A DARPA Perspective on Broadband Wireless Systems

Presented by:Dr. Paul Kolodzy6 September 2000

2000 International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies

Outline

•Setting The Stage•DARPA Programs

• Current• Global Mobile Communications (GloMo) • Small Unit Operations Situation Assessment System (SUO SAS)• Airborne Communications Node (ACN)

• Future• Future Combat Systems (FCS) Program• Adaptive Spectrum Utilization Concept

•DARPA / Industry Cooperation

DARPA Mission

•Solve National-level problems •Enable Operational Dominance•High Risk Technology Development, Exploitation

-- Avoid Surprise

Innovation in support of National Security

DARPA Organization

DirectorFrank FernandezDeputy DirectorJane Alexander

Advanced TechnologyTom Meyer

William Jeffrey

Early Entry, Rapid Reaction, Special ForcesCommunicationsMaritime

Defense SciencesMichael Goldblatt

Steven Wax

Information SystemsWilliam Mularie

Kathy MacDonald

Information TechnologyShankar Sastry

Col Mark Swinson

NetworkingEmbedded and Autonomous ComputingUser Interfaces & TranslationSoftware Composition

Microsystems TechnologyRobert LehenyEllison Urban

Special ProjectsJames CarliniAmy Alving

Tactical TechnologyDavid Whelan

Allen Adler

Wideband Technology Components

Commercial ThrustAdditional

Defense Thrust

Bandwidth Efficiency (Turbo Codes)

Microwave to WidebandFrequency Mobility

Multiple Access

Coding

Low Probability of Detection

Waveforms

Featureless Waveforms

Diversity ExploitationMultipath Mobility

Spatial & Symbol Processing

Interference Anti-Jam

IPNetworks

QoSLatency

Mobility, Adhoc, and Assurance

Time

Military Broadband Requirements

Future Projection101

102

103

104

105

Num

ber o

f ent

ities

103 104 105 106

UGS (acoustic, seismic sensors)

Voice

Entity data rate (bits/sec)107 108 109

Situation Awareness Data

102

Calls for Fire

Organic Imaging Sensors

Army Digitization Program

100

101

ReachBack

Theater Sensor Data

Dissemination (broadcast) VTC

Future Combat Systems

• Mobile Comms: 92% increase by 2005• Point-to-point:: 60% increase by 2007• Short Range: 600MHz increase by 2005• Surv. Radars : 35% increase• Fire Con Radars : 68% increase• SATCOM: 500% increase

• Mobile Comms: 92% increase by 2005• Point-to-point:: 60% increase by 2007• Short Range: 600MHz increase by 2005• Surv. Radars : 35% increase• Fire Con Radars : 68% increase• SATCOM: 500% increase

Wireless Communications Technical Challenges

Highly Dynamic Networks

Highly Dynamic Networks

Adapt to Changes in Topology

Adapt to Changes in Topology

Scarce Radio Spectrum

Scarce Radio Spectrum

Updates to Routing

Algorithms

Updates to Routing

Algorithms

Shared ChannelsShared Channels

Efficiency Drivers

Efficiency Drivers

Information AssuranceInformation Assurance

Highly Dynamic Algorithms

Highly Dynamic Algorithms

Time Criticality

Time Criticality

Multi-User InformationMulti-User

Information

Integrated HW/SW Algorithms

Integrated HW/SW Algorithms

Transmission Parameters

Transmission Parameters

EncryptionEncryptionSpatial

DiversitySpatial

Diversity

Signal Diversity

Signal Diversity

DoD Stressing

Commercial Equal or More Stressing

DoD & Commercial Broadband Users Have

Shared and Unique Challenges

DoD & Commercial Broadband Users Have

Shared and Unique Challenges

DARPA Communications Focus- Programs, Functions

Information Assurance, High Data Rates

Infrastructure

LPD

Detect, Copy, Geo-locate Confuse, Jam

Spectrum Spectrum SupremacySupremacy

Global MobileGlobal MobileSmall Unit OperationsSmall Unit Operations

Future Combat SystemsFuture Combat Systems

WolfPackWolfPackNovel Novel AntennasAntennas

AirbornAirborne Comm e Comm

NodeNode

Global Mobile Information Systems(GloMo)

GloMoGloMo technology enables mobile users to automatically form ad hoc technology enables mobile users to automatically form ad hoc networks and exchange voice, data and multimedia informationnetworks and exchange voice, data and multimedia information

