a do-it-yourself kit...of the “do it yourself kit” that we first issued in 2004. now that the...
TRANSCRIPT
The treaty body system (...) constitutes the bedrock of the human rights framework of the United Nations.
Louise ArbourUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
22 June 2005
ICMCInternational Catholic Migration Commission37-39, rue de VermontP.O.Box 96, 1211 Geneva 20Switzerland $12
As long as migrant workers, migrants’ advocates and governments continue working towards universal
ratifi cation, we can only move closer towards migrant workers’ and their families’ enjoyment of dignity and
freedom from discrimination.Migrant Forum in Asia
1 July 2003
Toolkit2.indd 1 04-04-2006 15:37:00
International Catholic Migration CommissionGeneva, SwitzerlandMarch 2006
A Do-it-yourself Kit
Strengthening Protection of Migrant Workers and their Families
with International Human Rights Treaties
Author: Mariette Grange, ICMCResearch Assistant: Marie d’Auchamp, ICMCCover design: Tuuli Sauren, World Health Communications AssociatesCover photo: Paul J. Milette, Palm Beach PostContent layout: GreenCom 2d3dPrinted by: Imprimerie SADAG, 01200 Bellegarde, FRANCE
Published by: International Catholic Migration Commission37-39, rue de VermontP.O. Box 96, 1211 Geneva 20Switzerland
Tel.: +41 (0)22 919 10 20Fax: +41 (0)22 919 10 48E-Mail: [email protected] Site: www.icmc.net
Copyright © ICMC 2006 – Geneva, Switzerland
3
These various pieces of research were enriched and improved with comments and encouragement from a number of representatives of the Steering Committee of the Global Campaign for the Ratification of the International Migrant Worker Convention. In particular, ICMC would like to thank Myriam de Feyter (December 18), Emily Lovrien (Migrants Rights International), Semegnish Asfaw (ICMC) and members of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights for their special research inputs.
This publication has been made possible by the financial support of the Belgian Catholic Bishops Conference, the German Catholic Bishops Conference, the Italian Catholic Bishops Conference, the Spanish Catholic Bishops Conference, and the Migration and Refugee Services of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, to whom ICMC is grateful.
Acknowledgements
4
�
Web Links 6
Acronyms and Abbreviations 7
Foreword 9
Introduction 11
A Short Walk through the International Convention on Migrant Workers 17
I Evolution of Non-Discrimination Grounds in Core Human Rights Instruments 26
II Comparing Characteristics of Core International Human Rights Instruments
and Treaty Monitoring Bodies 30
III Comparing Related Provisions in UN Human Rights Instruments 36
IV Annotated Provisions Specific to the Migrant Workers Convention 44
Basic Facts about the Migrant Workers Convention 52
I Text of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of
All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families 59
II CCPR General Comment No. 15: The position of aliens under the Covenant:
11/04/86 (CCPR General Comments) 80
III CERD General Recommendation No. 30: Discrimination Against Non Citizens:
01/10/2004 (CERD General Comments) 84
Table of Contents
Tables
Annexes
6
International Catholic Migration Commission www.icmc.net
Global Ratification Campaignwww.migrantsrights.org
International Labour Organizationwww.ilo.org/public/english/protection/migrant/index.htm
Global Commission on International Migrationwww.gcim.org
December 18 – Portal for the Promotion and the Protection of the Rights of Migrants www.december18.net
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rightswww.ohchr.org
UNESCO www.unesco.org/migration
ICMC also has a Power Point presentation of the Convention, available upon request at:[email protected]
Web Links
7
Africa GroupUnited Nations African States Group
Asia Group United Nations Asian States Group
Art(s). Article(s)
CAT* Committee Against Torture
CAT* Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
CCPR/ International Covenant on Civil and
ICCPR Political Rights
CEDAW* Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
CEDAW* Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
CERD Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
CESCR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
CRC* Convention on the Rights of the Child
CRC* Committee on the Rights of the Child
CMW Committee on Migrant Workers
DAW Division for the Advancement of Women
DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council
EE Group United Nations Eastern European States Group
ICERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ICMC International Catholic Migration Commission
ICRMW International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
ILO International Labour Organization
GA United Nations General Assembly
GA Res. United Nations General Assembly Resolution
GCIM Global Commission on International Migration
GEP World Bank Global Economic Prospects
HRC Human Rights Committee
LAC Group United Nations Latin American and Caribbean States Group
MW Migrant Worker(s)
MWC Migrant Workers Convention
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
SP States Parties
UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UN United Nations
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
WEOG United Nations Western European and and Other States Group
Acronyms and Abbreviations
*This acronym is officially used for both the Convention and the related Committee.
8
9
The International Catholic Migration Commission (ICMC) is pleased to present this updated version of the “Do It Yourself Kit” that we first issued in 2004. Now that the Migrant Workers Convention has entered into force and its monitoring Committee has been established, governments, civil society and all migrants have an important instrument at their disposal. Our hope is to further the understanding and application of core international human rights treaties and standards to strengthen the protection of migrant workers and their families.
The Catholic Church has always advocated for the human rights of migrants, and has strongly supported the ratification of the Convention. In his address on the occasion of the fifth World Congress of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People, Pope John Paul II declared that:
”it is precisely in society and in culture that we must show respect for the dignity of man, of the migrant and of the refugee. In this regard, I once again urge States to adhere to the International Convention for the Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers and their Families which took effect on 1 July 2003... Such protection of human persons must be guaranteed in every civil society…”
Speaking in the same spirit to the 60th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights in 2004, Archbishop Silvano Tomasi urged a multi-pronged approach “to make human mobility a motor for progress even for its most vulnerable segments: international cooperation in the prevention and prosecution of trafficking and the rehabilitation of victims; less restrictive and more realistic immigration policies; concerted promotion of sustainable economic and social development in poor countries; a continued formation to a culture of human rights and respect of the dignity of every person.”
ICMC offers this new edition of the kit toward that objective and in view of a number of developments over the past two years (including ratification of the Convention by another nine States). It includes updated data on the overall UN human rights treaty supervisory system, background information on the current international context, succinct statistical data shedding light on aspects of the movement of persons, a focus on non-discrimination, and examples of positive State practices noted by various UN treaty monitoring bodies.
We would like to thank all those that have contributed to create this useful tool and especially Ms Mariette Grange and Ms Marie d’Auchamp, who have been the driving forces behind this document. Their commitment and the many inputs received have made this tool an excellent and practical reference for all.
Johan KetelersSecretary General
Foreword
10
11
We became aware of a right to have rights and a right to belong to some kind of organised community only when millions of
people emerged who had lost and could not regain these rights.
Hannah Arendt, “The Origins of Totalitarianism”
According to United Nations figures, there are approximately 200 million international migrants in the
world. This is barely 3 percent of the world population. Yet, it appears sizeable enough for migration
issues to consistently make headlines in all world regions, to increasingly be used as ammunition
in electoral campaigns, and to be the subject of a number of migration management initiatives at
the regional and global levels. Few of these processes focus on the human rights of migrants. Yet,
migrants are at the centre of the migration phenomenon.
States are legitimately concerned with issues of sovereignty, the preservation of the welfare of their
own citizens, ensuring social cohesion and fighting against transnational organized crime. Likewise,
they have collectively drafted an impressive body of international and regional human rights norms
and standards and voluntarily entered into a series of obligations when ratifying some of these
human rights treaties. As much as States want the rights, dignity and integrity of their own citizens
to be respected at home and abroad, they must be encouraged
to respect the rights of non-citizens present on their territory,
including migrant workers and members of their families.
Whereas irregular migration ranks very high in the media, the
vast majority of migrants are legal residents in host countries.
In the estimate of one widely respected international study,
90% of migrants in Europe were in regular status in 2000.1
This kit provides a technical tool to equip members of national
administrations, non-governmental organisations and other interested stakeholders reporting or
compiling background information on compliance with UN human rights norms and standards.
The documents that are assembled here tap into and expand upon existing literature and research,
offering concrete tools for mapping out and implementing respect for the human rights applicable to
migrant workers and members of their families.
Migrants are not a threat, and migration is largely a positive experience. The report of the Global
Commission on International Migration released in October 200� concludes that “the international
Introduction
Migrants contribute annually an estimated USD 2 trillion to the economies of the countries in whichthey work.
The World Bank, GEP, November 2005.
1AccordingtotheGlobalCommissiononInternationalMigration,10percentofEurope’smigrantswereinanirregularsituationin2000:Migration in an Interconnected World: New Directions for Action,GCIMReport2005,p.85.
12
community has failed to capitalize on the opportunities and to meet the challenges associated with
international migration.” It also recommends new approaches to correct this situation. The 19-member
independent Commission states that “the establishment of a coherent approach to migration requires
states to demonstrate a greater respect for the provisions of the legal and normative framework
affecting international migrants, especially the seven core UN human rights treaties.”
These treaties are referenced in this kit and contain concrete
ingredients for integrated, well-designed and sustainable national
integration policies. Their provisions contribute to creating societies
and communities that welcome migrants; ensure that migrants respect
the cultural identity of the inhabitants of host countries and comply
with their laws and regulations; ensure equality and thus stability
and social cohesion; combat racial and other forms of discrimination
and exploitation; and impose sanctions on those who use violence,
threats or intimidation against migrant workers and members of their
families.
United Nations human rights norms and standards and their implementation mechanisms form a
unique machinery where states freely agree to come and report periodically. The United Nations
is an exceptional endeavour in the history of humanity. It is still very new and there is room for
improvement. As reform of the overall UN human rights treaty monitoring bodies is being discussed,
it is important that stakeholders in the discussion be informed about its newest addition, the Migrant
Workers Convention (ICRMW2), and its specific protection of the rights of millions of men, women
and children.
The 200� World Summit Outcome Document reflects the resolve of UN Member States to “integrate
the promotion and protection of human rights into national policies and to support the further
mainstreaming of human rights throughout the United Nations system, as well as closer cooperation
between the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and all relevant
United Nations bodies.”3 A greater awareness of core human rights Conventions and their overall
scope, including as applicable to migrants, goes in this direction.
As emphasized by the United Nations Secretary-General in his report on International Migration and
Development to the 200� session of the General Assembly: “The high-level dialogue on international
migration and development will provide a unique opportunity for the international community to set the
foundation for enhanced international cooperation in addressing the multifaceted issues raised by the
Over the period 2000-2005, the net migration projected in Austria, Croatia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Slovakia and Slovenia reverses the trend of population decline.
The 2004 Revision of World Population Prospects, UN Population Division.
2InternationalConventionontheProtectionoftheRightsofAllMigrantWorkersandMembersofTheirFamilies(ICRMW),hereafterreferredtoas“theConvention”ortheConventiononMigrantWorkers.32005 World Summit Outcome,UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly,A/RES/60/1.
13
international movement of people.”4 In order to maintain the integrity of the process, it is imperative
that the human rights of migrant workers and members of their families feature prominently in the
policy issues discussed at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Dialogue on International
Migration and Development that will take place in New York in September 2006.
This “do-it-yourself kit” responds to a dual need.
Though the number of ratifications of the Convention on Migrant
Workers increased by �0% since its entry into force in July 2003,
the level of ratification remains low. Thus, the kit is designed to
facilitate a better understanding of the provisions of the Convention,
and as an awareness-raising, advocacy and training tool to increase
ratification.
Secondly, it is often stated that the Convention is not necessary
since the rights of migrant workers are adequately covered in the
six other core international human rights treaties. A point of fact is
that 12� countries have ratified all six treaties. However, barely half
of supervisory bodies’ conclusions on the States Parties reports on
implementation of those treaties actually refer to migrants issues.�
This kit offers short narrative sections and user-friendly table
formats which cross reference key provisions relevant to migrant
workers and their families in the seven core human rights treaties. It
is designed to facilitate the identification and cross examination of
related provisions across human rights treaties.
This piece of research also presents a bird’s-eye view of the human
rights supervisory system. It compares the UN human rights treaty
monitoring bodies, including membership, reporting schedules,
working methods and costs and gives details about the contents and
adoption of the relevant treaties. It provides concrete comparable
data for informed decision-making on issues relating to the status
and position of the Convention at a key juncture in the reform
process of the treaty monitoring body system.
Such a synthesis of information on the Convention, and on its specificity,
helps to dispel a number of myths and misunderstandings about:
10 countries* with the largest international migration figures** (in thousands)
1. USA 34,9882. Russian Federation 13,2593. Germany 7,3494. Ukraine 6,9475. France 6,2776. India 6,2717. Canada 5,8268. Saudi Arabia 5,2559. Australia 4,70510. Pakistan 4,243 * In year 2000.** The foreign-born or the foreign population (UN DESA).
10 countries* with the largest percentage of population from international migration** (%)
1. United Arab Emirates 73.82. Kuwait 57.93. Jordan 39.64. Israel 37.45. Singapore 33.66. Oman 26.97. Estonia 26.28. Saudi Arabia 25.89. Latvia 25.310. Switzerland 25.1
* In year 2000.** The foreign-born or the foreign population (UN DESA).
4International Migration and Development,ReportoftheSecretary-General,8August2005,A/60/205.5The United Nations Treaty Monitoring Bodies and Migrant Workers: a Samizdat,publishedbyDecember18andICMC,November2004.ThisdocumentisavailableontheDecember18websiteandUNESCOwebsite.
14
• Commonalities and specificity of the Convention with respect to the six other core international
human rights treaties (See “A Short Walk through the Convention”; and Tables I, III and IV);
• Characteristics of the overall human rights treaty monitoring bodies (Table II);
• The context for its adoption and its overall scope (“Basic Facts about the Convention”).
The ICRMW is the one international human rights treaty adopted by the United Nations to protect
a set of individuals who often find themselves in
vulnerable situations because they are outside their
state of origin. To date, it has 34 States Parties6 bound
to report on the implementation of the Convention to
the United Nations Committee on Migrant Workers
(CMW). In the meantime, and pending more universal
ratification, a vast majority of the remaining 1�7 UN
Member States periodically report to treaty monitoring
bodies on implementation of the other six international
human rights treaties which they have ratified. These
treaty monitoring bodies monitor the States Parties’
respect for and implementation of civil and political
rights; economic, social and cultural rights; women’s
rights; children’s rights and freedom from torture and
racial discrimination. The various human rights treaties
all contain strong non-discrimination clauses, with most
of their provisions expressly applicable to “everyone”;
hence to female and male migrant workers and
members of their families.
6Ratificationsasof1March2006:Algeria,Azerbaijan,Belize,Bolivia,Bosnia&Herzegovina,BurkinaFaso,CapeVerde,Chile,Colombia,Ecuador,Egypt,ElSalvador,Ghana,Guatemala,Guinea,Honduras,Kyrgyzstan,Lesotho,LibyanArabJamahiriya,Mali,Mexico,Morocco,Nicaragua,Peru,Philippines,Senegal,Seychelles,SriLanka,SyrianArabRepublic,Tajikistan,Timor-Leste,Turkey,Uganda,Uruguay.Signaturesasof1March2006:Argentina,Benin,Bangladesh,Cambodia,Comoros,Gabon,Guinea-Bissau,Guyana,Indonesia,Liberia,Paraguay,SaoTomeandPrincipe,Serbia&Montenegro,SierraLeoneandTogo.
Challenging perception on countries of origin
Estimation of the proportion of all native-born living abroad (%):
Ireland 24 Portugal 20 Ecuador 16.6 New Zealand 16 Luxembourg 12.8 Mexico 9.9 Switzerland 8.3 Philippines 8 Australia 5.9 Turkey 4
1�
In this context, ICMC encourages human rights advocates, including migrants’ rights advocates, to
assist states in approaching the treaty monitoring system that is serviced by the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in an integrated manner, and to make full use of it. It is
our hope that this “do-it-yourself kit” will encourage civil society to supply independent experts
who are members of the various committees with focused, succinct, objective, reliable and well-
targeted information on the situation of migrant populations in countries under scrutiny. ICMC also
contributes this compilation to better inform government officials, parliamentarians, and members of
national human rights institutions involved in or tasked
with implementing and reporting on the implementation
of human rights provisions to protect migrant workers
and members of their families. Reportedly, the number of international migrants more than doubled since 1970, but the world population also significantly increased and the proportion of international migrants in the world population has remained remarkably stable over the last four decades (%):
1965 2.3 1970 2.2 1975 2.1 1985 2.2 2000 2.9 2005 3.0
16
17
The international legal framework for the protection of human rights of migrants is very broad.
A number of international treaties contain provisions that protect the human rights of all human
beings, irrespective of their citizenship. These include the six main human rights treaties adopted by
the United Nations from 196� to 1989, as well as the founding document which served as a matrix
for those: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948. All of them contain a number
of rights that are applicable to non-citizens, as clearly spelled out in their consistent and respective
non-discrimination clauses, notwithstanding duly specified restrictive clauses.
These human rights treaties are:
• The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD, adopted in 196�);
• The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, 1966);
• The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR, 1966);
• The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW, 1979);
• The Convention against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
(CAT, 1984);
• The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, 1989).
Together with the six treaties listed above, the International Convention on the Protection of the
Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (ICRMW) is part of the United Nations
“seven core human rights treaties.” It was adopted on 18 December 1990 and entered into force on
1 July 2003. The Convention reiterates a number of rights applicable to migrant workers and members
of their families that are included in the six international human rights instruments listed above,
and highlights a few specific ones.
It is the first universal codification
of the rights of migrant workers
and members of their families in
a single instrument.8 It provides
a synthesis of the human rights
of migrants organized as a tool
kit to better address the specific
vulnerability in which they find
themselves when they are outside
A Short Walk through the International Convention on Migrant Workers7
7ThispresentationshouldbereadtogetherwithTableIdetailingnon-discriminationgrounds,TableIIIcomparingthemaincharacteristicsandprovisionsinthesevencoreinternationalhumanrightsintruments,andTableIVdetailingthespecificityoftheConventiononMigrantWorkers.8JuhaniLonnröth,“The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families in the Context of International Migration Policies: An Analysis of Ten Years of Negotiation,”inInternational Migration Review,Number25,1991.
The human rights framework States must protect the rights of migrants by strengthening the normative human rights framework affecting international migrants and by ensuring that its provisions are applied in a non-discriminatory manner.
GCIM Report, October 2005.
18
their state of origin and at all stages of the migration process. Fifteen years after its adoption, in
the context of migration management and related discussions on an international framework for
migration law, it remains a cardinal instrument for protecting the invaluable and central element in
the migration phenomenon: the human being.
Such a model for an international convention consolidating the rights of one specific group of persons
has already been recognized and endorsed by the 182 States Parties to the 1979 Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the 192 States Parties9 to the 1989
Convention on the Rights of the Child.
At times, the Convention provisions read exactly as those of existing human rights instruments,
except that the term “persons” or “individuals” have been replaced by the term “migrant workers
and members of their families.” It also addresses specific protection needs, and gives additional
guarantees to migrant workers rendered vulnerable by “their absence from their State of origin.”10
Furthermore, the phrase “members of their families” affords protection to migrant workers’ spouses
and their dependent children.
One of the objectives of the Convention is the incorporation of minimum standards that States Parties
must apply to migrant workers and members of their families under their jurisdiction, including when
they are working and living in an irregular situation.11 Besides responding to the non-discrimination
clauses in the various human rights treaties, the rationale for the Convention in recognizing and
listing rights of undocumented migrant workers is explicitly stated in the preamble. The preamble
recognizes that irregular migrants are frequently exploited and face serious human rights violations;
that certain employers seek such labour in order to reap the benefits of unfair competition; that
appropriate action should be encouraged to prevent and eliminate clandestine movements and
trafficking in migrant workers while assuring the protection of their human rights; and that the
recourse to the employment of irregular migrants will be discouraged if the fundamental human
rights of all migrant workers are more widely recognized. This approach is key to the Convention and
is perhaps the least understood by countries reluctant to ratify the Convention.
Most articles on civil and political rights included in Part III of the Convention reiterate
corresponding articles in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Corresponding
articles on the right to physical and moral integrity and the right to procedural guarantees can be
found in the Convention against Torture. In addition, the Convention includes a small number of civil
and political rights specific to the condition of migrant workers, such as the right to have recourse
to the protection and assistance of the consular or diplomatic authorities of their state of origin
The [Human Rights] Committee notes with satisfaction that [in Belgium] children of illegal immigrants are entitled to education and medical care. Belgium, 1998, CCPR/C/79/Add. 99.
9TheConventionontheRightsoftheChild(CRC)istheworld’smostwidelyratifiedhumanrightsconvention:189UNMemberStateshaveratifieditaswellasthreenon-MemberStates:TheHolySee(ObserverState),CookIslandsandNiue.10PreambleoftheICRMW.11PartIIIoftheICRMW.
19
whenever the rights recognized under the Convention
are impaired (Art. 23), and protection against collective
expulsion (Arts. 22 and �6). For instance, it is unlawful
for anyone, other than a public official duly authorized
by law, to confiscate, destroy or attempt to destroy
identity documents, documents authorizing entry or
stay, residence or establishment in the national territory
or work permits (Art. 21). Such rights had not explicitly
been articulated in previous human rights instruments as they inherently relate to the protection
needs of migrant workers.
Economic, social and cultural provisions of the Convention are broadly derived from the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Upon termination of their stay in the
state of employment, migrant workers and members of their families shall have the right to transfer
their earnings and savings and their personal effects and belongings (Art. 32). In the event of death,
States Parties shall facilitate, whenever necessary, the repatriation to the state of origin of the bodies
of deceased migrant workers and members of their families (Art. 71). According to some scholars, in
some cases, the Convention is more restrictive than the Covenant. 12
The Convention recognizes non-derogable rights, such as the right to life (Art. 9); protection from
torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (Art. 10); freedom of thought,
conscience and religion (Art. 12); the right to liberty and personal security and protection against
arbitrary detention (Art. 16); freedom from slavery, servitude or forced or compulsory labour (Art. 11)
and the right to procedural guarantees (Art. 18). They form the core set of rights applicable to both
documented and non-documented migrant workers and members of their families.
The Convention also recognizes the right to receive urgent medical care for non-documented or
irregular migrants (Art. 28) and the right to maintain the cultural identity of all migrant workers
and members of their families (Art. 31). All migrant workers can participate in and join trade unions
and other associations for the promotion and protection of their economic, social, cultural and other
interests (Art. 40). Children of migrant workers have a right to a name, to be registered at birth and
to a nationality (Art. 29, corresponding to Arts. 7 and 8 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child).
They also have the right of access to education on the basis of equality of treatment with nationals.
Access to public pre-school educational institutions and schools shall not be refused by reason of the
irregular situation of either parent (Art. 30).
12JamesA.R.NafzigerandBarryC.Bartel,“The Migrant Workers Convention: Its Place in Human Rights Law,” inInternational Migration Review,Number25,1991,p.781.
Years between the adoption and the entry into force of international human rights instruments:
CRC: 1 CEDAW: 2 CAT: 3 ICERD: 4 ICESCR: 10 ICCPR: 10 ICRMW: 13
20
Migrant workers in a regular situation have access to specific rights such as the right to be fully
informed by their states of origin and employment about conditions applicable to their admission
and concerning their stay and the remunerated activities in which they may engage (Art. 37); they
can form trade unions (Art. 40); they can participate in public affairs of their state of origin and vote
or be elected at elections of that state (Art. 41); and – to some extent – may enjoy political rights in
the state of employment (Art. 42). They enjoy the same opportunities and treatment as nationals in
relation to various economic and social services (Art. 43). States shall take appropriate measures to
ensure the protection of the unity of the families of migrant workers. States Parties may facilitate
family reunification according to Article 44. Contrary to frequent assertions however, the Convention
does not speak of a right to family reunification as such.13 Documented migrants can choose their
remunerated activity (Art. 49) and must enjoy the same protection as nationals against dismissals,
and are entitled to similar unemployment benefits (Art. �4). Finally, they enjoy guarantees against
expulsion (Art. �6).
Migrant women are protected from discrimination in the application of the Convention, which
uses inclusive language. Article 1 states that “the present Convention is applicable, except
otherwise provided hereafter, to all migrant workers and members of their families without
distinction of any kind such as sex…”. Article 2 (1) defines a “migrant worker” as “a person
who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of
which he or she is not a national.” However, a major omission in the Convention is the lack of
provisions addressing the specific problems faced by migrant women;14 to a certain extent, this
also applies to youth.
The Convention is not only a catalogue of rights but also an instrument migrants can use
to exercise those rights. Moreover, Article 83 affords them an effective remedy when the rights
recognized in the Convention are violated.
Finally, the Convention establishes a treaty monitoring body, made up of 10 independent
experts “of high moral standing, impartiality and recognized competence in the field covered by
the Convention” (Art. 72). This Committee on Migrant Workers (CMW) will examine the initial
and periodic reports submitted by each State Party. The Convention explicitly refers to the
possibility for the Committee to “invite the specialized agencies and organs of the UN, as well as
intergovernmental organisations and other concerned bodies to submit written information” (Art.
74). In its deliberations, it can thus consider comments and materials provided by the International
Labour Organization (Art. 74).
13Bycontrast,theProgrammeofActionoftheFirstWorldConferenceonRacism,1978,§13(iii),recogniseda“righttofamilyreunification”.14ShirleyHune,“Migrant Women in the Context of the International Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,”inInternational Migration Review,No.25,1991,pp.800-817.
21
Following the practice of all
other human rights treaty bodies,
the CMW has encouraged NGOs
to submit documentation and
other information in order to
provide Committee members with as comprehensive a picture as possible about the implementation
of the Convention in a particular country. Likewise, the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of
state reports explicitly ask states to include information on cooperation with civil society regarding
promotion and respect for migrants’ rights as described in the Convention.1�
The Committee can also receive individual complaints. To activate this mechanism States Parties
need to formally recognize the competence of the Committee to do so, by making a declaration under
Article 77. However, none of the current 34 States Parties have made this declaration.
One of the specificities of the Convention is that it not only defines the obligation of states with
respect to migrants as individuals; according to Part VI, States Parties must also promote sound,
equitable, humane and lawful conditions for international migration. This includes formulating
and implementing policies regarding migration, exchanging information with other States Parties,
providing information to employers and to workers on policies, law and regulations and providing
information and appropriate assistance to migrant workers and members of their families (Art. 6�).
Article 66 regulates the right to undertake operations for the recruitment of workers for employment,
which shall be restricted to public services. States must take measures regarding the orderly return
of migrant workers and members of their families to their state of origin (Art. 67). States Parties
shall also collaborate with a view to preventing and eliminating illegal or clandestine movements
and employment of migrant workers in an irregular situation (Art. 68). Part VI of the Convention
should be borne in mind when examining relevant recommendations of the Global Commission on
International Migration.
Contrary to commonly held beliefs, violations of the human rights of migrant workers do not take
place only in states of destination. They often begin in states of origin, with corruption, denial of
fundamental rights and discrimination. During their journey, migrant workers are also often harassed
and exploited in countries of transit. The Convention addresses all stages of the migration process.
Pending more universal ratification, the text can act as a useful measuring rod against which to list
the components – and test the overall level – of protection enjoyed by populations of migrants in
countries of origin, transit and host countries.
15SeeA Guide for Non-Governmental Organisations in the Implementation of the UN’s Migrant Workers Convention,InternationalNGOPlatformontheMigrantWorkers’Convention(IPMWC),August2005.ThisguideisavailableonthewebsiteofDecember18.
The Committee [on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] notes with satisfaction that Bolivia (...) is a party to a range of international human rights instruments, including (…) the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. Bolivia, 2003, CERD/C/63/CO/2.
22
The Convention synthesizes a wide spectrum of rights relevant to migrant workers and members
of their families. Through ratification, states reaffirm a large number of the recognized principles and
obligations already accepted and entered into by the 12�16 United Nations Member States that have
ratified all six other main human rights treaties. The Convention offers a consolidated instrument for
more effective protection of a group whose members are vulnerable due to their very absence from
their state of origin.
It is paradoxical that with 182 ratifications for the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women and 192 for the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the UN
Secretary-General has only received 34 ratifications of the Convention on Migrant Workers so far.
Further, the geographical distribution of
the ratifying states17 suggests that double-
standards and a lack of political will may be
at play with respect to the protection of the
human rights of migrants.
Widespread ratification has been hampered
by a number of objective initial factors, chief
among them the very late dissemination of
the text of the Treaty. It took six years for the
first publication of the Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Convention to be issued after adoption of the
Convention by the General Assembly. In addition, unlike organised efforts supporting Conventions
relating to other groups of persons, such as UNICEF with the Convention on the Rights of the Child,
no UN agency put its full thrust in support of international ratification campaigns for the Convention
on Migrant Workers. Against this backdrop, myths proliferated about the Convention. This initial
and protracted lack of visibility is greatly to blame for the dearth of references to the existence of a
UN Convention on Migrant Workers as late as three years after its entry into force. A recent case in
point is the UN Human Development Report 200�, released in October 200�, which actually fails to
list the Convention in its relevant human development indicators table (Table 31) on “human and
labour rights instruments.”
To date, a number of official publications and public statements still feature erroneous information,
for instance, challenging the position of the Convention as one of the United Nations core human
rights treaties, misrepresenting the scope of some of its articles (e.g., on family reunification) and the
16AsofMarch2006.17SeePercentages of ratification per UN regional groups,p.23,andBasic Facts about the Convention,p.55.
The Committee [on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] welcomes the setting up of complaint centres in all immigration control centres, where foreign workers can file complaints in cases where their rights have been violated. Republic of Korea, 1996, CERD/C/304/Add. 12.
23
scope of the protection of undocumented migrants, and referring to so-called “new rights” created
in the Convention for migrants.
The International Catholic Migration Commission encourages state administrations, national
Parliaments and national human rights institutions to study the Convention. Ratifying the Convention
on Migrant Workers is a matter of social justice, and should be viewed by states as an opportunity
to strengthen measures against racism, racial discrimination and xenophobia and to build social
cohesion.
It can be argued that the Convention is long and therefore difficult to ratify. However, specialist
analysis of existing research findings on obstacles to ratification demonstrates that lack of familiarity
and misperceptions about the content of the Convention, including the actual scope of some of its
articles, still constitute key factors to the low level of ratification, including from Western and other
affluent states.
* Africa Group –UnitedNationsAfricanStatesGroup;Asia Group –UnitedNationsAsianStatesGroup;EE Group –UnitedNationsEasternEuropeanStatesGroup;LAC Group –UnitedNationsLatinAmericanandCaribbeanStatesGroup;WEOG –UnitedNationsWesternEuropeanandOtherStatesGroup
Haveratified6othercorehumanrightstreaties
HaveratifiedtheMigrantWorkersConvention
LACGroup
AsiaGroup
EEGroup
WEOG
Percentages of ratification per UN regional groups*
AfricaGroup
20
40
60
80
100
24
2�
Table I Evolution of Non-Discrimination Grounds in Core Human Rights Instruments
26 1945
U
nite
d N
atio
ns
Char
ter
Art
icle
1:
The
Purp
oses
of
the
Unite
dN
atio
nsa
re:[
…]
3.T
oac
hiev
ein
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion
ins
olvi
ngi
nter
natio
nal
prob
lem
sof
an
econ
omic,
soc
ial,
cultu
ral,
orh
uman
itaria
nch
arac
ter,
and
inp
rom
otin
gan
den
cour
agin
gre
spec
tfo
rhu
man
rig
hts
and
for
fund
amen
tal
freed
oms
for
all
with
out
dist
inct
ion
asto
race
, sex
, lan
guag
e, o
r re
ligio
n.
1948
Uni
vers
al D
ecla
rati
on
of H
uman
Rig
hts
Art
icle
2:
Ever
yone
ise
ntitl
edto
all
the
right
san
dfre
edom
sse
tfor
thin
this
Decla
ratio
n,
with
out
dist
inct
ion
ofa
nyk
ind,
suc
has
rac
e, c
olou
r, s
ex,
lang
uage
, re
ligio
n, p
olit
ical
or
othe
r op
inio
n, n
atio
nal o
r so
cial
ori
gin,
pr
oper
ty, b
irth
or
stat
us.
1965
In
tern
atio
nal
Conv
enti
on o
n th
e El
imin
atio
n of
All
Form
s of
Rac
ial
Dis
crim
inat
ion
Art
icle
1:
Int
his
Conv
entio
n,t
het
erm
“ra
cial
di
scri
min
atio
n” s
hall
mea
nan
ydi
stin
ctio
n,
exclu
sion,
re
stric
tion
or
pref
eren
ce
base
don
ra
ce,
colo
ur,
desc
ent,
or
nati
onal
or
ethn
ic o
rigi
nw
hich
has
the
pur
pose
or
effe
ct
ofn
ullif
ying
orim
pairi
ngt
her
ecog
nitio
n,e
njoy
men
tor
exe
rcise
,on
ane
qual
fo
otin
g,o
fhum
anri
ghts
and
fund
amen
talf
reed
oms
inth
epo
litica
l,ec
onom
ic,
socia
l,cu
ltura
lora
nyo
ther
fiel
dof
pub
licli
fe.
1966
Inte
rnat
iona
l Co
vena
nt o
n Ec
onom
ic, S
ocia
l and
Cu
ltur
al R
ight
s
Art
icle
2 (2
): Th
eSt
ates
Par
ties
tot
hep
rese
ntC
oven
ant
unde
rtake
to
guar
ante
eth
at
the
right
sen
uncia
ted
int
hep
rese
ntC
oven
ant
will
be
exer
cised
with
out
disc
rimin
atio
nof
any
kin
das
to
race
, col
our,
sex,
lang
uage
, rel
igio
n,
polit
ical
or o
ther
opi
nion
, nat
iona
l or s
ocia
l ori
gin,
pro
pert
y, b
irth
or
oth
er s
tatu
s.
