyridaceae Rapateaceae ordo Eriocaulales Eriocaulaceae ordo Bromeliales Bromeliaceae ordo Zingiberales Musaceae Strelitziaceae Lowiaceae Zingiberaceae Cannaceae Marantaceae 2 divisio Corolliferae ordo Liliales Liliaceae Tecophilaeaceae Trilliaceae Pontederiaceae Smilacaceae Ruscaceae ordo Alstroemeriales Alstroemeriaceae Petermanniaceae Philesiaceae ordo Arales Araceae Lemnaceae ordo Typhales Sparganiaceae Typhaceae ordo Amaryllidales Amaryllidaceae ordo Iridales

Iridaceae ordo Dioscoreales Stenomeridaceae Trichopodaceae Roxburghiaceae Dioscoreaceae ordo Agavales Xanthorrhoeaceae Agavaceae ordo Palmales Palmae ordo Pandanales Pandanaceae ordo Cyclanthales Cyclanthaceae ordo Haemodorales Haemodoraceae Hypoxidaceae Velloziaceae Apostasiaceae Taccaceae Philydraceae ordo Burmanniales Burmanniaceae Corsiaceae Thismiaceae ordo Orchidales Orchidaceae 3 divisio Glumiflorae ordo Juncales Juncaceae Thurniaceae Restionaceae Centrolepidaceae ordo Cyperales Cyperaceae ordo Graminales Gramineae 2 subphylum Dicotyledons 1 divisio Archychlamydeae ordo Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Winteraceae Schisandraceae as Schizandraceae Himantandraceae Lactoridaceae

Trochodendraceae Cercidiphyllaceae ordo Annonales as Anonales Annonaceae as Anonaceae Eupomatiaceae ordo Laurales Monimiaceae Lauraceae Gomortegaceae Hernandiaceae Myristicaceae ordo Ranales Ranunculaceae Cabombaceae Ceratophyllaceae Nymphaeaceae ordo Berberidales Berberidaceae Circaeasteraceae Lardizabalaceae Sargentodoxaceae Menispermaceae ordo Aristolochiales Aristolochiaceae Cytinaceae syn.: Rafflesiaceae Hydnoraceae Nepenthaceae ordo Piperales Saururaceae Piperaceae Chloranthaceae Lacistemataceae ordo Rhoeadales Papaveraceae Fumariaceae ordo Loasales Loasaceae Turneraceae ordo Capparidales Capparaceae as Capparidaceae [sic] Moringaceae Tovariaceae ordo Cruciales Cruciferae ordo Violales

Violaceae Resedaceae ordo Polygalales Polygalaceae Trigoniaceae Vochysiaceae ordo Saxifragales Crassulaceae Cephalotaceae Saxifragaceae ordo Sarraceniales Droseraceae Sarraceniaceae ordo Podostemonales Podostemaceae as Podostemonaceae [sic] Hydrostachyaceae ordo Caryophyllales Elatinaceae Caryophyllaceae Molluginaceae Ficoidaceae syn.:Aizoaceae Portulacaceae ordo Polygonales Polygonaceae Illecebraceae ordo Chenopodiales Phytolaccaceae Cynocrambaceae syn.:Theligonaceae Chenopodiaceae Bataceae as Batidaceae [sic] Amaranthaceae as Amarantaceae [sic] Basellaceae ordo Geraniales Linaceae Zygophyllaceae Geraniaceae Limnanthaceae Oxalidaceae Tropaeolaceae Balsaminaceae ordo Lythrales Lythraceae Crypteroniaceae

Sonneratiaceae Punicaceae Oliniaceae Onagraceae Haloragaceae as Halorrhagaceae [sic] Callitrichaceae ordo Thymelaeales Thymelaeaceae Geissolomataceae Penaeaceae Nyctaginaceae ordo Proteales Proteaceae ordo Dilleniales Dilleniaceae Crossosomataceae ordo Coriariales Coriariaceae ordo Pittosporales Pittosporaceae Byblidaceae Tremandraceae ordo Bixales Bixaceae Cochlospermaceae Flacourtiaceae Samydaceae Canellaceae Cistaceae Frankeniaceae ordo Tamaricales Tamaricaceae Malesherbiaceae Fouquieriaceae as Fouquieraceae [sic] ordo Passiflorales Passifloraceae Achariaceae ordo Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae Begoniaceae Datiscaceae Caricaceae ordo Cactales Cactaceae

ordo Theales Theaceae Medusagynaceae Marcgraviaceae Caryocaraceae Actinidiaceae Saurauiaceae Ochnaceae Ancistrocladaceae Dipterocarpaceae Chlaenaceae syn.: Sarcolaenaceae ordo Myrtales Myrtaceae Lecythidaceae Melastomataceae as Melastomaceae Combretaceae Rhizophoraceae ordo Guttiferales Hypericaceae Eucryphiaceae Quiinaceae Guttiferae ordo Tiliales Scytopetalaceae Tiliaceae Gonystylaceae Sterculiaceae Bombacaceae ordo Malvales Malvaceae ordo Malpighiales Malpighiaceae Humiriaceae Erythroxylaceae ordo Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae ordo Cunoniales Cunoniaceae Brunelliaceae Escalloniaceae Greyiaceae [original family description] Grossulariaceae Hydrangeaceae ordo Rosales Rosaceae

Chailletiaceae syn.: Dichapetalaceae Calycanthaceae ordo Leguminosae Mimosaceae Caesalpiniaceae Papilionaceae syn.: Fabaceae ordo Hamamelidales Bruniaceae Stachyuraceae Hamamelidaceae Eucommiaceae Myrothamnaceae Buxaceae Platanaceae ordo Salicales Salicaceae ordo Garryales Garryaceae ordo Leitneriales Leitneriaceae ordo Myricales Myricaceae ordo Balanopsidales Balanopaceae as Balanopsidaceae [sic] ordo Fagales Betulaceae Corylaceae Fagaceae ordo Casuarinales Casuarinaceae ordo Urticales Ulmaceae Barbeyaceae Moraceae Scyphostegiaceae [original family description] Urticaceae Cannabaceae as Cannabinaceae [sic] ordo Celastrales Aquifoliaceae Empetraceae Celastraceae Corynocarpaceae