COMPANYCOMPANY

BRIGADEBRIGADE

BATTALIONBATTALION

XX

IIIIII

II

JSTARS

UAV

CONUS Split Base Ops

Wireless Nodes

Networking Mobile Wireless & End-to-End

Communications

Mobile Applications Support

GloMo ThrustsDefense Wireless

Environment• No pre-deployed

infrastructure or fixed base stations

• Environment is subject to significant changes (weather, terrain, foliage, EMI)

• Mobile operations

• Significant variation in link quality and sporadic connectivity

Satellite

SUO SAS is a mobile communications system with high dataSUO SAS is a mobile communications system with high data--rate capacity rate capacity that is optimized for restrictive terrainthat is optimized for restrictive terrain

All Terrain Radio• Clandestine, high AJ• Adapts data rate and frequency to

capacity of channel (10 bps to 4 Mbps)

Applications:• Army and Marine Infantry

• Special Operations Forces

• EMT and Firefighters

• Law Enforcement

Wearable Computer/Radio

Continuous Position/Navigation and Targeting• D-GPS when available plus INS and altimeter• Radio ranging inside buildings, urban

canyons, etc.

Distributed Information Management• Consistent tactical picture tailored to each

warrior mission and personality• Integrates blue situation with organic and

non-organic sensors

Autonomous Adaptive Networking• Self-forming, self-maintaining• Simultaneous voice, record and

multimedia services• 10-100 times the TI capacity

Small Unit Operations Situation Awareness System Program (SUO SAS)

Bursts exploit short term channel characteristics

NND = network neighbor discovery RTS = request to sendCTS = clear to send and what channelMSG = message fragmentACK = acknowledgement of message

20 MHz

Transmit Power

100 MHz

1,000 MHz

CTSRTS

MSG

NND

ACK

Time

256 ms bursts

Typical Transactions

n Each radio monitors activity on the signaling channel and can predict some link states

n Each radio selects a channel to use in response to a RTS

• Operating Frequency Range: 20 MHz to 2.5 GHz

• Hybrid direct sequence / frequency hopping• Spectrum adaptive data rates

• Data Rates: 96 kbps - 6 Mbps• Security

Dynamic Broadband Waveform Technology (SUO SAS)

Dynamic Broadband Waveform Technology (SUO SAS)

Airborne Communications Node (ACN) Concept

Scalable for TUAVsScalable for TUAVs

WINWIN--T backbone T backbone

Advanced SIGINTAdvanced SIGINT

AdaptabilityScalabilityRobust OperationInformation AssuranceSeamless Interoperability

CommunicationsSIGINT

Features

Functions

ACN provides continuous communications services to widely disperACN provides continuous communications services to widely dispersed sed (Beyond Line of Sight) mobile forces(Beyond Line of Sight) mobile forces

DSP

ACN: A Convergence of Communications and SIGINT

Communications SIGINT

IF Distribution

IF Digitizers

High Power Amplifier

System Proc & Cntl

Databases

LPI Coding

CCI Mitigation

Beamformer

Band Pass Filters

Low Band Tuners

Rx Antennas

Tx Antennas

IF Distribution

IF Digitizers

System Proc & Cntl

DSP

Databases

Encrypted Storage

CCI Mitigation

Beamformer

Low Band Tuners

Rx Antennas

• Opportunity for multi-mission platforms

• Synergistic capabilities

– SIGINT can find “holes” in spectrum for transmission

• Opportunity for multi-mission platforms

• Synergistic capabilities

– SIGINT can find “holes” in spectrum for transmission

Common Functionality

• Antenna Beamsteering

• Wideband RF Front End

• 20 MHz -> 18 GHz

• 90 dB Dynamic Range

• 50 - 100 MHz BW

• High Speed MODEM

• 3 - 10 GFLOP

• AM, FM, QAM, QPSK

Common Functionality

• Antenna Beamsteering

• Wideband RF Front End

• 20 MHz -> 18 GHz

• 90 dB Dynamic Range

• 50 - 100 MHz BW

• High Speed MODEM

• 3 - 10 GFLOP

• AM, FM, QAM, QPSK

Future Combat Systems- Assured Real-time Connectivity

Robotic Direct Fire

Small Unit UAV

Other Layered Sensors

Robotic NLOS Fire

Robotic Sensor

Manned C2/Infantry Squad

10s of MbpsMbps BWkbps BW

Connectivity Level

Assured Communications• High Data Rates• Low Probability of Detection• Anti-jam

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks• Dynamic• Re-configurable• Low Latency• Multi-user

Network Centric Force

Adaptive Spectrum Utilization

Find a channelUse the channel

Find a channelUse a channelFind a channel

. . .