1966
Inte
rnat
iona
l Co
vena
nt o
n Ci
vil a
nd
Polit
ical
Rig
hts
Art
icle
2 (1
): Ea
chS
tate
Par
tyt
oth
epr
esen
tCo
vena
ntu
nder
take
sto
res
pect
and
to
ensu
ret
oal
lind
ivid
uals
with
init
ste
rrito
rya
nds
ubje
ctt
oits
juris
dict
ion
the
right
sre
cogn
ized
int
hep
rese
ntC
oven
ant,
with
out
dist
inct
ion
ofa
ny
kind
,suc
has
rac
e, c
olou
r, se
x, la
ngua
ge, r
elig
ion,
pol
itic
al o
r ot
her
opin
ion,
nat
iona
l or
soci
al o
rigi
n, p
rope
rty,
bir
th o
r ot
her
stat
us.
1979
Conv
enti
on o
n th
e El
imin
atio
n of
All
Form
s of
D
iscr
imin
atio
n ag
ains
t W
omen
Art
icle
1:
For
the
purp
oses
oft
hep
rese
ntC
onve
ntio
n,t
het
erm
“di
scrim
inat
ion
agai
nst
wom
en”
shal
lmea
nan
ydi
stin
ctio
n,e
xclu
sion
orre
stric
tion
mad
eon
the
basis
of
sex
whi
chh
asth
eef
fect
orp
urpo
seo
fim
pairi
ngo
rnul
lifyin
gth
ere
cogn
ition
,en
joym
ent
ore
xerc
iseb
yw
omen
,irre
spec
tive
oft
heir
mar
ital
sta
tus,
on
aba
siso
f equ
alit
y of
men
and
wom
en,o
fhum
anri
ghts
and
fund
amen
tal
freed
oms
inth
epo
litica
l,ec
onom
ic,s
ocia
l,cu
ltura
l,civ
ilor
any
oth
erfi
eld.
1989
Conv
enti
on o
n th
e Ri
ghts
of t
he C
hild
A
rtic
le 2
(1):
Stat
esP
artie
ssh
all
resp
ect
and
ensu
ret
her
ight
sse
tfo
rthi
nth
epr
esen
tCo
nven
tion
toe
ach
child
with
inth
eirj
urisd
ictio
nw
ithou
tdisc
rimin
atio
nof
any
ki
nd,i
rresp
ectiv
eof
the
child
’sor
his
orh
erp
aren
t’so
rleg
alg
uard
ian’
sra
ce,
colo
ur,
sex,
lan
guag
e, r
elig
ion,
pol
itic
al o
r ot
her
opin
ion,
nat
iona
l, et
hnic
or
soci
al o
rigi
n, p
rope
rty,
dis
abili
ty, b
irth
or
othe
r st
atus
.
1990
Inte
rnat
iona
l Co
nven
tion
on
the
Prot
ecti
on o
f the
Ri
ghts
of A
ll M
igra
nt
Wor
kers
and
Mem
bers
of
The
ir F
amili
es
Art
icle
7:
Stat
esP
artie
sun
derta
ke,
ina
ccor
danc
ew
itht
hei
nter
natio
nal
inst
rum
ents
co
ncer
ning
hum
anri
ghts
,to
resp
ecta
ndto
ens
ure
toa
llm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
nd
mem
bers
oft
heir
fam
ilies
with
inth
eirt
errit
ory
orsu
bjec
tto
thei
rjur
isdict
ion
the
right
spr
ovid
edf
orin
the
pre
sent
Con
vent
ion
with
out
dist
inct
ion
ofa
nyk
ind
such
ast
ose
x, ra
ce, c
olou
r, la
ngua
ge, r
elig
ion
or c
onvi
ctio
n, p
olit
ical
or
oth
er o
pini
on, n
atio
nal,
ethn
ic o
r so
cial
ori
gin,
nat
iona
lity,
age
, ec
onom
ic p
osit
ion,
pro
pert
y, m
arit
al s
tatu
s, bi
rth
or o
ther
sta
tus.
Stat
es
unde
rtak
e to
gu
aran
tee
that
th
e rig
hts
reco
gniz
ed i
n th
e tr
eatie
s th
ey h
ave
ratifi
ed w
ill b
e ex
erci
sed
with
out
dist
inct
ions
, as
per
thei
r ob
ligat
ions
to
impl
emen
t th
e re
leva
nt p
rovi
sion
s of
hum
an r
ight
s co
nven
tions
. G
roun
ds
for
non-
disc
rimin
atio
n ha
ve
broa
dene
d si
nce
the
crea
tion
of t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns.
The
UN
Ch
arte
r fo
resa
w
that
re
spec
t fo
r hu
man
rig
hts
and
for
fund
amen
tal
freed
oms
impl
ies
that
no
dist
inct
ion
shou
ld b
e m
ade
as t
o ra
ce, s
ex, l
angu
age
and
relig
ion.
The
se f
our
non-
disc
rimin
atio
n gr
ound
s w
ere
subs
tant
ially
exp
ande
d up
on i
n th
e U
nive
rsal
De
clar
atio
n on
Hum
an R
ight
s, w
ith e
ight
add
ition
al
grou
nds o
n w
hich
Sta
tes P
artie
s can
not d
iscr
imin
ate.
In
the
42 y
ears
bet
wee
n th
e ad
optio
n of
the
UDH
R an
d th
e ad
optio
n of
the
Con
vent
ion
on M
igra
nt W
orke
rs,
a to
tal
of 1
9 gr
ound
s ha
ve b
een
defin
ed o
n w
hich
St
ates
Par
ties
to t
he r
espe
ctiv
e co
nven
tions
sho
uld
not d
iscr
imin
ate.
Som
e of
the
grou
nds
are
to b
e fo
und
only
in s
peci
fic in
stru
men
ts, s
uch
as “
desc
ent”
in t
he
Conv
entio
n on
the
Elim
inat
ion
of A
ll Fo
rms
of R
acia
l Di
scrim
inat
ion,
and
“di
sabi
lity”
in
the
Conv
entio
n on
th
e Ri
ghts
of t
he C
hild
.
This
evo
lutio
n re
flect
s a
grow
ing
awar
enes
s of
the
vu
lner
abili
ty
of
men
, w
omen
an
d ch
ildre
n,
base
d on
a n
umbe
r of
cha
ract
eris
tics.
It
resp
onds
to
the
need
to
prot
ect
them
and
for
esee
rem
edie
s in
cas
es
of d
iscr
imin
atio
n.
Ove
r th
e ye
ars,
the
emph
asis
on
non-
disc
rimin
atio
n ha
s al
so b
een
elab
orat
ed u
pon
in
succ
essi
ve w
orld
con
fere
nces
and
sum
mits
. Th
e tr
eaty
m
onito
ring
bodi
es o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns a
lso
publ
ish
thei
r in
terp
reta
tions
of
the
cont
ent
of h
uman
rig
hts
prov
isio
ns, k
now
n as
“ge
nera
l com
men
ts <
http
://w
ww
.oh
chr.o
rg/e
nglis
h/bo
dies
/trea
ty/c
omm
ents
.htm
>”
or
“rec
omm
enda
tions
” on
the
mat
ic is
sues
. A
num
ber
of
thes
e ar
e di
rect
ly r
elev
ant
to n
on-d
iscr
imin
atio
n: e
.g.,
the
Hum
an R
ight
s Co
mm
ittee
’s G
ener
al C
omm
ent
1�
on “
The
posi
tion
of a
liens
und
er th
e Co
vena
nt”
(198
6),
the
Com
mitt
ee
on
Econ
omic
, So
cial
an
d Cu
ltura
l Ri
ghts
’ G
ener
al C
omm
ent
14 o
n “T
he r
ight
to
the
high
est
atta
inab
le s
tand
ard
of h
ealth
” (2
000)
and
the
Co
mm
ittee
on
the
Elim
inat
ion
of R
acia
l Dis
crim
inat
ion’
s G
ener
al
Reco
mm
enda
tions
30
on
“D
iscr
imin
atio
n ag
ains
t no
n ci
tizen
s” (
2004
) an
d 31
on
“Pre
vent
ion
of R
acia
l Di
scrim
inat
ion
in t
he A
dmin
istr
atio
n an
d Fu
nctio
ning
of t
he C
rimin
al Ju
stic
e Sy
stem
” (2
00�)
.
New
inst
rum
ents
bui
ld u
pon
exis
ting
ones
and
, pen
ding
co
nsen
sus
amon
gst
UN
Mem
ber
Stat
es i
nvol
ved
in
draf
ting
new
tr
eatie
s, ex
pand
to
re
flect
ch
angi
ng
cont
exts
. A
t pr
esen
t fo
r in
stan
ce,
a gr
owin
g bo
dy
of
natio
nal
legi
slat
ion,
an
d na
tiona
l an
d re
gion
al
judi
cial
dec
isio
ns h
ave
inco
rpor
ated
gro
unds
not
yet
in
corp
orat
ed in
inte
rnat
iona
l hum
an ri
ghts
inst
rum
ents
(fo
r in
stan
ce “
pare
ntal
sta
tus”
, “s
exua
l or
ient
atio
n”
and
“pre
gnan
cy.”
)
Tabl
e I
Evol
utio
n of
Non
-Dis
crim
inat
ion
Gro
unds
in C
ore
Hum
an R
ight
s In
stru
men
ts*
*Chr
onol
ogic
al in
trodu
ctio
n of
new
gro
unds
in d
iffer
ent i
nstr
umen
ts an
d co
nven
tions
is h
ighl
ight
ed in
blu
e.
271945
U
nite
d N
atio
ns
Char
ter
Art
icle
1:
The
Purp
oses
of
the
Unite
dN
atio
nsa
re:[
…]
3.T
oac
hiev
ein
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion
ins
olvi
ngi
nter
natio
nal
prob
lem
sof
an
econ
omic,
soc
ial,
cultu
ral,
orh
uman
itaria
nch
arac
ter,
and
inp
rom
otin
gan
den
cour
agin
gre
spec
tfo
rhu
man
rig
hts
and
for
fund
amen
tal
freed
oms
for
all
with
out
dist
inct
ion
asto
race
, sex
, lan
guag
e, o
r re
ligio
n.
1948
Uni
vers
al D
ecla
rati
on
of H
uman
Rig
hts
Art
icle
2:
Ever
yone
ise
ntitl
edto
all
the
right
san
dfre
edom
sse
tfor
thin
this
Decla
ratio
n,
with
out
dist
inct
ion
ofa
nyk
ind,
suc
has
rac
e, c
olou
r, s
ex,
lang
uage
, re
ligio
n, p
olit
ical
or
othe
r op
inio
n, n
atio
nal o
r so
cial
ori
gin,
pr
oper
ty, b
irth
or
stat
us.
1965
In
tern
atio
nal
Conv
enti
on o
n th
e El
imin
atio
n of
All
Form
s of
Rac
ial
Dis
crim
inat
ion
Art
icle
1:
Int
his
Conv
entio
n,t
het
erm
“ra
cial
di
scri
min
atio
n” s
hall
mea
nan
ydi
stin
ctio
n,
exclu
sion,
re
stric
tion
or
pref
eren
ce
base
don
ra
ce,
colo
ur,
desc
ent,
or
nati
onal
or
ethn
ic o
rigi
nw
hich
has
the
pur
pose
or
effe
ct
ofn
ullif
ying
orim
pairi
ngt
her
ecog
nitio
n,e
njoy
men
tor
exe
rcise
,on
ane
qual
fo
otin
g,o
fhum
anri
ghts
and
fund
amen
talf
reed
oms
inth
epo
litica
l,ec
onom
ic,
socia
l,cu
ltura
lora
nyo
ther
fiel
dof
pub
licli
fe.
1966
Inte
rnat
iona
l Co
vena
nt o
n Ec
onom
ic, S
ocia
l and
Cu
ltur
al R
ight
s
Art
icle
2 (2
): Th
eSt
ates
Par
ties
tot
hep
rese
ntC
oven
ant
unde
rtake
to
guar
ante
eth
at
the
right
sen
uncia
ted
int
hep
rese
ntC
oven
ant
will
be
exer
cised
with
out
disc
rimin
atio
nof
any
kin
das
to
race
, col
our,
sex,
lang
uage
, rel
igio
n,
polit
ical
or o
ther
opi
nion
, nat
iona
l or s
ocia
l ori
gin,
pro
pert
y, b
irth
or
oth
er s
tatu
s.
1966
Inte
rnat
iona
l Co
vena
nt o
n Ci
vil a
nd
Polit
ical
Rig
hts
Art
icle
2 (1
): Ea
chS
tate
Par
tyt
oth
epr
esen
tCo
vena
ntu
nder
take
sto
res
pect
and
to
ensu
ret
oal
lind
ivid
uals
with
init
ste
rrito
rya
nds
ubje
ctt
oits
juris
dict
ion
the
right
sre
cogn
ized
int
hep
rese
ntC
oven
ant,
with
out
dist
inct
ion
ofa
ny
kind
,suc
has
rac
e, c
olou
r, se
x, la
ngua
ge, r
elig
ion,
pol
itic
al o
r ot
her
opin
ion,
nat
iona
l or
soci
al o
rigi
n, p
rope
rty,
bir
th o
r ot
her
stat
us.
1979
Conv
enti
on o
n th
e El
imin
atio
n of
All
Form
s of
D
iscr
imin
atio
n ag
ains
t W
omen
Art
icle
1:
For
the
purp
oses
oft
hep
rese
ntC
onve
ntio
n,t
het
erm
“di
scrim
inat
ion
agai
nst
wom
en”
shal
lmea
nan
ydi
stin
ctio
n,e
xclu
sion
orre
stric
tion
mad
eon
the
basis
of
sex
whi
chh
asth
eef
fect
orp
urpo
seo
fim
pairi
ngo
rnul
lifyin
gth
ere
cogn
ition
,en
joym
ent
ore
xerc
iseb
yw
omen
,irre
spec
tive
oft
heir
mar
ital
sta
tus,
on
aba
siso
f equ
alit
y of
men
and
wom
en,o
fhum
anri
ghts
and
fund
amen
tal
freed
oms
inth
epo
litica
l,ec
onom
ic,s
ocia
l,cu
ltura
l,civ
ilor
any
oth
erfi
eld.
1989
Conv
enti
on o
n th
e Ri
ghts
of t
he C
hild
A
rtic
le 2
(1):
Stat
esP
artie
ssh
all
resp
ect
and
ensu
ret
her
ight
sse
tfo
rthi
nth
epr
esen
tCo
nven
tion
toe
ach
child
with
inth
eirj
urisd
ictio
nw
ithou
tdisc
rimin
atio
nof
any
ki
nd,i
rresp
ectiv
eof
the
child
’sor
his
orh
erp
aren
t’so
rleg
alg
uard
ian’
sra
ce,
colo
ur,
sex,
lan
guag
e, r
elig
ion,
pol
itic
al o
r ot
her
opin
ion,
nat
iona
l, et
hnic
or
soci
al o
rigi
n, p
rope
rty,
dis
abili
ty, b
irth
or
othe
r st
atus
.
1990
Inte
rnat
iona
l Co
nven
tion
on
the
Prot
ecti
on o
f the
Ri
ghts
of A
ll M
igra
nt
Wor
kers
and
Mem
bers
of
The
ir F
amili
es
Art
icle
7:
Stat
esP
artie
sun
derta
ke,
ina
ccor
danc
ew
itht
hei
nter
natio
nal
inst
rum
ents
co
ncer
ning
hum
anri
ghts
,to
resp
ecta
ndto
ens
ure
toa
llm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
nd
mem
bers
oft
heir
fam
ilies
with
inth
eirt
errit
ory
orsu
bjec
tto
thei
rjur
isdict
ion
the
right
spr
ovid
edf
orin
the
pre
sent
Con
vent
ion
with
out
dist
inct
ion
ofa
nyk
ind
such
ast
ose
x, ra
ce, c
olou
r, la
ngua
ge, r
elig
ion
or c
onvi
ctio
n, p
olit
ical
or
oth
er o
pini
on, n
atio
nal,
ethn
ic o
r so
cial
ori
gin,
nat
iona
lity,
age
, ec
onom
ic p
osit
ion,
pro
pert
y, m
arit
al s
tatu
s, bi
rth
or o
ther
sta
tus.
Stat
es
unde
rtak
e to
gu
aran
tee
that
th
e rig
hts
reco
gniz
ed i
n th
e tr
eatie
s th
ey h
ave
ratifi
ed w
ill b
e ex
erci
sed
with
out
dist
inct
ions
, as
per
thei
r ob
ligat
ions
to
impl
emen
t th
e re
leva
nt p
rovi
sion
s of
hum
an r
ight
s co
nven
tions
. G
roun
ds
for
non-
disc
rimin
atio
n ha
ve
broa
dene
d si
nce
the
crea
tion
of t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns.
The
UN
Ch
arte
r fo
resa
w
that
re
spec
t fo
r hu
man
rig
hts
and
for
fund
amen
tal
freed
oms
impl
ies
that
no
dist
inct
ion
shou
ld b
e m
ade
as t
o ra
ce, s
ex, l
angu
age
and
relig
ion.
The
se f
our
non-
disc
rimin
atio
n gr
ound
s w
ere
subs
tant
ially
exp
ande
d up
on i
n th
e U
nive
rsal
De
clar
atio
n on
Hum
an R
ight
s, w
ith e
ight
add
ition
al
grou
nds o
n w
hich
Sta
tes P
artie
s can
not d
iscr
imin
ate.
In
the
42 y
ears
bet
wee
n th
e ad
optio
n of
the
UDH
R an
d th
e ad
optio
n of
the
Con
vent
ion
on M
igra
nt W
orke
rs,
a to
tal
of 1
9 gr
ound
s ha
ve b
een
defin
ed o
n w
hich
St
ates
Par
ties
to t
he r
espe
ctiv
e co
nven
tions
sho
uld
not d
iscr
imin
ate.
Som
e of
the
grou
nds
are
to b
e fo
und
only
in s
peci
fic in
stru
men
ts, s
uch
as “
desc
ent”
in t
he
Conv
entio
n on
the
Elim
inat
ion
of A
ll Fo
rms
of R
acia
l Di
scrim
inat
ion,
and
“di
sabi
lity”
in
the
Conv
entio
n on
th
e Ri
ghts
of t
he C
hild
.
This
evo
lutio
n re
flect
s a
grow
ing
awar
enes
s of
the
vu
lner
abili
ty
of
men
, w
omen
an
d ch
ildre
n,
base
d on
a n
umbe
r of
cha
ract
eris
tics.
It
resp
onds
to
the
need
to
prot
ect
them
and
for
esee
rem
edie
s in
cas
es
of d
iscr
imin
atio
n.
Ove
r th
e ye
ars,
the
emph
asis
on
non-
disc
rimin
atio
n ha
s al
so b
een
elab
orat
ed u
pon
in
succ
essi
ve w
orld
con
fere
nces
and
sum
mits
. Th
e tr
eaty
m
onito
ring
bodi
es o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns a
lso
publ
ish
thei
r in
terp
reta
tions
of
the
cont
ent
of h
uman
rig
hts
prov
isio
ns, k
now
n as
“ge
nera
l com
men
ts <
http
://w
ww
.oh
chr.o
rg/e
nglis
h/bo
dies
/trea
ty/c
omm
ents
.htm
>”
or
“rec
omm
enda
tions
” on
the
mat
ic is
sues
. A
num
ber
of
thes
e ar
e di
rect
ly r
elev
ant
to n
on-d
iscr
imin
atio
n: e
.g.,
the
Hum
an R
ight
s Co
mm
ittee
’s G
ener
al C
omm
ent
1�
on “
The
posi
tion
of a
liens
und
er th
e Co
vena
nt”
(198
6),
the
Com
mitt
ee
on
Econ
omic
, So
cial
an
d Cu
ltura
l Ri
ghts
’ G
ener
al C
omm
ent
14 o
n “T
he r
ight
to
the
high
est
atta
inab
le s
tand
ard
of h
ealth
” (2
000)
and
the
Co
mm
ittee
on
the
Elim
inat
ion
of R
acia
l Dis
crim
inat
ion’
s G
ener
al
Reco
mm
enda
tions
30
on
“D
iscr
imin
atio
n ag
ains
t no
n ci
tizen
s” (
2004
) an
d 31
on
“Pre
vent
ion
of R
acia
l Di
scrim
inat
ion
in t
he A
dmin
istr
atio
n an
d Fu
nctio
ning
of t
he C
rimin
al Ju
stic
e Sy
stem
” (2
00�)
.
New
inst
rum
ents
bui
ld u
pon
exis
ting
ones
and
, pen
ding
co
nsen
sus
amon
gst
UN
Mem
ber
Stat
es i
nvol
ved
in
draf
ting
new
tr
eatie
s, ex
pand
to
re
flect
ch
angi
ng
cont
exts
. A
t pr
esen
t fo
r in
stan
ce,
a gr
owin
g bo
dy
of
natio
nal
legi
slat
ion,
an
d na
tiona
l an
d re
gion
al
judi
cial
dec
isio
ns h
ave
inco
rpor
ated
gro
unds
not
yet
in
corp
orat
ed in
inte
rnat
iona
l hum
an ri
ghts
inst
rum
ents
(fo
r in
stan
ce “
pare
ntal
sta
tus”
, “s
exua
l or
ient
atio
n”
and
“pre
gnan
cy.”
)
28
29
Comparing main characteristics, monitoring mechanisms and provisions in the core International Human Rights Instruments
Table II Characteristics of the Core International Human Rights Instruments and Treaty Monitoring Bodies
Table III Related provisions in UN Human Rights Instruments
30
Inst
rum
ent2
Char
acte
rist
ics
UD
HR
Univ
ersa
lDe
clara
tion
of
Hum
anR
ight
s
ICES
CRIn
tern
atio
nal
Cove
nant
on
Econ
omic,
Soc
ial
and
Cultu
ral
Righ
ts
ICCP
RIn
tern
atio
nal
Cove
nant
on
Civi
land
Pol
itica
lRi
ghts
ICER
DIn
tern
atio
nal
Conv
entio
non
th
eEl
imin
atio
nof
All
Form
sof
Rac
ial
Disc
rimin
atio
n
CEDA
WCo
nven
tion
on
the
Elim
inat
ion
ofA
llFo
rms
ofR
acia
lDi
scrim
inat
ion
Agai
nstW
omen
CAT
Conv
entio
nAg
ains
tTor
ture
an
dO
ther
Cru
el,
Inhu
man
eor
De
grad
ing
Trea
tmen
tor
Puni
shm
ent
CRC
Conv
entio
non
th
eRi
ghts
oft
he
Child
ICRM
WIn
tern
atio
nal
Conv
entio
non
th
ePr
otec
tion
of
the
Righ
tso
fAll
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
an
dM
embe
rso
fTh
eirF
amili
es
Ado
ptio
n 10
Dec
.194
816
Dec
.196
616
Dec
.196
621
Dec
.196
518
Dec
.197
910
Dec
.198
420
Nov
.198
918
Dec
.199
0
UN
ref
eren
ce (G
ener
al
Ass
embl
y Re
solu
tion
)G.
A.re
s.21
7A(I
II)G.
A.re
s.22
00A
(XXI
)G.
A.re
s.22
00A
(XXI
)G.
A.re
s.21
06A
(XX)
G.A.
res.
34/1
80G.
A.re
s.39
/46
G.A.
res.
44/2
5G.
A.re
s.45
/158
Ado
ptio
n de
tails
Roll
call
vote
:48
infa
vour
, 8
abst
entio
ns3
Reco
rded
vot
e:
105
infa
vour
,0
agai
nst
Reco
rded
vot
e:
106
infa
vour
,0
agai
nst
Roll
call
vote
:10
6in
favo
ur,
1a
bste
ntio
n
Reco
rded
vot
e:
130
infa
vour
,10
abs
tent
ions
With
outv
ote
With
outv
ote
With
outv
ote
Rati
ficat
ions
nee
ded
for
entr
y in
to fo
rce
Proc
laim
edo
nda
yof
ado
ptio
n
35S
tate
s
Art.
27
35S
tate
sAr
t.49
27S
tate
sAr
t.19
20S
tate
sAr
t.27
20S
tate
s
Art.
2720
Sta
tes
Ar
t.49
20S
tate
s
Art.
87
Entr
y in
to fo
rce
3Ja
nuar
y19
7623
Mar
ch1
976
4Ja
n.1
969
3Se
pt.1
981
26Ju
ne1
987
2Se
pt.1
990
1Ju
ly20
03
Stat
es P
arti
es4
153
155
170
182
141
192
345
Rem
aini
ng
sign
ator
ies6
66
61
102
157
Leng
th30
arti
cles
31a
rticle
s53
arti
cles
25a
rticle
s30
arti
cles
33a
rticle
s54
arti
cles
93a
rticle
s
Stru
ctur
e:
• De
finiti
on &
righ
ts
• Ap
plic
atio
n, m
onito
ring
• Sa
ving
s cl
ause
(s)
• Si
gnat
ure,
ratifi
catio
n,
rese
rvat
ions
, am
end-
men
ts, e
ntry
into
forc
e,
disp
ute
sett
lem
ent
Art.
1-15
Art.
16-2
3
Art.
5,2
4-25
Art.
26-3
1
Art.
1-27
Art.
28-4
5
Art.
5,4
6-47
Art.
48-5
3
Art.
1-7
Art.
8-16
--
Art.
17-2
5
Art.
1-16
Art.
17-2
2
Art.
23
Art.
25-3
0
Art.
1-16
Art.
17-2
4
-- Art.
25-3
3
Art.
1-41
Art.
42-4
5
Art.
41
Art.
46-5
4
Art.
1-71
8
Art.
72-7
8
Art.
79-8
4 9
Art.
85-9
310
Indi
vidu
al o
r gr
oup
com
plai
nts/
num
ber
of
Stat
es b
ound
by
it
Not
pe
rmitt
ed11
1stO
p.P
roto
c./
105
Stat
es
Parti
es
Decla
ratio
nun
derA
rt.1
4/47
Sta
tes
Parti
es
Op.
Pro
toco
l/78
Sta
tes
Parti
es
Decla
ratio
nun
derA
rt.2
2/
57S
tate
sPa
rties
Not
per
mitt
edDe
clara
tion
unde
rArt.
77
12/
0St
ate
Party
Com
plai
nt a
gain
st
othe
r St
ate
Part
yN
otp
erm
itted
Decla
ratio
nun
derA
rt.4
1Ar
ticle
11
Not
per
mitt
edDe
clara
tion
unde
rArt.
21
Not
per
mitt
edDe
clara
tion
unde
rArt.
76
Repo
rtin
g re
quire
men
t: In
itial
Rep
ort a
fter
en
try
into
forc
e
Art.
17(1
)W
ithin
1y
ear
Art.
40(1
)W
ithin
1y
ear
Art.
9(1
)W
ithin
1y
ear
Art.
18(1
)W
ithin
1y
ear
Art.
19(1
)W
ithin
1y
ear
Art.
44(1
)W
ithin
2y
ears
Ar
t.73
W
ithin
1y
ear
Tabl
e II
Char
acte
rist
ics
of t
he C
ore
Inte
rnat
iona
l Hum
an R
ight
s In
stru
men
ts a
nd
Trea
ty M
onit
orin
g Bo
dies
1
31
Inst
rum
ent2
Char
acte
rist
ics
UD
HR
Univ
ersa
lDe
clara
tion
of
Hum
anR
ight
s
ICES
CRIn
tern
atio
nal
Cove
nant
on
Econ
omic,
Soc
ial
and
Cultu
ral
Righ
ts
ICCP
RIn
tern
atio
nal
Cove
nant
on
Civi
land
Pol
itica
lRi
ghts
ICER
DIn
tern
atio
nal
Conv
entio
non
th
eEl
imin
atio
nof
All
Form
sof
Rac
ial
Disc
rimin
atio
n
CEDA
WCo
nven
tion
on
the
Elim
inat
ion
ofA
llFo
rms
ofR
acia
lDi
scrim
inat
ion
Agai
nstW
omen
CAT
Conv
entio
nAg
ains
tTor
ture
an
dO
ther
Cru
el,
Inhu
man
eor
De
grad
ing
Trea
tmen
tor
Puni
shm
ent
CRC
Conv
entio
non
th
eRi
ghts
oft
he
Child
ICRM
WIn
tern
atio
nal
Conv
entio
non
th
ePr
otec
tion
of
the
Righ
tso
fAll
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
an
dM
embe
rso
fTh
eirF
amili
es
Ado
ptio
n 10
Dec
.194
816
Dec
.196
616
Dec
.196
621
Dec
.196
518
Dec
.197
910
Dec
.198
420
Nov
.198
918
Dec
.199
0
UN
ref
eren
ce (G
ener
al
Ass
embl
y Re
solu
tion
)G.
A.re
s.21
7A(I
II)G.
A.re
s.22
00A
(XXI
)G.
A.re
s.22
00A
(XXI
)G.
A.re
s.21
06A
(XX)
G.A.
res.
34/1
80G.
A.re
s.39
/46
G.A.
res.
44/2
5G.
A.re
s.45
/158
Ado
ptio
n de
tails
Roll
call
vote
:48
infa
vour
,8
abst
entio
ns3
Reco
rded
vot
e:
105
infa
vour
,0
agai
nst
Reco
rded
vot
e:
106
infa
vour
,0
agai
nst
Roll
call
vote
:10
6in
favo
ur,
1a
bste
ntio
n
Reco
rded
vot
e:
130
infa
vour
,10
abs
tent
ions
With
outv
ote
With
outv
ote
With
outv
ote
Rati
ficat
ions
nee
ded
for
entr
y in
to fo
rce
Proc
laim
edo
nda
yof
ado
ptio
n
35S
tate
s
Art.
27
35S
tate
sAr
t.49
27S
tate
sAr
t.19
20S
tate
sAr
t.27
20S
tate
s
Art.
2720
Sta
tes
Ar
t.49
20S
tate
s
Art.
87
Entr
y in
to fo
rce
3Ja
nuar
y19
7623
Mar
ch1
976
4Ja
n.1
969
3Se
pt.1
981
26Ju
ne1
987
2Se
pt.1
990
1Ju
ly20
03
Stat
es P
arti
es4
153
155
170
182
141
192
345
Rem
aini
ng
sign
ator
ies6
66
61
102
157
Leng
th30
arti
cles
31a
rticle
s53
arti
cles
25a
rticle
s30
arti
cles
33a
rticle
s54
arti
cles
93a
rticle
s
Stru
ctur
e:
• De
finiti
on &
righ
ts
• Ap
plic
atio
n, m
onito
ring
• Sa
ving
s cl
ause
(s)
• Si
gnat
ure,
ratifi
catio
n,
rese
rvat
ions
, am
end-
men
ts, e
ntry
into
forc
e,
disp
ute
sett
lem
ent
Art.
1-15
Art.
16-2
3
Art.
5,2
4-25
Art.
26-3
1
Art.
1-27
Art.
28-4
5
Art.
5,4
6-47
Art.
48-5
3
Art.
1-7
Art.
8-16
--
Art.
17-2
5
Art.
1-16
Art.
17-2
2
Art.
23
Art.
25-3
0
Art.
1-16
Art.
17-2
4
-- Art.
25-3
3
Art.
1-41
Art.
42-4
5
Art.
41
Art.
46-5
4
Art.
1-71
8
Art.
72-7
8
Art.
79-8
4 9
Art.
85-9
310
Indi
vidu
al o
r gr
oup
com
plai
nts/
num
ber
of
Stat
es b
ound
by
it
Not
pe
rmitt
ed11
1stO
p.P
roto
c./
105
Stat
es
Parti
es
Decla
ratio
nun
derA
rt.1
4/47
Sta
tes
Parti
es
Op.
Pro
toco
l/78
Sta
tes
Parti
es
Decla
ratio
nun
derA
rt.2
2/
57S
tate
sPa
rties
Not
per
mitt
edDe
clara
tion
unde
rArt.
77
12/
0St
ate
Party
Com
plai
nt a
gain
st
othe
r St
ate
Part
yN
otp
erm
itted
Decla
ratio
nun
derA
rt.4
1Ar
ticle
11
Not
per
mitt
edDe
clara
tion
unde
rArt.
21
Not
per
mitt
edDe
clara
tion
unde
rArt.
76
Repo
rtin
g re
quire
men
t: In
itial
Rep
ort a
fter
en
try
into
forc
e
Art.
17(1
)W
ithin
1y
ear
Art.
40(1
)W
ithin
1y
ear
Art.
9(1
)W
ithin
1y
ear
Art.
18(1
)W
ithin
1y
ear
Art.
19(1
)W
ithin
1y
ear
Art.
44(1
)W
ithin
2y
ears
Ar
t.73
W
ithin
1y
ear
32
Inst
rum
ent2
Char
acte
rist
ics
UD
HR
ICES
CRIC
CPR
ICER
DCE
DAW
CAT
CRC
ICRM
W
Sche
dule
of
subs
eque
nt r
epor
ting
Ever
y5
year
sbu
tCom
mitt
ee
may
redu
ceth
ispe
riod
Whe
neve
rthe
Co
mm
ittee
re
ques
ts
Ever
ytw
oye
ars
and
whe
neve
rCo
mm
ittee
re
ques
ts
Atle
aste
very
4
year
san
dw
hen-
ever
Com
mitt
ee
requ
ests
Ever
y4
year
san
dw
hene
ver
Com
mitt
ee
requ
ests
Ever
y5
year
san
dw
hene
ver
Com
mitt
ee
requ
ests
Ever
y5
year
san
dw
hene
ver
Com
mitt
ee
requ
ests
13
Proc
edur
al a
nd
norm
ativ
e14 S
tate
s’re
serv
atio
ns15
83,o
fwhi
ch
82%
are
no
rmat
ive,
from
39
Sta
tes
Parti
es
181,
ofw
hich
88
%a
re
norm
ativ
e,fr
om
52S
tate
sPa
rties
110,
ofw
hich
36
%a
re
norm
ativ
e,fr
om
43S
tate
sPa
rties
132,
ofw
hich
76
%a
re
norm
ativ
e,fr
om
49S
tate
sPa
rties
45,o
fwhi
ch
38%
are
no
rmat
ive,
from
28
Sta
tes
Parti
es
204,
ofw
hich
99
.5%
are
no
rmat
ive,
from
61
Sta
tes
Parti
es
Data
not
av
aila
ble15
Trea
ty M
onit
orin
g Bo
dy
UD
HR16
CESC
RCo
mm
ittee
on
Econ
omic,
Soc
ial
and
Cultu
ralR
ight
sEC
OSO
CRe
s.19
85/1
7
HRC
Hum
anR
ight
sCo
mm
ittee
Ar
t.28
-39
CERD
Com
mitt
eeo
nth
eEl
imin
atio
nof
Rac
ial
Disc
rimin
atio
nAr
t.8-
10
CEDA
WCo
mm
ittee
on
the
Elim
inat
ion
ofD
iscrim
inat
ion
Agai
nstW
omen
Ar
t.17
-21
CAT
Com
mitt
eeAg
ains
tTor
ture
Ar
t.17
-20
CRC
Com
mitt
eeo
nth
eRi
ghts
oft
heC
hild
Ar
t.43
-45
CMW
Com
mitt
eeo
nM
igra
ntW
orke
rs
Art.
