A DECADE OF CHANGE IN LEARNER A DECADE OF CHANGE IN LEARNER RACIAL DESEGREGATION:RACIAL DESEGREGATION:

TSHWANE, 2000 - 2010TSHWANE, 2000 - 2010

A DECADE OF CHANGE IN LEARNER A DECADE OF CHANGE IN LEARNER RACIAL DESEGREGATION:RACIAL DESEGREGATION:

TSHWANE, 2000 - 2010TSHWANE, 2000 - 2010

André Carl Horn

Paper presented at the Conference on

Emerging Urban TransformationsEmerging Urban Transformations

IGU Commission MeetingCanterbury Christ Church University

14 – 20 August 201114 – 20 August 2011

THEORYTHEORYTHEORYTHEORY

Segregation TheoryRenewed social and cultural intolerance, increased

discrimination and social and economic exclusion

School IntegrationSeen as an important mechanism towards social

integration and economic inclusion in society

ObservationSegregation levels in the USA and other countries

are again increasing

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

South Africa poses a unique opportunity to study racial desegregation in schools because:

(1) It had a complete legal history of racial classification and school desegregation up to 1990

(2) It started with official school desegregation in 1990

(3) It continues with official racial classification to this day

(4) It broke the clear link between residence and school intake

APARTHEID SCHOOLSAPARTHEID SCHOOLSAPARTHEID SCHOOLSAPARTHEID SCHOOLS

Public schools (PU) and Independent schools (IS)

PU schools for the four racial groups:- Africans- Coloureds- Indians- Whites- + Homeland schools

IS schools- Linked to one of the above departments

NEW DISPENSATIONNEW DISPENSATIONNEW DISPENSATIONNEW DISPENSATION

All PU schools are either managed by the state or are

IS schools registered to the state

The order of registration in a year is:

(1) Existing learners

(2) New learners with brothers or sisters in the school

(3) New learners in the school area (residence or working address of parent)

(4) New applicants from outside the school area

AIM AND PRESENTATIONAIM AND PRESENTATIONAIM AND PRESENTATIONAIM AND PRESENTATION

Annually the provincial departments conduct a school census and these

figures have been collected: -

The aim of this presentation is to monitor and interpret the figures from

2000 to 2010 for the City of Tshwane as per school category

The presentation focuses on:

• Learners and schools

• Dissimilarity and multi-ethnic dissimilarity

• Exposure and isolation

• Racial distribution per school category

• Trajectory of change

CRITERIACRITERIACRITERIACRITERIA

Each learner Gr 1 to Gr 12 in 538 schools in Tshwane has been

considered.

Each learner (99.7%) has a recorded racial identity.

Each school is either affiliated to an ‘old’ education Department or is

recorded as PU New or IS New, but still has a racial majority (although it

may have changed)

The following percentages for ‘others’ are crucial:• 0 – 10 (segregation)• 10 – 25 (slow desegregation)• 25 – 50 (rapid desegregation)• 50 – 75 (succession)• 75 – 90 (re-segregation)• 90 – 100 (complete re-segregation)

City of City of TshwaneTshwane

Population 1,99 million (72% black African)

Schools: 585

City of City of TshwaneTshwane

Population 1,99 million (72% black African)

Schools: 585

(1) SCHOOLS CATEGORIES AND LEARNERS(1) SCHOOLS CATEGORIES AND LEARNERS(1) SCHOOLS CATEGORIES AND LEARNERS(1) SCHOOLS CATEGORIES AND LEARNERS

SCHOOLS PER SCHOOL CATEGORIES IN TSHWANE (1998 – 2010) Year

School cats 98 00 02 05 07 09 10 % Inc

98-10 PU ex DET (Afr) 173 175 175 170 167 162 162 -6.4%PU ex HOD (Indian) 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0.0%PU ex HOR (Col) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0.0%

PU New 2 11 13 21 138 153 157 7750%

PU ex HOA (White) 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 0.0%

Tot PU Sector 313 324 326 329 443 453 457 46%IS 41 55 64 74 88 89 95 131.7%Total Schools 354 379 390 403 531 542 552 55.9%

(1) SCHOOLS CATEGORIES AND LEARNERS(1) SCHOOLS CATEGORIES AND LEARNERS(1) SCHOOLS CATEGORIES AND LEARNERS(1) SCHOOLS CATEGORIES AND LEARNERS

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

1998 2000 2002 2005 2007 2009 2010

Others

Indians

Coloureds

Whites

Africans

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2005 2010

Others

Indians

Coloureds

Whites

Africans

YEAR

NU

MB

ER O

F LE

AR

NER

SNUMBER OF LEARNERS GR 1-12 IN CITY OF TSHWANE

(2) DISSIMILARITY (D) AND MULTI-(2) DISSIMILARITY (D) AND MULTI-ETHNIC DISSIMILARITY (D(m))ETHNIC DISSIMILARITY (D(m))(2) DISSIMILARITY (D) AND MULTI-(2) DISSIMILARITY (D) AND MULTI-ETHNIC DISSIMILARITY (D(m))ETHNIC DISSIMILARITY (D(m))

DISSIMILARITY INDEX (GROUP X OTHERS) (D) AND MULTI-ETHNIC DISSIMILARITY INDEX (D(M)) IN ALL SCHOOLS IN TSHWANE

2000 2010 Africans 86.9 86.8 Coloureds 77.4 73.9 Indians 86.3 85.2 Whites 90.0 91.5 Others 85.9 89.0 Total (D(m)) 87.5