Cyrillaceae Cneoraceae Pandaceae Hippocrateaceae Icacinaceae Salvadoraceae Stackhousiaceae ordo Olacales Olacaceae Opiliaceae ordo Santalales Octoknemaceae as Oktoknemataceae [sic] Loranthaceae Santalaceae Grubbiaceae Misodendraceae as Myzodendraceae [sic] Balanophoraceae ordo Rhamnales Rhamnaceae Elaeagnaceae Heteropyxidaceae Ampelidaceae syn.:Vitaceae ordo Rutales Rutaceae Simaroubaceae as Simarubaceae [sic] Burseraceae ordo Meliales Meliaceae ordo Sapindales Sapindaceae Akaniaceae Aceraceae Sabiaceae Melianthaceae Didiereaceae Staphyleaceae Anacardiaceae Connaraceae ordo Juglandales Juglandaceae Julianiaceae ordo Umbelliflorae Cornaceae

Alangiaceae Nyssaceae Araliaceae Umbelliferae 2 divisio Metachlamydeae ordo Ericales Clethraceae Ericaceae Vacciniaceae Epacridaceae Monotropaceae Pyrolaceae Diapensiaceae Lennoaceae ordo Ebenales Ebenaceae Sapotaceae ordo Myrsinales Myrsinaceae ordo Styracales Styracaceae Symplocaceae Diclidantheraceae Lissocarpaceae ordo Loganiales Loganiaceae Oleaceae ordo Apocynales Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae ordo Rubiales Rubiaceae Caprifoliaceae ordo Asterales Adoxaceae Valerianaceae Dipsacaceae Calyceraceae Compositae ordo Gentianales Gentianaceae ordo Primulales Primulaceae Plumbaginaceae ordo Plantaginales Plantaginaceae

ordo Campanales Campanulaceae Lobeliaceae Goodeniaceae Stylidiaceae ordo Polemoniales Polemoniaceae Hydrophyllaceae ordo Boraginales Boraginaceae ordo Solanales Solanaceae Convolvulaceae ordo Personales Scrophulariaceae Orobanchaceae Lentibulariaceae Columelliaceae Gesneriaceae Bignoniaceae Pedaliaceae Acanthaceae ordo Lamiales Globulariaceae Myoporaceae Selaginaceae Verbenaceae Labiatae

5. Armen Takhtajan’s System of Classification Another important phytogenetic system was proposed by Takhtajan, the famous

Russian Palaeobotanist working at Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. For

the first time he proposed the system in 1942rnainly ba~ed on the structural types of

Gynoecium and placentation. Afterwards, he put foward a , History and Concept of

Taxonomy modified systeni in 1954 in Russian language and then the translated

version of English in 1958. This modified system was mainly based on phylogenetic

principles. Soon after he made another attempt to revise the system in the light of

evolutionary trends in Angiosperms, which appeared in 1964. This, too, was not the last

word but Takhtajan again revised and updated version of his system appeared in

1980.

Before we take into account the outline of the system it seems proper to point

out the important and significant points of the system as new terms were employed by

Takhtajan in his system:

i) Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms) are regarded to be monophyletic in origin.

ii) Magnoliopsida (Dicots) are considered as a primitive group than Liliopsida

(Monocots).

Outline of Takhtajan's. System of Classification (Takhtajan, 1980)

1) Mognoliophyta (Angiosperms) has 419 Families and is divided into 2 classes viz.

i) Magn,oliopsida (Dicots) and

ii) Liliopsida (Monocots)

2) Magnoliopsida (Dicots) is further divided into 7 subclasses, 20 super orders, 71

Orders and 342 Familes.

The 7 subclasses with some important orders and families (starting and ending) are

as follows:

Subclass

I) Magnolidae

Super order - Magnolianae

Order - Magnoliales (1)

Family - Magnoliaceae (1)

II) Ranunculidae

Order - Ranunculales

Family ,' - Ranunculaceae

III) amaqelididae

Order - Trochodendrale

IV) Caryophyllidae

Order - Caryophyllales

Family - Caryophyllaceae

V) 'illeniidae

Order - Di!leniales

Family - Dilleniaceae

VI) Rosidae

Order - Rosales

Family - Rosaceae

VII) Asteridae

Order Asterales - 71st, the last or ending order

Family ~st&aceae - 342nd;the last or ending family

3) Liliopsida (Monocots) is divided into 3 subclasses, 3 super order 21 Orders and 77

Families, The 3 subclasses of Liliopsida with important orders and Families (Starting

and ending) are given below:

Subclasses

I) Alismatidae

Order

Family

11) Lilidae

Order

Family

Order

Family

Order

Familv

- Alismatales

- Butominaceae

- Triuridales

- Triuridaceae

- Orchidales

- Orchidaceae

- Poales

- Poacene 111) Arecidae

Order - Arales

Family - Arecaceae

Order - Typhales

Family - Typhaceae

Order - Arales - 21st (The last or ending order)

Family - Araceae - 77th (The last or ending family)

The outline of the system can also be represented in the form of a chart:

Magnoliophyta (Angiosperm)

Magnoliopsida (Dicots) Liliopsida (Monocots)

342 Families 77 Families

I) Magnolidae

Magnoliales (Starting Order) I) Alisrnatidae

Magnoliaceae (Starting Family) Alisrnatales (Starting Order)

11) Ranunculidae Butorninaceae (Starting Family)

Ranunculales

111) Hamamelididae 11) Lilidae

Trochodendrales Triuridales

IV) Caryophyllidae Orchidale

Caryophyllales Poales

V) Dilleniidae 111) Arecidae

Dilleniales Arales 21 Order

(The last or terminating order)

Arecaceae -77th family

(the last or ending family)

VI) Rosidae

Rosales

VII Asteridae

Asterales 71 Order

(Terminating order)

Asteraceae 342 Family

Last or ending family.

Takhtajan has accepted main divisions and sub-divisions as classes and sub-classes

almost similar to classification given by Bentham and Hooker. In the Hooker's system

the larger taxa are natural since their status is ascertained on the basis of large number

of characters. But so far as further sub-groupings like series (Thalimiflorae,

Disciflorae, and Calyciflorae etc. and several ordirs and faniilies; are concerned--one

can easily spot out that more or less only one character is chosen as basic criterion

in categorization making it more artificial. Takhtajan introduced modifications at

vch levels. A ~ritical examination of Takhtajan's classification shows that it is of

considerable merit since he has made use of maximum data available.through

morphology, cytology, Palynology, Anatomy, Embryology, Cytogenetics,

Biochemistry and Palaeobotaqy in the construction of taxa of various ranks.