Radio X

Radio Y

Radio Z

Very asymmetric topologies may occur

Individual radios monitor the local environment to identify opportunities to establish connections

RF (MHz)10.1. 100. 1,000. 10,000.

Power

Local Spectrum Activity Model

RF (MHz)10.1. 100. 1,000. 10,000.

Power

Local Spectrum Activity Model

Spectrum Adaptation can be done locally, without interference, and be stealthySpectrum Adaptation can be done locally, without interference, and be stealthy

• Concept:• Adaptive Spectrum Sharing - employ unused spectrum (frequency, time and

power) when and where available using special waveforms, protocols and etiquette to overlay and underlay frequencies without interference

• Tactical Adaptation- adapting locally, at the individual link level, for temporary connections

10.1. 100. 1,000. 10,000.

Power

Local Spectrum Activity Model

RF (MHz)

Common Signaling Channel provides a means for radios to select and establish connections

DARPA-Industry Cooperation

• Common technical requirements exist between commercial and military broadband wireless systems

• Military unique needs drive extensions in the areas of assured connectivity, LPD waveforms and jam resistance

• Future military wireless systems will be “modular” • Military users benefit from the rapid assimilation of low cost

commercial sector technology developments

• DARPA is investigating ways to rapidly transition technology to/between DoD and commercial applications

• DARPA is familiar with the role of technology “Venture Capitalist’• Cooperative relationships are encouraged• Additional information can be found on DARPA’s web page

(www.darpa.mil)

Commercial Communication Trends

$-

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

1998 1999 2000

Commercial

DoD

Annual US Comms R&D Spending

Annual

R&D

Spendin

g ($B)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Fib

er (

Mill

ion

km

)

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Worldwide Deployment of Fiber Optic Cable

Emerging

Pac Rim

E. Europe

W. Europe

North America

0

100

200

300

400

500

Use

rs (M

illio

ns)

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Worldwide Cellular / PCS Subscribers

Outside North America

North America

1000x Circumference 1000x Circumference of the Earthof the Earth

Channel Capacity Commercial Solution: Increase Bandwidth

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

3 GHZ

30 MHZ

3 MHZ

300 MHZ

300 GHZ

30 GHZ

3000 GHZ

10 cm

10 m

100 m

1 m

1 mm

1 cm

0.1 mm

L

CXKuKKa

football fieldp

erso

nfootball

golfballra

ind

rop

amoeba

EH

FS

HF

UH

FV

HF

HF

E X P E R I M E N T A L

C O M M U N I C A T I O N SS A T E L L I T E

M O B I L E

T W O- W A Y

R A D I O

V H F A N D

U H F T O W E R

C O L O R T V

FMR A D I O

W A L K I E -T A L K I E

C E L L U L A RPHONE

M O D E R NS H O R T W A V ER A D I O

M I L I T A R Y S A T E L L I T E

M A R I N E S A T E L L I T EL I N K

L O C A L- A R E A

P A G I N G

M I C R O W A V E

A N T E N N A

W I R E L E S S R E M O T E

C O N T R O L

W I R E L E S S L O C A L

A R E A N E T W O R K

( I N T E R O F F I C E )

L O W E A R T H-

O R B I T S A T E L L I T E

P E R S O N A LC O M M U N I C A T I O N S

S E R V I C E

G E O S T A T I O N A R Y

M O B I L E S A T E L L I T ED I R E C TB R O A D C A S T

S A T E L L I T E S

B R O A D B A N D

S A T E L L I T ES Y S T E M S

S A T E L L I T E SC O M M U N I C A T E

W I T H L I G H T B E A M S

Commercial trends have been to higher data rates, requiring greater bandwidth, leading to higher frequencies

Commercial trends have been to higher data rates, requiring greater bandwidth, leading to higher frequencies

Year

Military Frequency Allocation

76 300118 156 165 225

900 1030 12001090969915

904

956

5 1510.95 12.75 14 14.5

300 400 450 453463420 806 826 851 900

1227.6

14351429 14531350 15001200

17101525 1575.42 17851500

1950

1895 19181880

2485240020001800

World-wide Military Frequency Allocation is going down

Requires: More efficient use of the

remaining asset