72-7
5
Com
posi
tion
18
mem
bers
18m
embe
rs18
mem
bers
23m
embe
rs10
mem
bers
18m
embe
rs10
mem
bers
(1
4,w
hen
ther
ear
e41
Sta
tes
Parti
es)
Wor
king
met
hods
17
(see
det
ail b
elow
)
Des
igna
tion
of
cou
ntry
Ra
ppor
teur
s19
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
(2ra
ppor
teur
s)Ye
s(2
rapp
orte
urs)
Yes
(2ra
ppor
teur
s)
Pre-
sess
iona
l wor
king
gr
oups
Yes
ForI
ndiv
idua
lCo
mpl
aint
s--
Yes
ForI
ndiv
idua
lCo
mpl
aint
sYe
s--
List
s of
que
stio
ns/
issu
es to
Sta
tes
Part
ies
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cons
truc
tive
dia
logu
e w
ith
Stat
es20
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
--
Tabl
e II
Char
acte
rist
ics
of t
he C
ore
Inte
rnat
iona
l Hum
an R
ight
s In
stru
men
ts a
nd T
reat
y M
onit
orin
g Bo
dies
33
Inst
rum
ent2
Char
acte
rist
ics
UD
HR
ICES
CRIC
CPR
ICER
DCE
DAW
CAT
CRC
ICRM
W
Sche
dule
of
subs
eque
nt r
epor
ting
Ever
y5
year
sbu
tCom
mitt
ee
may
redu
ceth
ispe
riod
Whe
neve
rthe
Co
mm
ittee
re
ques
ts
Ever
ytw
oye
ars
and
whe
neve
rCo
mm
ittee
re
ques
ts
Atle
aste
very
4
year
san
dw
hen-
ever
Com
mitt
ee
requ
ests
Ever
y4
year
san
dw
hene
ver
Com
mitt
ee
requ
ests
Ever
y5
year
san
dw
hene
ver
Com
mitt
ee
requ
ests
Ever
y5
year
san
dw
hene
ver
Com
mitt
ee
requ
ests
13
Proc
edur
al a
nd
norm
ativ
e14 S
tate
s’re
serv
atio
ns15
83,o
fwhi
ch
82%
are
no
rmat
ive,
from
39
Sta
tes
Parti
es
181,
ofw
hich
88
%a
re
norm
ativ
e,fr
om
52S
tate
sPa
rties
110,
ofw
hich
36
%a
re
norm
ativ
e,fr
om
43S
tate
sPa
rties
132,
ofw
hich
76
%a
re
norm
ativ
e,fr
om
49S
tate
sPa
rties
45,o
fwhi
ch
38%
are
no
rmat
ive,
from
28
Sta
tes
Parti
es
204,
ofw
hich
99
.5%
are
no
rmat
ive,
from
61
Sta
tes
Parti
es
Data
not
av
aila
ble15
Trea
ty M
onit
orin
g Bo
dy
UD
HR16
CESC
RCo
mm
ittee
on
Econ
omic,
Soc
ial
and
Cultu
ralR
ight
sEC
OSO
CRe
s.19
85/1
7
HRC
Hum
anR
ight
sCo
mm
ittee
Ar
t.28
-39
CERD
Com
mitt
eeo
nth
eEl
imin
atio
nof
Rac
ial
Disc
rimin
atio
nAr
t.8-
10
CEDA
WCo
mm
ittee
on
the
Elim
inat
ion
ofD
iscrim
inat
ion
Agai
nstW
omen
Ar
t.17
-21
CAT
Com
mitt
eeAg
ains
tTor
ture
Ar
t.17
-20
CRC
Com
mitt
eeo
nth
eRi
ghts
oft
heC
hild
Ar
t.43
-45
CMW
Com
mitt
eeo
nM
igra
ntW
orke
rs
Art.
72-7
5
Com
posi
tion
18
mem
bers
18m
embe
rs18
mem
bers
23m
embe
rs10
mem
bers
18m
embe
rs10
mem
bers
(1
4,w
hen
ther
ear
e41
Sta
tes
Parti
es)
Wor
king
met
hods
17
(see
det
ail b
elow
)
Des
igna
tion
of
cou
ntry
Ra
ppor
teur
s19
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
(2ra
ppor
teur
s)Ye
s(2
rapp
orte
urs)
Yes
(2ra
ppor
teur
s)
Pre-
sess
iona
l wor
king
gr
oups
Yes
ForI
ndiv
idua
lCo
mpl
aint
s--
Yes
ForI
ndiv
idua
lCo
mpl
aint
sYe
s--
List
s of
que
stio
ns/
issu
es to
Sta
tes
Part
ies
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cons
truc
tive
dia
logu
e w
ith
Stat
es20
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
--
“The
trea
ties
don
otin
dica
teh
owtr
eaty
bod
ies
shou
lda
ppro
ach
the
task
ofc
onsid
erin
gSt
ates
par
ties’
repo
rts.H
owev
er,a
lltre
aty
bodi
esh
ave
adop
ted
broa
dly
the
sam
eap
proa
ch,t
hem
ain
feat
ures
ofw
hich
are
the
“con
stru
ctiv
edi
alog
ue”
inw
hich
all
com
mitt
ees
enga
gew
itha
del
egat
ion
from
the
Stat
epa
rtyw
hose
re
port
they
are
con
sider
ing,
and
the
adop
tion
of“
conc
ludi
ng
obse
rvat
ions
/com
men
ts”,
ack
now
ledg
ing
prog
ress
mad
ean
din
dica
ting
toth
eSt
ate
party
whe
refu
rther
act
ion
isre
quire
d.Th
ere
isho
wev
erc
onsid
erab
lev
aria
tion
inth
epr
actic
eof
eac
htre
aty
body
with
resp
ectt
ore
port
cons
ider
atio
n.[…
]All
com
mitt
ees
have
issu
edg
uide
lines
on
repo
rting
top
rovi
deg
uida
nce
toS
tate
spa
rties
on
the
prep
arat
ion
ofth
eirr
epor
ts.T
hese
are
com
pile
din
do
cum
entH
RI/G
EN/2
,whi
chis
revi
sed
regu
larly
.[…
]Fol
low
ing
are
ques
tfro
mth
eSe
cret
ary-
Gen
eral
inh
isre
port
“Age
nda
for
furth
erc
hang
e”,t
hetr
eaty
bod
ies
are
curre
ntly
cons
ider
ing
adr
afts
eto
fhar
mon
ized
guid
elin
eso
nre
porti
ngfo
r all
seve
nof
th
ehu
man
righ
tstr
eatie
sin
an
effo
rtto
stre
amlin
eth
etre
aty
repo
rting
pro
cess
and
toe
ncou
rage
the
treat
ybo
dies
tofu
nctio
nas
am
ore
unifi
eds
yste
m.T
hed
raft
guid
elin
esin
clude
pro
posa
lsfo
ran
expa
nded
ver
sion
ofth
eco
red
ocum
ent,
whi
chw
ould
in
corp
orat
ea
broa
derr
ange
ofg
ener
alin
form
atio
nre
leva
ntto
all
ors
ever
alo
fthe
trea
tyb
odie
s.Th
isdo
cum
entw
ould
be
subm
itted
in
tand
emw
ithm
ore
targ
eted
trea
ty-s
pecifi
cre
ports
.”18
34
Trea
ty M
onit
orin
g Bo
dy
Char
acte
rist
ics
UD
HR16
CESC
RH
RCCE
RDCE
DAW
CAT
CRC
CMW
Info
rmat
ion
from
oth
er
sour
ces21
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes22
Yes23
Conc
ludi
ng
obse
rvat
ions
24Ye
sYe
sYe
sYe
sYe
sYe
s--
Follo
w-u
p of
co
nclu
ding
ob
serv
atio
ns25
Yes
Yes
Yes
--Ye
s--
--
Day
s of
Gen
eral
D
iscu
ssio
nYe
s--
Yes
----
Yes
Yes
Gen
eral
Com
men
ts
(num
ber)
Yes
(18)
Yes
(31)
Yes
(31)
Yes
(25)
Yes
(1)
Yes
(7)
--
Earl
y w
arni
ngs/
Urg
ent
appe
als
--Ye
sYe
s--
----
--
Year
ly s
essi
ons
23
22
23
226
Bian
nual
bud
get
(run
ning
cos
t, in
USD
)2774
0,90
01,
302,
100
730,
000
1,14
2,20
02846
0,00
01,
638,
300
175,
000
Tabl
e II
Char
acte
rist
ics
of t
he C
ore
Inte
rnat
iona
l Hum
an R
ight
s In
stru
men
ts a
nd T
reat
y M
onit
orin
g Bo
dies
3�
1 Ba
sed
onB
asic
Hum
an R
ight
s In
stru
men
ts,
Offi
ceo
fth
eHi
gh
Com
miss
ione
rfo
rHu
man
Rig
hts/
Gen
eva
and
Inte
rnat
iona
lTr
aini
ng
Cent
reo
fthe
ILO
/Tur
in,T
hird
edi
tion,
Oct
ober
199
8; M
igra
nt W
orke
rs
in In
tern
atio
nal H
uman
Rig
hts
Law
,Rys
zard
Cho
lew
insk
i,Cl
aren
don
Pres
sO
xfor
d,1
997;
The
Int
erna
tiona
l La
w o
f H
uman
Rig
hts,
Paul
Si
egha
rt,O
xfor
dUn
iver
sity
Pres
s,19
83; T
he U
N H
uman
Rig
hts
Trea
ty
Syst
em:
Uni
vers
ality
at
the
Cro
ssro
ads,
Prof
esso
rAn
nF.
Baye
fsky
,Ap
ril2
001;
Pro
cédu
res
onus
ienn
es d
e m
ise
en o
euvr
e de
s dr
oits
de
l’h
omm
e:
limite
s ou
dé
faut
s,Ag
nès
Dorm
enva
l,Pu
blica
tions
de
l’In
stitu
tUn
iver
sitai
red
eHa
utes
Étu
des
Inte
rnat
iona
les
-G
enèv
e,
Pres
ses
Univ
ersit
aire
sde
Fra
nce,
199
1.2
The
Unite
dN
atio
nsc
onst
itutiv
ein
stru
men
t,its
Cha
rter
signe
din
Sa
nFr
ancis
coo
n26
June
194
5,c
onta
ins
prov
ision
sfo
rthe
sub
sequ
ent
elab
orat
ion
and
cont
ents
oft
hee
ight
inte
rnat
iona
lhum
anri
ghts
inst
ru-
men
tsli
sted
inTa
ble
II.3
Infa
vour
:Afg
hani
stan
,Arg
entin
a,A
ustra
lia,B
elgi
um,B
oliv
ia,B
razil
,Bu
rma,
Can
ada,
Chi
le,C
hina
,Col
ombi
a,C
osta
Rica
,Cub
a,D
enm
ark,
th
eDo
min
ican
Repu
blic,
Ecu
ador
,Egy
pt,E
lSal
vado
r,Et
hiop
ia,F
ranc
e,
Gre
ece,
Gua
tem
ala,
Hai
ti,I
cela
nd,
Indi
a,I
ran,
Ira
q,L
eban
on,
Libe
ria,
Luxe
mbo
urg,
M
exico
,Th
eN
ethe
rland
s,N
ew
Zeal
and,
N
icara
gua,
N
orw
ay,P
akist
an,P
anam
a,P
arag
uay,
Peru
,Phi
lippi
nes,
Siam
(Tha
iland
),Sw
eden
,Sy
ria,
Turk
ey,
Unite
dKi
ngdo
m,
Unite
dSt
ates
,Ur
ugua
y,Ve
nezu
ela.
Abs
tain
ing:
Bye
loru
ssia
nSS
R,C
zech
oslo
vaki
a,P
olan
d,S
audi
Ar
abia
,Ukr
aini
anS
SR,U
nion
ofS
outh
Afri
ca,U
SSR,
Yug
osla
via.
4 As
ofM
arch
200
6,w
ww
.ohc
hr.o
rg/e
nglis
h/la
w/in
dex.
htm
.5
Aso
f1
Mar
ch2
006:
Al
geria
,Aze
rbai
jan,
Bel
ize,B
oliv
ia,B
osni
a&
Herz
egov
ina,
Bur
kina
Fas
o,C
ape
Verd
e,C
hile
,Co
lom
bia,
Ecu
ador
,Eg
ypt,
ElS
alva
dor,
Gha
na,G
uate
mal
a,G
uine
a,H
ondu
ras,
Kyrg
yzst
an,
Leso
tho,
Lib
yan
Arab
Jam
ahiri
ya,
Mal
i,M
exico
,M
oroc
co,
Nica
ragu
a,
Peru
,Phi
lippi
nes,
Sene
gal,
Seyc
helle
s,Sr
iLan
ka,S
yria
nAr
abR
epub
lic,
Tajik
istan
,Tim
or-L
este
,Tur
key,
Ugan
daa
ndU
rugu
ay.
6 Am
ong
non-
Stat
esP
artie
s,as
ofM
arch
200
6.7
Aso
f1
Mar
ch2
006:
Arg
entin
a,B
angl
ades
h,B
enin
,Ca
mbo
dia,
Co
mor
os,G
abon
,Gui
nea-
Biss
au,G
uyan
a,In
done
sia,L
iber
ia,P
arag
uay,
Sao
Tom
ean
dPr
incip
e,Se
rbia
and
Mon
tene
gro,
Sie
rraL
eone
and
Togo
.8
Artic
les
1-7:
sco
pe,
defin
ition
,no
n-di
scrim
inat
ion;
8-3
5ap
plica
ble
toa
llm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndm
embe
rso
ffa
mili
es;3
6-56
app
licab
let
o
docu
men
ted
mig
rant
wor
kers
and
mig
rant
fam
ilies
;57
-63
parti
cula
rca
tego
ries
ofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndm
igra
ntfa
mili
es;6
4-71
“m
igra
tion
man
agem
ent.”
9 Arti
cle7
9cr
iteria
for
gove
rnm
ent
adm
issio
nof
MW
;80-
82s
avin
gs
claus
es;8
3-84
righ
tto
rem
edy,
legi
slativ
em
easu
res.
10A
rticle
88
(pro
pose
dby
Fin
land
dur
ing
the
draf
ting
proc
ess)
pro
hibi
ts
that
Sta
tesP
artie
sexc
lude
the
appl
icatio
nof
any
par
toft
heC
onve
ntio
nor
any
par
ticul
arc
ateg
ory
ofm
igra
ntw
orke
rs.S
eea
lsoF
ootn
ote
64in
Ta
ble
IV.
11
Adr
aft
Opt
iona
lPro
toco
lto
the
Cove
nant
isu
nder
con
sider
atio
n,
whi
chc
ould
giv
eth
eCo
mm
ittee
com
pete
nce
toc
onsid
eri
ndiv
idua
lco
mpl
aint
s.Th
eCo
mm
issio
non
Hum
anR
ight
s,in
itsR
esol
utio
n20
02/2
4,
decid
edt
oes
tabl
isha
nop
en-e
nded
wor
king
gro
upt
oel
abor
ate
this
Opt
iona
lPro
toco
l.Th
ew
orki
ngg
roup
gav
eits
firs
trep
orti
n20
04.
12I
tw
illb
ecom
eop
erat
ive
whe
n10
Sta
tes
Parti
esh
ave
mad
eth
ene
cess
ary
decla
ratio
nun
derA
rticle
77.
13A
rticle
73
(4):
Stat
esP
artie
ssha
llm
ake
thei
rrep
orts
wid
ely
avai
labl
eto
the
publ
icin
thei
row
nco
untri
es.
14
Inc
ontra
stt
opr
oced
ural
res
erva
tions
,nor
mat
ive
rese
rvat
ions
are
th
ose
rela
ted
tos
ubst
antia
lmat
ters
.15
Bas
edo
nw
ww
.bay
efsk
y.com
/repo
rt/fin
alre
port.
pdf,
April
200
1.T
his
repo
rtdi
dno
tinc
lude
rese
rvat
ions
toth
eIC
RMW
.16
Non
-bin
ding
but
par
tofc
usto
mar
yin
tern
atio
nall
aw.
17T
oha
vea
nov
eral
ldes
crip
tion
ofa
llCo
mm
ittee
s’w
orki
ngm
etho
ds,
see
Repo
rt o
n th
e W
orki
ng M
etho
ds o
f th
e H
uman
Rig
hts
Trea
ty
Bodi
es r
elat
ing
to t
he S
tate
Rep
ortin
g Pr
oces
s,HR
I/MC/
2005
/4,2
5M
ay2
005,
Fou
rthIn
ter-C
omm
ittee
Mee
ting
ofth
ehu
man
righ
tstr
eaty
bo
dies
,G
enev
a,2
0-22
Jun
e20
05.
The
info
rmat
ion
abou
tw
orki
ng
met
hods
inth
eab
ove
tabl
eco
mes
prim
arily
from
this
docu
men
t.18
Re
port
on
the
Wor
king
Met
hods
of
the
Hum
an R
ight
s Tr
eaty
Bo
dies
Rel
atin
g to
the
Sta
te R
epor
ting
Proc
ess,
op.c
it.19
The
iden
tity
ofc
ount
ryra
ppor
teur
sis
mad
epu
blic
byC
ERD,
CES
CR,
CAT
and
CRC.
20P
ract
icein
trodu
ced
byC
ERD
in1
972.
21A
lltre
atyb
odie
sacc
epts
ubm
issio
nso
finf
orm
atio
nfro
min
depe
nden
tso
urce
s.Th
ese
sour
ces
are
UNs
pecia
lised
age
ncie
s,sp
ecia
lpro
cedu
res
oft
heC
omm
issio
non
Hum
anR
ight
s,na
tiona
lhu
man
rig
hts
inst
itu-
tions
and
non
-gov
ernm
enta
lor
gani
satio
ns.
For
the
prac
tices
of
the
Com
mitt
ees
tore
ceiv
ein
form
atio
nfro
mth
ese
sour
ces,
see
Repo
rt o
n th
e W
orki
ng M
etho
ds o
f th
e H
uman
Rig
hts
Trea
ty B
odie
s Re
latin
g to
the
Stat
e Re
port
ing
Proc
ess,
HRI/M
C/20
05/4
,25
May
200
5,Fo
urth
In
ter-C
omm
ittee
Mee
ting
oft
heH
uman
Rig
hts
Trea
tyB
odie
s,G
enev
a,
20-2
2Ju
ne2
005,
§8
4-10
4.
Inp
artic
ular
,the
par
ticip
atio
nof
NG
Os
hasd
evel
oped
ext
ensiv
ely
ina
llCo
mm
ittee
s.Se
eIb
id.§
96-
104.
CES
CR
and
CRC
have
issu
edg
uide
lines
forN
GO
sto
facil
itate
thei
rint
erac
tion
with
them
.22
Ar
ticle
45
oft
heC
RCm
entio
nsU
NIC
EFa
sa
spec
ific
spec
ialis
ed
agen
cyto
wor
kw
ithth
eCo
mm
ittee
.23
Ar
ticle
74
of
th
eIC
RMW
m
entio
ns
the
Inte
rnat
iona
lLa
bour
O
rgan
izatio
nas
as
pecifi
cag
ency
tow
ork
with
the
CMW
.24
Co
nclu
ding
obs
erva
tions
/com
men
tsa
rein
clude
din
the
res
pect
ive
com
mitt
ee’s
sess
iona
lor
ann
ual
repo
rts,
ina
ccor
danc
ew
iths
pecifi
cpr
ovisi
ons
ofm
ost
oft
het
reat
ies,
and
all
com
mitt
ees
publ
isht
heir
conc
ludi
ngo
bser
vatio
nsa
sse
para
teo
fficia
ldo
cum
ents
in
all
offic
ial
lang
uage
s.T
hese
are
pos
ted
onth
eO
HCHR
web
site
,and
inth
eca
se
ofC
EDAW
,on
the
Divi
sion
ofth
eAd
vanc
emen
tofW
omen
(DAW
)web
sit
e.Ib
id.§
70.
25
Allt
reat
ybo
dies
req
uest
Sta
tes
Parti
est
opr
ovid
ein
form
atio
non
im
plem
enta
tion
ofth
ere
com
men
datio
nsin
pre
viou
sco
nclu
ding
obs
er-
vatio
ns/c
omm
ents
.Bu
tonl
yHR
C,C
ERD,
CES
CRa
ndC
ATh
ave
rece
ntly
intro
duce
dfo
rmal
pro
cedu
res
tom
onito
rmor
eclo
sely
the
impl
emen
ta-
tion
ofs
pecifi
cco
nclu
ding
obs
erva
tions
.Ibi
d.§
72-
76.
26 F
irsts
essio
nhe
ld1
-5M
arch
200
4.O
nes
essio
na
year
was
initi
ally
plan
ned,
but
the
Com
mitt
eere
ques
ted
tom
eett
wice
in2
005
and
twice
in
200
6.27
Prop
osed
pro
gram
me
budg
etfo
rthe
bie
nniu
m2
006-
2007
,Gen
eral
As
sem
bly
Sixt
ieth
ses
sion,
Doc
umen
tA/
60/6
(Se
ct.2
3/Hu
man
Rig
hts)
,20
May
200
5.28
Pro
pose
dpr
ogra
mm
ebu
dget
for
the
bie
nniu
m2
006-
2007
,Gen
eral
As
sem
bly
Sixt
ieth
ses
sion,
Doc
umen
tA/
60/6
(Se
ct.9
/Eco
nom
ican
dSo
cialA
ffairs
),17
May
200
5.
Tabl
e II
Foot
note
s
Trea
ty M
onit
orin
g Bo
dy
Char
acte
rist
ics
UD
HR16
CESC
RH
RCCE
RDCE
DAW
CAT
CRC
CMW
Info
rmat
ion
from
oth
er
sour
ces21
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes22
Yes23
Conc
ludi
ng
obse
rvat
ions
24Ye
sYe
sYe
sYe
sYe
sYe
s--
Follo
w-u
p of
co
nclu
ding
ob
serv
atio
ns25
Yes
Yes
Yes
--Ye
s--
--
Day
s of
Gen
eral
D
iscu
ssio
nYe
s--
Yes
----
Yes
Yes
Gen
eral
Com
men
ts
(num
ber)
Yes
(18)
Yes
(31)
Yes
(31)
Yes
(25)
Yes
(1)
Yes
(7)
--
Earl
y w
arni
ngs/
Urg
ent
appe
als
--Ye
sYe
s--
----
--
Year
ly s
essi
ons
23
22
23
226
Bian
nual
bud
get
(run
ning
cos
t, in
USD
)2774
0,90
01,
302,
100
730,
000
1,14
2,20
02846
0,00
01,
638,
300
175,
000
36
Inst
rum
ent
UD
HR
Univ
ersa
lDe
clara
tion
ofH
uman
Ri
ghts
ICES
CRIn
tern
atio
nal
Cove
nant
on
Econ
omic,
So
ciala
nd
Cultu
ral
Righ
ts
ICCP
RIn
tern
atio
nal
Cove
nant
on
Civi
land
Po
litica
lRi
ghts
ICER
DIn
tern
atio
nal
Conv
entio
non
the
Elim
inat
ion
of
AllF
orm
sof
Ra
cial
Disc
rimin
atio
n
CED
AW
Conv
entio
non
the
Elim
inat
ion
of
AllF
orm
sof
Di
scrim
inat
ion
Agai
nst
Wom
en
CAT
Conv
entio
nAg
ains
tTo
rture
and
O
ther
Cru
el,
Inhu
man
eor
De
grad
ing
Trea
tmen
tor
Puni
shm
ent
CRC
Conv
entio
non
th
eRi
ghts
of
the
Child
ICRM
WIn
tern
atio
nal
Conv
entio
non
th
ePr
otec
tion
ofth
eRi
ghts
of
AllM
igra
nt
Wor
kers
and
M
embe
rso
fThe
irFa
mili
es
ICRM
W p
rovi
sions
ap
plica
ble
to
Cont
ents
Art
icle
s on
Non
-dis
crim
inat
ion,
Gen
eral
Pol
icy
Docu
men
ted
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
30
Undo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Non
-di
scri
min
atio
n;
Equa
lity
befo
re t
he
law
; G
ener
al
polic
y
Art.
2Ar
t.7
Art.
2(2)
Ar
t.2(
3)
Art.
3
Art.
2(1)
Ar
t.3
Art.
26
Gene
ral
Com
men
tNo
.15:
Th
epo
sitio
nof
alie
ns
unde
rthe
Co
vena
nt31
Art.
2(1)
Ar
t.5
Gen
eral
Re
com
men
-da
tions
No.
30
&N
o.
3132
Art.
2Ar
t.9-
16
--Ar
t.2(
1)
Art.
2(2)
Art.
1(1)
Ar
t.7
Art.
18
Art.
25
Art.
27
Yes
Yes
Art
icle
s on
Eco
nom
ic, S
ocia
l and
Cul
tura
l Rig
hts
Docu
men
ted
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
30
Undo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Righ
t to
wor
kAr
t.23
Art.
6(1)
33--
Art.
5(e-
I)Ar
t.11
(1-a
)Ar
t.16
(g)
--Ar
t.3
2(2-
a)Ar
t.49
(2)
Art.
52(1
)34Ye
sN
o
Righ
t to
ju
st a
nd
favo
urab
le
cond
itio
ns o
f w
ork;
Fre
e ch
oice
of
empl
oym
ent
Art.
23(1
-3)
Art.
6(1)
Ar
t.7
--Ar
t.5(
e-I)
Art.
11(1
-b)
Art.
11(1
-c)
Art.
11(2
)
--Ar
t.32
(1)
Art.
32(2
-b-
c)
Art.
36
Art.
25
Art.
5135
Ar
t.54
Ar
t.55
Ar
t.52
(1)
Art.
53(1
)36
Yes37
Yes
(Art.
25)
38
Righ
t to
soc
ial
secu
rity
Art.
22
Art.
25Ar
t.9
--Ar
t.5(
e-iv
)Ar
t.11
(1-e
)Ar
t.13
(a)
Art.
14(2
-c)
--Ar
t.26
Art.
27Ye
s39Ye
s40
Righ
t to
pub
lic
heal
thAr
t.25
(1)
Art.
12--
Art.
5(e-
iv)
Art.
11(1
-f)
Art.
12
Art.
14(2
-b)
--Ar
t.24
Ar
t.27
Art.
43(e
)Ar
t.28
Ar
t.45
(1-c
)Ar
t.70
Yes
Yes
(Art.
28)
41
Righ
t to
ed
ucat
ion
and
trai
ning
Art.
26Ar
t.6(
2)
Art.
13
Art.
14
Art.
15
--Ar
t.5(
e-v)
Art.
10
Art.
11(1
-c)
Art.
14(2
-d)
--Ar
t.17
Ar
t.28
Ar
t.29
Art.
30
Art.
43
Art.
45
Yes
Yes42
Righ
t to
mar
ry,
foun
d a
fam
ily,
choi
ce o
f sp
ouse
Art.
16Ar
t.10
Art.
23Ar
t.5(
d-iv
)Ar
t.16
----
--43
----
Prot
ecti
on
of t
he fa
mily
(w
omen
, ch
ildre
n);
Fam
ily a
s th
e fu
ndam
enta
l un
it o
f the
so
ciet
y
Art.
16(3
)Ar
t.25
(2)
Art.
10
Art.
11(1
)Ar
t.23
(1)
Art.
23(4
)Ar
t.24
--Ar
t.4(
2)
Art.
5(b)
Ar
t.11
(2)
--Ar
t.9
Art.
16
Art.
20
Art.
22
Art.
44
Art.
45
Art.
50(1
)
Yes
No
Tabl
e III
R
elat
ed p
rovi
sion
s in
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s In
stru
men
ts29
37
Inst
rum
ent
UD
HR
Univ
ersa
lDe
clara
tion
ofH
uman
Ri
ghts
ICES
CRIn
tern
atio
nal
Cove
nant
on
Econ
omic,
So
ciala
nd
Cultu
ral
Righ
ts
ICCP
RIn
tern
atio
nal
Cove
nant
on
Civi
land
Po
litica
lRi
ghts
ICER
DIn
tern
atio
nal
Conv
entio
non
the
Elim
inat
ion
of
AllF
orm
sof
Ra
cial
Disc
rimin
atio
n
CED
AW
Conv
entio
non
the
Elim
inat
ion
of
AllF
orm
sof
Di
scrim
inat
ion
Agai
nst
Wom
en
CAT
Conv
entio
nAg
ains
tTo
rture
and
O
ther
Cru
el,
Inhu
man
eor
De
grad
ing
Trea
tmen
tor
Puni
shm
ent
CRC
Conv
entio
non
th
eRi
ghts
of
the
Child
ICRM
WIn
tern
atio
nal
Conv
entio
non
th
ePr
otec
tion
ofth
eRi
ghts
of
AllM
igra
nt
Wor
kers
and
M
embe
rso
fThe
irFa
mili
es
ICRM
W p
rovi
sions
ap
plica
ble
to
Cont
ents
Art
icle
s on
Non
-dis
crim
inat
ion,
Gen
eral
Pol
icy
Docu
men
ted
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
30
Undo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Non
-di
scri
min
atio
n;
Equa
lity
befo
re t
he
law
; G
ener
al
polic
y
Art.
2Ar
t.7
Art.
2(2)
Ar
t.2(
3)
Art.
3
Art.
2(1)
Ar
t.3
Art.
26
Gene
ral
Com
men
tNo
.15:
Th
epo
sitio
nof
alie
ns
unde
rthe
Co
vena
nt31
Art.
2(1)
Ar
t.5
Gen
eral
Re
com
men
-da
tions
No.
30
&N
o.
3132
Art.
2Ar
t.9-
16
--Ar
t.2(
1)
Art.
2(2)
Art.
1(1)
Ar
t.7
Art.
18
Art.
25
Art.
27
Yes
Yes
Art
icle
s on
Eco
nom
ic, S
ocia
l and
Cul
tura
l Rig
hts
Docu
men
ted
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
30
Undo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Righ
t to
wor
kAr
t.23
Art.
6(1)
33--
Art.
5(e-
I)Ar
t.11
(1-a
)Ar
t.16
(g)
--Ar
t.3
2(2-
a)Ar
t.49
(2)
Art.
52(1
)34Ye
sN
o
Righ
t to
ju
st a
nd
favo
urab
le
cond
itio
ns o
f w
ork;
Fre
e ch
oice
of
empl
oym
ent
Art.
23(1
-3)
Art.
6(1)
Ar
t.7
--Ar
t.5(
e-I)
Art.
11(1
-b)
Art.
11(1
-c)
Art.
11(2
)
--Ar
t.32
(1)
Art.
32(2
-b-
c)
Art.
36
Art.
25
Art.
5135
Ar
t.54
Ar
t.55
Ar
t.52
(1)
Art.
53(1
)36
Yes37
Yes
(Art.
25)
38
Righ
t to
soc
ial
secu
rity
Art.
22
Art.
25Ar
t.9
--Ar
t.5(
e-iv
)Ar
t.11
(1-e
)Ar
t.13
(a)
Art.
14(2
-c)
--Ar
t.26
Art.
27Ye
s39Ye
s40
Righ
t to
pub
lic
heal
thAr
t.25
(1)
Art.
12--
Art.
5(e-
iv)
Art.
11(1
-f)
Art.
12
Art.
14(2
-b)
--Ar
t.24
Ar
t.27
Art.
43(e
)Ar
t.28
Ar
t.45
(1-c
)Ar
t.70
Yes
Yes
(Art.
28)
41
Righ
t to
ed
ucat
ion
and
trai
ning
Art.
26Ar
t.6(
2)
Art.
13
Art.
14
Art.
15
--Ar
t.5(
e-v)
Art.
10
Art.
11(1
-c)
Art.
14(2
-d)
--Ar
t.17
Ar
t.28
Ar
t.29
Art.
30
Art.
43
Art.
45
Yes
Yes42
Righ
t to
mar
ry,
foun
d a
fam
ily,
choi
ce o
f sp
ouse
Art.
16Ar
t.10
Art.
23Ar
t.5(
d-iv
)Ar
t.16
----
--43
----
Prot
ecti
on
of t
he fa
mily
(w
omen
, ch
ildre
n);
Fam
ily a
s th
e fu
ndam
enta
l un
it o
f the
so
ciet
y
Art.
16(3
)Ar
t.25
(2)
Art.
10
Art.
11(1
)Ar
t.23
(1)
Art.
23(4
)Ar
t.24
--Ar
t.4(
2)
Art.
5(b)
Ar
t.11
(2)
--Ar
t.9
Art.
16
Art.
20
Art.
22
Art.
44
Art.
45
Art.
50(1
)
Yes
No
38
Inst
rum
ent
UD
HR
ICES
CRIC
CPR
ICER
DCE
DA
WCA
TCR
CIC
RMW
ICRM
W p
rovi
sions
appl
icabl
e to
Cont
ents
Art
icle
s on
Eco
nom
ic, S
ocia
l and
Cul
tura
l Rig
hts
Docu
men
ted
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
30
Undo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Fam
ily
reun
ifica
tion
, in
tegr
ity
of
the
fam
ily
----
----
----
Art.