6. Arthur Cronquist’s System of Classification

Class Magnoliopsida

Cronquist system diagram

1. Subclass Magnoliidae (mostly basal dicots)

1. Order Magnoliales 1. Winteraceae 2. Degeneriaceae 3. Himantandraceae 4. Eupomatiaceae 5. Austrobaileyaceae 6. Magnoliaceae (magnolia family)

7. Lactoridaceae 8. Annonaceae 9. Myristicaceae 10. Canellaceae 2. Order Laurales 1. Amborellaceae 2. Trimeniaceae 3. Monimiaceae 4. Gomortegaceae 5. Calycanthaceae 6. Idiospermaceae 7. Lauraceae (laurel family) 8. Hernandiaceae 3. Order Piperales 1. Chloranthaceae 2. Saururaceae 3. Piperaceae (pepper family) 4. Order Aristolochiales 1. Aristolochiaceae 5. Order Illiciales 1. Illiciaceae 2. Schisandraceae 6. Order Nymphaeales 1. Nelumbonaceae 2. Nymphaeaceae 3. Barclayaceae 4. Cabombaceae 5. Ceratophyllaceae 7. Order Ranunculales 1. Ranunculaceae 2. Circaeasteraceae 3. Berberidaceae 4. Sargentodoxaceae 5. Lardizabalaceae 6. Menispermaceae 7. Coriariaceae 8. Sabiaceae 8. Order Papaverales 1. Papaveraceae 2. Fumariaceae 2. Subclass Hamamelidae [sic: correctly

Hamamelididae] 1. Order Trochodendrales 1. Tetracentraceae 2. Trochodendraceae 2. Order Hamamelidales 1. Cercidiphyllaceae 2. Eupteleaceae

3. Platanaceae 4. Hamamelidaceae 5. Myrothamnaceae 3. Order Daphniphyllales 1. Daphniphyllaceae 4. Order Didymelales 1. Didymelaceae 5. Order Eucommiales 1. Eucommiaceae 6. Order Urticales 1. Barbeyaceae 2. Ulmaceae 3. Cannabaceae 4. Moraceae 5. Cecropiaceae 6. Urticaceae 7. Order Leitneriales 1. Leitneriaceae 8. Order Juglandales 1. Rhoipteleaceae 2. Juglandaceae 9. Order Myricales 1. Myricaceae 10. Order Fagales 1. Balanopaceae 2. Ticodendraceae 3. Fagaceae 4. Nothofagaceae 5. Betulaceae 11. Order Casuarinales 1. Casuarinaceae 3. Subclass Caryophyllidae 1. Order Caryophyllales 1. Phytolaccaceae 2. Achatocarpaceae 3. Nyctaginaceae 4. Aizoaceae 5. Didiereaceae 6. Cactaceae (cactus family) 7. Chenopodiaceae 8. Amaranthaceae 9. Portulacaceae 10. Basellaceae 11. Molluginaceae 12. Caryophyllaceae 2. Order Polygonales 1. Polygonaceae 3. Order Plumbaginales

1. Plumbaginaceae 4. Subclass Dilleniidae 1. Order Dilleniales 1. Dilleniaceae 2. Paeoniaceae 2. Order Theales 1. Ochnaceae 2. Sphaerosepalaceae 3. Sarcolaenaceae 4. Dipterocarpaceae 5. Caryocaraceae 6. Theaceae (tea family) 7. Actinidiaceae 8. Scytopetalaceae 9. Pentaphylacaceae 10. Tetrameristaceae 11. Pellicieraceae 12. Oncothecaceae 13. Marcgraviaceae 14. Quiinaceae 15. Elatinaceae 16. Paracryphiaceae 17. Medusagynaceae 18. Clusiaceae 3. Order Malvales 1. Elaeocarpaceae 2. Tiliaceae 3. Sterculiaceae 4. Bombacaceae 5. Malvaceae 4. Order Lecythidales 1. Lecythidaceae 5. Order Nepenthales 1. Sarraceniaceae 2. Nepenthaceae 3. Droseraceae 6. Order Violales 1. Flacourtiaceae 2. Peridiscaceae 3. Bixaceae 4. Cistaceae 5. Huaceae 6. Lacistemataceae 7. Scyphostegiaceae 8. Stachyuraceae 9. Violaceae (violet family) 10. Tamaricaceae (tamarind family) 11. Frankeniaceae

12. Dioncophyllaceae 13. Ancistrocladaceae 14. Turneraceae 15. Malesherbiaceae 16. Passifloraceae 17. Achariaceae 18. Caricaceae 19. Fouquieriaceae 20. Hoplestigmataceae 21. Cucurbitaceae 22. Datiscaceae 23. Begoniaceae 24. Loasaceae 7. Order Salicales 1. Salicaceae 8. Order Capparales 1. Tovariaceae 2. Capparaceae 3. Brassicaceae 4. Moringaceae 5. Resedaceae 9. Order Batales 1. Gyrostemonaceae 2. Bataceae 10. Order Ericales 1. Cyrillaceae 2. Clethraceae 3. Grubbiaceae 4. Empetraceae 5. Epacridaceae 6. Ericaceae 7. Pyrolaceae 8. Monotropaceae 11. Order Diapensiales 1. Diapensiaceae 12. Order Ebenales 1. Sapotaceae 2. Ebenaceae 3. Styracaceae 4. Lissocarpaceae 5. Symplocaceae 13. Order Primulales 1. Theophrastaceae 2. Myrsinaceae 3. Primulaceae 5. Subclass Rosidae 1. Order Rosales 1. Brunelliaceae

2. Connaraceae 3. Eucryphiaceae 4. Cunoniaceae 5. Davidsoniaceae 6. Dialypetalanthaceae 7. Pittosporaceae 8. Byblidaceae 9. Hydrangeaceae 10. Columelliaceae 11. Grossulariaceae 12. Greyiaceae 13. Bruniaceae 14. Anisophylleaceae 15. Alseuosmiaceae 16. Crassulaceae 17. Cephalotaceae 18. Saxifragaceae 19. Rosaceae (rose family) 20. Neuradaceae 21. Crossosomataceae 22. Chrysobalanaceae 23. Surianaceae 24. Rhabdodendraceae 2. Order Fabales 1. Mimosaceae (mimosa family) 2. Caesalpiniaceae 3. Fabaceae 3. Order Proteales 1. Elaeagnaceae 2. Proteaceae 4. Order Podostemales 1. Podostemaceae 5. Order Haloragales 1. Haloragaceae 2. Gunneraceae 6. Order Myrtales 1. Sonneratiaceae 2. Lythraceae 3. Penaeaceae 4. Crypteroniaceae 5. Thymelaeaceae 6. Trapaceae 7. Myrtaceae 8. Punicaceae 9. Onagraceae 10. Oliniaceae 11. Melastomataceae 12. Combretaceae