2005 85.3 73.1 84.1 88.5 85.4 89.9 87.7

(3) EXPOSURE OF RACE GROUPS TO ‘OTHERS’(3) EXPOSURE OF RACE GROUPS TO ‘OTHERS’(3) EXPOSURE OF RACE GROUPS TO ‘OTHERS’(3) EXPOSURE OF RACE GROUPS TO ‘OTHERS’

EXPOSURE TO ‘OTHER RACES’ IN ALL SCHOOLS IN TSHWANE

2000 2005 2010 Africans 7.5 7.7 5.3 Coloureds 56.3 62.3 66.8 Indians 55.9 55.0 53.9 Whites 13.1 15.8 16.4

(3) DISTRIBUTION OF RACE GROUPS (3) DISTRIBUTION OF RACE GROUPS (3) DISTRIBUTION OF RACE GROUPS (3) DISTRIBUTION OF RACE GROUPS

DISTRIBUTION OF RACE GROUPS AS PER ETHNIC CATEGORY IN SCHOOLS IN TSHWANE

0 – 10% 10 – 25% 25 – 50% 50 – 75% 75-90% 90 – 100 % Africans 1 2 3 4 5 6 2000 0.6 2.0 3.8 5.9 3.2 84.52005 0.6 2.0 3.7 5.5 5.2 83.12010 0.3 0.8 2.5 3.7 5.2 87.4Coloureds 1 2 3 4 5 6 2000 26.4 10.1 22.0 12.7 28.9 -2005 33.6 9.7 14.4 13.3 29.1 -2010 36.1 17.8 15.2 14.6 16.3 -Indians 1 2 3 4 5 6 2000 20.0 9.3 42.0 0.0 0.0 28.72005 18.6 30.2 12.2 4.5 12.1 22.42010 26.2 20.3 5.5 12.2 12.6 23.2Whites 1 2 3 4 5 6 2000 0.6 0.7 4.1 17.2 13.8 63.72005 0.5 1.7 6.9 15.5 14.0 61.52010 1.1 2.3 9.6 10.8 11.4 64.8

(3) ISOLATION AND EXPOSURE (3) ISOLATION AND EXPOSURE (3) ISOLATION AND EXPOSURE (3) ISOLATION AND EXPOSURE

ISOLATION AND EXPOSURE OF RACE GROUPS IN SCHOOLS IN TSHWANE

2010 [2005] (2000) Africans Coloureds Indians White s

Isolation (<10% ; >90%) 87.7 [83.7]

(85.1)

36.1 [33.6]

(26.4)

49.4 [41.0]

(48.7)

65.9 [62.0]

(64.3)

Marginal Exposure (10 - <25% ; >75 – 100%)

6.0 [7.2]

(5.2)

34.1 [38.8]

(39.1)

32.9 [42.3]

(9.3)

13.7 [15.7]

(14.5)

Proper Exposure (>25% ; <75%)

6.2 [9.2]

(9.7)

29.8 [27.7]

(34.7)

17.7 [16.7]

(42.0)

20.4 [22.4]

(21.3)

(4) RACIAL DISTRIBUTION PER SCHOOL (4) RACIAL DISTRIBUTION PER SCHOOL CATEGORIES CATEGORIES

(4) RACIAL DISTRIBUTION PER SCHOOL (4) RACIAL DISTRIBUTION PER SCHOOL CATEGORIES CATEGORIES

RACIAL DISTRIBUTION PER SCHOOL CATEGORIES 2000/2005/2010 Africans Coloureds Indians Whites

DET (Africans)

72.9 63.8

38.0

1.7 0.8

0.6

0.0 0.0

0.1

0.0 0.0

0.0

HOR (Coloureds)

1.4 1.2

0.9

56.2 46.4

37.9

0.4 0.2

0.3

0.0 0.0

0.0

HOD 2.9 1.8 39.4 0.0

(Indians) 2.4 1.8

1.9 1.3

25.4 25.8

0.0 0.0

HOA (Whites)

11.0 14.6

13.3

34.3 41.8

43.2

20.5 28.1

27.8

92.8 87.7

87.3

PU-New 5.6

10.0 39.3

1.8 2.8

10.3

7.1 6.1

8.4

0.8 1.5

1.5

IS 6.5

7.8 6.7

4.1 6.4

6.6

32.6 40.0

37.6

6.3 10.8

11.2

(5) TRAJECTORY OF RACIAL CHANGE IN (5) TRAJECTORY OF RACIAL CHANGE IN SCHOOLS SCHOOLS

(5) TRAJECTORY OF RACIAL CHANGE IN (5) TRAJECTORY OF RACIAL CHANGE IN SCHOOLS SCHOOLS

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

00 10 50

% OTHERS

RA

NK

(bas

ed o

n Im

pact

)

507510025

DERACIALISATION ACHIEVED: RANKING SCHOOL CATEGORIES (2010)

PU HOA (whites)

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Moreover:(1) The number of learners increased with just over 56%. The Africans

increased with almost 94%. Whites have decreased by almost 18%. Coloureds increased by 31% and Indians by almost 24%.

(2) The increased number of Africans implied that only 38.0% (2010) from 72.9% are still in formerly African schools. 39.3% are in PU New schools with 13.3% in previous White schools (from 11.0% in 2000).

(3) Indians were already a minority in formerly Indian schools (39.4% in 1998) and 25.8% in 2010. There are more Indians in formerly Whites schools (27.8% in 2010) and 37.6% in Independent schools.

(4) Coloureds have been replaced as a majority in formerly Coloured schools (from 56.2% in 2000 to 37.9% in 2010). A large contingent are now in White schools (43.2 in 2010)

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

In the course of a decade:

(4) Africans are extreme isolated, followed by Whites and then by Coloureds and Indians.

(5) Whites are being way ahead in terms of desegregation