9Ar
t.10
(1)
Art.
22(2
)
Art.
44(2
)Ar
t.50
Yes44
No
Righ
t to
ho
usin
g,
adeq
uate
st
anda
rd o
f liv
ing
Art.
25(1
)Ar
t.11
(1)
Art.
12(1
)45Ar
t.5(
e-iii
)Ar
t.14
(h)
Art.
15(4
)--
Art.
27Ar
t.43
(1-d
)46
Art.
43(3
)
Yes
No
Righ
t to
ow
n pr
oper
ty, t
o in
heri
t, an
d to
obt
ain
finan
cial
cre
dit
Art.
17--
--Ar
t.5(
d-v)
Ar
t.5(
d-vi
)Ar
t.13
(b)
Art.
14(2
-g)
Art.
15(2
)Ar
t.16
(1-h
)
----
Art.
15Ye
s47Ye
s48
Cult
ural
rig
ht,
part
icip
atio
n in
cul
tura
l life
Art.
27(1
)Ar
t.15
(a)
--Ar
t.5(
e-vi
)Ar
t.13
(c)
--Ar
t.30
Ar
t.31
(2)
Art.
26
Art.
31(1
)Ar
t.43
(g)
Art.
45(d
)Ar
t.67
(2)
Yes
Yes49
Righ
t to
res
t an
d le
isur
e Ar
t.24
Art.
7(d)
----
Art.
13(c
)--
Art.
32(1
)Ar
t.25
(a)
Yes
Yes
Art
icle
s on
Civ
il an
d Po
litic
al R
ight
sDo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Undo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Righ
t to
life
Art.
3-
-Ar
t.6
--
--
--
Art.
6Ar
t.37
(a)
Art.
9Ye
sYe
s
Righ
t to
ph
ysic
al a
nd
mor
al in
tegr
ity
(pro
hibi
tion
of
tort
ure)
Art.
5-
-Ar
t.7
Art.
10(1
)Ar
t.5(
b)-
-Ar
t.1
Art.
16Ar
t.37
(a)
Art.
19Ar
t.10
Ar
t.16
(2)
Yes
Yes
Proh
ibit
ion
of s
lave
ry,
forc
ed la
bour
an
d tr
affic
in
pers
ons
Art.
4Ar
t.10
(3)
Art.
8-
-Ar
t.6
--
Art.
11
Art.
32
Art.
34
Art.
35
Art.
36
Art.
11Ye
sYe
s
Righ
t to
an
effe
ctiv
e re
med
y,
equa
lity
befo
re c
ourt
s
Art.
8-
-Ar
t.2(
3)Ar
t.6
Art.
2(c)
Art.
13
Art.
14Ar
t.37
(d)
Art.
39Ar
t.16
(9)
Art.
83
Art.
84
Yes
Yes
Righ
t to
pr
oced
ural
gu
aran
tees
Art.
6Ar
t.7
Ar
t.10
Ar
t.11
(1)
--Ar
t.14
Ar
t.15
Ar
t.16
Ar
t.26
Art.
5(a)
Art.
15(2
)Ar
t.15
(3)
Art.
12
Art.
13
Art.
14
Art.
15
Art.
12(2
)Ar
t.37
(d)
Art.
40
Art.
16(5
-8)
Art.
18
Art.
1950
Ar
t.24
Yes
Yes
Tabl
e III
R
elat
ed p
rovi
sion
s in
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s In
stru
men
ts
39
Inst
rum
ent
UD
HR
ICES
CRIC
CPR
ICER
DCE
DA
WCA
TCR
CIC
RMW
ICRM
W p
rovi
sions
appl
icabl
e to
Cont
ents
Art
icle
s on
Eco
nom
ic, S
ocia
l and
Cul
tura
l Rig
hts
Docu
men
ted
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
30
Undo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Fam
ily
reun
ifica
tion
, in
tegr
ity
of
the
fam
ily
----
----
----
Art.
9Ar
t.10
(1)
Art.
22(2
)
Art.
44(2
)Ar
t.50
Yes44
No
Righ
t to
ho
usin
g,
adeq
uate
st
anda
rd o
f liv
ing
Art.
25(1
)Ar
t.11
(1)
Art.
12(1
)45Ar
t.5(
e-iii
)Ar
t.14
(h)
Art.
15(4
)--
Art.
27Ar
t.43
(1-d
)46
Art.
43(3
)
Yes
No
Righ
t to
ow
n pr
oper
ty, t
o in
heri
t, an
d to
obt
ain
finan
cial
cre
dit
Art.
17--
--Ar
t.5(
d-v)
Ar
t.5(
d-vi
)Ar
t.13
(b)
Art.
14(2
-g)
Art.
15(2
)Ar
t.16
(1-h
)
----
Art.
15Ye
s47Ye
s48
Cult
ural
rig
ht,
part
icip
atio
n in
cul
tura
l life
Art.
27(1
)Ar
t.15
(a)
--Ar
t.5(
e-vi
)Ar
t.13
(c)
--Ar
t.30
Ar
t.31
(2)
Art.
26
Art.
31(1
)Ar
t.43
(g)
Art.
45(d
)Ar
t.67
(2)
Yes
Yes49
Righ
t to
res
t an
d le
isur
e Ar
t.24
Art.
7(d)
----
Art.
13(c
)--
Art.
32(1
)Ar
t.25
(a)
Yes
Yes
Art
icle
s on
Civ
il an
d Po
litic
al R
ight
sDo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Undo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Righ
t to
life
Art.
3-
-Ar
t.6
--
--
--
Art.
6Ar
t.37
(a)
Art.
9Ye
sYe
s
Righ
t to
ph
ysic
al a
nd
mor
al in
tegr
ity
(pro
hibi
tion
of
tort
ure)
Art.
5-
-Ar
t.7
Art.
10(1
)Ar
t.5(
b)-
-Ar
t.1
Art.
16Ar
t.37
(a)
Art.
19Ar
t.10
Ar
t.16
(2)
Yes
Yes
Proh
ibit
ion
of s
lave
ry,
forc
ed la
bour
an
d tr
affic
in
pers
ons
Art.
4Ar
t.10
(3)
Art.
8-
-Ar
t.6
--
Art.
11
Art.
32
Art.
34
Art.
35
Art.
36
Art.
11Ye
sYe
s
Righ
t to
an
effe
ctiv
e re
med
y,
equa
lity
befo
re c
ourt
s
Art.
8-
-Ar
t.2(
3)Ar
t.6
Art.
2(c)
Art.
13
Art.
14Ar
t.37
(d)
Art.
39Ar
t.16
(9)
Art.
83
Art.
84
Yes
Yes
Righ
t to
pr
oced
ural
gu
aran
tees
Art.
6Ar
t.7
Ar
t.10
Ar
t.11
(1)
--Ar
t.14
Ar
t.15
Ar
t.16
Ar
t.26
Art.
5(a)
Art.
15(2
)Ar
t.15
(3)
Art.
12
Art.
13
Art.
14
Art.
15
Art.
12(2
)Ar
t.37
(d)
Art.
40
Art.
16(5
-8)
Art.
18
Art.
1950
Ar
t.24
Yes
Yes
40
Inst
rum
ent
UD
HR
ICES
CRIC
CPR
ICER
DCE
DA
WCA
TCR
CIC
RMW
ICRM
W p
rovi
sions
appl
icabl
e to
Con
tent
sA
rtic
les
on C
ivil
and
Polit
ical
Rig
hts
Docu
men
ted
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
30
Undo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Righ
t to
liber
ty
and
secu
rity
of p
erso
n;
safe
guar
ds
agai
nst a
rbitr
ary
arre
st a
nd
dete
ntio
n
Art.
3Ar
t.9
--Ar
t.9
Art.
10
Art.
11
Art.
5(b)
----
Art.
37(b
)Ar
t.16
Ar
t.17
Ar
t.20
Yes
Yes
Expu
lsio
n an
d ex
tradi
tion,
non
-re
foul
emen
t
----
Art.
13--
--Ar
t.3
--Ar
t.22
Ar
t.56
Yes51
Yes
Righ
t to
free
dom
of
mov
emen
t
Art.
13(1
)--
Art.
12(1
)Ar
t.5(
d-i)
Art.
15(4
)--
--Ar
t.39
Yes
No
Righ
t to
leav
e an
y co
untr
y in
clud
ing
own
and
to r
etur
n
Art.
13(2
)--
Art.
12(2
)Ar
t.12
(4)
Art.
5(d-
ii)--
--Ar
t.10
Art.
8Ye
sYe
s
Righ
t to
pr
ivac
yAr
t.12
--Ar
t.17
----
--Ar
t.16
Art.
14Ye
sYe
s
Righ
t to
fr
eedo
m o
f th
ough
t, co
nsci
ence
an
d re
ligio
n
Art.
18--
Art.
18
Art.
27Ar
t.5(
d-vi
i)--
--Ar
t.14
Art.
12Ye
sYe
s
Free
dom
of
opin
ion
and
expr
essi
on
Art.
19--
Art.
19
Art.
20Ar
t.5(
d-vi
ii)
Art.
4(a)
Ar
t.4(
c)
--Ar
t.13
Art.
12
Art.
13Ar
t.13
Yes
Yes
Righ
t to
pe
acef
ul
asse
mbl
y
Art.
20(1
)--
Art.
21
Art.
22Ar
t.5(
d-ix
)--
--Ar
t.15
----
--
Free
dom
of
asso
ciat
ion
Art.
20
(1-2
)--
Art.
22(1
-2)
----
--Ar
t.15
Art.
40Ye
sN
o
Free
dom
to
form
and
join
tr
ade
unio
ns
Art.
23(4
)Ar
t.8
Art.
22(1
-3)
Art.
5(e-
ii)--
----
Art.
26
Art.
40Ye
sYe
s52
Righ
t to
na
me
and
iden
tific
atio
n
Art.
15--
Art.
24(2
-3)
Art.
5(d-
iii)
Art.
9--
Art.
7Ar
t.8
Art.
29Ye
s53Ye
s54
Polit
ical
rig
hts
and
acce
ss t
opu
blic
ser
vice
s
Art.
21--
Art.
2555
Art.
5(c)
Art.
7Ar
t.8
--Ar
t.18
(2-3
)Ar
t.23
(3-4
)Ar
t.26
Art.
4156
Ar
t.42
(3)
Yes57
No
Righ
ts o
f vu
lner
able
gr
oups
, m
inor
itie
s
Art.
25(2
)--
Art.
24
Art.
27--
----
Art.
22
Art.
23
Art.
30
Art.
60
Art.
62Ye
s58Ye
s59
Tabl
e III
R
elat
ed p
rovi
sion
s in
UN
Hum
an R
ight
s In
stru
men
ts
41
Inst
rum
ent
UD
HR
ICES
CRIC
CPR
ICER
DCE
DA
WCA
TCR
CIC
RMW
ICRM
W p
rovi
sions
appl
icabl
e to
Con
tent
sA
rtic
les
on C
ivil
and
Polit
ical
Rig
hts
Docu
men
ted
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
30
Undo
cum
ente
d M
igra
ntW
orke
rs30
Righ
t to
liber
ty
and
secu
rity
of p
erso
n;
safe
guar
ds
agai
nst a
rbitr
ary
arre
st a
nd
dete
ntio
n
Art.
3Ar
t.9
--Ar
t.9
Art.
10
Art.
11
Art.
5(b)
----
Art.
37(b
)Ar
t.16
Ar
t.17
Ar
t.20
Yes
Yes
Expu
lsio
n an
d ex
tradi
tion,
non
-re
foul
emen
t
----
Art.
13--
--Ar
t.3
--Ar
t.22
Ar
t.56
Yes51
Yes
Righ
t to
free
dom
of
mov
emen
t
Art.
13(1
)--
Art.
12(1
)Ar
t.5(
d-i)
Art.
15(4
)--
--Ar
t.39
Yes
No
Righ
t to
leav
e an
y co
untr
y in
clud
ing
own
and
to r
etur
n
Art.
13(2
)--
Art.
12(2
)Ar
t.12
(4)
Art.
5(d-
ii)--
--Ar
t.10
Art.
8Ye
sYe
s
Righ
t to
pr
ivac
yAr
t.12
--Ar
t.17
----
--Ar
t.16
Art.
14Ye
sYe
s
Righ
t to
fr
eedo
m o
f th
ough
t, co
nsci
ence
an
d re
ligio
n
Art.
18--
Art.
18
Art.
27Ar
t.5(
d-vi
i)--
--Ar
t.14
Art.
12Ye
sYe
s
Free
dom
of
opin
ion
and
expr
essi
on
Art.
19--
Art.
19
Art.
20Ar
t.5(
d-vi
ii)
Art.
4(a)
Ar
t.4(
c)
--Ar
t.13
Art.
12
Art.
13Ar
t.13
Yes
Yes
Righ
t to
pe
acef
ul
asse
mbl
y
Art.
20(1
)--
Art.
21
Art.
22Ar
t.5(
d-ix
)--
--Ar
t.15
----
--
Free
dom
of
asso
ciat
ion
Art.
20
(1-2
)--
Art.
22(1
-2)
----
--Ar
t.15
Art.
40Ye
sN
o
Free
dom
to
form
and
join
tr
ade
unio
ns
Art.
23(4
)Ar
t.8
Art.
22(1
-3)
Art.
5(e-
ii)--
----
Art.
26
Art.
40Ye
sYe
s52
Righ
t to
na
me
and
iden
tific
atio
n
Art.
15--
Art.
24(2
-3)
Art.
5(d-
iii)
Art.
9--
Art.
7Ar
t.8
Art.
29Ye
s53Ye
s54
Polit
ical
rig
hts
and
acce
ss t
opu
blic
ser
vice
s
Art.
21--
Art.
2555
Art.
5(c)
Art.
7Ar
t.8
--Ar
t.18
(2-3
)Ar
t.23
(3-4
)Ar
t.26
Art.
4156
Ar
t.42
(3)
Yes57
No
Righ
ts o
f vu
lner
able
gr
oups
, m
inor
itie
s
Art.
25(2
)--
Art.
24
Art.
27--
----
Art.
22
Art.
23
Art.
30
Art.
60
Art.
62Ye
s58Ye
s59
42
29
Base
don
:“Th
e IL
O a
nd t
he N
ew U
N C
onve
ntio
n on
Mig
rant
W
orke
rs/T
he P
ast
and
the
Futu
re,”
Rog
erB
ohni
ng,
inI
nter
natio
nal
Mig
ratio
n Re
view
,25,
199
1;M
igra
nt W
orke
rs in
Inte
rnat
iona
l Hum
an
Righ
ts L
aw,R
ysza
rdC
hole
win
ski,
Clar
endo
nPr
essO
xfor
d,1
997;
“Se
ttin
g N
orm
s in
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Sys
tem
: Th
e D
raft
Con
vent
ion
on t
he
Prot
ectio
n of
the
Rig
hts
of A
ll M
igra
nt W
orke
rs a
nd T
heir
Fam
ilies
in
Rel
atio
n to
ILO
in
Stan
dard
s on
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
,”M
.Ha
sena
u,
inI
nter
natio
nal
Mig
ratio
n Re
view
25,
199
1;T
he
Inte
rnat
iona
l La
w o
f H
uman
Rig
hts,
Paul
Sie
ghar
t,O
xfor
dUn
iver
sity
Pres
s,19
83;
The
Inte
rnat
iona
l D
imen
sion
s of
Hum
an R
ight
s,K
arel
Vas
ak,G
ener
al
Ed,R
evise
dan
ded
ited
for
the
Engl
ishe
ditio
nby
Phi
lipA
lston
,UN
ESCO
,G
reen
woo
dPr
ess,
1982
;A
chie
ving
Dig
nity
: C
ampa
igne
r’s H
andb
ook
for
the
Mig
rant
s Ri
ghts
C
onve
ntio
n,p
repa
red
byM
igra
nts
Righ
ts
Inte
rnat
iona
lan
dre
view
edb
yth
eSt
eerin
gCo
mm
ittee
for
the
Glo
bal
Cam
paig
nfo
rRat
ifica
tion
ofth
eIn
tern
atio
nalC
onve
ntio
non
the
Prot
ectio
nof
the
Righ
tso
fall
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
and
Mem
bers
oft
heir
Fam
ilies
.30
See
defi
nitio
nsp
.54.
31“
1.R
epor
tsfr
omS
tate
sPar
tiesh
ave
ofte
nfa
iled
tota
kein
toa
ccou
ntth
at
each
Sta
tep
arty
mus
tens
ure
the
right
sin
the
Cove
nant
to“
alli
ndiv
idua
lsw
ithin
its
terri
tory
and
sub
ject
toit
sju
risdi
ctio
n”(A
rt.2
(1)).
Ing
ener
al,t
he
right
sse
tfor
thin
the
Conv
entio
nap
ply
toe
very
one,
irre
spec
tive
ofre
cipro
-cit
y,an
dirr
espe
ctiv
eof
his
orh
ern
atio
nalit
yor
sta
tele
ssne
ss.
2.
Thus
,th
ege
nera
lrul
eis
that
eac
hon
eof
the
rig
hts
oft
heC
oven
ant
mus
tbe
gu
aran
teed
with
out
disc
rimin
atio
nbe
twee
ncit
izens
and
alie
ns.”
G
ener
al
Com
men
tN
o.1
5.
The
posit
ion
ofa
liens
und
ert
heC
onve
ntio
n,C
CPR,
11
/04/
1986
.Se
eAn
nex
II.32
G
ener
alR
ecom
men
datio
nN
o.3
0:D
iscrim
inat
ion
Agai
nstN
onC
itize
ns,
CERD
,1/
10/0
4(s
eeA
nnex
III)
;an
dG
ener
alR
ecom
men
datio
nN
o.3
1:
Prev
entio
nof
Rac
ialD
iscrim
inat
ion
inth
eAd
min
istra
tion
and
Func
tioni
ngo
fth
eCr
imin
alJu
stice
Sys
tem
,CER
D,A
/60/
18.
33 Ar
t.6(
1)e
stab
lishe
sari
ghtt
ow
ork
“whi
chin
clude
sthe
righ
tofe
very
one
tot
heo
ppor
tuni
tyt
oga
inh
isliv
ing
byw
ork
whi
chh
efre
ely
choo
ses
or
acce
pts”
,and
Sta
tes
Parti
es“
will
take
app
ropr
iate
ste
psto
saf
egua
rdth
isrig
ht.”
(Se
eCE
SCR
Gen
eral
Com
men
tNo.
18
onth
eRi
ghtt
oW
ork
(Art.
6),
E/C.
12/G
C/18
,and
par
ticul
arly
para
grap
hs1
8an
d23
.34
Th
eCo
nven
tion
does
not
refe
rto
a“r
ight
tow
ork”
as
such
,but
refe
rs
toth
erig
htfo
rmig
rant
wor
kers
tofr
eely
choo
seth
eirr
emun
erat
eda
ctiv
ity,
subj
ectt
oso
me
rest
rictio
ns.
35 S
pells
out
the
right
sofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsw
hoa
ren
otp
erm
itted
toch
oose
w
ork
activ
ity.
36
Righ
tso
ffam
ilym
embe
rsto
cho
ose
wor
k.
37
Ibid
.,Ry
szar
dCh
olew
insk
i,p.
161
:“Th
eIC
RMW
pro
visio
nsg
over
ning
equa
lwor
kan
dem
ploy
men
tcon
ditio
nsa
req
uite
adv
ance
dco
mpa
red
with
ot
heri
nter
natio
nals
tand
ards
inth
isar
ea.T
hey
have
aw
ider
cov
erag
eth
an
equi
vale
ntIL
Os
tand
ards
bec
ause
they
gua
rant
eeri
ghts
tom
igra
ntw
orke
rs
dire
ctly
asa
gain
stth
eire
mpl
oyer
sasw
ella
saga
inst
the
stat
e.R
ight
s,th
ere -
fore
,are
par
amou
nt,i
nco
ntra
stw
iths
tate
dut
ies
top
reve
ntth
edi
scrim
ina-
tory
pra
ctice
sof
pub
lica
utho
ritie
sor
to
prom
ote
equa
lopp
ortu
nity
with
re
gard
tow
ork
and
empl
oym
entc
ondi
tions
foun
din
ILO
Pro
visio
ns.”
38
Onl
yAr
ticle
25
appl
ies
tou
ndoc
umen
ted
wor
kers
,whi
chin
clude
seq
ua-
lity
oftr
eatm
enta
ndo
ther
con
ditio
nso
fwor
k(i.
e.,o
verti
me,
hou
rso
fwor
k,
wee
kly
rest
,ho
liday
sw
ithp
ay,
safe
ty,
heal
th).
Artic
le2
5(3)
stip
ulat
es,
“Sta
tes
Parti
ess
hall
take
all
appr
opria
tem
easu
res
toe
nsur
eth
atm
igra
nt
wor
kers
are
not
dep
rived
ofa
nyri
ghts
der
ived
from
this
prin
ciple
by
reas
on
ofa
nyir
regu
l arit
yin
thei
rsta
yore
mpl
oym
ent.
Inp
artic
ular
,em
ploy
erss
hall
notb
ere
lieve
dof
any
lega
lorc
ontra
ctua
lobl
igat
ions
,nor
shal
lthe
irob
liga-
tions
be
limite
din
any
man
nerb
yre
ason
ofs
uch
irreg
ular
ity.”
Thi
sre
flect
sth
eco
ncer
nin
the
Pre
ambl
ew
hich
rea
ds:“
Cons
ider
ing
also
tha
tre
cour
se
toth
eem
ploy
men
tofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsw
hoa
rein
an
irreg
ular
situ
atio
nw
ill
bed
iscou
rage
dif
the
fund
amen
talh
uman
righ
tso
fall
mig
rant
wor
kers
are
m
ore
wid
ely
reco
gnize
d[..
.]”.
39A
rticle
27
prov
ides
fort
hesa
me
treat
men
tasn
atio
nals
subj
ectt
ore
quire
-m
ents
pro
vide
dfo
rby
the
app
licab
lel
egisl
atio
n.
Whe
ret
hea
pplic
able
le
gisla
tion
does
not
allo
wm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esa
be
nefit
,the
Sta
tesc
once
rned
shal
lexa
min
eth
epo
ssib
ility
ofr
eim
burs
ing
the
amou
nto
fcon
tribu
tions
mad
e.40
Ibi
d.41
Onl
yArti
cle2
8is
appl
icabl
eto
und
ocum
ente
dm
igra
ntw
orke
rs,a
ndw
ith
resp
ect
to“
any
med
icalc
are
that
isu
rgen
tlyr
equi
red
for
the
pres
erva
tion
ofth
eirl
ifeo
rthe
avo
idan
ceo
firre
para
ble
harm
toth
eirh
ealth
[...]
suc
has
em
erge
ncy
med
icalc
are
shal
lnot
be
refu
sed
them
by
reas
ono
fany
irre
gu-
larit
yw
ithre
gard
tos
tay
ore
mpl
oym
ent.”
42A
rticle
30
guar
ante
esa
bas
icrig
hto
facc
esst
oed
ucat
ion
with
outl
imita
-tio
nby
reas
ono
firre
gula
rsitu
atio
nw
ithre
spec
tto
stay
ore
mpl
oym
ento
fei
ther
par
ento
rby
reas
ono
fthe
irre
gula
rity
ofth
ech
ild’s
stay
inth
eSt
ate
ofe
mpl
oym
ent.
43
Mar
itals
tatu
sis
refe
rred
toin
Art.
44(
2)o
nfa
mily
reun
ifica
tion.
44
Unde
rArt.
44(
2),w
hich
isp
hras
eda
sa
mer
ere
com
men
datio
n,S
tate
sar
eun
dera
nob
ligat
ion
tota
kem
easu
res
that
they
dee
ma
ppro
pria
tea
nd
fall
with
inth
eirc
ompe
tenc
eto
facil
itate
the
reun
ifica
tion
ofm
igra
ntw
orke
rs
with
thei
rfam
ilies
.45
Inc
lude
sfre
edom
toc
hoos
eow
nre
siden
ce.
46
Alth
ough
Arti
cle4
3of
the
Con
vent
ion
prov
ides
doc
umen
ted
mig
rant
w
orke
rsw
ithc
erta
inr
ight
sre
gard
ing
educ
atio
n,h
ousin
gan
dse
rvice
s,it
does
not
inclu
deth
eUD
HR’s
prot
ectio
nof
an
adeq
uate
sta
ndar
dof
livi
ng.
47T
heC
onve
ntio
nco
ntai
nsn
oex
pres
spr
ovisi
ong
uara
ntee
ing
the
right
to
acqu
isitio
nof
priv
ate
prop
erty
.So
me
scho
lars
arg
uet
hat
equa
ltre
atm
ent
acco
rded
by
Artic
le4
3(1)
(d)
tor
egul
arm
igra
ntw
orke
rsw
ithn
atio
nals
in
resp
ect
of“
acce
sst
oho
usin
g”s
houl
din
clude
acc
ess
tot
hep
urch
ase
of
priva
tea
ccom
mod
atio
n.A
rticle
s1
and
7al
sos
ecur
erig
hts
with
outd
istin
c-tio
nof
any
kin
d.
Artic
le1
5pr
otec
tsa
llm
igra
nts
from
bei
nga
rbitr
arily
de
priv
edo
fthe
irpr
oper
ty.I
fsuc
hpr
oper
tyo
rass
ets
are
expr
opria
ted
unde
rth
ele
gisla
tion
ofth
est
ate
ofe
mpl
oym
ent,
mig
rant
sha
ve“
the
right
tofa
iran
dad
equa
tec
ompe
nsat
ion.
”48
Ibi
d.49
Onl
yw
ithin
Arti
cle3
1on
resp
ectf
orc
ultu
rali
dent
ityo
fmig
rant
wor
kers
an
dAr
ticle
26,
with
resp
ectt
ota
king
par
tin
activ
ities
ofa
ssoc
iatio
ns.
50 A
rticle
19(
1)p
rovi
des
for“
hum
anita
rian
cons
ider
atio
ns”
ins
ente
ncin
g.
51
Artic
le5
6gi
ves
addi
tiona
lpro
tect
ion
tod
ocum
ente
dm
igra
ntw
orke
rs,
inclu
ding
with
res
pect
to
hum
anita
rian
cons
ider
atio
nsa
ndle
ngth
of
resi-
denc
e.52
See
foot
note
31.
53A
pplic
able
onl
yto
chi
ldre
n.54
Ibi
d.55
The
seri
ghts
are
rest
ricte
dto
“cit
izens
”on
ly,a
sop
pose
dto
man
yIC
CPR
prov
ision
sth
ata
pply
to“
allp
erso
ns”
or“
ever
yone
”.56
Arti
cle4
1de
scrib
esth
erig
htto
par
ticip
ate
inp
ublic
affa
irso
fthe
stat
eof
or
igin
and
tov
ote
and
tob
eel
ecte
dat
ele
ctio
nso
ftha
tSta
te.
57
The
Conv
entio
nur
ges
Stat
esP
artie
sto
est
ablis
hpa
rticip
ator
ym
echa
-ni
sms
enab
ling
mig
rant
sto
arti
cula
tet
heir
inte
rest
sto
the
Sta
tea
utho
-rit
ies.
Fur
ther
,Arti
cle4
2(2)
req
uest
sst
ates
ofe
mpl
oym
ent
tofa
cilita
te,i
nac
cord
ance
with
thei
rnat
iona
lleg
islat
ion,
the
cons
ulta
tion
orp
artic
ipat
ion
ofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsin
dec
ision
sco
ncer
ning
the
life
and
adm
inist
ratio
nof
lo
calc
omm
uniti
es.
This
coul
dbe
inte
rpre
ted
asg
rant
ing
mig
rant
sa
right
to
parti
cipat
ein
loca
lele
ctio
ns.
58
Som
epa
rticu
larc
ateg
orie
sin
clude
din
Par
tVo
fthe
Con
vent
ion
mig
ht
qual
ifya
svu
lner
able
gro
ups.
Whi
leth
eCo
nven
tion
clear
lypr
otec
tsw
omen
as
mig
rant
wor
kers
and
asm
embe
rso
fam
igra
ntw
orke
r’sfa
mily
,the
spec
ific
prob
lem
sfa
ced
bym
igra
ntw
omen
are
not
exp
licitl
yad
dres
sed.
It
fails
to
prot
ectm
igra
ntw
omen
asv
ictim
sofp
rost
itutio
nan
dse
xual
and
oth
erfo
rms
ofa
buse
.Th
eCo
nven
tion
also
fai
lsto
giv
esp
ecia
latte
ntio
nto
mig
rant
yo
uth,
inclu
ding
sec
ond
orth
ird-g
ener
atio
nm
igra
nts.
59
Itco
uld
bea
rgue
dth
atP
art
IIIo
fth
eCo
nven
tion,
rel
atin
gto
hum
an
right
sof
all
mig
rant
s,do
esin
fact
affo
rdp
rote
ctio
nto
av
ulne
rabl
ese
ctio
nof
mig
rant
wor
kers
and
the
irfa
mili
es,
inas
muc
has
it
prot
ects
irre
gula
rm
igra
nts.
Tabl
e III
Fo
otno
tes
43
Table IV Annotated Provisions Specific to the Migrant Workers Convention
44
Art
icle
sCo
mm
ents
App
licab
le t
o D
ocum
ente
d M
igra
nt
Wor
kers
60
App
licab
le t
o U
ndoc
umen
ted
Mig
rant
W
orke
rs60
App
licab
ility
Art
. 1Th
egr
ound
sfo
rnon
-disc
rimin
atio
nar
ebr
oade
rtha
nth
ose
inth
eU
DHR
and
inth
eIC
ESCR
and
IC
CPR.
Thi
sis
ink
eepi
ngw
ithth
eno
tion
that
new
inst
rum
ents
sho
uld
build
upo
nex
istin
gon
esa
nd,
ifne
cess
ary,
expa
ndto
refle
ctc
hang
ing
cont
exts
.N
ewg
roun
dsin
the
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
Con
vent
ion
(MW
C)in
clud
e:c
onvi
ctio
n,n
atio
nalit
y,ag
e,a
nde
cono
mic
pos
ition
.Th
ede
finiti
ono
f“m
igra
nt
wor
ker”
(MW
)is
broa
dan
din
clud
esp
rote
ctio
nof
per
sons
who
are
pla
nnin
gto
ora
rea
ctua
lly
wor
king
out
side
thei
row
nco
untry
,ora
ree
ndin
gw
ork
abro
ada
ndre
turn
ing
toth
eirh
omel
ands
.Th
eM
WC
appl
ies
toa
llM
Wre
sidin
gan
dw
orki
ngin
the
terri
tory
ofa
Sta
teP
arty
rega
rdle
sso
fwhe
ther
th
eco
untry
from
whi
chth
eyc
ame
has
ratifi
edth
eCo
nven
tion.
61
Yes
Yes
Dis
sem
inat
ion
Art
. 73
Asim
ilarp
rovi
sion
exist
sin
Arti
cle
44(6
)oft
heC
RC.
----
Defi
niti
ons
of:
– m
igra
nt w
orke
rs;
– st
ates
(ori
gin,
em
ploy
men
t, tr
ansi
t)
Art
s. 2
-6N
ota
llm
igra
nts
are
MW
.Fo
rthe
firs
ttim
ean
inte
rnat
iona
lins
trum
entp
rovi
des
aco
mpr
ehen
sive
defin
ition
ofa
MW
cen
tere
don
eng
agem
enti
na
“rem
uner
ated
act
ivity
.”A
ccor
ding
tore
cord
sfro
m
the
draf
ting
deba
tes,
the
term
“ha
sbe
ene
ngag
ed”
wou
ldin
clud
epe
rson
sw
hoh
ave
cont
ract
ed
ano
ccup
atio
nald
iseas
ew
hich
onl
ym
anife
sts
itsel
fafte
rthe
yha
vele
ftth
eco
untry
ofe
mpl
oym
ent,
unem
ploy
edM
Ws
eeki
nge
mpl
oym
enta
ndth
ose
who
hav
ebe
env
ictim
sof
wor
kac
cide
nts
and
rem
ain
inth
eco
untry
ofe
mpl
oym
entt
oco
llect
disa
bilit
ybe
nefit
s.Th
eCo
nven
tion
clea
rlyp
rote
cts
wom
ena
sM
Wa
ndm
embe
rso
fthe
fam
ilies
ofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndu
ses
incl
usiv
ela
ngua
ge.
Yes
Yes
Mem
bers
of t
he fa
mily
Art
. 4In
afo
rwar
dst
ep,t
heC
onve
ntio
nco
nsid
ers
MW
as
soci
ale
ntiti
esa
sw
ella
sec
onom
ice
ntiti
esa
nd
favo
urs
the
reun
ifica
tion
offa
mili
eso
fMW
.Thi
sis
aco
mpr
omise
defi
nitio
nan
dis
broa
den
ough
to
enc
ompa
ssm
ostf
amily
situ
atio
ns.
The
appl
icat
ion
ofth
ede
finiti
ono
f“m
embe
rso
fthe
fam
ily”
how
ever
,res
tsw
ithth
est
ate
ofe
mpl
oym
ent.6
2
Yes
Yes
Doc
umen
ted
and
undo
cum
ente
d M
WA
rt. 5
The
Conv
entio
nre
cogn
izes
that
“th
ehu
man
pro
blem
sin
volv
edin
mig
ratio
nar
eev
enm
ore
serio
usin
th
eca
seo
firre
gula
rmig
ratio
n.”
Itid
entifi
esth
ene
edto
enc
oura
gea
ppro
pria
tea
ctio
n“t
opr
even
tand
el
imin
ate
cland
estin
em
ovem
ents
and
traf
ficki
ngin
mig
rant
wor
kers
,whi
lea
tthe
sam
etim
eas
surin
gth
epr
otec
tion
ofth
eirf
unda
men
talr
ight
s”(P
ream
ble)
.