13. Alzateaceae 14. Memecylaceae 15. Rhyncocalycaceae 7. Order Rhizophorales 1. Rhizophoraceae 8. Order Cornales 1. Alangiaceae 2. Nyssaceae 3. Cornaceae 4. Garryaceae 9. Order Santalales 1. Medusandraceae 2. Dipentodontaceae 3. Olacaceae 4. Opiliaceae 5. Santalaceae 6. Misodendraceae 7. Loranthaceae 8. Viscaceae 9. Eremolepidaceae 10. Balanophoraceae 10. Order Rafflesiales 1. Hydnoraceae 2. Mitrastemonaceae 3. Rafflesiaceae 11. Order Celastrales 1. Geissolomataceae 2. Celastraceae 3. Hippocrateaceae 4. Stackhousiaceae 5. Salvadoraceae 6. Aquifoliaceae 7. Icacinaceae 8. Aextoxicaceae 9. Cardiopteridaceae 10. Corynocarpaceae 11. Dichapetalaceae 12. Tepuianthaceae 12. Order Euphorbiales 1. Buxaceae 2. Simmondsiaceae 3. Pandaceae 4. Euphorbiaceae 13. Order Rhamnales 1. Rhamnaceae 2. Leeaceae 3. Vitaceae 14. Order Linales

1. Erythroxylaceae 2. Humiriaceae 3. Ixonanthaceae 4. Hugoniaceae 5. Linaceae 15. Order Polygalales 1. Malpighiaceae 2. Vochysiaceae 3. Trigoniaceae 4. Tremandraceae 5. Polygalaceae 6. Xanthophyllaceae 7. Krameriaceae 16. Order Sapindales 1. Staphyleaceae 2. Melianthaceae 3. Bretschneideraceae 4. Akaniaceae 5. Sapindaceae 6. Hippocastanaceae 7. Aceraceae 8. Burseraceae 9. Anacardiaceae 10. Julianiaceae 11. Simaroubaceae 12. Cneoraceae 13. Meliaceae 14. Rutaceae 15. Zygophyllaceae 17. Order Geraniales 1. Oxalidaceae 2. Geraniaceae 3. Limnanthaceae 4. Tropaeolaceae 5. Balsaminaceae 18. Order Apiales 1. Araliaceae 2. Apiaceae 6. Subclass Asteridae 1. Order Gentianales 1. Loganiaceae 2. Retziaceae 3. Gentianaceae 4. Saccifoliaceae 5. Apocynaceae 6. Asclepiadaceae 2. Order Solanales 1. Duckeodendraceae

2. Nolanaceae 3. Solanaceae 4. Convolvulaceae 5. Cuscutaceae 6. Menyanthaceae 7. Polemoniaceae 8. Hydrophyllaceae 9. Retziaceae 3. Order Lamiales 1. Lennoaceae 2. Boraginaceae 3. Verbenaceae 4. Lamiaceae 4. Order Callitrichales 1. Hippuridaceae 2. Callitrichaceae 3. Hydrostachyaceae 5. Order Plantaginales 1. Plantaginaceae 6. Order Scrophulariales 1. Buddlejaceae 2. Oleaceae (olive family) 3. Scrophulariaceae 4. Globulariaceae 5. Myoporaceae 6. Orobanchaceae 7. Gesneriaceae 8. Acanthaceae 9. Pedaliaceae 10. Bignoniaceae 11. Mendonciaceae 12. Lentibulariaceae 7. Order Campanulales 1. Pentaphragmataceae 2. Sphenocleaceae 3. Campanulaceae 4. Stylidiaceae 5. Donatiaceae 6. Brunoniaceae 7. Goodeniaceae 8. Order Rubiales 1. Rubiaceae 2. Theligonaceae 9. Order Dipsacales 1. Caprifoliaceae 2. Adoxaceae 3. Valerianaceae 4. Dipsacaceae

10. Order Calycerales 1. Calyceraceae 11. Order Asterales 1. Asteraceae

Class Liliopsida

1. Subclass Alismatidae 1. Order Alismatales 1. Butomaceae 2. Limnocharitaceae 3. Alismataceae 2. Order Hydrocharitales 1. Hydrocharitaceae 3. Order Najadales 1. Aponogetonaceae 2. Scheuchzeriaceae 3. Juncaginaceae 4. Potamogetonaceae 5. Ruppiaceae 6. Najadaceae 7. Zannichelliaceae 8. Posidoniaceae 9. Cymodoceaceae 10. Zosteraceae 4. Order Triuridales 1. Petrosaviaceae 2. Triuridaceae

1. Subclass Arecidae 1. Order Arecales 1. Arecaceae (palm family) 2. Order Cyclanthales 1. Cyclanthaceae 3. Order Pandanales 1. Pandanaceae (pandan family) 4. Order Arales 1. Acoraceae 2. Araceae 3. Lemnaceae

1. Subclass Commelinidae 1. Order Commelinales 1. Rapateaceae 2. Xyridaceae 3. Mayacaceae 4. Commelinaceae

2. Order Eriocaulales 1. Eriocaulaceae 3. Order Restionales 1. Flagellariaceae 2. Joinvilleaceae 3. Restionaceae 4. Centrolepidaceae 4. Order Juncales 1. Juncaceae 2. Thurniaceae 5. Order Cyperales 1. Cyperaceae 2. Poaceae (Grass family) 6. Order Hydatellales 1. Hydatellaceae 7. Order Typhales 1. Sparganiaceae 2. Typhaceae

1. Subclass Zingiberidae 1. Order Bromeliales 1. Bromeliaceae 2. Order Zingiberales 1. Strelitziaceae 2. Heliconiaceae 3. Musaceae 4. Lowiaceae 5. Zingiberaceae (Ginger family) 6. Costaceae 7. Cannaceae 8. Marantaceae

