a. definition b. differentiation cytology i. introduction
TRANSCRIPT
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A. DefinitionB. Differentiation
Cytology
I. Introduction
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Figure 3.1
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C. Generalized Parts
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Figure 3.2
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A. Structure
II. Cell Membrane
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Figure 3.3
1. Molecular Make-up & Function
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B. Specializations - Junctions
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1. Tight = Fusing of neighboring cell membranes together
Figure 3.5a
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2. Desmosome = Fibers connecting cell membranes together
Figure 3.5b
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3. Gap = Tubular connections of neighboring cells
Figure 3.5c
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C. Specializations - Extensions
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1. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane folding to increase cell’s overall surface area2. Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface
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3. Flagella = move the entire cell
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D. Function1.
Generalized
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Figure 3.4
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2. Passive Transport
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a. Requirements = Favorable Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Moleculesb. Mechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
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Figure 3.7
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Osmosis movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane
Figure 3.8a
Figure 3.8b
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Osmotic conditions
Figure 3.9
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3. Active Transport
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a. Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient
b. Mechanisms = Molecular, Bulk (Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis), or Cell-Mediated
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Molecular
Figure 3.10
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Bulk Endocyto
sis
Exocytosis
Cell-Mediated
Figure 3.12
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A. Cytosol or Cytoplasm
III. Cytoplasmic Components
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1. Consistency2. Molecular Make-up
Consistency like thickening Jell-O or a colloid suspension
Make-up 92% water, 7% protein, gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water
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B. Organelles1. Membrane
Bound
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a. Mitochondria = Energy Transformer
Figure 3.17
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b. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi
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c. House cleaners = Lysosome or Peroxisome
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d. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans
Envelope, nucleolus, and pores
Figure 3.29
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The plans
Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin
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e. Vacuoles = Cell storage sitesFood (sugars, lipids, etc.) or Contractile (water storage)
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2. Non-membrane Bound
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a. Cytoskeleton
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b. Centrioles c. Free Ribosomes
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A. Definition
IV. Cell Cycle
B. Stages
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The Cell Cycle
Figure 3.31
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C. Time Allotment & Control
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External controls outside influenceWhat could be a signal?
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Cell contact can inhibit cellular growth.
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Internal controls == internal clockCycli
nMPFCdk
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D. Cancer
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Cancer == benign, malignant, or metastatic
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A. Definition
V. Mitosis
B. Phases & Events
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Mitosis interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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Prophase = condense chromosomes, dismantle the nuclear membrane, and start to build spindle from centriolesMetaphase = attach chromatids to spindle via centromere and line up chromatids across equatorAnaphase = move chromatids toward poles via spindles Telophase = reverse steps of Prophase
Interphase = time between mitotic divisions and does G1, S, and G2 of cell cycle
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A. Definition
VI. Cytokinesis
B. Events
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A. Definition
VII. DNA Replication
B. Events & Players
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A. Transcription
VII. Protein Synthesis
1. Definition2. Events & Players
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Figure 3.35
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B. Translation1.
Definition2. Events & Players
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Figure 3.37
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Figure 3.36
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Diligence can lead to success.