Yes
Yes
Part
icul
ar c
ateg
orie
s of
MW
Art
s. 5
7-63
The
Conv
entio
npr
ovid
esd
efini
tions
fors
peci
ficc
ateg
orie
sof
mig
rant
wor
kers
,suc
has
“fro
ntie
rw
orke
rs,”
“se
ason
alw
orke
rs,”
“iti
nera
ntw
orke
rs,”
“pr
ojec
t-tie
dw
orke
rs,”
“sp
ecifi
ede
mpl
oym
ent
wor
kers
”an
d“s
elf-e
mpl
oyed
wor
kers
”(A
rt.2
).T
he“
self-
empl
oyed
wor
ker”
cat
egor
yre
cogn
izes
th
ela
rge
num
bero
fmig
rant
wor
kers
who
ope
rate
as
mal
lfam
ilyb
usin
ess.
The
MW
Cco
vers
man
yca
tego
ries
ofM
We
xclu
ded
from
oth
erin
tern
atio
nalc
onve
ntio
ns;i
npa
rticu
lar,
front
ierw
orke
rsa
nd
self-
empl
oyed
wor
kers
,who
are
exc
lude
dfro
mth
etw
om
ajor
ILO
con
vent
ions
.Ar
t.2
(2-g
)cre
ates
a
spec
ialc
ateg
ory:
“sp
ecifi
ed-e
mpl
oym
entw
orke
rs,”
refe
rring
toM
Wta
king
up
empl
oym
entf
ora
“r
estri
cted
and
defi
ned
perio
dof
tim
e.”6
3
Yes
No
Pers
ons
excl
uded
from
th
e Co
nven
tion
Art
. 3Ex
clus
ion
ofin
vest
ors
refle
cts
the
conc
ern
ofd
evel
opin
gco
untri
esw
how
ante
dto
con
fine
the
MW
Cto
the
prot
ectio
nof
the
mos
tvul
nera
ble
mig
rant
s.64
Ref
ugee
san
dst
atel
ess
pers
ons
wer
eex
clud
ed
asth
eya
rep
rote
cted
und
ero
ther
inte
rnat
iona
lins
trum
ents
.
----
Righ
t to
urg
ent
med
ical
ca
reA
rt. 2
8Ar
t.28
app
lies
tob
oth
regu
lara
ndir
regu
larm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esfo
rwho
m
no“
emer
genc
y”h
ealth
care
can
be
refu
sed.
See
also
ICES
CRA
rt.1
2an
dIC
ERD
Art.
5(c)
.Ye
sYe
s
Tran
sfer
of e
arni
ngs,
savi
ngs
and
belo
ngin
gs;
impo
rt a
nd e
xpor
t du
ties
; tax
atio
n
Art
s. 3
2;
47Th
efre
edom
totr
ansf
ere
arni
ngs
and
savi
ngs
isof
ext
raor
dina
ryim
porta
nce
form
igra
ntw
orke
rs,
man
yof
who
ms
uppo
rtm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esa
ndd
epen
dent
sle
ftbe
hind
who
are
relia
ntu
pon
thes
eea
rnin
gs.
“The
free
dom
totr
ansf
ere
arni
ngs
and
savi
ngs
cont
ains
ac
onsid
erab
leim
prov
emen
tof
the
right
sof
MW
.”65
Offi
cial
est
imat
eso
frem
ittan
ces
toth
eirh
ome
coun
tries
by
mig
rant
wor
kers
ex
ceed
edU
SD1
26b
illio
n(b
etw
een
USD
200
and
300
billi
onfo
rinf
orm
alre
mitt
ance
s)in
200
4,66
w
hile
tota
lglo
balo
vers
eas
deve
lopm
enta
ssist
ance
sto
oda
tUSD
78.
6bi
llion
.67
Yes
Yes6
8
Exem
ptio
n fr
om im
port
an
d ex
port
dut
ies
and
taxe
s
Art
s. 46
; 48
(a)
The
exem
ptio
nfro
mim
port
and
expo
rtdu
ties
alon
gw
ithth
etra
nsfe
rofe
arni
ngs
(Arti
cles
46,
48(
a)
and
47),
serv
eto
pro
tect
mig
rant
wor
kers
and
/orm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esfr
omb
eing
pen
aliz
ed
beca
use
ofth
eirs
tatu
sor
cha
nge
ins
tatu
s.69
Yes
No
Prot
ecti
on fr
om
dest
ruct
ion
of ID
and
ot
her
docu
men
ts
Art
. 21
Acco
rdin
gto
the
Conv
entio
n,re
siden
cys
houl
dno
tbe
forc
ed,e
.g.,
Art.
8,w
hich
gra
nts
mig
rant
wor
kers
an
dth
eirf
amili
esth
erig
htto
leav
ean
yst
ate,
inclu
ding
the
stat
eof
orig
in,a
ndth
erig
htto
ent
era
nd
rem
ain
inth
est
ate
ofo
rigin
sub
ject
toc
erta
ins
pecifi
edre
stric
tions
.Ar
t.21
,pro
tect
sm
igra
ntw
orke
rs
from
em
ploy
ers
who
requ
ireth
emto
sub
mit
thei
rpas
spor
tso
roth
ertr
avel
doc
umen
tsin
ord
erto
forc
eth
em
igra
ntw
orke
rto
stay
inth
eire
mpl
oym
entf
orth
edu
ratio
nof
thei
rcon
tract
.70
Yes
Yes
Tabl
e IV
A
nnot
ated
Pro
visi
ons
Spec
ific
to t
he M
igra
nt W
orke
rs C
onve
ntio
n
4�
Art
icle
sCo
mm
ents
App
licab
le t
o D
ocum
ente
d M
igra
nt
Wor
kers
60
App
licab
le t
o U
ndoc
umen
ted
Mig
rant
W
orke
rs60
App
licab
ility
Art
. 1Th
egr
ound
sfo
rnon
-disc
rimin
atio
nar
ebr
oade
rtha
nth
ose
inth
eU
DHR
and
inth
eIC
ESCR
and
IC
CPR.
Thi
sis
ink
eepi
ngw
ithth
eno
tion
that
new
inst
rum
ents
sho
uld
build
upo
nex
istin
gon
esa
nd,
ifne
cess
ary,
expa
ndto
refle
ctc
hang
ing
cont
exts
.N
ewg
roun
dsin
the
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
Con
vent
ion
(MW
C)in
clud
e:c
onvi
ctio
n,n
atio
nalit
y,ag
e,a
nde
cono
mic
pos
ition
.Th
ede
finiti
ono
f“m
igra
nt
wor
ker”
(MW
)is
broa
dan
din
clud
esp
rote
ctio
nof
per
sons
who
are
pla
nnin
gto
ora
rea
ctua
lly
wor
king
out
side
thei
row
nco
untry
,ora
ree
ndin
gw
ork
abro
ada
ndre
turn
ing
toth
eirh
omel
ands
.Th
eM
WC
appl
ies
toa
llM
Wre
sidin
gan
dw
orki
ngin
the
terri
tory
ofa
Sta
teP
arty
rega
rdle
sso
fwhe
ther
th
eco
untry
from
whi
chth
eyc
ame
has
ratifi
edth
eCo
nven
tion.
61
Yes
Yes
Dis
sem
inat
ion
Art
. 73
Asim
ilarp
rovi
sion
exist
sin
Arti
cle
44(6
)oft
heC
RC.
----
Defi
niti
ons
of:
– m
igra
nt w
orke
rs;
– st
ates
(ori
gin,
em
ploy
men
t, tr
ansi
t)
Art
s. 2
-6N
ota
llm
igra
nts
are
MW
.Fo
rthe
firs
ttim
ean
inte
rnat
iona
lins
trum
entp
rovi
des
aco
mpr
ehen
sive
defin
ition
ofa
MW
cen
tere
don
eng
agem
enti
na
“rem
uner
ated
act
ivity
.”A
ccor
ding
tore
cord
sfro
m
the
draf
ting
deba
tes,
the
term
“ha
sbe
ene
ngag
ed”
wou
ldin
clud
epe
rson
sw
hoh
ave
cont
ract
ed
ano
ccup
atio
nald
iseas
ew
hich
onl
ym
anife
sts
itsel
fafte
rthe
yha
vele
ftth
eco
untry
ofe
mpl
oym
ent,
unem
ploy
edM
Ws
eeki
nge
mpl
oym
enta
ndth
ose
who
hav
ebe
env
ictim
sof
wor
kac
cide
nts
and
rem
ain
inth
eco
untry
ofe
mpl
oym
entt
oco
llect
disa
bilit
ybe
nefit
s.Th
eCo
nven
tion
clea
rlyp
rote
cts
wom
ena
sM
Wa
ndm
embe
rso
fthe
fam
ilies
ofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndu
ses
incl
usiv
ela
ngua
ge.
Yes
Yes
Mem
bers
of t
he fa
mily
Art
. 4In
afo
rwar
dst
ep,t
heC
onve
ntio
nco
nsid
ers
MW
as
soci
ale
ntiti
esa
sw
ella
sec
onom
ice
ntiti
esa
nd
favo
urs
the
reun
ifica
tion
offa
mili
eso
fMW
.Thi
sis
aco
mpr
omise
defi
nitio
nan
dis
broa
den
ough
to
enc
ompa
ssm
ostf
amily
situ
atio
ns.
The
appl
icat
ion
ofth
ede
finiti
ono
f“m
embe
rso
fthe
fam
ily”
how
ever
,res
tsw
ithth
est
ate
ofe
mpl
oym
ent.6
2
Yes
Yes
Doc
umen
ted
and
undo
cum
ente
d M
WA
rt. 5
The
Conv
entio
nre
cogn
izes
that
“th
ehu
man
pro
blem
sin
volv
edin
mig
ratio
nar
eev
enm
ore
serio
usin
th
eca
seo
firre
gula
rmig
ratio
n.”
Itid
entifi
esth
ene
edto
enc
oura
gea
ppro
pria
tea
ctio
n“t
opr
even
tand
el
imin
ate
cland
estin
em
ovem
ents
and
traf
ficki
ngin
mig
rant
wor
kers
,whi
lea
tthe
sam
etim
eas
surin
gth
epr
otec
tion
ofth
eirf
unda
men
talr
ight
s”(P
ream
ble)
.
Yes
Yes
Part
icul
ar c
ateg
orie
s of
MW
Art
s. 5
7-63
The
Conv
entio
npr
ovid
esd
efini
tions
fors
peci
ficc
ateg
orie
sof
mig
rant
wor
kers
,suc
has
“fro
ntie
rw
orke
rs,”
“se
ason
alw
orke
rs,”
“iti
nera
ntw
orke
rs,”
“pr
ojec
t-tie
dw
orke
rs,”
“sp
ecifi
ede
mpl
oym
ent
wor
kers
”an
d“s
elf-e
mpl
oyed
wor
kers
”(A
rt.2
).T
he“
self-
empl
oyed
wor
ker”
cat
egor
yre
cogn
izes
th
ela
rge
num
bero
fmig
rant
wor
kers
who
ope
rate
as
mal
lfam
ilyb
usin
ess.
The
MW
Cco
vers
man
yca
tego
ries
ofM
We
xclu
ded
from
oth
erin
tern
atio
nalc
onve
ntio
ns;i
npa
rticu
lar,
front
ierw
orke
rsa
nd
self-
empl
oyed
wor
kers
,who
are
exc
lude
dfro
mth
etw
om
ajor
ILO
con
vent
ions
.Ar
t.2
(2-g
)cre
ates
a
spec
ialc
ateg
ory:
“sp
ecifi
ed-e
mpl
oym
entw
orke
rs,”
refe
rring
toM
Wta
king
up
empl
oym
entf
ora
“r
estri
cted
and
defi
ned
perio
dof
tim
e.”6
3
Yes
No
Pers
ons
excl
uded
from
th
e Co
nven
tion
Art
. 3Ex
clus
ion
ofin
vest
ors
refle
cts
the
conc
ern
ofd
evel
opin
gco
untri
esw
how
ante
dto
con
fine
the
MW
Cto
the
prot
ectio
nof
the
mos
tvul
nera
ble
mig
rant
s.64
Ref
ugee
san
dst
atel
ess
pers
ons
wer
eex
clud
ed
asth
eya
rep
rote
cted
und
ero
ther
inte
rnat
iona
lins
trum
ents
.
----
Righ
t to
urg
ent
med
ical
ca
reA
rt. 2
8Ar
t.28
app
lies
tob
oth
regu
lara
ndir
regu
larm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esfo
rwho
m
no“
emer
genc
y”h
ealth
care
can
be
refu
sed.
See
also
ICES
CRA
rt.1
2an
dIC
ERD
Art.
5(c)
.Ye
sYe
s
Tran
sfer
of e
arni
ngs,
savi
ngs
and
belo
ngin
gs;
impo
rt a
nd e
xpor
t du
ties
; tax
atio
n
Art
s. 3
2;
47Th
efre
edom
totr
ansf
ere
arni
ngs
and
savi
ngs
isof
ext
raor
dina
ryim
porta
nce
form
igra
ntw
orke
rs,
man
yof
who
ms
uppo
rtm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esa
ndd
epen
dent
sle
ftbe
hind
who
are
relia
ntu
pon
thes
eea
rnin
gs.
“The
free
dom
totr
ansf
ere
arni
ngs
and
savi
ngs
cont
ains
ac
onsid
erab
leim
prov
emen
tof
the
right
sof
MW
.”65
Offi
cial
est
imat
eso
frem
ittan
ces
toth
eirh
ome
coun
tries
by
mig
rant
wor
kers
ex
ceed
edU
SD1
26b
illio
n(b
etw
een
USD
200
and
300
billi
onfo
rinf
orm
alre
mitt
ance
s)in
200
4,66
w
hile
tota
lglo
balo
vers
eas
deve
lopm
enta
ssist
ance
sto
oda
tUSD
78.
6bi
llion
.67
Yes
Yes6
8
Exem
ptio
n fr
om im
port
an
d ex
port
dut
ies
and
taxe
s
Art
s. 46
; 48
(a)
The
exem
ptio
nfro
mim
port
and
expo
rtdu
ties
alon
gw
ithth
etra
nsfe
rofe
arni
ngs
(Arti
cles
46,
48(
a)
and
47),
serv
eto
pro
tect
mig
rant
wor
kers
and
/orm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esfr
omb
eing
pen
aliz
ed
beca
use
ofth
eirs
tatu
sor
cha
nge
ins
tatu
s.69
Yes
No
Prot
ecti
on fr
om
dest
ruct
ion
of ID
and
ot
her
docu
men
ts
Art
. 21
Acco
rdin
gto
the
Conv
entio
n,re
siden
cys
houl
dno
tbe
forc
ed,e
.g.,
Art.
8,w
hich
gra
nts
mig
rant
wor
kers
an
dth
eirf
amili
esth
erig
htto
leav
ean
yst
ate,
inclu
ding
the
stat
eof
orig
in,a
ndth
erig
htto
ent
era
nd
rem
ain
inth
est
ate
ofo
rigin
sub
ject
toc
erta
ins
pecifi
edre
stric
tions
.Ar
t.21
,pro
tect
sm
igra
ntw
orke
rs
from
em
ploy
ers
who
requ
ireth
emto
sub
mit
thei
rpas
spor
tso
roth
ertr
avel
doc
umen
tsin
ord
erto
forc
eth
em
igra
ntw
orke
rto
stay
inth
eire
mpl
oym
entf
orth
edu
ratio
nof
thei
rcon
tract
.70
Yes
Yes
46
Art
icle
sCo
mm
ents
App
licab
le t
o D
ocum
ente
d M
igra
nt
Wor
kers
60
App
licab
le t
o U
ndoc
umen
ted
Mig
rant
W
orke
rs60
Prot
ecti
on a
gain
st
(col
lect
ive)
exp
ulsi
onA
rts.
22;
56Th
eCo
nven
tion
esta
blish
esp
rote
ctio
nfo
rmig
rant
wor
kers
aga
inst
arb
itrar
yex
pulsi
onw
hen,
fore
xam
ple,
an
em
ploy
men
tcon
tract
end
s.A
rticle
s22
and
56
ofth
eCo
nven
tion
proh
ibit
mea
sure
sof
col
lect
ive
expu
lsion
and
impo
sec
erta
inp
roce
dura
lste
psto
be
take
nw
hen
issui
nga
nex
pulsi
ond
ecisi
on.
Mig
rant
w
orke
rsa
lsoh
ave
the
right
tore
turn
hom
eif
they
so
wish
.71
See
also
ICCP
RAr
t.13
on
cond
ition
sfo
rex
pulsi
ono
flaw
fully
resid
ing
alie
ns.
Yes
Yes7
2
Aut
hori
zati
on t
o st
ay- -
No
spec
ific
prov
ision
inclu
ded,
but
Art.
50(
1)im
pose
san
obl
igat
ion
onS
tate
sPa
rties
“in
the
case
of
deat
hof
am
igra
ntw
orke
rord
issol
utio
nof
mar
riage
…to
favo
rabl
yco
nsid
erg
rant
ing
fam
ilym
embe
rso
fth
atm
igra
ntw
orke
rres
idin
gin
that
sta
teo
nth
eba
siso
ffam
ilyre
unio
nan
aut
horiz
atio
nto
sta
y.”
Yes
No
Righ
t to
info
rmat
ion
on c
ondi
tion
s fo
r m
igra
tion
Art
s. 37
; 68
.1 (a
)W
hen
prep
arin
gto
mig
rate
,ide
ally,
mig
rant
wor
kers
sho
uld
bea
ble
toa
cqui
rea
bas
icun
ders
tand
ing
ofth
ela
ngua
ge,c
ultu
re,a
ndle
gal,
socia
land
pol
itica
lstru
ctur
eso
fthe
sta
tes
tow
hich
they
are
goi
ng.
Artic
le3
7,fo
rexa
mpl
e,e
stab
lishe
sth
erig
hto
fmig
rant
wor
kers
and
mem
bers
oft
heir
fam
ilies
who
ha
veth
epr
oper
doc
umen
tatio
nto
be
info
rmed
pre
fera
bly
befo
reth
eird
epar
ture
,ora
tthe
tim
eof
thei
rad
miss
ion
toth
est
ate
ofe
mpl
oym
ent,
ofa
llco
nditi
ons
appl
icabl
eto
thei
radm
issio
n,a
sw
ella
sof
the
requ
irem
ents
they
mus
tsat
isfy
inth
est
ate
ofe
mpl
oym
enta
ndth
eau
thor
ityto
whi
chth
eym
usta
ddre
ss
them
selv
esfo
rany
mod
ifica
tion
ofth
ose
cond
ition
s.73
Yes
Yes
(onl
yArt.
68.
1)
Righ
t to
be
info
rmed
on
righ
ts a
risi
ng fr
om t
he
Conv
enti
on a
nd s
tate
s’
oblig
atio
ns t
o in
form
Art
. 33
Alls
tate
sm
usti
nfor
ma
llm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
bout
thei
rrig
hts.
This
Artic
leis
one
oft
hefe
wp
rovi
sions
in
the
Conv
entio
nth
atd
efine
sth
esp
ecifi
cre
spon
sibili
tyo
fsta
tes
ofo
rigin
vis-
à-vi
sm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
nd
mem
bers
oft
heir
fam
ilies
.
Yes
Yes
Empl
oym
ent a
nd
resi
denc
e au
thor
izat
ions
Art
s. 49
; 53
The
Conv
entio
ntie
sth
erig
hto
fres
iden
ceto
the
empl
oym
ento
fthe
mig
rant
wor
ker.
Form
igra
ntw
orke
rs
ina
regu
lars
ituat
ion,
the
Conv
entio
npr
ovid
esp
rote
ctio
nfo
rtho
sew
holo
seth
eire
mpl
oym
entp
riort
oth
eex
pira
tion
ofth
eirw
ork
perm
it.T
his
prot
ectio
nva
ries
betw
een
mig
rant
sw
hoc
anc
hoos
efre
ely
thei
rac
tivity
and
thos
ew
hoc
anno
t,th
ough
nei
ther
gro
upw
illb
ere
gard
eda
sirr
egul
arn
orw
illth
eylo
seth
eir
resid
ence
aut
horiz
atio
n.
Yes
No
Aut
hori
zati
on t
o be
te
mpo
rari
ly a
bsen
t w
itho
ut lo
ss o
f sta
tus
Art
. 38
Ina
bsen
ceo
fsuc
ha
prov
ision
,num
erou
sm
igra
ntw
orke
rsre
porte
dly
hesit
ate
tov
isitt
heir
fam
ilies
,at
tend
fune
rals,
etc
.,fo
rfea
rofl
osin
gth
eirw
ork
auth
oriz
atio
ns:t
hey
are
defa
cto
forc
edto
rem
ain
insid
eth
eho
stc
ount
ry.
Such
an
artic
leis
ink
eepi
ngw
ithc
urre
nta
naly
ses
whe
reby
mor
efle
xibi
lity
ford
ocum
ente
dm
igra
nts
totr
avel
bet
wee
nth
eirc
ount
ries
ofo
rigin
and
hos
tcou
ntrie
sw
ould
hel
pm
igra
nts
mai
ntai
ntie
sw
ithth
eirc
ount
ries
ofo
rigin
.
Yes
No
Prot
ecti
on in
cas
e of
ch
ange
of f
amily
sta
tus
Art
. 50
The
mai
nob
ject
ive
ofA
rt.5
0(1)
isto
ens
ure
that
fam
ilym
embe
rso
fam
igra
ntw
orke
rdo
notfi
nd
them
selv
esin
an
irreg
ular
situ
atio
nas
ac
onse
quen
ceo
fhis
orh
erd
eath
ord
ivor
ce.
Yes
No
Resp
ect
for
cult
ural
id
enti
ty a
nd li
nks
wit
h st
ate
of o
rigi
n
Art
. 31
This
furth
ers
treng
then
spr
ovisi
ons
onc
ultu
ralr
ight
sof
mig
rant
sfo
und
ino
ther
arti
cles
(Arts
.26,
43,
45
and
67)
by
emph
asisi
ngth
eim
porta
nce
ofe
nabl
ing
them
tom
aint
ain
links
with
thei
rsta
teo
for
igin
.
Yes
Yes
Righ
t to
rec
ours
e to
co
nsul
ar o
r di
plom
atic
pr
otec
tion
Art
s. 16
; 23
; 65(
2)Th
eVi
enna
Con
vent
ion
onC
onsu
larR
elat
ions
(168
ratifi
catio
ns)e
xpan
dsth
eco
nten
tso
fthi
spr
otec
tion,
inp
artic
ular
:“A
rticl
e36
:Com
mun
icat
ion
and
Cont
actW
ithN
atio
nals
ofth
eSe
ndin
gSt
ate
1.W
itha
vie
wto
faci
litat
ing
the
exer
cise
ofc
onsu
larf
unct
ions
rela
ting
ton
atio
nals
ofth
ese
ndin
gSt
ate:
[…](
b)if
he
sore
ques
ts,t
hec
ompe
tent
aut
horit
ies
ofth
ere
ceiv
ing
Stat
esh
all,
with
outd
elay
,in
form
the
cons
ular
pos
toft
hes
endi
ngS
tate
if,w
ithin
its
cons
ular
dist
rict,
ana
tiona
loft
hatS
tate
is
arre
sted
orc
omm
itted
top
rison
ort
ocu
stod
ype
ndin
gtri
alo
ris
deta
ined
ina
nyo
ther
man
ner.
Any
co
mm
unic
atio
nad
dres
sed
toth
eco
nsul
arp
ostb
yth
epe
rson
arre
sted
,in
priso
n,c
usto
dyo
rdet
entio
nsh
alla
lsob
efo
rwar
ded
byth
esa
ida
utho
ritie
sw
ithou
tdel
ay.
The
said
aut
horit
ies
shal
linf
orm
the
pers
onc
once
rned
with
outd
elay
ofh
isrig
hts
unde
rthi
ssu
b-pa
ragr
aph;
(c)
cons
ular
offi
cers
sha
llha
ve
the
right
tov
isita
nat
iona
loft
hes
endi
ngS
tate
who
isin
pris
on,c
usto
dyo
rdet
entio
n,to
con
vers
ean
dco
rresp
ond
with
him
and
toa
rrang
efo
rhis
lega
lrep
rese
ntat
ion.
The
ysh
alla
lsoh
ave
the
right
to
visi
tany
nat
iona
loft
hes
endi
ngS
tate
who
isin
pris
on,c
usto
dyo
rdet
entio
nin
thei
rdist
ricti
npu
rsua
nce
ofa
judg
men
t.N
ever
thel
ess,
cons
ular
offi
cers
sha
llre
frain
from
taki
nga
ctio
non
beh
alfo
fa
natio
nalw
hois
inp
rison
,cus
tody
ord
eten
tion
ifhe
exp
ress
lyo
ppos
ess
uch
actio
n.”
Yes
Yes
Recr
uitm
ent
of w
orke
rs
for
empl
oym
ent
Art
. 66
“Ove
rall,
the
Conv
entio
nse
eks
top
lay
aro
lein
pre
vent
ing
and
elim
inat
ing
the
expl
oita
tion
ofa
llm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esth
roug
hout
the
entir
em
igra
tion
proc
ess.
Inp
artic
ular
,it
seek
sto
put
an
end
toth
eill
egal
orc
land
estin
ere
crui
tmen
tand
traf
ficki
ngo
fmig
rant
wor
kers
and
to
disc
oura
geth
eem
ploy
men
tofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsin
an
irreg
ular
oru
ndoc
umen
ted
situa
tion.
”74
Yes
No
Obl
igat
ion
to c
ompl
y w
ith
law
s an
d re
gula
tion
s of
sta
tes
of
tran
sit a
nd e
mpl
oym
ent
Art
. 34
See
UDH
RAr
t.29
“1.
Eve
ryon
eha
sdu
ties
toth
eco
mm
unity
inw
hich
alo
neth
efre
ean
dfu
llde
velo
pmen
tofh
ispe
rson
ality
isp
ossib
le.
2.In
the
exer
cise
ofh
isrig
hts
and
freed
oms,
ever
yone
sha
llbe
sub
ject
onl
yto
suc
hlim
itatio
nsa
sar
ede
term
ined
by
law
sol
ely
fort
hep
urpo
seo
fsec
urin
gdu
ere
cogn
ition
and
resp
ectf
orth
erig
hts
and
freed
oms
ofo
ther
san
dof
mee
ting
the
just
requ
irem
ents
of
mor
ality
,pub
lico
rder
and
the
gene
ralw
elfa
rein
ad
emoc
ratic
soc
iety
.”
Yes
Yes
Tabl
e IV
A
nnot
ated
Pro
visi
ons
Spec
ific
to t
he M
igra
nt W
orke
rs C
onve
ntio
n
47
Art
icle
sCo
mm
ents
App
licab
le t
o D
ocum
ente
d M
igra
nt
Wor
kers
60
App
licab
le t
o U
ndoc
umen
ted
Mig
rant
W
orke
rs60
Prot
ecti
on a
gain
st
(col
lect
ive)
exp
ulsi
onA
rts.
22;
56Th
eCo
nven
tion
esta
blish
esp
rote
ctio
nfo
rmig
rant
wor
kers
aga
inst
arb
itrar
yex
pulsi
onw
hen,
fore
xam
ple,
an
em
ploy
men
tcon
tract
end
s.A
rticle
s22
and
56
ofth
eCo
nven
tion
proh
ibit
mea
sure
sof
col
lect
ive
expu
lsion
and
impo
sec
erta
inp
roce
dura
lste
psto
be
take
nw
hen
issui
nga
nex
pulsi
ond
ecisi
on.
Mig
rant
w
orke
rsa
lsoh
ave
the
right
tore
turn
hom
eif
they
so
wish
.71
See
also
ICCP
RAr
t.13
on
cond
ition
sfo
rex
pulsi
ono
flaw
fully
resid
ing
alie
ns.
Yes
Yes7
2
Aut
hori
zati
on t
o st
ay- -
No
spec
ific
prov
ision
inclu
ded,
but
Art.
50(
1)im
pose
san
obl
igat
ion
onS
tate
sPa
rties
“in
the
case
of
deat
hof
am
igra
ntw
orke
rord
issol
utio
nof
mar
riage
…to
favo
rabl
yco
nsid
erg
rant
ing
fam
ilym
embe
rso
fth
atm
igra
ntw
orke
rres
idin
gin
that
sta
teo
nth
eba
siso
ffam
ilyre
unio
nan
aut
horiz
atio
nto
sta
y.”
Yes
No
Righ
t to
info
rmat
ion
on c
ondi
tion
s fo
r m
igra
tion
Art
s. 37
; 68
.1 (a
)W
hen
prep
arin
gto
mig
rate
,ide
ally,
mig
rant
wor
kers
sho
uld
bea
ble
toa
cqui
rea
bas
icun
ders
tand
ing
ofth
ela
ngua
ge,c
ultu
re,a
ndle
gal,
socia
land
pol
itica
lstru
ctur
eso
fthe
sta
tes
tow
hich
they
are
goi
ng.
Artic
le3
7,fo
rexa
mpl
e,e
stab
lishe
sth
erig
hto
fmig
rant
wor
kers
and
mem
bers
oft
heir
fam
ilies
who
ha
veth
epr
oper
doc
umen
tatio
nto
be
info
rmed
pre
fera
bly
befo
reth
eird
epar
ture
,ora
tthe
tim
eof
thei
rad
miss
ion
toth
est
ate
ofe
mpl
oym
ent,
ofa
llco
nditi
ons
appl
icabl
eto
thei
radm
issio
n,a
sw
ella
sof
the
requ
irem
ents
they
mus
tsat
isfy
inth
est
ate
ofe
mpl
oym
enta
ndth
eau
thor
ityto
whi
chth
eym
usta
ddre
ss
them
selv
esfo
rany
mod
ifica
tion
ofth
ose
cond
ition
s.73
Yes
Yes
(onl
yArt.
68.
1)
Righ
t to
be
info
rmed
on
righ
ts a
risi
ng fr
om t
he
Conv
enti
on a
nd s
tate
s’
oblig
atio
ns t
o in
form
Art
. 33
Alls
tate
sm
usti
nfor
ma
llm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
bout
thei
rrig
hts.
This
Artic
leis
one
oft
hefe
wp
rovi
sions
in
the
Conv
entio
nth
atd
efine
sth
esp
ecifi
cre
spon
sibili
tyo
fsta
tes
ofo
rigin
vis-
à-vi
sm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
nd
mem
bers
oft
heir
fam
ilies
.
Yes
Yes
Empl
oym
ent a
nd
resi
denc
e au
thor
izat
ions
Art
s. 49
; 53
The
Conv
entio
ntie
sth
erig
hto
fres
iden
ceto
the
empl
oym
ento
fthe
mig
rant
wor
ker.
Form
igra
ntw
orke
rs
ina
regu
lars
ituat
ion,
the
Conv
entio
npr
ovid
esp
rote
ctio
nfo
rtho
sew
holo
seth
eire
mpl
oym
entp
riort
oth
eex
pira
tion
ofth
eirw
ork
perm
it.T
his
prot
ectio
nva
ries
betw
een
mig
rant
sw
hoc
anc
hoos
efre
ely
thei
rac
tivity
and
thos
ew
hoc
anno
t,th
ough
nei
ther
gro
upw
illb
ere
gard
eda
sirr
egul
arn
orw
illth
eylo
seth
eir
resid
ence
aut
horiz
atio
n.
Yes
No
Aut
hori
zati
on t
o be
te
mpo
rari
ly a
bsen
t w
itho
ut lo
ss o
f sta
tus
Art
. 38
Ina
bsen
ceo
fsuc
ha
prov
ision
,num
erou
sm
igra
ntw
orke
rsre
porte
dly
hesit
ate
tov
isitt
heir
fam
ilies
,at
tend
fune
rals,
etc
.,fo
rfea
rofl
osin
gth
eirw
ork
auth
oriz
atio
ns:t
hey
are
defa
cto
forc
edto
rem
ain
insid
eth
eho
stc
ount
ry.
Such
an
artic
leis
ink
eepi
ngw
ithc
urre
nta
naly
ses
whe
reby
mor
efle
xibi
lity
ford
ocum
ente
dm
igra
nts
totr
avel
bet
wee
nth
eirc
ount
ries
ofo
rigin
and
hos
tcou
ntrie
sw
ould
hel
pm
igra
nts
mai
ntai
ntie
sw
ithth
eirc
ount
ries
ofo
rigin
.
Yes
No
Prot
ecti
on in
cas
e of
ch
ange
of f
amily
sta
tus
Art
. 50
The
mai
nob
ject
ive
ofA
rt.5
0(1)
isto
ens
ure
that
fam
ilym
embe
rso
fam
igra
ntw
orke
rdo
notfi
nd
them
selv
esin
an
irreg
ular
situ
atio
nas
ac
onse
quen
ceo
fhis
orh
erd
eath
ord
ivor
ce.
Yes
No
Resp
ect
for
cult
ural
id
enti
ty a
nd li
nks
wit
h st
ate
of o
rigi
n
Art
. 31
This
furth
ers
treng
then
spr
ovisi
ons
onc
ultu
ralr
ight
sof
mig
rant
sfo
und
ino
ther
arti
cles
(Arts
.26,
43,
45
and
67)
by
emph
asisi
ngth
eim
porta
nce
ofe
nabl
ing
them
tom
aint
ain
links
with
thei
rsta
teo
for
igin
.
Yes
Yes
Righ
t to
rec
ours
e to
co
nsul
ar o
r di
plom
atic
pr
otec
tion
Art
s. 16
; 23
; 65(
2)Th
eVi
enna
Con
vent
ion
onC
onsu
larR
elat
ions
(168
ratifi
catio
ns)e
xpan
dsth
eco
nten
tso
fthi
spr
otec
tion,
inp
artic
ular
:“A
rticl
e36
:Com
mun
icat
ion
and
Cont
actW
ithN
atio
nals
ofth
eSe
ndin
gSt
ate
1.W
itha
vie
wto
faci
litat
ing
the
exer
cise
ofc
onsu
larf
unct
ions
rela
ting
ton
atio
nals
ofth
ese
ndin
gSt
ate:
[…](
b)if
he
sore
ques
ts,t
hec
ompe
tent
aut
horit
ies
ofth
ere
ceiv
ing
Stat
esh
all,
with
outd
elay
,in
form
the
cons
ular
pos
toft
hes
endi
ngS
tate
if,w
ithin
its
cons
ular
dist
rict,
ana
tiona
loft
hatS
tate
is
arre
sted
orc
omm
itted
top
rison
ort
ocu
stod
ype
ndin
gtri
alo
ris
deta
ined
ina
nyo
ther
man
ner.