1. Subclass Liliidae 1. Order Liliales 1. Philydraceae 2. Pontederiaceae 3. Haemodoraceae 4. Cyanastraceae 5. Liliaceae (Lily family) 6. Iridaceae (Iris family) 7. Velloziaceae 8. Aloeaceae (Aloe family) 9. Agavaceae 10. Xanthorrhoeaceae 11. Hanguanaceae 12. Taccaceae 13. Stemonaceae 14. Smilacaceae

15. Dioscoreaceae 2. Order Orchidales 1. Geosiridaceae

2. Burmanniaceae 3. Corsiaceae 4. Orchidaceae (Orchid family)

7. Robert Thorne’s System Classification

class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms ]

subclass Magnoliidae [= dicotyledons ] superorder Magnolianae superorder Nymphaeanae superorder Rafflesianae superorder Caryophyllanae superorder Theanae superorder Celastranae superorder Malvanae superorder Violanae superorder Santalanae superorder Geranianae superorder Rutanae superorder Proteanae superorder Rosanae superorder Cornanae superorder Asteranae superorder Solananae superorder Loasanae superorder Myrtanae superorder Gentiananae subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons ] superorder Lilianae superorder Hydatellanae superorder Triuridanae superorder Aranae superorder Cyclanthanae superorder Pandananae superorder Arecanae superorder Commelinanae

The Thorne system (1992) counts 440 families and 69 orders:

class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms ]

subclass Magnoliidae [= dicotyledons ] superorder Magnolianae order Magnoliales family Winteraceae family Illiciaceae family Schisandraceae family Magnoliaceae family Degeneriaceae family Himantandraceae family Eupomatiaceae family Annonaceae family Aristolochiaceae family Myristicaceae family Canellaceae family Austrobaileyaceae family Amborellaceae family Trimeniaceae family Chloranthaceae family Monimiaceae family Gomortegaceae family Calycanthaceae family Lauraceae family Hernandiaceae family Lactoridaceae family Saururaceae family Piperaceae order Ceratophyllales family Ceratophyllaceae order Nelumbonales family Nelumbonaceae order Paeoniales family Paeoniaceae family Glaucidiaceae order Berberidales family Menispermaceae

family Lardizabalaceae family Sargentodoxaceae family Berberidaceae family Hydrastidaceae family Ranunculaceae family Circaeasteraceae family Papaveraceae superorder Nymphaeanae order Nymphaeales family Cabombaceae family Nymphaeaceae superorder Rafflesianae order Rafflesiales family Hydnoraceae family Rafflesiaceae superorder Caryophyllanae order Caryophyllales family Caryophyllaceae family Portulacaceae family Hectorellaceae family Basellaceae family Didiereaceae family Cactaceae family Phytolaccaceae family Petiveriaceae family Agdestidaceae family Barbeuiaceae family Achatocarpaceae family Stegnospermataceae family Nyctaginaceae family Aizoaceae family Halophytaceae family Molluginaceae family Chenopodiaceae family Amaranthaceae superorder Theanae order Theales family Dilleniaceae family Actinidiaceae family Paracryphiaceae family Stachyuraceae family Theaceae family Asteropeiaceae family Tetrameristaceae family Pellicieraceae family Chrysobalanaceae

family Symplocaceae family Caryocaraceae family Marcgraviaceae family Oncothecaceae family Aquifoliaceae family Phellinaceae family Sphenostemonaceae family Sarraceniaceae family Pentaphylacaceae family Clethraceae family Cyrillaceae family Ochnaceae family Quiinaceae family Scytopetalaceae family Medusagynaceae family Strasburgeriaceae family Ancistrocladaceae family Dioncophyllaceae family Nepenthaceae family Bonnetiaceae family Clusiaceae family Elatinaceae family Lecythidaceae order Ericales family Ericaceae family Epacridaceae family Empetraceae order Fouquieriales family Fouquieriaceae order Styracales family Ebenaceae family Lissocarpaceae family Sapotaceae family Styracaceae order Primulales family Theophrastaceae family Myrsinaceae family Primulaceae family Plumbaginaceae order Polygonales family Polygonaceae superorder Celastranae order Celastrales family Celastraceae family Goupiaceae family Lophopyxidaceae

family Stackhousiaceae family Corynocarpaceae superorder Malvanae order Malvales family Sterculiaceae family Huaceae family Elaeocarpaceae family Plagiopteraceae family Tiliaceae family Monotaceae family Dipterocarpaceae family Sarcolaenaceae family Sphaerosepalaceae family Bombacaceae family Malvaceae order Urticales family Ulmaceae family Moraceae family Cecropiaceae family Barbeyaceae family Urticaceae family Cannabaceae order Rhamnales family Rhamnaceae family Elaeagnaceae order Euphorbiales family Euphorbiaceae family Aextoxicaceae family Simmondsiaceae family Dichapetalaceae family Gonystylaceae family Thymelaeaceae superorder Violanae order Violales family Bixaceae family Cochlospermaceae family Cistaceae family Violaceae family Flacourtiaceae family Physenaceae family Lacistemataceae family Salicaceae family Dipentodontaceae family Peridiscaceae family Scyphostegiaceae family Passifloraceae

family Turneriaceae family Malesherbiaceae family Achariaceae family Caricaceae family Tamaricaceae family Frankeniaceae family Cucurbitaceae family Begoniaceae family Datiscaceae order Brassicales family Resedaceae family Capparaceae family Brassicaceae family Salvadoraceae family Gyrostemonaceae order Batales family Bataceae superorder Santalanae order Santalales family Olacaceae family Opiliaceae family Medusandraceae family Santalaceae family Misodendraceae family Loranthaceae family Eremolepidaceae family Viscaceae order Balanophorales family Balanophoraceae family Cynomoriaceae superorder Geranianae order Linales family Humiriaceae family Ctenolophonaceae family Hugoniaceae family Ixonanthaceae family Linaceae family Erythroxylaceae family Zygophyllaceae family Balanitaceae order Rhizophorales family Rhizophoraceae order Geraniales family Oxalidaceae family Geraniaceae family Balsaminaceae