Any
co
mm
unic
atio
nad
dres
sed
toth
eco
nsul
arp
ostb
yth
epe
rson
arre
sted
,in
priso
n,c
usto
dyo
rdet
entio
nsh
alla
lsob
efo
rwar
ded
byth
esa
ida
utho
ritie
sw
ithou
tdel
ay.
The
said
aut
horit
ies
shal
linf
orm
the
pers
onc
once
rned
with
outd
elay
ofh
isrig
hts
unde
rthi
ssu
b-pa
ragr
aph;
(c)
cons
ular
offi
cers
sha
llha
ve
the
right
tov
isita
nat
iona
loft
hes
endi
ngS
tate
who
isin
pris
on,c
usto
dyo
rdet
entio
n,to
con
vers
ean
dco
rresp
ond
with
him
and
toa
rrang
efo
rhis
lega
lrep
rese
ntat
ion.
The
ysh
alla
lsoh
ave
the
right
to
visi
tany
nat
iona
loft
hes
endi
ngS
tate
who
isin
pris
on,c
usto
dyo
rdet
entio
nin
thei
rdist
ricti
npu
rsua
nce
ofa
judg
men
t.N
ever
thel
ess,
cons
ular
offi
cers
sha
llre
frain
from
taki
nga
ctio
non
beh
alfo
fa
natio
nalw
hois
inp
rison
,cus
tody
ord
eten
tion
ifhe
exp
ress
lyo
ppos
ess
uch
actio
n.”
Yes
Yes
Recr
uitm
ent
of w
orke
rs
for
empl
oym
ent
Art
. 66
“Ove
rall,
the
Conv
entio
nse
eks
top
lay
aro
lein
pre
vent
ing
and
elim
inat
ing
the
expl
oita
tion
ofa
llm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esth
roug
hout
the
entir
em
igra
tion
proc
ess.
Inp
artic
ular
,it
seek
sto
put
an
end
toth
eill
egal
orc
land
estin
ere
crui
tmen
tand
traf
ficki
ngo
fmig
rant
wor
kers
and
to
disc
oura
geth
eem
ploy
men
tofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsin
an
irreg
ular
oru
ndoc
umen
ted
situa
tion.
”74
Yes
No
Obl
igat
ion
to c
ompl
y w
ith
law
s an
d re
gula
tion
s of
sta
tes
of
tran
sit a
nd e
mpl
oym
ent
Art
. 34
See
UDH
RAr
t.29
“1.
Eve
ryon
eha
sdu
ties
toth
eco
mm
unity
inw
hich
alo
neth
efre
ean
dfu
llde
velo
pmen
tofh
ispe
rson
ality
isp
ossib
le.
2.In
the
exer
cise
ofh
isrig
hts
and
freed
oms,
ever
yone
sha
llbe
sub
ject
onl
yto
suc
hlim
itatio
nsa
sar
ede
term
ined
by
law
sol
ely
fort
hep
urpo
seo
fsec
urin
gdu
ere
cogn
ition
and
resp
ectf
orth
erig
hts
and
freed
oms
ofo
ther
san
dof
mee
ting
the
just
requ
irem
ents
of
mor
ality
,pub
lico
rder
and
the
gene
ralw
elfa
rein
ad
emoc
ratic
soc
iety
.”
Yes
Yes
48
Art
icle
sCo
mm
ents
App
licab
le t
o D
ocum
ente
d M
igra
nt
Wor
kers
60
App
licab
le t
o U
ndoc
umen
ted
Mig
rant
W
orke
rs60
Cond
itio
ns o
f in
tern
atio
nal m
igra
tion
PA
RT V
I, en
titl
ed:
“Pro
mot
ion
of s
ound
, eq
uita
ble,
hum
ane
and
law
ful c
ondi
tion
s in
co
nnec
tion
wit
hin
tern
atio
nal m
igra
tion
of
wor
kers
and
m
embe
rs o
f the
ir
fam
ilies
”
Art
s. 64
-70
This
Sect
ion
isof
spe
ciali
nter
esti
nvi
ewo
fint
erna
tiona
ldev
elop
men
tsa
ndd
iscus
sions
on
mig
ratio
nm
anag
emen
tand
glo
balg
over
nanc
e:
• Pa
rtVI
oft
heC
onve
ntio
nfo
cuse
spr
imar
ilyo
nth
eel
imin
atio
nof
irre
gula
rmig
ratio
n.
• Ar
t.64
pro
mot
esc
o-op
erat
ion
and
cons
ulta
tion
betw
een
stat
esa
sa
mea
nsto
pre
vent
the
occu
rrenc
eof
the
phen
omen
ono
firre
gula
rmig
rant
wor
kers
.•
Arts
.65
and
66e
stab
lish
the
adm
inist
rativ
em
achi
nery
tod
ealw
ithq
uest
ions
ofm
igra
tion
asw
ella
spr
ovid
esa
fegu
ards
forr
ecru
itmen
t.
• Art.
70
prov
ides
fort
hem
inim
umo
fpro
tect
ion
ofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndth
eirf
amili
esc
once
rnin
gth
eir
wor
king
and
livi
ngc
ondi
tions
and
com
plem
ents
the
equa
ltre
atm
enta
ppro
ach
cont
aine
din
Arts
.25
an
d43
.75
Yes
Yes
Repa
tria
tion
of b
odie
s of
dec
ease
d m
igra
nts;
co
mpe
nsat
ion
rela
ting
to
dea
th
Art
. 71
This
artic
lety
pifie
sth
ene
edfo
rspe
cific
prov
ision
sre
late
dto
the
situa
tion
ofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndth
eir
fam
ilies
.At
the
sam
etim
e,th
ein
clusio
nin
the
Conv
entio
nof
this
kind
ofA
rticle
has
und
uly
cont
ribut
ed
toth
epe
rcep
tion
that
the
Conv
entio
ni)
crea
tes
new
righ
tsa
ndii
)is
too
long
.
Yes
Yes
Sanc
tion
s fo
r or
gani
zing
cla
ndes
tine
m
ovem
ents
Art
. 68
(1-b
)A
key
prov
ision
ofA
rt.6
8ca
llsfo
rcol
labo
ratio
nto
pre
vent
and
tos
uppr
ess
illeg
alo
rcla
ndes
tine
mov
emen
tsa
nde
mpl
oym
ent.
Itsp
urpo
seis
the
prev
entio
nof
traf
ficki
ngo
fwor
kers
acr
oss
front
iers
,i.e
.,th
eor
gani
zatio
nof
labo
urm
igra
tion
inv
iola
tion
ofin
tern
atio
nalo
rnat
iona
llab
ourl
aw.76
See
also
CRC
Ar
ts.1
1an
d35
.Th
eCo
nven
tion
cont
ains
no
artic
les
spec
ifica
llyd
ealin
gw
ithw
omen
’svu
lner
abili
tyto
se
xual
abu
ses
and
expl
oita
tion.
Thi
sar
ticle
will
hav
eto
be
inte
rpre
ted
inli
ghto
fmor
ere
cent
rele
vant
in
tern
atio
naln
orm
sre
latin
gto
pro
tect
ion
oftr
affic
ked
pers
ons.
No
Yes
Sanc
tion
s on
em
ploy
ers
of ir
regu
lar
mig
rant
sA
rt. 6
8(2)
The
Conv
entio
nre
com
men
dsth
ats
tate
sta
kem
easu
res
toe
limin
ate
empl
oym
ento
firre
gula
rmig
rant
s,in
cludi
ngw
iths
anct
ions
on
empl
oyer
s.Th
ese
sanc
tions
sho
uld
nota
dver
sely
affe
ctth
erig
hts
ofm
igra
nt
wor
kers
aris
ing
from
em
ploy
men
t.
No
Yes
Ord
erly
ret
urn
of
mig
rant
sA
rt. 6
7(1)
This
artic
les
houl
dbe
read
toge
ther
with
Arti
cles
22a
nd5
6on
exp
ulsio
ns.
Item
phas
ises
the
need
for
coop
erat
ion
betw
een
stat
esin
the
adop
tion
ofm
easu
res
rega
rdin
gth
eor
derly
retu
rno
fmig
rant
s.Ye
sYe
s
Mea
sure
s to
cou
nter
ir
regu
lar
mig
rati
onA
rt. 6
9(1)
Art.
69(1
-2)e
ncou
rage
sth
ere
gula
rizat
ion
ofa
nirr
egul
ars
ituat
ion
butn
oto
nly
bye
xpel
ling
mig
rant
w
orke
rsa
ndm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esb
uta
bove
all
by[c
onsid
erin
g]le
galiz
ing
thei
rsta
y.77N
oYe
s
Regu
lari
zati
on o
f un
docu
men
ted
Art
s. 35
; 69
(2)
Alth
ough
the
Conv
entio
ndo
esn
otp
rovi
defo
rari
ghtt
ore
gula
rizat
ion
(Art.
35)
,itd
etai
lsel
emen
tsto
be
take
nin
toa
ccou
ntw
hen
Stat
esP
artie
sco
nsid
erth
epo
ssib
ility
ofr
egul
ariza
tion,
i.e.
,circ
umst
ance
sof
en
try,d
urat
ion
ofs
tay,
and
fam
ilys
ituat
ion.
No
Yes
Tabl
e IV
A
nnot
ated
Pro
visi
ons
Spec
ific
to t
he M
igra
nt W
orke
rs C
onve
ntio
n
49
60 S
eed
efini
tions
on
p.5
4.61
A
bro
adp
ropo
salo
nre
cipro
city
appl
icabl
eto
the
who
leM
WC
was
sub
mitt
edb
yIta
lyan
dsu
ppor
ted
byF
ranc
e,It
aly
and
Ger
man
y.It
was
opp
osed
by
Med
iterra
nean
and
Sca
ndin
avia
nco
untri
es(M
ESCA
gr
oup)
as
w
ell
asA
lger
ia,
Aust
ralia
,Ca
nada
,Ch
ina,
Co
lom
bia,
M
oroc
co,M
exico
,the
Net
herla
nds
and
the
form
erY
ugos
lavi
a.
See
Repo
rt o
f th
e O
pen-
ende
d W
orki
ng G
roup
on
the
Elab
orat
ion
of a
n In
tern
atio
nal C
onve
ntio
n on
the
Pro
tect
ion
of t
he R
ight
s of
All
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
and
The
ir Fa
mili
es;U
ND
oc.A
/C.3
/39/
4(1
1O
ctob
er1
984)
.62
S.H
une,
“M
igra
nt W
om
en in
the
Co
nte
xt o
f th
e In
tern
atio
nal
C
on
ven
tio
n o
n t
he
Pro
tect
ion
of
the
Rig
hts
of
All
Mig
ran
t W
ork
ers
and
M
emb
ers
of
Thei
r Fa
mili
es,”
in
Inte
rnat
iona
l M
igra
tion
Revi
ew,2
5,19
91.
63
Som
ego
vern
men
tsa
rei
ncre
asin
gly
usin
gth
ete
rm“
serv
ice
prov
ider
s.”
The
coin
ing
ofn
ewt
erm
san
dde
finiti
ons
will
hav
eto
be
exa
min
edb
ym
embe
rso
fth
ere
leva
ntt
reat
ym
onito
ring
body
,th
eUN
Com
mitt
eeo
nM
igra
ntW
orke
rs,i
nlig
hto
fdefi
nitio
nsin
the
Co
nven
tion.
No
defin
ition
ofM
Wsh
ould
allo
wth
e“co
mm
odifi
catio
n”
ofm
igra
nts.
64T
hep
ropo
salw
aso
rigin
ally
putf
orw
ard
byth
eM
exica
nde
lega
tion,
se
e Rep
ort o
f the
Ope
n-en
ded
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e El
abor
atio
n
of a
n In
tern
atio
nal C
onve
ntio
n on
the
Pro
tect
ion
of t
he R
ight
s of
All
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
and
Mem
bers
of
Thei
r Fa
mili
es;U
ND
oc.
A/C.
3/39
/4(1
1O
ctob
er1
984)
.Se
eal
soF
ootn
ote
10in
Tabl
eII.
65M
.Has
enau
,“Se
ttin
g N
orm
s in
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Sys
tem
: The
D
raft
Con
vent
ion
on t
he P
rote
ctio
n of
the
Rig
hts
of A
ll M
igra
nt
Wor
kers
and
The
ir Fa
mili
es i
n Re
latio
n to
ILO
in
Stan
dard
s on
M
igra
nt W
orke
rs,”
inIn
tern
atio
nal M
igra
tion
Revi
ew, 2
5,1
991.
66
W
hen
Mon
ey R
eally
Mat
ters
- R
emitt
ance
s V
ital
to S
outh
A
sia,
Th
eW
orld
Ban
k,J
uly
19,
2005
.I
n20
04,
rem
ittan
ces
to
deve
lopi
ngc
ount
ries
exce
eded
USD
126
billi
on,
upb
yne
arly
48.7
pe
rcen
tfro
m2
001:
“A
ctua
lam
ount
sar
epr
obab
lym
uch
larg
er
beca
use
flow
sthr
ough
info
rmal
chan
nels
such
ash
awal
ael
ude
offic
ial
data
col
lect
ion.
”In
deed
,rem
ittan
ces
thro
ugh
info
rmal
cha
nnel
sar
ees
timat
edto
hav
eam
ount
ed,i
n20
04,t
obe
twee
nUS
D20
0an
d30
0bi
llion
.67
Sta
tistic
alA
nnex
oft
he2
004
Dev
elop
men
t Coo
pera
tion
Repo
rt,
OEC
D.“
Wor
ldB
ank
estim
ates
for
rem
ittan
cefl
ows
tod
evel
opin
gco
untri
esi
n20
04t
otal
ed$
122
billi
on;
how
ever
,th
isnu
mbe
ris
expe
cted
to
chan
geu
pwar
dsin
the
nex
tfe
wy
ears
as
the
form
ulas
us
edto
cal
cula
tere
mitt
ance
flow
sar
em
odifi
ed.”
68O
nly
with
inth
epr
ovisi
ons
ofA
rticle
32.
69
S.H
une,
“Th
e O
rigin
s an
d Im
port
ance
of
the
Con
vent
ion”
inP
rocl
aim
ing
Mig
rant
s Ri
ghts
,W
orld
Cou
ncil
ofC
hurc
hes
and
Chur
ches
Com
mitt
eefo
rMig
rant
sin
Eur
ope,
(Feb
.199
1).
70
R.C
hole
win
ski,
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
in
Inte
rnat
iona
l H
uman
Ri
ghts
Law
, The
ir Pr
otec
tion
in C
ount
ries
of E
mpl
oym
ent(
1997
),Cl
aren
don
Pres
s,O
xfor
d.71
See
“Th
e Ri
ghts
of
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
, Fa
ct S
heet
No.
24,
”19
96.
This
Fact
She
eth
asb
een
repl
aced
bya
noth
erve
rsio
n(T
heIn
tern
atio
nal
Conv
entio
non
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
and
its
Com
mitt
ee,F
act
Shee
tN
o.
24(R
ev.1
))b
utit
iss
tilla
vaila
ble
atw
ww
.ohc
hr.o
rg/e
nglis
h/ab
out/
publ
icatio
ns/d
ocs/
fs24
.htm
72 O
nly
with
inth
epr
ovisi
ons
ofA
rticle
22.
73O
p.c
it.,T
he R
ight
s of
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
, Fac
tShe
etN
o.2
4,1
996.
74
See
Ach
ievi
ng D
igni
ty:
Cam
paig
ner’s
Han
dboo
k fo
r th
e M
igra
nts
Righ
ts
Con
vent
ion,
pr
epar
ed
by
Mig
rant
sRi
ghts
In
tern
atio
nala
ndre
view
edb
yTh
eSt
eerin
gCo
mm
ittee
fort
heG
loba
lCa
mpa
ign
for
Ratifi
catio
nof
the
Int
erna
tiona
lCo
nven
tion
ont
he
Prot
ectio
nof
the
Righ
tso
fAll
Mig
rant
Wor
kers
and
Mem
bers
oft
heir
Fam
ilies
,Fou
rthp
rintin
g,N
ovem
ber2
002,
Gen
eva.
75M
.Has
enau
,ibi
d.76
Op.
cit.
77L
oc.c
it.
Tabl
e IV
F
ootn
otesArt
icle
sCo
mm
ents
App
licab
le t
o D
ocum
ente
d M
igra
nt
Wor
kers
60
App
licab
le t
o U
ndoc
umen
ted
Mig
rant
W
orke
rs60
Cond
itio
ns o
f in
tern
atio
nal m
igra
tion
PA
RT V
I, en
titl
ed:
“Pro
mot
ion
of s
ound
, eq
uita
ble,
hum
ane
and
law
ful c
ondi
tion
s in
co
nnec
tion
wit
hin
tern
atio
nal m
igra
tion
of
wor
kers
and
m
embe
rs o
f the
ir
fam
ilies
”
Art
s. 64
-70
This
Sect
ion
isof
spe
ciali
nter
esti
nvi
ewo
fint
erna
tiona
ldev
elop
men
tsa
ndd
iscus
sions
on
mig
ratio
nm
anag
emen
tand
glo
balg
over
nanc
e:
• Pa
rtVI
oft
heC
onve
ntio
nfo
cuse
spr
imar
ilyo
nth
eel
imin
atio
nof
irre
gula
rmig
ratio
n.
• Ar
t.64
pro
mot
esc
o-op
erat
ion
and
cons
ulta
tion
betw
een
stat
esa
sa
mea
nsto
pre
vent
the
occu
rrenc
eof
the
phen
omen
ono
firre
gula
rmig
rant
wor
kers
.•
Arts
.65
and
66e
stab
lish
the
adm
inist
rativ
em
achi
nery
tod
ealw
ithq
uest
ions
ofm
igra
tion
asw
ella
spr
ovid
esa
fegu
ards
forr
ecru
itmen
t.
• Art.
70
prov
ides
fort
hem
inim
umo
fpro
tect
ion
ofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndth
eirf
amili
esc
once
rnin
gth
eir
wor
king
and
livi
ngc
ondi
tions
and
com
plem
ents
the
equa
ltre
atm
enta
ppro
ach
cont
aine
din
Arts
.25
an
d43
.75
Yes
Yes
Repa
tria
tion
of b
odie
s of
dec
ease
d m
igra
nts;
co
mpe
nsat
ion
rela
ting
to
dea
th
Art
. 71
This
artic
lety
pifie
sth
ene
edfo
rspe
cific
prov
ision
sre
late
dto
the
situa
tion
ofm
igra
ntw
orke
rsa
ndth
eir
fam
ilies
.At
the
sam
etim
e,th
ein
clusio
nin
the
Conv
entio
nof
this
kind
ofA
rticle
has
und
uly
cont
ribut
ed
toth
epe
rcep
tion
that
the
Conv
entio
ni)
crea
tes
new
righ
tsa
ndii
)is
too
long
.
Yes
Yes
Sanc
tion
s fo
r or
gani
zing
cla
ndes
tine
m
ovem
ents
Art
. 68
(1-b
)A
key
prov
ision
ofA
rt.6
8ca
llsfo
rcol
labo
ratio
nto
pre
vent
and
tos
uppr
ess
illeg
alo
rcla
ndes
tine
mov
emen
tsa
nde
mpl
oym
ent.
Itsp
urpo
seis
the
prev
entio
nof
traf
ficki
ngo
fwor
kers
acr
oss
front
iers
,i.e
.,th
eor
gani
zatio
nof
labo
urm
igra
tion
inv
iola
tion
ofin
tern
atio
nalo
rnat
iona
llab
ourl
aw.76
See
also
CRC
Ar
ts.1
1an
d35
.Th
eCo
nven
tion
cont
ains
no
artic
les
spec
ifica
llyd
ealin
gw
ithw
omen
’svu
lner
abili
tyto
se
xual
abu
ses
and
expl
oita
tion.
Thi
sar
ticle
will
hav
eto
be
inte
rpre
ted
inli
ghto
fmor
ere
cent
rele
vant
in
tern
atio
naln
orm
sre
latin
gto
pro
tect
ion
oftr
affic
ked
pers
ons.
No
Yes
Sanc
tion
s on
em
ploy
ers
of ir
regu
lar
mig
rant
sA
rt. 6
8(2)
The
Conv
entio
nre
com
men
dsth
ats
tate
sta
kem
easu
res
toe
limin
ate
empl
oym
ento
firre
gula
rmig
rant
s,in
cludi
ngw
iths
anct
ions
on
empl
oyer
s.Th
ese
sanc
tions
sho
uld
nota
dver
sely
affe
ctth
erig
hts
ofm
igra
nt
wor
kers
aris
ing
from
em
ploy
men
t.
No
Yes
Ord
erly
ret
urn
of
mig
rant
sA
rt. 6
7(1)
This
artic
les
houl
dbe
read
toge
ther
with
Arti
cles
22a
nd5
6on
exp
ulsio
ns.
Item
phas
ises
the
need
for
coop
erat
ion
betw
een
stat
esin
the
adop
tion
ofm
easu
res
rega
rdin
gth
eor
derly
retu
rno
fmig
rant
s.Ye
sYe
s
Mea
sure
s to
cou
nter
ir
regu
lar
mig
rati
onA
rt. 6
9(1)
Art.
69(1
-2)e
ncou
rage
sth
ere
gula
rizat
ion
ofa
nirr
egul
ars
ituat
ion
butn
oto
nly
bye
xpel
ling
mig
rant
w
orke
rsa
ndm
embe
rso
fthe
irfa
mili
esb
uta
bove
all
by[c
onsid
erin
g]le
galiz
ing
thei
rsta
y.77N
oYe
s
Regu
lari
zati
on o
f un
docu
men
ted
Art
s. 35
; 69
(2)
Alth
ough
the
Conv
entio
ndo
esn
otp
rovi
defo
rari
ghtt
ore
gula
rizat
ion
(Art.
35)
,itd
etai
lsel
emen
tsto
be
take
nin
toa
ccou
ntw
hen
Stat
esP
artie
sco
nsid
erth
epo
ssib
ility
ofr
egul
ariza
tion,
i.e.
,circ
umst
ance
sof
en
try,d
urat
ion
ofs
tay,
and
fam
ilys
ituat
ion.
No
Yes
�0
�1
Basic Facts about the Migrant Workers Convention
�2
• It is the first universal codification of the rights of migrant workers and members of their families.
• It was adopted on 18 December 1990 by the General Assembly of the United Nations.
• It draws on principles and standards included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948; on subsequently adopted human rights covenants and treaties; and labour law (ILO Conventions).
Reasons for its adoption
• Importance and extent of the international migration phenomenon
• Situation of vulnerability in which migrant workers and members of their families frequently find themselves outside of their State of origin and at all stages of the migration process;
• Need to improve the situation of migrant workers and their families by highlighting existing norms and elaborating additional ones;
• Necessity to harmonize the attitudes of States relative to the treatment of migrant workers and their families by means of accepting fundamental principles;
• Need to bear in mind the human problems involved in irregular migration and to encourage appropriate action in order to prevent and eliminate clandestine movements and trafficking in migrant workers, while at the same time assuring the protection of their fundamental human rights.
Historical context and main actors
• The first debates and studies began in the 1970s, lead by Mexico, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and the former Yugoslavia (leaders of the G 77 non-aligned States).
• Mediterranean and Nordic countries played a decisive role, including Finland, Greece, Italy, Norway, Spain, and Sweden.
• Other Western European States, advocating for “zero immigration” policies, were little supportive.
Basic facts about the Migrant Workers Convention
The reasons for and context of its adoption
What is the ICRMW?
�3
93 articles divided into 9 parts and a preamble
• Part 1: Scope and definitions (Arts. 1-6)
• Part II: Non-discrimination with respect to rights (Art. 7)
• Part III: Human rights of all migrant workers and members of their families (Arts. 8-3�)
• Part IV: Other rights of migrant workers and members of their families who are documented or in a regular situation (Arts. 36-�6)
• Part V: Provisions applicable to particular categories of migrant workers and members of their families (Arts. �7-63)
• Part VI: Promotion of sound, equitable, humane and lawful conditions in connection with international migration of workers and members of their families (Arts. 64-71)
• Part VII: Application of the Convention (Arts. 72-78)
• Part VIII: General provisions (Arts. 79-84)
• Part IX: Final provisions (Arts. 8�-93)
• All migrant workers Migrant worker refers to a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national. (Article 2)
• Members of their familiesMembers of the family refers to persons married to migrant workers or having with thema relationship that, according to applicable law, produces effects equivalent to marriage, aswell as their dependent children and other dependent persons who are recognized as members of the family by applicable legislation or applicable bilateral or multilateral agreements between the States concerned. (Article 4)
• Frontier workers
• Seafarers
• Seasonal workers
• Project-tied workers(Article 2)
The Convention at a glance
Who does the Convention protect?
• Workers on offshore installations
• Itinerant workers
• Specified-employment workers
• Self-employed workers
�4
• Diplomats and international civil servants
• Investors
• Refugees and stateless persons (unless such application is provided for in the relevant national legislation of, or international instruments in force for, the State Party concerned)
• Students and trainees
• Seafarers and offshore workers who have not been able to take up a residence and engage in a remunerated activity in the state of employment
(Article 3)
The Convention provides protection to the persons mentioned above:. . . during the entire migration process of migrant workers and members of their families, which comprises preparation for migration, departure, transit and the entire period of stay and remunerated activity in the State of employment as well as return to the State of origin or the State of habitual residence. (Article 1)
According to Article � of the Convention, “Migrant workers are considered as documented or in a regular situation if they are authorized to enter, to stay and to engage in a remunerated activity in the State of employment pursuant to the law of that State and to international agreements to which that State is a party.”
Under the Convention, migrant workers are considered as non-documented or in an irregular situation if they do not comply with the above-mentioned conditions.
(Article 5)
Who does the Convention NOT protect?
Scope of the Convention
Documented and undocumented migrant workers
Non-discrimination
The Convention is applicable . . . without distinction of any kind such as sex, race, colour, language, religion or conviction, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, nationality, age, economic position, property, marital status, birth or other status. (Article 7)
��
Africa GroupAlgeriaBurkina FasoCape VerdeEgyptGhana Guinea LesothoLibyan Arab Jamahiriya MaliMoroccoSenegal SeychellesUganda
Western European and Other States (WEOG)Turkey
Eastern Europe (EE) GroupAzerbaijanBosnia & Herzegovina
Asia GroupKyrgyzstanPhilippinesSri LankaSyrian Arab RepublicTajikistanTimor-Leste
Latin America &Caribbean (LAC) GroupBelize BoliviaChileColombia EcuadorEl SalvadorGuatemalaHondurasMexicoNicaraguaPeruUruguay
Signatures: Argentina, Bangladesh, Benin, Cambodia, Comoros, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Liberia, Paraguay, Sao Tome and Principe, Serbia & Montenegro, Sierra Leone and Togo.
PercentageperregionalgroupoftotalratificationsoftheICRMW
403�302�201�10 � 0
Ratifications: 34 countries have ratified the Convention (geographical distribution according to the UN regional groups):
States Parties - as of March 2006
AfricaGroup
LACGroup
AsiaGroup
EEGroup
WEOG
�6
�7
Annex I Text of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
�8
�9
Preamble
TheStatesPartiestothepresentConvention,
Takingintoaccounttheprinciplesembodiedinthebasicinstruments of the United Nations concerning humanrights, inparticulartheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights, the InternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,theInternationalCovenantonCiviland Political Rights, the International Convention onthe Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination againstWomen and the Convention ontheRightsoftheChild,
Taking into account also the principles and standardsset forth in the relevant instruments elaborated withintheframeworkoftheInternationalLabourOrganisation,especially the Convention concerning Migration forEmployment (No. 97), the Convention concerningMigrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotionof Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of MigrantWorkers (No.143), the Recommendation concerningMigrationforEmployment(No.86),theRecommendationconcerningMigrantWorkers (No.151), theConventionconcerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (No. 29) andthe Convention concerningAbolition of Forced Labour(No.105),
Reaffirming the importanceof theprinciples containedintheConventionagainstDiscriminationinEducationofthe United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization,
Recalling the Convention against Torture and OtherCruel, InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment,theDeclarationoftheFourthUnitedNationsCongressonthePreventionofCrimeandtheTreatmentofOffenders,theCodeofConductforLawEnforcementOfficials,andtheSlaveryConventions,
RecallingthatoneoftheobjectivesoftheInternationalLabourOrganisation,asstatedinitsConstitution,istheprotection of the interests of workers when employedincountriesother thantheirown,andbearing inmindthe expertise and experience of that organization inmattersrelatedtomigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies,
Recognizing the importance of the work done inconnection with migrant workers and members oftheir families in various organs of the United Nations,in particular in the Commission on Human Rights andtheCommissionforSocialDevelopment,andintheFoodand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,the United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganizationandtheWorldHealthOrganization,aswellasinotherinternationalorganizations,
RecognizingalsotheprogressmadebycertainStatesonaregionalorbilateralbasistowardstheprotectionoftherightsofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies,aswellastheimportanceandusefulnessofbilateralandmultilateralagreementsinthisfield,
Realizing the importance and extent of the migrationphenomenon,whichinvolvesmillionsofpeopleandaffectsalargenumberofStatesintheinternationalcommunity,
AwareoftheimpactoftheflowsofmigrantworkersonStatesandpeopleconcerned,anddesiring toestablishnormswhichmaycontributetotheharmonizationoftheattitudesofStatesthroughtheacceptanceofbasicprin-ciplesconcerningthetreatmentofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies,
Consideringthesituationofvulnerabilityinwhichmigrantworkers and members of their families frequently findthemselvesowing,amongotherthings,totheirabsencefromtheirStateoforiginandtothedifficultiestheymayencounter arising from their presence in the State ofemployment,
Convinced that the rights of migrant workers andmembers of their families have not been sufficientlyrecognizedeverywhereandthereforerequireappropriateinternationalprotection,
Takingintoaccountthefactthatmigrationisoftenthecauseofseriousproblemsforthemembersofthefamiliesofmigrantworkersaswellasfortheworkersthemselves,inparticularbecauseofthescatteringofthefamily,
Bearing in mind that the human problems involved inmigrationareevenmoreseriousinthecaseofirregularmigration and convinced therefore that appropriateaction should be encouraged in order to prevent and
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
Adopted by General Assembly resolution 45/158 of 18 December 1990
60
eliminate clandestine movements and trafficking inmigrant workers, while at the same time assuring theprotectionoftheirfundamentalhumanrights,
Considering that workers who are non-documented orinan irregularsituationare frequentlyemployedunderless favourable conditions of work than other workersand that certain employers find this an inducement toseeksuchlabourinordertoreapthebenefitsofunfaircompetition,
Considering also that recourse to the employment ofmigrant workers who are in an irregular situation willbe discouraged if the fundamental human rights of allmigrantworkersaremorewidelyrecognizedand,more-over, that granting certain additional rights to migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesinaregularsitua-tionwillencourageallmigrantsandemployerstorespectandcomplywiththelawsandproceduresestablishedbytheStatesconcerned,
Convinced, therefore, of the need to bring about theinternational protection of the rights of all migrantworkersandmembersof their families, reaffirmingandestablishingbasicnormsinacomprehensiveconventionwhichcouldbeapplieduniversally,
Haveagreedasfollows:
Part I: Scope and Definitions
Article 1
1. The present Convention is applicable, except asotherwiseprovidedhereafter,toallmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilieswithoutdistinctionofanykindsuchassex,race,colour,language,religionorconviction,politicalorotheropinion,national,ethnicorsocialorigin,nationality, age, economic position, property, maritalstatus,birthorotherstatus.
2. ThepresentConventionshallapplyduringtheentiremigration process of migrant workers and members oftheir families, which comprises preparation for migra-tion,departure,transitandtheentireperiodofstayandremuneratedactivityintheStateofemploymentaswellasreturntotheStateoforiginortheStateofhabitualresidence.
Article 2ForthepurposesofthepresentConvention:
1. Theterm“migrantworker”referstoapersonwhoistobeengaged,isengagedorhasbeenengagedina
remuneratedactivityinaStateofwhichheorsheisnotanational.
2.(a) The term “frontier worker” refers to a migrant
worker who retains his or her habitual residence in aneighbouringStatetowhichheorshenormallyreturnseverydayoratleastonceaweek;
(b) The term “seasonal worker” refers to a migrantworker whose work by its character is dependent onseasonal conditions and is performed only during partoftheyear;
(c)The term“seafarer”,which includes a fisherman,refers to a migrant worker employed on board avesselregisteredinaStateofwhichheorsheisnotanational;
3.(d)Theterm“workeronanoffshoreinstallation”refers
toamigrantworkeremployedonanoffshoreinstallationthatisunderthejurisdictionofaStateofwhichheorsheisnotanational;
(e) The term “itinerant worker’’ refers to a migrantworkerwho,havinghisorherhabitualresidenceinoneState,hastotravel toanotherStateorStates forshortperiods,owingtothenatureofhisorheroccupation;
(f)Theterm“project-tiedworker”referstoamigrantworkeradmittedtoaStateofemploymentforadefinedperiodtoworksolelyonaspecificprojectbeingcarriedoutinthatStatebyhisorheremployer;
(g)Theterm“specified-employmentworker”referstoamigrantworker:
(i)Who has been sent by his or her employer for arestrictedanddefinedperiodoftimetoaStateofemploy-menttoundertakeaspecificassignmentorduty;or
(ii)Whoengages for a restricted anddefinedperiodof time inwork that requiresprofessional, commercial,technicalorotherhighlyspecializedskill;or
(iii)Who,upon the requestofhisorheremployer inthe State of employment, engages for a restricted anddefinedperiodof time inworkwhosenature is transi-tory or brief; and who is required to depart from theStateofemploymenteitherattheexpirationofhisorherauthorizedperiodofstay,orearlierifheorshenolongerundertakesthatspecificassignmentordutyorengagesinthatwork;
(h)Theterm“self-employedworker”referstoamigrantworkerwhoisengagedinaremuneratedactivityother-wisethanunderacontractofemploymentandwhoearnshis or her living through this activity normallyworkingaloneortogetherwithmembersofhisorherfamily,andtoanyothermigrantworkerrecognizedasself-employedbyapplicable legislationoftheStateofemploymentorbilateralormultilateralagreements.
61
Article 3
ThepresentConventionshallnotapplyto:(a) Persons sent or employed by international orga-
nizationsandagenciesorpersonssentoremployedbyaStateoutsideitsterritorytoperformofficialfunctions,whose admission and status are regulated by generalinternationallaworbyspecificinternationalagreementsorconventions;
(b)PersonssentoremployedbyaStateoronitsbehalfoutside its territory who participate in developmentprogrammesandotherco-operationprogrammes,whoseadmissionandstatusare regulatedbyagreementwiththeStateof employmentandwho, inaccordancewiththatagreement,arenotconsideredmigrantworkers;
(c) Persons taking up residence in a State differentfromtheirStateoforiginasinvestors;
(d)Refugeesandstatelesspersons,unlesssuchappli-cationisprovidedforintherelevantnationallegislationof, or international instruments in force for, the StatePartyconcerned;
(e)Studentsandtrainees;(f) Seafarers andworkers on anoffshore installation
whohavenotbeenadmitted to takeupresidenceandengageinaremuneratedactivityintheStateofemploy-ment.
Article 4
For the purposes of the present Convention the term‘’members of the family” refers to persons married tomigrantworkersorhavingwiththemarelationshipthat,according to applicable law, produces effects equiva-lent to marriage, as well as their dependent childrenand other dependent persons who are recognized asmembersofthefamilybyapplicablelegislationorappli-cable bilateral or multilateral agreements between theStatesconcerned.
Article 5
For the purposes of the present Convention, migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies:
(a)Areconsideredasdocumentedorinaregularsitua-tioniftheyareauthorizedtoenter,tostayandtoengagein a remunerated activity in the State of employmentpursuant to the law of that State and to internationalagreementstowhichthatStateisaparty;
(b)Areconsideredasnon-documentedorinanirreg-ularsituationiftheydonotcomplywiththeconditionsprovidedforinsubparagraph(a)ofthepresentarticle.
Article 6
ForthepurposesofthepresentConvention:
(a) The term “State of origin” means the State ofwhichthepersonconcernedisanational;
(b) The term“State of employment” means a Statewherethemigrantworkeristobeengaged,isengagedorhasbeenengaged ina remuneratedactivity, as thecasemaybe;
(c) Theterm“Stateoftransit,’meansanyStatethroughwhichthepersonconcernedpassesonanyjourneytotheStateofemploymentorfromtheStateofemploymenttotheStateoforiginortheStateofhabitualresidence.
Part II: Non-discrimination with Respect to Rights
Article 7
StatesPartiesundertake,inaccordancewiththeinterna-tional instruments concerninghuman rights, to respectand to ensure to all migrant workers and members oftheirfamilieswithintheirterritoryorsubjecttotheirjuris-dictiontherightsprovidedforinthepresentConventionwithout distinction of any kind such as to sex, race,colour,language,religionorconviction,politicalorotheropinion,national,ethnicorsocialorigin,nationality,age,economicposition,property,maritalstatus,birthorotherstatus.
Part III: Human Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families
Article 8
1. MigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesshallbefreetoleaveanyState,includingtheirStateoforigin.Thisrightshallnotbesubjecttoanyrestrictionsexceptthosethatareprovidedbylaw,arenecessarytoprotectnationalsecurity,publicorder(ordrepublic),publichealthormoralsortherightsandfreedomsofothersandareconsistentwiththeotherrightsrecognizedinthepresentpartoftheConvention.
2. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshallhavetherightatanytimetoenterandremainintheirStateoforigin.
Article 9
Therighttolifeofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesshallbeprotectedbylaw.
Article 10
Nomigrantworkerormemberofhisorherfamilyshallbesubjectedtotortureortocruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment.
62
Article 11
1. Nomigrantworkerormemberofhisorherfamilyshallbeheldinslaveryorservitude.
2. Nomigrantworkerormemberofhisorherfamilyshall be required to perform forced or compulsorylabour.
3. Paragraph2ofthepresentarticleshallnotbeheldto preclude, in States where imprisonment with hardlabourmaybeimposedasapunishmentforacrime,theperformanceofhardlabourinpursuanceofasentencetosuchpunishmentbyacompetentcourt.
4. For the purpose of the present article the term“forcedorcompulsorylabour”shallnotinclude:
(a)Anyworkorservicenotreferredtoinparagraph3ofthepresentarticlenormallyrequiredofapersonwhoisunderdetentioninconsequenceofalawfulorderofacourtorofapersonduringconditionalreleasefromsuchdetention;
(b)Anyserviceexactedincasesofemergencyorcalamitythreateningthelifeorwell-beingofthecommunity;
(c)AnyworkorservicethatformspartofnormalcivilobligationssofarasitisimposedalsooncitizensoftheStateconcerned.
Article 12
1. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshall have the right to freedomof thought, conscienceandreligion.Thisrightshallincludefreedomtohaveortoadoptareligionorbeliefoftheirchoiceandfreedomeither individually or in community with others and inpublic or private to manifest their religion or belief inworship,observance,practiceandteaching.
2. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshallnotbesubjecttocoercionthatwouldimpairtheirfreedomtohaveortoadoptareligionorbeliefoftheirchoice.
3. Freedomtomanifestone’sreligionorbeliefmaybesubjectonlytosuchlimitationsasareprescribedbylawandarenecessarytoprotectpublicsafety,order,healthor morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms ofothers.
4. StatesPartiestothepresentConventionundertaketohaverespectforthelibertyofparents,atleastoneofwhom isamigrantworker,and,whenapplicable, legalguardianstoensurethereligiousandmoraleducationoftheirchildreninconformitywiththeirownconvictions.
Article 13
1. Migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesshallhavetherighttoholdopinionswithoutinterference.
2. Migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesshallhavetherighttofreedomofexpression;thisrightshall
include freedom to seek, receive and impart informa-tionandideasofallkinds,regardlessoffrontiers,eitherorally,inwritingorinprint,intheformofartorthroughanyothermediaoftheirchoice.
3. Theexerciseoftherightprovidedforinparagraph2ofthepresentarticlecarrieswithitspecialdutiesandresponsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certainrestrictions,buttheseshallonlybesuchasareprovidedbylawandarenecessary:
(a) Forrespectoftherightsorreputationofothers;(b) For theprotectionof thenational security of the
Statesconcernedorofpublicorder (ordrepublic)orofpublichealthormorals;
(c) Forthepurposeofpreventinganypropagandaforwar;
(d) For the purpose of preventing any advocacy ofnational,racialorreligioushatredthatconstitutesincite-menttodiscrimination,hostilityorviolence.
Article 14
Nomigrantworkerormemberofhisorherfamilyshallbe subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference withhisorherprivacy,family,home,correspondenceorothercommunications, or to unlawful attacks on his or herhonourandreputation.Eachmigrantworkerandmemberofhisorherfamilyshallhavetherighttotheprotectionofthelawagainstsuchinterferenceorattacks.
Article 15
Nomigrantworkerormemberofhisorherfamilyshallbearbitrarilydeprivedofproperty,whetherownedindi-vidually or in association with others. Where, underthelegislationinforceintheStateofemployment,theassetsofamigrantworkeroramemberofhisorherfamilyareexpropriatedinwholeorinpart,thepersonconcerned shall have the right to fair and adequatecompensation.
Article 16
1. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshallhavetherighttolibertyandsecurityofperson.
2. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshall be entitled to effective protection by the Stateagainst violence, physical injury, threats and intimida-tion,whetherbypublicofficialsorbyprivateindividuals,groupsorinstitutions.
3. Anyverificationbylawenforcementofficialsoftheidentityofmigrantworkersormembersoftheirfamiliesshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewithprocedureestab-lishedbylaw.
4. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshallnotbesubjectedindividuallyorcollectivelytoarbi-
63
trary arrest or detention; they shall not be deprivedoftheir libertyexceptonsuchgroundsand inaccordancewithsuchproceduresasareestablishedbylaw.
5. Migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilieswhoarearrestedshallbeinformedatthetimeofarrestasfaraspossibleinalanguagetheyunderstandofthereasonsfortheirarrestandtheyshallbepromptlyinformedinalanguagetheyunderstandofanychargesagainstthem.
6. Migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilieswhoare arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall bebroughtpromptlybeforeajudgeorotherofficerautho-rizedbylawtoexercisejudicialpowerandshallbeenti-tled to trial within a reasonable time or to release. Itshallnotbethegeneralrulethatwhileawaitingtrialtheyshallbedetainedincustody,butreleasemaybesubjecttoguaranteestoappear fortrial,atanyotherstageofthejudicialproceedingsand,shouldtheoccasionarise,fortheexecutionofthejudgement.
7. Whenamigrantworkeroramemberofhisorherfamily is arrested or committed to prison or custodypendingtrialorisdetainedinanyothermanner:
(a)TheconsularordiplomaticauthoritiesofhisorherState of origin or of a State representing the interestsofthatStateshall,ifheorshesorequests,beinformedwithoutdelayofhisorherarrestordetentionandofthereasonstherefor;
(b)The person concerned shall have the right tocommunicatewith the saidauthorities. Any communi-cationby theperson concerned to the said authoritiesshall be forwarded without delay, and he or she shallalso have the right to receive communications sent bythesaidauthoritieswithoutdelay;
(c)The person concerned shall be informed withoutdelay of this right and of rights deriving from relevanttreaties,ifany,applicablebetweentheStatesconcerned,to correspondand tomeetwith representativesof thesaidauthoritiesandtomakearrangementswiththemforhisorherlegalrepresentation.
8. Migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilieswhoaredeprivedoftheirlibertybyarrestordetentionshallbeentitledtotakeproceedingsbeforeacourt,inorderthatthatcourtmaydecidewithoutdelayon the lawfulnessof their detentionandorder their release if thedeten-tionisnotlawful.Whentheyattendsuchproceedings,theyshallhavetheassistance,ifnecessarywithoutcosttothem,ofaninterpreter, iftheycannotunderstandorspeakthelanguageused.
9. Migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilieswhohavebeenvictimsofunlawfularrestordetentionshallhaveanenforceablerighttocompensation.
Article 17
1. Migrant workers and members of their familieswho are deprived of their liberty shall be treated with
humanityandwithrespectfortheinherentdignityofthehumanpersonandfortheirculturalidentity.
2. Accused migrant workers and members of theirfamilies shall, save in exceptional circumstances, beseparatedfromconvictedpersonsandshallbesubjecttoseparatetreatmentappropriatetotheirstatusasuncon-victedpersons.Accusedjuvenilepersonsshallbesepa-ratedfromadultsandbroughtasspeedilyaspossibleforadjudication.
3. Any migrant worker or member of his or herfamilywhoisdetainedinaStateoftransitor inaStateof employment for violation of provisions relating tomigrationshallbeheld,insofaraspracticable,separatelyfromconvictedpersonsorpersonsdetainedpendingtrial.
4. Duringanyperiodofimprisonmentinpursuanceofasentenceimposedbyacourtoflaw,theessentialaimofthetreatmentofamigrantworkeroramemberofhisorher familyshallbehisorher reformationandsocialrehabilitation. Juvenile offenders shall be separatedfrom adults and be accorded treatment appropriate totheirageandlegalstatus.
5. Duringdetentionorimprisonment,migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesshallenjoythesamerightsasnationalstovisitsbymembersoftheirfamilies.
6.Wheneveramigrantworkerisdeprivedofhisorherliberty,thecompetentauthoritiesoftheStateconcernedshallpayattentionto theproblemsthatmaybeposedformembersofhisorherfamily,inparticularforspousesandminorchildren.
7. Migrant workers and members of their familieswhoaresubjectedtoanyformofdetentionorimprison-ment in accordance with the law in force in the StateofemploymentorintheStateoftransitshallenjoythesamerightsasnationalsofthoseStateswhoareinthesamesituation.
8. Ifamigrantworkeroramemberofhisorherfamilyisdetainedforthepurposeofverifyinganyinfractionofprovisionsrelatedtomigration,heorsheshallnotbearanycostsarisingtherefrom.
Article 18
1. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshall have the right to equality with nationals of theStateconcernedbeforethecourtsandtribunals.Inthedeterminationofanycriminalchargeagainstthemoroftheir rights and obligations in a suit of law, they shallbeentitledtoafairandpublichearingbyacompetent,independentandimpartialtribunalestablishedbylaw.
2. Migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilieswhoarechargedwithacriminaloffenceshallhavetherighttobepresumedinnocentuntilprovenguiltyaccordingtolaw.
3. Inthedeterminationofanycriminalchargeagainstthem, migrant workers and members of their familiesshallbeentitledtothefollowingminimumguarantees:
64
(a)Tobeinformedpromptlyandindetailinalanguagetheyunderstandofthenatureandcauseofthechargeagainstthem;
(b)Tohaveadequatetimeandfacilitiesfortheprepa-rationoftheirdefenceandtocommunicatewithcounseloftheirownchoosing;
(c)Tobetriedwithoutunduedelay;(d)Tobetriedintheirpresenceandtodefendthem-
selvesinpersonorthroughlegalassistanceoftheirownchoosing;tobeinformed,iftheydonothavelegalassis-tance,ofthisright;andtohavelegalassistanceassignedto them, in any case where the interests of justice sorequireandwithoutpaymentbytheminanysuchcaseiftheydonothavesufficientmeanstopay;
(e)Toexamineorhaveexaminedthewitnessesagainstthemandtoobtaintheattendanceandexaminationofwitnessesontheirbehalfunderthesameconditionsaswitnessesagainstthem;
(f) Tohavethefreeassistanceofaninterpreteriftheycannotunderstandorspeakthelanguageusedincourt;
(g)Nottobecompelledtotestifyagainst themselvesortoconfessguilt.
4. Inthecaseofjuvenilepersons,theprocedureshallbesuchaswilltakeaccountoftheirageandthedesir-abilityofpromotingtheirrehabilitation.
5. Migrant workers and members of their familiesconvictedofacrimeshallhavetherighttotheirconvic-tionand sentencebeing reviewedby ahigher tribunalaccordingtolaw.
6. Whenamigrantworkeroramemberofhisorherfamilyhas,byafinaldecision,beenconvictedofacriminaloffence and when subsequently his or her convictionhas been reversed or he or she has been pardoned onthe ground that a new or newly discovered fact showsconclusivelythattherehasbeenamiscarriageof justice,the person who has suffered punishment as a result ofsuch conviction shall be compensated according to law,unlessitisprovedthatthenon-disclosureoftheunknownfactintimeiswhollyorpartlyattributabletothatperson.
7. Nomigrantworkerormemberofhisorherfamilyshallbeliabletobetriedorpunishedagainforanoffenceforwhichheorshehasalreadybeenfinallyconvictedoracquitted inaccordancewiththe lawandpenalproce-dureoftheStateconcerned.
Article 19
1. Nomigrantworkerormemberofhisorherfamilyshallbeheldguiltyofanycriminaloffenceonaccountofanyactoromissionthatdidnotconstituteacriminaloffenceundernationalor international lawat thetimewhen the criminal offence was committed, nor shall aheavierpenaltybeimposedthantheonethatwasappli-cableatthetimewhenitwascommitted.If,subsequenttothecommissionoftheoffence,provision ismadeby
lawfortheimpositionofalighterpenalty,heorsheshallbenefitthereby.
2. Humanitarianconsiderationsrelatedtothestatusofamigrantworker,inparticularwithrespecttohisorherrightofresidenceorwork,shouldbetakenintoaccountinimposingasentenceforacriminaloffencecommittedbyamigrantworkeroramemberofhisorherfamily.
Article 20
1. Nomigrantworkerormemberofhisorherfamilyshallbe imprisonedmerelyon thegroundof failure tofulfilacontractualobligation.
2. Nomigrantworkerormemberofhisorherfamilyshall be deprived of his or her authorization of resi-denceorworkpermitorexpelledmerelyonthegroundof failure to fulfil an obligation arising out of a workcontractunless fulfilmentof thatobligationconstitutesaconditionforsuchauthorizationorpermit.
Article 21
Itshallbeunlawfulforanyone,otherthanapublicofficialdulyauthorizedbylaw,toconfiscate,destroyorattemptto destroy identity documents, documents authorizingentrytoorstay,residenceorestablishmentinthenationalterritoryorworkpermits.Noauthorizedconfiscationofsuch documents shall take place without delivery ofa detailed receipt. In no case shall it be permitted todestroythepassportorequivalentdocumentofamigrantworkeroramemberofhisorherfamily.
Article 22
1. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshallnotbesubjecttomeasuresofcollectiveexpulsion.Each caseof expulsion shall beexaminedanddecidedindividually.
2. Migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesmaybe expelled from the territory of a State Party only inpursuanceofadecisiontakenbythecompetentauthorityinaccordancewithlaw.
3. Thedecisionshallbecommunicated to them inalanguage they understand. Upon their request wherenototherwisemandatory,thedecisionshallbecommuni-catedtotheminwritingand,saveinexceptionalcircum-stancesonaccountofnationalsecurity,thereasonsforthedecisionlikewisestated.Thepersonsconcernedshallbeinformedoftheserightsbeforeoratthelatestatthetimethedecisionisrendered.
4. Except where a final decision is pronounced bya judicial authority, the person concerned shall havetherighttosubmitthereasonheorsheshouldnotbeexpelled and to have his or her case reviewed by thecompetent authority, unless compelling reasons of
6�
nationalsecurityrequireotherwise.Pendingsuchreview,thepersonconcernedshallhavetherighttoseekastayofthedecisionofexpulsion.
5. If a decision of expulsion that has already beenexecutedissubsequentlyannulled,thepersonconcernedshallhavetherighttoseekcompensationaccordingtolawandtheearlierdecisionshallnotbeusedtopreventhimorherfromre-enteringtheStateconcerned.
6. In case of expulsion, the person concerned shallhaveareasonableopportunitybeforeorafterdeparturetosettleanyclaimsforwagesandotherentitlementsduetohimorherandanypendingliabilities.
7. Withoutprejudicetotheexecutionofadecisionofexpulsion,amigrantworkeroramemberofhisorherfamilywhoissubjecttosuchadecisionmayseekentryintoaStateotherthanhisorherStateoforigin.
8. In case of expulsion of a migrant worker or amemberofhisorherfamilythecostsofexpulsionshallnotbebornebyhimorher.Thepersonconcernedmayberequiredtopayhisorherowntravelcosts.
9. Expulsion fromtheStateofemploymentshallnotin itself prejudice any rights of a migrant worker or amemberofhisorherfamilyacquiredinaccordancewiththelawofthatState,includingtherighttoreceivewagesandotherentitlementsduetohimorher.
Article 23
Migrant workers and members of their families shallhave the right to have recourse to the protection andassistance of the consular or diplomatic authorities oftheirStateoforiginorofaStaterepresentingtheinter-estsofthatStatewhenevertherightsrecognizedinthepresentConventionareimpaired.Inparticular,incaseofexpulsion,thepersonconcernedshallbeinformedofthisrightwithoutdelayandtheauthoritiesoftheexpellingStateshallfacilitatetheexerciseofsuchright.Article 24
Every migrant worker and every member of his or herfamilyshallhavetherighttorecognitioneverywhereasapersonbeforethelaw.
Article 25
1. Migrant workers shall enjoy treatment not lessfavourable than that which applies to nationals of theStateofemploymentinrespectofremunerationand:
(a)Otherconditionsofwork,thatistosay,overtime,hours of work, weekly rest, holidays with pay, safety,health,terminationoftheemploymentrelationshipandanyotherconditionsofworkwhich,accordingtonationallawandpractice,arecoveredbytheseterms;
(b)Othertermsofemployment,thatistosay,minimumageofemployment, restrictiononhomeworkandanyothermatterswhich,accordingtonationallawandprac-tice,areconsideredatermofemployment.
2. Itshallnotbelawfultoderogateinprivatecontractsof employment from the principle of equality of treat-mentreferredtoinparagraph1ofthepresentarticle.
3. States Parties shall take all appropriate measurestoensurethatmigrantworkersarenotdeprivedofanyrightsderivedfromthisprinciplebyreasonofanyirregu-larityintheirstayoremployment.Inparticular,employersshallnotberelievedofanylegalorcontractualobliga-tions,norshalltheirobligationsbelimitedinanymannerbyreasonofsuchirregularity.
Article 26
1. StatesPartiesrecognizetherightofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies:
(a)To take part in meetings and activities of tradeunionsandofanyotherassociationsestablishedinaccor-dancewithlaw,withaviewtoprotectingtheireconomic,social, cultural and other interests, subject only to therulesoftheorganizationconcerned;
(b)Tojoinfreelyanytradeunionandanysuchassocia-tionasaforesaid,subjectonlytotherulesoftheorgani-zationconcerned;
(c)Toseektheaidandassistanceofanytradeunionandofanysuchassociationasaforesaid.
2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise oftheserightsotherthanthosethatareprescribedbylawandwhicharenecessary inademocraticsociety in theinterestsofnationalsecurity,publicorder(ordrepublic)ortheprotectionoftherightsandfreedomsofothers.
Article 27
1. With respect to social security, migrant workersand members of their families shall enjoy in the StateofemploymentthesametreatmentgrantedtonationalsinsofarastheyfulfiltherequirementsprovidedforbytheapplicablelegislationofthatStateandtheapplicablebilateralandmultilateraltreaties.Thecompetentauthor-itiesoftheStateoforiginandtheStateofemploymentcanatanytimeestablishthenecessaryarrangementstodeterminethemodalitiesofapplicationofthisnorm.
2. Where the applicable legislation does not allowmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesabenefit,the States concerned shall examine the possibility ofreimbursing interested persons the amount of contri-butions made by them with respect to that benefit onthebasisofthetreatmentgrantedtonationalswhoareinsimilarcircumstances.
66
Article 28
Migrant workers and members of their families shallhavetherighttoreceiveanymedicalcarethatisurgentlyrequired for thepreservationof their life or the avoid-ance of irreparable harm to their health on the basisof equality of treatment with nationals of the Stateconcerned. Such emergencymedical care shall not berefusedthembyreasonofanyirregularitywithregardtostayoremployment.
Article 29
Eachchildofamigrantworkershallhavetherighttoaname,toregistrationofbirthandtoanationality.
Article 30
Eachchildofamigrantworkershallhavethebasicrightofaccesstoeducationonthebasisofequalityoftreat-mentwithnationalsof theStateconcerned. Accesstopublicpre-schooleducationalinstitutionsorschoolsshallnotberefusedorlimitedbyreasonoftheirregularsitua-tionwithrespecttostayoremploymentofeitherparentorbyreasonoftheirregularityofthechild’sstayintheStateofemployment.
Article 31
1.StatesPartiesshallensurerespectfortheculturalidentityofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfami-lies and shall notprevent them frommaintaining theirculturallinkswiththeirStateoforigin.
2. States Parties may take appropriate measures toassistandencourageeffortsinthisrespect.
Article 32
UpontheterminationoftheirstayintheStateofemploy-ment, migrant workers and members of their familiesshallhavetherighttotransfertheirearningsandsavingsand,inaccordancewiththeapplicablelegislationoftheStatesconcerned,theirpersonaleffectsandbelongings.
Article 33
1. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshallhavetherighttobeinformedbytheStateoforigin,the Stateof employmentor the Stateof transit as thecasemaybeconcerning:
(a)TheirrightsarisingoutofthepresentConvention;(b)Theconditionsoftheiradmission,theirrightsand
obligations under the law and practice of the Stateconcernedandsuchothermattersaswill enable them
tocomplywithadministrativeorotherformalitiesinthatState.
2. States Parties shall take all measures they deemappropriate to disseminate the said information or toensurethatitisprovidedbyemployers,tradeunionsorotherappropriatebodiesorinstitutions.Asappropriate,theyshallco-operatewithotherStatesconcerned.
3. Suchadequateinformationshallbeprovideduponrequesttomigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfami-lies,freeofcharge,and,asfaraspossible,inalanguagetheyareabletounderstand.
Article 34
NothinginthepresentpartoftheConventionshallhavetheeffectofrelievingmigrantworkersandthemembersoftheirfamiliesfromeithertheobligationtocomplywiththelawsandregulationsofanyStateoftransitandtheState of employment or the obligation to respect theculturalidentityoftheinhabitantsofsuchStates.
Article 35
Nothing in thepresentpartof theConventionshallbeinterpretedasimplyingtheregularizationofthesituationofmigrantworkersormembersoftheirfamilieswhoarenon-documentedorinanirregularsituationoranyrighttosuchregularizationoftheirsituation,norshallitpreju-dice themeasures intendedtoensuresoundandequi-tableconditionsfor internationalmigrationasprovidedinpartVIofthepresentConvention.
Part IV: Other Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families who are Documented or in a Regular Situation
Article 36
Migrant workers and members of their families whoaredocumentedorinaregularsituationintheStateofemploymentshallenjoytherightssetforthinthepresentpartoftheConventioninadditiontothosesetforthinPartIII.
Article 37
Beforetheirdeparture,oratthelatestatthetimeoftheiradmissiontotheStateofemployment,migrantworkersand members of their families shall have the right tobe fully informedby theStateoforiginor theStateofemployment,asappropriate,ofallconditionsapplicabletotheiradmissionandparticularlythoseconcerningtheirstay and the remunerated activities inwhich theymayengageaswellasoftherequirementstheymustsatisfy
67
in theStateofemploymentandtheauthority towhichthey must address themselves for any modification ofthoseconditions.
Article 38
1. States of employment shall make every effort toauthorize migrant workers and members of the fami-lies tobe temporarily absentwithout effect upon theirauthorizationtostayortowork,asthecasemaybe.Indoingso,Statesofemploymentshall take intoaccountthespecialneedsandobligationsofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies,inparticularintheirStatesoforigin.
2. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshallhavetherighttobefullyinformedofthetermsonwhichsuchtemporaryabsencesareauthorized.
Article 39
1. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshallhavetherighttolibertyofmovementintheterri-toryoftheStateofemploymentandfreedomtochoosetheirresidencethere.
2. Therightsmentionedinparagraph1ofthepresentarticle shall not be subject to any restrictions exceptthosethatareprovidedbylaw,arenecessarytoprotectnationalsecurity,publicorder(ordrepublic),publichealthormorals,ortherightsandfreedomsofothersandareconsistentwiththeotherrightsrecognizedinthepresentConvention.
Article 40
1. MigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesshallhavetherighttoformassociationsandtradeunionsintheStateofemploymentforthepromotionandprotec-tion of their economic, social, cultural and other inter-ests.
2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise ofthis right other than those that are prescribed by lawandarenecessaryinademocraticsocietyintheinterestsof national security, public order (ordre public) or theprotectionoftherightsandfreedomsofothers.
Article 41
1. Migrant workers and members of their familiesshallhavetherighttoparticipateinpublicaffairsoftheirStateoforiginandtovoteandtobeelectedatelectionsofthatState,inaccordancewithitslegislation.
2. TheStates concernedshall,asappropriateand inaccordancewith their legislation, facilitate theexerciseoftheserights.
Article 42
1. States Parties shall consider the establishmentof procedures or institutions through which accountmaybetaken,both inStatesoforiginand inStatesofemployment,ofspecialneeds,aspirationsandobligationsof migrant workers and members of their families andshallenvisage,asappropriate,thepossibilityformigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliestohavetheirfreelychosenrepresentativesinthoseinstitutions.
2. Statesofemploymentshallfacilitate,inaccordancewiththeirnationallegislation,theconsultationorpartici-pationofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesin decisions concerning the life and administration oflocalcommunities.
3. Migrant workers may enjoy political rights in theStateofemployment if thatState, intheexerciseof itssovereignty,grantsthemsuchrights.
Article 43
1. Migrantworkers shall enjoyequalityof treatmentwithnationalsoftheStateofemploymentinrelationto:
(a)Access to educational institutions and servicessubjecttotheadmissionrequirementsandotherregula-tionsoftheinstitutionsandservicesconcerned;
(b)Access to vocational guidance and placementservices;
(c)Access tovocational trainingandretraining facili-tiesandinstitutions;
(d)Access to housing, including social housingschemes,andprotectionagainstexploitation inrespectofrents;
(e)Access to social and health services, providedthattherequirementsforparticipationintherespectiveschemesaremet;
(f)Access to co-operatives and self-managed enter-prises,whichshallnotimplyachangeoftheirmigrationstatusandshallbesubjecttotherulesandregulationsofthebodiesconcerned;
(g)Accesstoandparticipationinculturallife.2. States Parties shall promote conditions to ensure
effectiveequalityoftreatmenttoenablemigrantworkersto enjoy the rights mentioned in paragraph 1 of thepresentarticlewheneverthetermsoftheirstay,asautho-rizedbytheStateofemployment,meettheappropriaterequirements.
3. Statesofemploymentshallnotpreventanemployerofmigrantworkersfromestablishinghousingorsocialorcultural facilities for them. Subject toarticle70of thepresentConvention, a State of employmentmaymaketheestablishmentofsuchfacilitiessubjecttotherequire-ments generally applied in that State concerning theirinstallation.
68
Article 44
1. States Parties, recognizing that the family is thenatural and fundamental group unit of society and isentitledtoprotectionbysocietyandtheState,shalltakeappropriate measures to ensure the protection of theunityofthefamiliesofmigrantworkers.
2. StatesPartiesshall takemeasuresthattheydeemappropriate and that fall within their competence tofacilitatethereunificationofmigrantworkerswiththeirspousesorpersonswhohavewiththemigrantworkerarelationshipthat,accordingtoapplicablelaw,produceseffectsequivalenttomarriage,aswellaswiththeirminordependentunmarriedchildren.
3. States of employment, on humanitarian grounds,shall favourably consider granting equal treatment, asset forth inparagraph2ofthepresentarticle, tootherfamilymembersofmigrantworkers.
Article 45
1. Membersofthefamiliesofmigrantworkersshall,intheStateofemployment,enjoyequalityoftreatmentwithnationalsofthatStateinrelationto:
(a) Access to educational institutions and services,subjecttotheadmissionrequirementsandotherregula-tionsoftheinstitutionsandservicesconcerned;
(b)Accesstovocationalguidanceandtraininginstitu-tionsandservices,providedthatrequirementsforpartici-pationaremet;
(c)Accesstosocialandhealthservices,providedthatrequirementsforparticipationintherespectiveschemesaremet;
(d)Accesstoandparticipationinculturallife.2. Statesofemploymentshallpursueapolicy,where
appropriate in collaboration with the States of origin,aimedatfacilitatingtheintegrationofchildrenofmigrantworkersinthelocalschoolsystem,particularlyinrespectofteachingthemthelocallanguage.
3. Statesofemploymentshallendeavourtofacilitateforthechildrenofmigrantworkerstheteachingoftheirmothertongueandcultureand,inthisregard,Statesoforiginshallcollaboratewheneverappropriate.
4. Statesofemploymentmayprovidespecialschemesofeducationinthemothertongueofchildrenofmigrantworkers,ifnecessaryincollaborationwiththeStatesoforigin.
Article 46
Migrant workers and members of their families shall,subject to the applicable legislation of the Statesconcerned,aswellasrelevantinternationalagreementsandtheobligationsoftheStatesconcernedarisingoutoftheirparticipationincustomsunions,enjoyexemption
from import and export duties and taxes in respect oftheirpersonalandhouseholdeffectsaswellastheequip-mentnecessarytoengageintheremuneratedactivityforwhichtheywereadmittedtotheStateofemployment:
(a)UpondeparturefromtheStateoforiginorStateofhabitualresidence;
(b)UponinitialadmissiontotheStateofemployment;(c)Upon final departure from the State of
employment;(d)UponfinalreturntotheStateoforiginorStateof
habitualresidence.
Article 47
1. Migrant workers shall have the right to transfertheir earnings and savings, in particular those fundsnecessaryforthesupportoftheirfamilies,fromtheStateofemploymenttotheirStateoforiginoranyotherState.Such transfersshallbemade inconformitywithproce-duresestablishedbyapplicable legislationof theStateconcerned and in conformity with applicable interna-tionalagreements.
2. States concerned shall takeappropriatemeasurestofacilitatesuchtransfers.
Article 48
1. Without prejudice to applicable double taxationagreements, migrant workers and members of theirfamilies shall, in thematterofearnings in theStateofemployment:
(a)Not be liable to taxes, duties or charges of anydescriptionhigherormoreonerousthanthoseimposedonnationalsinsimilarcircumstances;
(b)Beentitledtodeductionsorexemptionsfromtaxesofanydescriptionandtoanytaxallowancesapplicabletonationalsinsimilarcircumstances,includingtaxallow-ancesfordependentmembersoftheirfamilies.
2. StatesPartiesshallendeavourtoadoptappropriatemeasures to avoid double taxation of the earnings andsavingsofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies.
Article 49
1. Where separate authorizations to reside andto engage in employment are required by nationallegislation, the States of employment shall issue tomigrantworkersauthorizationof residence for at leastthesameperiodoftimeastheirauthorizationtoengageinremuneratedactivity.
2. Migrantworkerswho in theStateofemploymentareallowed freely to choose their remuneratedactivityshallneitherberegardedasinanirregularsituationnorshall they lose their authorization of residence by themerefactoftheterminationoftheirremuneratedactivity
69
prior to the expiration of their work permits or similarauthorizations.
3. In order to allow migrant workers referred to inparagraph2ofthepresentarticlesufficienttimetofindalternative remunerated activities, the authorization ofresidence shall not be withdrawn at least for a periodcorrespondingtothatduringwhichtheymaybeentitledtounemploymentbenefits.