family Tropaeolaceae family Limnanthaceae order Polygalales family Malpighiaceae family Trigoniaceae family Vochysiaceae family Polygalaceae family Krameriaceae superorder Rutanae order Rutales family Rutaceae family Rhabdodendraceae family Cneoraceae family Simaroubaceae family Picramniaceae family Ptaeroxylaceae family Meliaceae family Burseraceae family Anacardiaceae family Leitneriaceae family Tepuianthaceae family Coriariaceae family Sapindaceae family Sabiaceae family Melianthaceae family Akaniaceae family Bretschneideraceae family Moringaceae family Surianaceae family Connaraceae family Fabaceae superorder Proteanae order Proteales family Proteaceae superorder Rosanae order Hamamelidales family Trochodendraceae family Eupteleaceae family Cercidiphyllaceae family Platanaceae family Hamamelidaceae order Casuarinales family Casuarinaceae order Balanopales family Buxaceae family Didymelaceae

family Daphniphyllaceae family Balanopaceae order Bruniales family Roridulaceae family Bruniaceae family Geissolomataceae family Grubbiaceae family Myrothamnaceae family Hydrostachyaceae order Juglandales family Rhoipteleaceae family Juglandaceae family Myricaceae order Betulales family Ticodendraceae family Betulaceae family Nothofagaceae family Fagaceae order Rosales family Rosaceae family Neuradaceae family Crossosomataceae family Anisophylleaceae order Saxifragales family Tetracarpaeaceae family Crassulaceae family Cephalotaceae family Penthoraceae family Saxifragaceae family Francoaceae family Grossulariaceae family Vahliaceae family Eremosynaceae family Lepuropetalaceae family Parnassiaceae family Stylidiaceae family Droseraceae family Greyiaceae family Diapensiaceae order Podostemales family Podostemaceae order Cunoniales family Cunoniaceae family Davidsoniaceae family Staphyleaceae superorder Cornanae

order Hydrangeales family Hydrangeaceae family Escalloniaceae family Carpodetaceae family Griseliniaceae family Alseuosmiaceae family Montiniaceae family Brexiaceae family Columelliaceae family Desfontainiaceae order Cornales family Vitaceae family Gunneraceae family Haloragaceae family Cornaceae family Curtisiaceae family Alangiaceae family Garryaceae family Aucubaceae family Aralidiaceae family Eucommiaceae family Icacinaceae family Metteniusaceae family Cardiopteridaceae family Peripterygiaceae order Pittosporales family Pittosporaceae family Byblidaceae family Tremandraceae order Araliales family Helwingiaceae family Torricelliaceae family Araliaceae family Hydrocotylaceae family Apiaceae order Dipsacales family Caprifoliaceae family Adoxaceae family Valerianaceae family Triplostegiaceae family Dipsacaceae family Morinaceae superorder Asteranae order Asterales family Calyceraceae family Asteraceae

order Campanulales family Menyanthaceae family Pentaphragmataceae family Sphenocleaceae family Campanulaceae family Goodeniaceae superorder Solananae order Solanales family Solanaceae family Duckeodendraceae family Goetzeaceae family Nolanaceae family Convolvulaceae family Hydrophyllaceae family Boraginaceae family Hoplestigmataceae family Lennoaceae family Tetrachondraceae family Polemoniaceae superorder Loasanae order Loasales family Loasaceae superorder Myrtanae order Myrtales family Lythraceae family Alzateaceae family Rhynchocalycaceae family Penaeaceae family Oliniaceae family Trapaceae family Crypteroniaceae family Melastomataceae family Combretaceae family Onagraceae family Myrtaceae superorder Gentiananae order Gentianales family Loganiaceae family Rubiaceae family Dialypetalanthaceae family Apocynaceae family Gentianaceae family Saccifoliaceae order Scrophulariales family Oleaceae family Buddlejaceae

family Stilbaceae family Bignoniaceae family Pedaliaceae family Martyniaceae family Myoporaceae family Scrophulariaceae family Gesneriaceae family Globulariaceae family Plantaginaceae family Lentibulariaceae family Acanthaceae family Callitrichaceae family Hippuridaceae family Verbenaceae family Phrymaceae family Symphoremataceae family Nesogenaceae family Avicenniaceae family Lamiaceae subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons ] superorder Lilianae order Liliales family Melanthiaceae family Campynemataceae family Alstroemeriaceae family Colchicaceae family Liliaceae family Trilliaceae family Iridaceae order Burmanniales family Burmanniaceae family Corsiaceae order Asparagales family Asparagaceae family Luzuriagaceae family Asphodelaceae family Aphyllanthaceae family Phormiaceae family Tecophilaeaceae family Lanariaceae family Hemerocallidaceae family Asteliaceae family Hanguanaceae family Agavaceae family Hostaceae

family Blandfordiaceae family Dasypogonaceae family Xanthorrhoeaceae family Ixioliriaceae family Hyacinthaceae family Alliaceae family Amaryllidaceae family Hypoxidaceae family Velloziaceae family Cyanastraceae family Eriospermaceae order Dioscoreales family Philesiaceae family Ripogonaceae family Petermanniaceae family Smilacaceae family Dioscoreaceae family Trichopodaceae family Stemonaceae family Taccaceae order Orchidales family Orchidaceae superorder Hydatellanae order Hydatellales family Hydatellaceae superorder Triuridanae order Triuridales family Triuridaceae superorder Alismatanae order Alismatales family Butomaceae family Alismataceae family Hydrocharitaceae order Potamogetonales family Aponogetonaceae family Scheuchzeriaceae family Juncaginaceae family Potamogetonaceae family Posidoniaceae family Cymodoceaceae family Zannichelliaceae family Zosteraceae superorder Aranae order Acorales family Acoraceae order Arales

family Araceae family Lemnaceae superorder Cyclanthanae order Cyclanthales family Cyclanthaceae superorder Pandananae order Pandanales family Pandanaceae superorder Arecanae order Arecales family Arecaceae superorder Commelinanae order Bromeliales family Bromeliaceae order Philydrales family Philydraceae family Pontederiaceae family Haemodoraceae order Typhales family Typhaceae order Zingiberales family Musaceae family Strelitziaceae family Lowiaceae family Heliconiaceae family Zingiberaceae family Costaceae family Cannaceae family Marantaceae order Commelinales family Rapateaceae family Xyridaceae family Commelinaceae family Mayacaceae family Eriocaulaceae order Juncales family Thurniaceae family Juncaceae family Cyperaceae order Poales family Flagellariaceae family Joinvilleaceae family Restionaceae family Ecdeiocoleaceae family Centrolepidaceae family Poaceae

8. Rolf Dahlgren’s System of Classification

class Magnoliopsida

subclass Magnoliidae superorder Magnolianae order Annonales family Annonaceae family Myristicaceae family Eupomatiaceae family Canellaceae family Austrobaileyaceae order Aristolochiales family Aristolochiaceae order Rafflesiales family Rafflesiaceae family Hydnoraceae order Magnoliales family Degeneriaceae family Himantandraceae family Magnoliaceae order Lactoridales family Lactoridaceae order Winterales family Winteraceae order Chloranthales family Chloranthaceae order Illiciales family Illiciaceae family Schisandraceae order Laurales family Amborellaceae family Trimeniaceae family Monimiaceae family Gomortegaceae family Calycanthaceae family Lauraceae order Nelumbonales family Nelumbonaceae superorder Nymphaeanae order Piperales family Saururaceae family Piperaceae order Nymphaeales family Cabombaceae family Nymphaeaceae

family Ceratophyllaceae superorder Ranunculanae order Ranunculales family Lardizabalaceae family Sargentodoxaceae family Menispermaceae family Kingdoniaceae family Circaeasteraceae family Ranunculaceae family Hydrastidaceae family Berberidaceae order Papaverales family Papaveraceae family Fumariaceae superorder Caryophyllanae order Caryophyllales family Molluginaceae family Caryophyllaceae family Phytolaccaceae family Achatocarpaceae family Agdestidaceae family Basellaceae family Portulacaceae family Stegnospermataceae family Nyctaginaceae family Aizoaceae family Halophytaceae family Cactaceae family Didiereaceae family Hectorellaceae family Chenopodiaceae family Amaranthaceae superorder Polygonanae order Polygonales family Polygonaceae superorder Plumbaginanae order Plumbaginales family Plumbaginaceae family Limoniaceae superorder Malvanae order Malvales family Sterculiaceae family Plagiopteraceae

family Bixaceae family Cochlospermaceae family Cistaceae family Sphaerosepalaceae family Sarcolaenaceae family Huaceae family Tiliaceae family Dipterocarpaceae family Bombacaceae family Malvaceae order Urticales family Ulmaceae family Moraceae family Cecropiaceae family Barbeyaceae family Cannabaceae family Urticaceae order Euphorbiales family Euphorbiaceae family Simmondsiaceae family Pandaceae family Aextoxicaceae family Dichapetalaceae order Thymelaeales family Gonystylaceae family Thymelaeaceae order Rhamnales family Rhamnaceae superorder Violanae order Violales family Flacourtiaceae family Berberidopsidaceae family Aphloiaceae family Physenaceae family Passifloraceae family Dipentodontaceae family Peridiscaceae family Scyphostegiaceae family Violaceae family Turneraceae family Malesherbiaceae family Caricaceae order Cucurbitales family Achariaceae family Cucurbitaceae family Begoniaceae

family Datiscaceae order Salicales family Salicaceae order Tamaricales family Tamaricaceae family Frankeniaceae order Capparales family Capparaceae family Brassicaceae family Tovariaceae family Resedaceae family Gyrostemonaceae family Bataceae family Moringaceae order Tropaeolales family Tropaeolaceae family Limnanthaceae order Salvadorales family Salvadoraceae superorder Theanae order Dilleniales family Dilleniaceae order Paeoniales family Glaucidiaceae family Paeoniaceae order Theales family Stachyuraceae family Pentaphylacaceae family Marcgraviaceae family Quiinaceae family Ancistrocladaceae family Dioncophyllaceae family Nepenthaceae family Medusagynaceae family Caryocaraceae family Strasburgeriaceae family Ochnaceae family Chrysobalanaceae family Oncothecaceae family Scytopetalaceae family Theaceae family Bonnetiaceae family Clusiaceae family Elatinaceae order Lecythidales family Lecythidaceae

superorder Primulanae order Primulales family Myrsinaceae family Aegicerataceae family Theophrastaceae family Primulaceae family Coridaceae order Ebenales family Sapotaceae family Styracaceae family Lissocarpaceae family Ebenaceae superorder Rosanae order Trochodendrales family Trochodendraceae family Tetracentraceae order Cercidiphyllales family Cercidiphyllaceae family Eupteleaceae order Hamamelidales family Hamamelidaceae family Platanaceae family Myrothamnaceae order Balanopales family Balanopaceae order Fagales family Nothofagaceae family Fagaceae family Corylaceae family Betulaceae order Juglandales family Rhoipteleaceae family Juglandaceae order Myricales family Myricaceae order Casuarinales family Casuarinaceae order Buxales) family Buxaceae family Daphniphyllaceae family Didymelaceae order Geissolomatales family Geissolomataceae order Cunoniales family Cunoniaceae family Baueraceae

family Brunelliaceae family Davidsoniaceae family Eucryphiaceae order Saxifragales family Saxifragaceae family Francoaceae family Greyiaceae family Brexiaceae family Grossulariaceae family Iteaceae family Cephalotaceae family Crassulaceae family Podostemaceae order Droserales family Droseraceae family Lepuropetalaceae family Parnassiaceae order Rosales family Rosaceae family Neuradaceae family Malaceae family Amygdalaceae family Anisophylleaceae family Crossosomataceae family Surianaceae family Rhabdodendraceae order Gunnerales family Gunneraceae superorder Proteanae order Proteales family Proteaceae order Elaeagnales family Elaeagnaceae superorder Myrtanae order Myrtales family Psiloxylaceae family Heteropyxidaceae family Myrtaceae family Onagraceae family Trapaceae family Lythraceae family Combretaceae family Melastomataceae family Memecylaceae family Crypteroniaceae family Oliniaceae

family Penaeaceae family Rhynchocalycaceae family Alzateaceae order Haloragales family Haloragaceae superorder Rutanae order Sapindales family Coriariaceae family Anacardiaceae family Leitneriaceae family Podoaceae family Sapindaceae family Hippocastanaceae family Aceraceae family Akaniaceae family Bretschneideraceae family Emblingiaceae family Staphyleaceae family Melianthaceae family Sabiaceae) family Meliosmaceae family Connaraceae order Fabales family Mimosaceae family Caesalpiniaceae family Fabaceae order Rutales family Rutaceae family Ptaeroxylaceae family Cneoraceae family Simaroubaceae family Tepuianthaceae family Burseraceae family Meliaceae order Polygalales family Malpighiaceae family Trigoniaceae family Vochysiaceae family Polygalaceae family Krameriaceae order Geraniales family Zygophyllaceae family Peganaceae family Nitrariaceae family Geraniaceae family Vivianiaceae

family Ledocarpaceae family Biebersteiniaceae family Dirachmaceae family Balanitaceae order Linales family Linaceae family Humiriaceae family Ctenolophonaceae family Ixonanthaceae family Erythroxylaceae family Lepidobotryaceae family Oxalidaceae order Celastrales family Stackhousiaceae family Lophopyxidaceae family Cardiopteridaceae family Corynocarpaceae family Celastraceae order Rhizophorales family Rhizophoraceae family Elaeocarpaceae order Balsaminales family Balsaminaceae superorder Vitanae order Vitales family Vitaceae superorder Santalanae order Santalales family Olacaceae family Opiliaceae family Loranthaceae family Medusandraceae family Misodendraceae family Eremolepidaceae family Santalaceae family Viscaceae superorder Balanophoranae order Balanophorales family Cynomoriaceae family Balanophoraceae superorder Aralianae order Pittosporales family Pittosporaceae family Tremandraceae family Byblidaceae order Araliales

family Araliaceae family Apiaceae superorder Asteranae order Campanulales family Pentaphragmataceae family Campanulaceae family Lobeliaceae order Asterales family Asteraceae superorder Solananae order Solanales family Solanaceae family Sclerophylacaceae family Goetzeaceae family Convolvulaceae family Cuscutaceae family Cobaeaceae family Polemoniaceae order Boraginales family Hydrophyllaceae family Ehretiaceae family Boraginaceae family Lennoaceae family Hoplestigmataceae superorder Ericanae order Bruniales family Bruniaceae family Grubbiaceae order Fouquieriales family Fouquieriaceae order Ericales family Actinidiaceae family Clethraceae family Cyrillaceae family Ericaceae family Empetraceae family Monotropaceae family Pyrolaceae family Epacridaceae order Stylidiales family Stylidiaceae order Sarraceniales family Sarraceniaceae superorder Cornanae order Cornales family Garryaceae

family Alangiaceae family Nyssaceae family Cornaceae family Roridulaceae family Davidiaceae family Escalloniaceae family Helwingiaceae family Torricelliaceae family Aucubaceae family Aralidiaceae family Diapensiaceae family Phellinaceae family Aquifoliaceae family Paracryphiaceae family Sphenostemonaceae family Symplocaceae family Icacinaceae family Montiniaceae family Columelliaceae family Alseuosmiaceae family Hydrangeaceae family Sambucaceae family Viburnaceae family Menyanthaceae family Adoxaceae family Phyllonomaceae family Tribelaceae family Eremosynaceae family Pterostemonaceae family Tetracarpaeaceae order Eucommiales family Eucommiaceae order Dipsacales family Caprifoliaceae family Valerianaceae family Dipsacaceae family Morinaceae family Calyceraceae superorder Loasanae order Loasales family Loasaceae superorder Gentiananae order Goodeniales family Goodeniaceae order Oleales family Oleaceae

order Gentianales family Desfontainiaceae family Loganiaceae family Dialypetalanthaceae family Rubiaceae family Theligonaceae family Gentianaceae family Saccifoliaceae family Apocynaceae family Asclepiadaceae superorder Lamianae order Lamiales family Retziaceae family Stilbaceae family Buddlejaceae family Scrophulariaceae family Myoporaceae family Globulariaceae family Plantaginaceae family Lentibulariaceae family Pedaliaceae family Trapellaceae family Martyniaceae family Gesneriaceae family Bignoniaceae family Acanthaceae family Verbenaceae family Lamiaceae family Callitrichaceae order Hydrostachyales family Hydrostachyaceae order Hippuridales family Hippuridaceae subclass Liliidae superorder Alismatanae order Alismatales family Aponogetonaceae family Butomaceae family Hydrocharitaceae family Limnocharitaceae family Alismataceae order Najadales family Scheuchzeriaceae family Juncaginaceae family Najadaceae family Potamogetonaceae

family Zosteraceae family Posidoniaceae family Cymodoceaceae family Zannichelliaceae superorder Triuridanae order Triuridales family Triuridaceae superorder Aranae order Arales family Araceae family Acoraceae family Lemnaceae superorder Lilianae order Dioscoreales family Trichopodaceae family Dioscoreaceae family Stemonaceae family Taccaceae family Trilliaceae family Ripogonaceae family Petermanniaceae family Smilacaceae order Asparagales family Philesiaceae family Luzuriagaceae family Convallariaceae family Dracaenaceae family Asparagaceae family Ruscaceae family Herreriaceae family Nolinaceae family Asteliaceae family Dasypogonaceae family Calectasiaceae family Blandfordiaceae family Xanthorrhoeaceae family Agavaceae family Hypoxidaceae family Tecophilaeaceae family Lanariaceae family Ixioliriaceae family Cyanastraceae family Phormiaceae family Doryanthaceae family Eriospermaceae family Asphodelaceae

family Anthericaceae family Aphyllanthaceae family Hemerocallidaceae family Hostaceae family Hyacinthaceae family Alliaceae family Amaryllidaceae order Liliales family Colchicaceae family Uvulariaceae family Iridaceae family Alstroemeriaceae family Calochortaceae family Liliaceae order Melanthiales family Melanthiaceae family Campynemataceae order Burmanniales family Burmanniaceae family Corsiaceae order Orchidales family Neuwiediaceae family Apostasiaceae family Cypripediaceae family Orchidaceae superorder Bromelianae order Velloziales family Velloziaceae order Bromeliales family Bromeliaceae order Haemodorales family Haemodoraceae order Philydrales family Philydraceae order Pontederiales family Pontederiaceae order Typhales family Typhaceae superorder Zingiberanae order Zingiberales family Lowiaceae family Musaceae family Heliconiaceae family Strelitziaceae family Zingiberaceae family Costaceae

family Cannaceae family Marantaceae superorder Commelinanae order Commelinales family Mayacaceae family Commelinaceae family Xyridaceae family Rapateaceae family Eriocaulaceae order Hydatellales family Hydatellaceae order Cyperales family Juncaceae family Thurniaceae family Cyperaceae order Poales family Flagellariaceae family Joinvilleaceae family Restionaceae family Centrolepidaceae family Poaceae superorder Arecanae order Hanguanales family Hanguanaceae order Arecales family Arecaceae superorder Cyclanthanae order Cyclanthales family Cyclanthaceae superorder Pandananae order Pandanales family Pandanaceae