Article 50
1. Inthecaseofdeathofamigrantworkerordissolu-tionofmarriage,theStateofemploymentshallfavourablyconsidergrantingfamilymembersofthatmigrantworkerresidinginthatStateonthebasisoffamilyreunionanauthorizationtostay;theStateofemploymentshalltakeintoaccountthelengthoftimetheyhavealreadyresidedinthatState.
2. Members of the family to whom such authoriza-tion is not granted shall be allowed before departureareasonableperiodoftimeinordertoenablethemtosettletheiraffairsintheStateofemployment.
3. Theprovisionsofparagraphs1and2ofthepresentarticlemaynotbeinterpretedasadverselyaffectinganyrighttostayandworkotherwisegrantedtosuchfamilymembersbythelegislationoftheStateofemploymentorbybilateralandmultilateraltreatiesapplicabletothatState.
Article 51
MigrantworkerswhointheStateofemploymentarenotpermittedfreelytochoosetheirremuneratedactivityshallneitherberegardedasinanirregularsituationnorshallthey lose their authorization of residence by the merefactoftheterminationoftheirremuneratedactivitypriortotheexpirationoftheirworkpermit,exceptwheretheauthorization of residence is expressly dependent uponthe specific remunerated activity for which they wereadmitted. Suchmigrantworkers shallhave the right toseekalternativeemployment,participationinpublicworkschemes and retraining during the remaining period oftheirauthorizationtowork,subjecttosuchconditionsandlimitationsasarespecifiedintheauthorizationtowork.
Article 52
1. Migrantworkers intheStateofemploymentshallhavetherightfreelytochoosetheirremuneratedactivity,subjecttothefollowingrestrictionsorconditions.
2.ForanymigrantworkeraStateofemploymentmay:(a)Restrictaccesstolimitedcategoriesofemployment,
functions,servicesoractivitieswherethisisnecessaryinthe interestsof thisStateandprovided forbynationallegislation;
(b) Restrict free choice of remunerated activity inaccordancewithitslegislationconcerningrecognitionofoccupationalqualificationsacquiredoutsideitsterritory.However, States Parties concerned shall endeavour toprovideforrecognitionofsuchqualifications.
3. Formigrantworkerswhosepermission towork islimitedintime,aStateofemploymentmayalso:
(a) Make the right freely to choose their remuner-atedactivitiessubjecttotheconditionthatthemigrantworkerhasresidedlawfullyinitsterritoryforthepurposeofremuneratedactivityforaperiodoftimeprescribedin its national legislation that should not exceed twoyears;
(b)Limitaccessbyamigrantworker to remuneratedactivitiesinpursuanceofapolicyofgrantingprioritytoitsnationalsortopersonswhoareassimilatedtothemforthesepurposesbyvirtueoflegislationorbilateralormultilateralagreements.Anysuchlimitationshallceasetoapplytoamigrantworkerwhohasresidedlawfullyinitsterritoryforthepurposeofremuneratedactivityforaperiodoftimeprescribedinitsnationallegislationthatshouldnotexceedfiveyears.
4. Statesofemploymentshallprescribetheconditionsunderwhichamigrantworkerwhohasbeenadmittedtotakeupemploymentmaybeauthorizedtoengageinworkonhisorherownaccount.AccountshallbetakenoftheperiodduringwhichtheworkerhasalreadybeenlawfullyintheStateofemployment.
Article 53
1. Members of a migrant worker’s family who havethemselves an authorization of residence or admissionthat iswithout limitof timeor isautomatically renew-ableshallbepermitted freely tochoose their remuner-atedactivityunderthesameconditionsasareapplicabletothesaidmigrantworkerinaccordancewitharticle52ofthepresentConvention.
2. With respect to members of a migrant worker’sfamilywhoarenotpermittedfreelytochoosetheirremu-neratedactivity,StatesPartiesshallconsiderfavourablygrantingthempriorityinobtainingpermissiontoengageina remuneratedactivityoverotherworkerswhoseekadmissiontotheStateofemployment,subjecttoappli-cablebilateralandmultilateralagreements.
Article 54
1. Withoutprejudicetothetermsoftheirauthoriza-tion of residence or their permission to work and therightsprovidedfor inarticles25and27ofthepresentConvention, migrant workers shall enjoy equality oftreatmentwithnationalsoftheStateofemploymentinrespectof:
70
(a)Protectionagainstdismissal;(b)Unemploymentbenefits;(c)Accesstopublicworkschemesintendedtocombat
unemployment;(d)Access to alternative employment in the event of
lossofworkorterminationofotherremuneratedactivity,subjecttoarticle52ofthepresentConvention.
2. If a migrant worker claims that the terms of hisor her work contract have been violated by his or heremployer, he or he shall have the right to address hisorhercasetothecompetentauthoritiesoftheStateofemployment,on termsprovided for inarticle18,para-graph1,ofthepresentConvention.
Article 55
Migrant workers who have been granted permissionto engage in a remunerated activity, subject to theconditionsattachedtosuchpermission,shallbeentitledto equality of treatmentwith nationals of the State ofemploymentintheexerciseofthatremuneratedactivity.
Article 56
1. Migrant workers and members of their familiesreferred to in the present part of the Convention maynotbeexpelledfromaStateofemployment,exceptforreasonsdefinedinthenational legislationofthatState,andsubjecttothesafeguardsestablishedinpartIII.
2. Expulsionshallnotberesortedtoforthepurposeofdeprivingamigrantworkeroramemberofhisorherfamily of the rights arising out of the authorization ofresidenceandtheworkpermit.
3. Inconsideringwhether toexpelamigrantworkeroramemberofhisorherfamily,accountshouldbetakenofhumanitarianconsiderationsandofthelengthoftimethat the person concerned has already resided in theStateofemployment.
Part V: Provisions Applicable to Particular Categories of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families
Article 57
The particular categories of migrant workers andmembersoftheirfamiliesspecifiedinthepresentpartoftheConventionwhoaredocumentedorinaregularsitu-ationshallenjoytherightssetforthinpartIIIand,exceptasmodifiedbelow,therightssetforthinpartIV.
Article 58
1. Frontierworkers,asdefinedinarticle2,paragraph2(a),ofthepresentConvention,shallbeentitledtothe
rightsprovidedforinpartIVthatcanbeappliedtothembyreasonoftheirpresenceandworkintheterritoryoftheStateofemployment,takingintoaccountthattheydonothavetheirhabitualresidenceinthatState.
2. States of employment shall consider favourablygrantingfrontierworkerstherightfreelytochoosetheirremuneratedactivityafteraspecifiedperiodoftime.Thegrantingofthatrightshallnotaffecttheirstatusasfron-tierworkers.
Article 59
1. Seasonalworkers,asdefinedinarticle2,paragraph2(b),ofthepresentConvention,shallbeentitledtotherightsprovidedforinpartIVthatcanbeappliedtothembyreasonoftheirpresenceandworkintheterritoryoftheStateofemploymentand thatarecompatiblewiththeirstatusinthatStateasseasonalworkers,takingintoaccount the fact that theyarepresent in thatState foronlypartoftheyear.
2. The State of employment shall, subject to para-graph1ofthepresentarticle,considergrantingseasonalworkers who have been employed in its territory for asignificant period of time the possibility of taking upotherremuneratedactivitiesandgivingthempriorityoverotherworkerswhoseekadmissiontothatState,subjecttoapplicablebilateralandmultilateralagreements.
Article 60
Itinerantworkers,asdefinedinarticle2,paragraph2(e),ofthepresentConvention,shallbeentitledtotherightsprovidedfor inpart IVthatcanbegrantedtothembyreasonoftheirpresenceandworkintheterritoryoftheStateofemploymentandthatarecompatiblewiththeirstatusasitinerantworkersinthatState.
Article 61
1. Project-tiedworkers,asdefined inarticle2,para-graph2(f)ofthepresentConvention,andmembersoftheirfamiliesshallbeentitledtotherightsprovidedforinpartIVexcepttheprovisionsofarticle43,paragraphsI(b)and(c),article43,paragraphI(d),asitpertainstosocialhousingschemes,article45,paragraphI(b),andarticles52to55.
2. Ifaproject-tiedworkerclaimsthatthetermsofhisor her work contract have been violated by his or heremployer,heorsheshallhavetherighttoaddresshisorhercasetothecompetentauthoritiesoftheStatewhichhasjurisdictionoverthatemployer,ontermsprovidedforinarticle18,paragraph1,ofthepresentConvention.
3. Subject to bilateral or multilateral agreements inforceforthem,theStatesPartiesconcernedshallendea-vourtoenableproject-tiedworkerstoremainadequately
71
protectedbythesocialsecuritysystemsoftheirStatesoforiginorhabitualresidenceduringtheirengagementinthe project. States Parties concerned shall take appro-priatemeasureswiththeaimofavoidinganydenialofrightsorduplicationofpaymentsinthisrespect.
4. Withoutprejudicetotheprovisionsofarticle47ofthepresentConventionandtorelevantbilateralormulti-lateralagreements,StatesPartiesconcernedshallpermitpaymentoftheearningsofproject-tiedworkersintheirStateoforiginorhabitualresidence.
Article 62
1. Specified-employmentworkersasdefinedinarticle2,paragraph2(g),of thepresentConvention,shallbeentitledtotherightsprovidedfor inpart IV,excepttheprovisionsofarticle43,paragraphsI(b)and(c),article43, paragraph I (d), as it pertains to social housingschemes,article52,andarticle54,paragraph1(d).
2. Members of the families of specified-employmentworkersshallbeentitledtotherights relatingto familymembersofmigrantworkersprovidedforinpartIVofthepresentConvention,excepttheprovisionsofarticle53.
Article 63
1. Self-employedworkers,asdefinedinarticle2,para-graph2(h),ofthepresentConvention,shallbeentitledtotherightsprovidedforinpartIVwiththeexceptionofthoserightswhichareexclusivelyapplicabletoworkershavingacontractofemployment.
2. Without prejudice to articles 52 and 79 of thepresent Convention, the termination of the economicactivity of the self-employed workers shall not in itselfimplythewithdrawaloftheauthorizationforthemorforthemembersoftheirfamiliestostayortoengageinaremuneratedactivityintheStateofemploymentexceptwheretheauthorizationofresidenceisexpresslydepen-dent upon the specific remunerated activity for whichtheywereadmitted.
Part VI. Promotion of sound, equitable, humane and lawful conditions in connection with international migration of workers and members of their families
Article 64
1. Without prejudice to article 79 of the presentConvention,theStatesPartiesconcernedshallasappro-priateconsultandco-operatewithaviewtopromotingsound,equitableandhumaneconditions inconnectionwithinternationalmigrationofworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies.
2. In this respect, due regard shall bepaidnot onlyto labour needs and resources, but also to the social,economic, culturalandotherneedsofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesinvolved,aswellastotheconsequences of such migration for the communitiesconcerned.
Article 65
1. StatesPartiesshallmaintainappropriateservicestodeal with questions concerning international migrationofworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies.Theirfunctionsshallinclude,interalia:
(a) The formulation and implementation of policiesregardingsuchmigration;
(b)Anexchangeofinformation,consultationandco-operationwiththecompetentauthoritiesofotherStatesPartiesinvolvedinsuchmigration;
(c)Theprovisionofappropriate information,particu-larly to employers, workers and their organizations onpolicies, lawsandregulationsrelatingtomigrationandemployment,onagreementsconcludedwithotherStatesconcerningmigrationandonotherrelevantmatters;
(d)Theprovisionofinformationandappropriateassis-tancetomigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesregarding requisite authorizations and formalities andarrangements for departure, travel, arrival, stay, remu-neratedactivities,exitand return,aswellasoncondi-tionsofworkand life in theStateof employmentandon customs, currency, tax and other relevant laws andregulations.
2. States Parties shall facilitate as appropriate theprovisionof adequate consular andother services thatarenecessarytomeetthesocial,culturalandotherneedsofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies.
Article 66
1. Subject toparagraph2of thepresent article, therighttoundertakeoperationswithaviewtotherecruit-mentofworkers foremployment inanotherStateshallberestrictedto:
(a)PublicservicesorbodiesoftheStateinwhichsuchoperationstakeplace;
(b)Public services or bodies of the State of employ-ment on the basis of agreement between the Statesconcerned;
(c)Abodyestablishedbyvirtueofabilateralormulti-lateralagreement.
2. Subject toanyauthorization,approval and super-vision by the public authorities of the States Partiesconcernedasmaybeestablishedpursuanttothelegisla-tionandpracticeof thoseStates,agencies,prospectiveemployersorpersonsactingontheirbehalfmayalsobepermittedtoundertakethesaidoperations.
72
Article 67
1. StatesPartiesconcernedshallco-operateasappro-priateintheadoptionofmeasuresregardingtheorderlyreturnofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliestotheStateoforiginwhentheydecidetoreturnortheirauthorization of residence or employment expires orwhentheyareintheStateofemploymentinanirregularsituation.
2. Concerningmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies ina regularsituation,StatesPartiesconcernedshall co-operateasappropriate,on termsagreeduponby those States, with a view to promoting adequateeconomicconditionsfortheirresettlementandtofacili-tating their durable social and cultural reintegration intheStateoforigin.
Article 68
1. States Parties, including States of transit, shallcollaborate with a view to preventing and eliminatingillegal or clandestine movements and employment ofmigrantworkersinanirregularsituation.Themeasuresto be taken to this end within the jurisdiction of eachStateconcernedshallinclude:
(a)Appropriatemeasuresagainstthedisseminationofmisleadinginformationrelatingtoemigrationandimmi-gration;
(b)Measures to detect and eradicate illegal or clan-destine movements of migrant workers and membersof their families and to impose effective sanctions onpersons, groups or entities which organize, operate orassistinorganizingoroperatingsuchmovements;
(c)Measurestoimposeeffectivesanctionsonpersons,groupsorentitieswhichuseviolence,threatsorintimi-dation against migrant workers or members of theirfamiliesinanirregularsituation.
2. Statesofemploymentshall takealladequateandeffective measures to eliminate employment in theirterritory of migrant workers in an irregular situation,including,wheneverappropriate,sanctionsonemployersofsuchworkers.Therightsofmigrantworkersvis-à-vistheir employer arising from employment shall not beimpairedbythesemeasures.
Article 69
1. StatesPartiesshall,whentherearemigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilieswithintheirterritoryinanirregularsituation,takeappropriatemeasurestoensurethatsuchasituationdoesnotpersist.
2. Whenever States Parties concerned consider thepossibilityof regularizing the situationof suchpersonsin accordance with applicable national legislation and
bilateralormultilateralagreements,appropriateaccountshall be taken of the circumstances of their entry, thedurationof their stay in theStatesofemploymentandotherrelevantconsiderations,inparticularthoserelatingtotheirfamilysituation.
Article 70
States Parties shall take measures not less favourablethanthoseappliedtonationalstoensurethatworkingandlivingconditionsofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheir families ina regularsituationare inkeepingwiththestandardsoffitness,safety,healthandprinciplesofhumandignity.
Article 71
1. StatesPartiesshallfacilitate,whenevernecessary,the repatriation to the State of origin of the bodiesof deceased migrant workers or members of theirfamilies.
2. As regards compensation matters relating tothe death of a migrant worker or a member of his orher family, States Parties shall, as appropriate, provideassistancetothepersonsconcernedwithaviewtothepromptsettlementofsuchmatters.Settlementofthesematters shall be carriedouton thebasis of applicablenational law in accordance with the provisions of thepresentConventionandanyrelevantbilateralormulti-lateralagreements.
Part VII: Application of the Convention
Article 72
1.(a) For the purpose of reviewing the application of
the present Convention, there shall be established aCommitteeontheProtectionoftheRightsofAllMigrantWorkers and Members of Their Families (hereinafterreferredtoas“theCommittee”);
(b)TheCommitteeshall consist,at the timeofentryintoforceofthepresentConvention,oftenand,aftertheentryintoforceoftheConventionfortheforty-firstStateParty,offourteenexpertsofhighmoralstanding,impar-tialityandrecognizedcompetenceinthefieldcoveredbytheConvention.
2.(a) Members of the Committee shall be elected by
secretballotbytheStatesPartiesfromalistofpersonsnominatedbytheStatesParties,dueconsiderationbeinggiven to equitable geographical distribution, includingbothStatesoforiginandStatesofemployment,andtotherepresentationof theprincipal legalsystems. Each
73
State Party may nominate one person from among itsownnationals;
(b)Membersshallbeelectedandshallserve intheirpersonalcapacity.
3. The initial election shall beheldno later than sixmonthsafterthedateoftheentryintoforceofthepresentConventionandsubsequentelectionseverysecondyear.Atleastfourmonthsbeforethedateofeachelection,theSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsshalladdressaletter toallStatesParties inviting themtosubmit theirnominationswithintwomonths.TheSecretary-Generalshall preparea list in alphabetical orderof all personsthusnominated, indicatingtheStatesParties thathavenominatedthem,andshallsubmitittotheStatesPartiesnot laterthanonemonthbeforethedateofthecorre-sponding election, together with the curricula vitae ofthepersonsthusnominated.
4. Elections of members of the Committee shall beheld at a meeting of States Parties convened by theSecretary-General at United Nations Headquarters. Atthatmeeting,forwhichtwothirdsoftheStatesPartiesshall constitute a quorum, the persons elected to theCommittee shall be those nominees who obtain thelargestnumberofvotesandanabsolutemajorityofthevotesoftheStatesPartiespresentandvoting.
5.(a)The members of the Committee shall serve for a
term of four years. However, the terms of five of thememberselectedinthefirstelectionshallexpireattheendoftwoyears;immediatelyafterthefirstelection,thenamesofthesefivemembersshallbechosenbylotbytheChairmanofthemeetingofStatesParties;
(b)TheelectionofthefouradditionalmembersoftheCommitteeshallbeheldinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofparagraphs2,3and4ofthepresentarticle,followingtheentry into forceof theConventionfor the forty-firstStateParty.Thetermoftwooftheadditionalmemberselectedon this occasion shall expire at the endof twoyears;thenamesofthesemembersshallbechosenbylotbytheChairmanofthemeetingofStatesParties;
(c)ThemembersoftheCommitteeshallbeeligibleforre-electionifrenominated.
6. If a member of the Committee dies or resigns ordeclaresthatforanyothercauseheorshecannolongerperformthedutiesoftheCommittee,theStatePartythatnominatedtheexpertshallappointanotherexpertfromamong itsownnationals for the remainingpartof theterm.ThenewappointmentissubjecttotheapprovaloftheCommittee.
7. TheSecretary-Generalof theUnitedNations shallprovidethenecessarystaffandfacilitiesfortheeffectiveperformanceofthefunctionsoftheCommittee.
8. ThemembersoftheCommitteeshallreceiveemolu-mentsfromUnitedNationsresourcesonsuchtermsandconditionsastheGeneralAssemblymaydecide.
9. The members of the Committee shall be entitledto the facilities, privileges and immunities of expertsonmission for theUnitedNationsas laiddown in therelevantsectionsoftheConventiononthePrivilegesandImmunitiesoftheUnitedNations.
Article 73
1. StatesPartiesundertaketosubmittotheSecretary-General of the United Nations for consideration bythe Committee a report on the legislative, judicial,administrative and other measures they have taken togiveeffecttotheprovisionsofthepresentConvention:
(a)Within one year after the entry into force of theConventionfortheStatePartyconcerned;
(b)Thereafter every five years and whenever theCommitteesorequests.
2. Reports prepared under the present article shallalso indicate factors and difficulties, if any, affectingtheimplementationoftheConventionandshallincludeinformationonthecharacteristicsofmigrationflows inwhichtheStatePartyconcernedisinvolved.
3. TheCommitteeshalldecideanyfurtherguidelinesapplicabletothecontentofthereports.
4. StatesPartiesshallmaketheirreportswidelyavail-abletothepublicintheirowncountries.
Article 74
1. TheCommitteeshallexaminethereportssubmittedbyeachStatePartyandshalltransmitsuchcommentsasitmayconsiderappropriatetotheStatePartyconcerned.ThisStatePartymaysubmittotheCommitteeobserva-tionsonanycommentmadebytheCommitteeinaccor-dance with the present article. The Committee mayrequest supplementary information from States Partieswhenconsideringthesereports.
2. TheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsshall,induetimebeforetheopeningofeachregularsessionof the Committee, transmit to the Director-General ofthe International Labour Office copies of the reportssubmittedby StatesParties concernedand informationrelevant to the considerationof these reports, in orderto enable the Office to assist the Committee with theexpertisetheOfficemayprovideregardingthosemattersdealt with by the present Convention that fall withinthe sphere of competence of the International LabourOrganisation.TheCommitteeshallconsiderinitsdelib-erationssuchcommentsandmaterialsastheOfficemayprovide.
3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations mayalso,afterconsultationwiththeCommittee,transmittoother specialized agencies as well as to inter-govern-mental organizations, copies of such parts of thesereportsasmayfallwithintheircompetence.
Article 67
1. StatesPartiesconcernedshallco-operateasappro-priateintheadoptionofmeasuresregardingtheorderlyreturnofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliestotheStateoforiginwhentheydecidetoreturnortheirauthorization of residence or employment expires orwhentheyareintheStateofemploymentinanirregularsituation.
2. Concerningmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies ina regularsituation,StatesPartiesconcernedshall co-operateasappropriate,on termsagreeduponby those States, with a view to promoting adequateeconomicconditionsfortheirresettlementandtofacili-tating their durable social and cultural reintegration intheStateoforigin.
Article 68
1. States Parties, including States of transit, shallcollaborate with a view to preventing and eliminatingillegal or clandestine movements and employment ofmigrantworkersinanirregularsituation.Themeasuresto be taken to this end within the jurisdiction of eachStateconcernedshallinclude:
(a)Appropriatemeasuresagainstthedisseminationofmisleadinginformationrelatingtoemigrationandimmi-gration;
(b)Measures to detect and eradicate illegal or clan-destine movements of migrant workers and membersof their families and to impose effective sanctions onpersons, groups or entities which organize, operate orassistinorganizingoroperatingsuchmovements;
(c)Measurestoimposeeffectivesanctionsonpersons,groupsorentitieswhichuseviolence,threatsorintimi-dation against migrant workers or members of theirfamiliesinanirregularsituation.
2. Statesofemploymentshall takealladequateandeffective measures to eliminate employment in theirterritory of migrant workers in an irregular situation,including,wheneverappropriate,sanctionsonemployersofsuchworkers.Therightsofmigrantworkersvis-à-vistheir employer arising from employment shall not beimpairedbythesemeasures.
Article 69
1. StatesPartiesshall,whentherearemigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilieswithintheirterritoryinanirregularsituation,takeappropriatemeasurestoensurethatsuchasituationdoesnotpersist.
2. Whenever States Parties concerned consider thepossibilityof regularizing the situationof suchpersonsin accordance with applicable national legislation and
bilateralormultilateralagreements,appropriateaccountshall be taken of the circumstances of their entry, thedurationof their stay in theStatesofemploymentandotherrelevantconsiderations,inparticularthoserelatingtotheirfamilysituation.
Article 70
States Parties shall take measures not less favourablethanthoseappliedtonationalstoensurethatworkingandlivingconditionsofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheir families ina regularsituationare inkeepingwiththestandardsoffitness,safety,healthandprinciplesofhumandignity.
Article 71
1. StatesPartiesshallfacilitate,whenevernecessary,the repatriation to the State of origin of the bodiesof deceased migrant workers or members of theirfamilies.
2. As regards compensation matters relating tothe death of a migrant worker or a member of his orher family, States Parties shall, as appropriate, provideassistancetothepersonsconcernedwithaviewtothepromptsettlementofsuchmatters.Settlementofthesematters shall be carriedouton thebasis of applicablenational law in accordance with the provisions of thepresentConventionandanyrelevantbilateralormulti-lateralagreements.
Part VII: Application of the Convention
Article 72
1.(a) For the purpose of reviewing the application of
the present Convention, there shall be established aCommitteeontheProtectionoftheRightsofAllMigrantWorkers and Members of Their Families (hereinafterreferredtoas“theCommittee”);
(b)TheCommitteeshall consist,at the timeofentryintoforceofthepresentConvention,oftenand,aftertheentryintoforceoftheConventionfortheforty-firstStateParty,offourteenexpertsofhighmoralstanding,impar-tialityandrecognizedcompetenceinthefieldcoveredbytheConvention.
2.(a) Members of the Committee shall be elected by
secretballotbytheStatesPartiesfromalistofpersonsnominatedbytheStatesParties,dueconsiderationbeinggiven to equitable geographical distribution, includingbothStatesoforiginandStatesofemployment,andtotherepresentationof theprincipal legalsystems. Each
74
4. TheCommitteemayinvitethespecializedagenciesand organs of the United Nations, as well as intergov-ernmental organizations and other concerned bodiesto submit, for consideration by the Committee, writteninformation on such matters dealt with in the presentConventionasfallwithinthescopeoftheiractivities.
5. The International Labour Office shall be invitedbytheCommitteetoappointrepresentativestopartici-pate, ina consultative capacity, in themeetingsof theCommittee.
6. TheCommitteemayinviterepresentativesofotherspecializedagenciesandorgansoftheUnitedNations,aswellasofintergovernmentalorganizations,tobepresentandtobeheardinitsmeetingswhenevermattersfallingwithintheirfieldofcompetenceareconsidered.
7. The Committee shall present an annual reportto theGeneralAssembly of theUnitedNations on theimplementation of the present Convention, containingits own considerations and recommendations, based,inparticular,ontheexaminationofthereportsandanyobservationspresentedbyStatesParties.
8. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shalltransmittheannualreportsoftheCommitteetotheStatesParties to the present Convention, the Economic andSocialCouncil,theCommissiononHumanRightsoftheUnitedNations,theDirector-GeneraloftheInternationalLabourOfficeandotherrelevantorganizations.
Article 75
1. TheCommitteeshalladoptitsownrulesofprocedure.2. TheCommitteeshallelectitsofficersforatermof
twoyears.3. TheCommitteeshallnormallymeetannually.4. Themeetingsof theCommittee shallnormallybe
heldatUnitedNationsHeadquarters.
Article 76
1. A State Party to the present Convention may atanytimedeclareunderthisarticlethatitrecognizesthecompetence of the Committee to receive and considercommunications to theeffect that a StateParty claimsthat another State Party is not fulfilling its obliga-tions under the present Convention. Communicationsunder thisarticlemaybe receivedandconsideredonlyif submittedbyaStateParty thathasmadeadeclara-tion recognizing in regard to itself the competence ofthe Committee. No communication shall be receivedbytheCommitteeifitconcernsaStatePartywhichhasnotmadesuchadeclaration.Communicationsreceivedunderthisarticleshallbedealtwithinaccordancewiththefollowingprocedure:
(a)IfaStatePartytothepresentConventionconsidersthat another State Party is not fulfilling its obligations
underthepresentConvention,itmay,bywrittencommu-nication,bringthemattertotheattentionofthatStateParty.TheStatePartymayalsoinformtheCommitteeofthematter.WithinthreemonthsafterthereceiptofthecommunicationthereceivingStateshallaffordtheStatethatsentthecommunicationanexplanation,oranyotherstatement inwritingclarifyingthematterwhichshouldinclude, to theextentpossibleandpertinent, referencetodomesticproceduresandremediestaken,pendingoravailableinthematter;
(b)IfthematterisnotadjustedtothesatisfactionofbothStatesPartiesconcernedwithinsixmonthsafterthereceiptbythereceivingStateof the initialcommunica-tion,eitherStateshallhavetherighttoreferthemattertotheCommittee,bynoticegiventotheCommitteeandtotheotherState;
(c)TheCommitteeshalldealwithamatterreferredtoitonlyafterithasascertainedthatallavailabledomesticremedieshavebeeninvokedandexhaustedinthematter,inconformitywiththegenerallyrecognizedprinciplesofinternationallaw.Thisshallnotbetherulewhere,intheviewoftheCommittee,theapplicationoftheremediesisunreasonablyprolonged;
(d)Subjecttotheprovisionsofsubparagraph(c)ofthepresentparagraph,theCommitteeshallmakeavailableits goodoffices to theStatesParties concernedwithaviewtoafriendlysolutionofthematteronthebasisofthe respect for theobligations set forth in thepresentConvention;
(e)The Committee shall hold closed meetings whenexaminingcommunicationsunderthepresentarticle;
(f) In any matter referred to it in accordance withsubparagraph(b)ofthepresentparagraph,theCommitteemaycallupontheStatesPartiesconcerned,referredtoinsubparagraph(b),tosupplyanyrelevantinformation;
(g)TheStatesPartiesconcerned,referredtoinsubpara-graph(b)ofthepresentparagraph,shallhavetherighttoberepresentedwhenthematter isbeingconsideredbytheCommitteeandtomakesubmissionsorallyand/orinwriting;
(h)The Committee shall, within twelve months afterthedateofreceiptofnoticeundersubparagraph(b)ofthepresentparagraph,submitareport,asfollows:
(i) Ifasolutionwithinthetermsofsubparagraph(d)ofthepresentparagraphisreached,theCommitteeshallconfineitsreporttoabriefstatementofthefactsandofthesolutionreached;
(ii)Ifasolutionwithinthetermsofsubparagraph(d)is not reached, the Committee shall, in its report, setforth the relevant facts concerning the issue betweenthe States Parties concerned. The written submissionsandrecordof theoralsubmissionsmadeby theStatesParties concerned shallbeattached to the report. TheCommittee may also communicate only to the StatesPartiesconcernedanyviewsthatitmayconsiderrelevant
7�
totheissuebetweenthem.Ineverymatter,thereportshallbecommunicatedtotheStatesPartiesconcerned.
2. TheprovisionsofthepresentarticleshallcomeintoforcewhentenStatesPartiestothepresentConventionhavemadeadeclarationunderparagraph1ofthepresentarticle.SuchdeclarationsshallbedepositedbytheStatesPartieswiththeSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations,who shall transmit copies thereof to the other StatesParties.AdeclarationmaybewithdrawnatanytimebynotificationtotheSecretary-General.Suchawithdrawalshallnotprejudicetheconsiderationofanymatterthatisthesubjectofacommunicationalreadytransmittedunderthepresentarticle;nofurthercommunicationbyanyStatePartyshallbereceivedunderthepresentarticleafterthenotification of withdrawal of the declaration has beenreceivedbytheSecretary-General,unlesstheStatePartyconcernedhasmadeanewdeclaration.
Article 77
1. AStatePartytothepresentConventionmayatanytimedeclareunderthepresentarticlethatitrecognizesthecompetenceoftheCommitteetoreceiveandconsidercommunicationsfromoronbehalfofindividualssubjectto its jurisdictionwho claim that their individual rightsas established by the present Convention have beenviolatedbythatStateParty.Nocommunicationshallbereceived by the Committee if it concerns a State Partythathasnotmadesuchadeclaration.
2. The Committee shall consider inadmissible anycommunicationunderthepresentarticlewhichisanony-mousorwhichitconsiderstobeanabuseoftherightofsubmissionofsuchcommunicationsortobeincompat-iblewiththeprovisionsofthepresentConvention.
3. TheCommitteeshallnotconsideranycommunica-tionfromanindividualunderthepresentarticleunlessithasascertainedthat:
(a)Thesamematterhasnotbeen,and isnotbeing,examined under another procedure of internationalinvestigationorsettlement;
(b)Theindividualhasexhaustedallavailabledomesticremedies;thisshallnotbetherulewhere,intheviewoftheCommittee,theapplicationoftheremediesisunrea-sonablyprolongedor isunlikelytobringeffectiverelieftothatindividual.
4. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 ofthe present article, the Committee shall bring anycommunicationssubmittedtoitunderthisarticletotheattention of the State Party to the present Conventionthathasmadeadeclarationunderparagraph1and isallegedtobeviolatinganyprovisionsoftheConvention.Withinsixmonths,thereceivingStateshallsubmittotheCommitteewrittenexplanationsorstatementsclarifyingthematterandtheremedy, ifany,thatmayhavebeentakenbythatState.
5. The Committee shall consider communicationsreceivedunderthepresentarticleinthelightofallinfor-mationmadeavailabletoitbyoronbehalfoftheindi-vidualandbytheStatePartyconcerned.
6. The Committee shall hold closed meetings whenexaminingcommunicationsunderthepresentarticle.
7. TheCommitteeshallforwarditsviewstotheStatePartyconcernedandtotheindividual.
8. TheprovisionsofthepresentarticleshallcomeintoforcewhentenStatesPartiestothepresentConventionhavemadedeclarationsunderparagraph1ofthepresentarticle.SuchdeclarationsshallbedepositedbytheStatesPartieswiththeSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations,who shall transmit copies thereof to the other StatesParties.AdeclarationmaybewithdrawnatanytimebynotificationtotheSecretary-General.Suchawithdrawalshallnotprejudicetheconsiderationofanymatterthatis the subject of a communication already transmittedunder thepresentarticle;no furthercommunicationbyoronbehalfofanindividualshallbereceivedunderthepresentarticleafterthenotificationofwithdrawalofthedeclarationhasbeenreceivedbytheSecretary-General,unlesstheStatePartyhasmadeanewdeclaration.
Article 78
The provisions of article 76 of the present Conventionshall be applied without prejudice to any proceduresfor settling disputes or complaints in the field coveredbythepresentConventionlaiddownintheconstituentinstrumentsof,orinconventionsadoptedby,theUnitedNations and the specialized agencies and shall notprevent theStatesParties fromhaving recourse toanyprocedures for settling a dispute in accordance withinternationalagreementsinforcebetweenthem.
Part VIII: General provisions
Article 79
NothinginthepresentConventionshallaffecttherightof each State Party to establish the criteria governingadmissionofmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfami-lies.Concerningothermattersrelatedtotheirlegalsitu-ationandtreatmentasmigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies,StatesPartiesshallbesubjecttothelimita-tionssetforthinthepresentConvention.
Article 80
Nothing in thepresentConventionshallbe interpretedasimpairingtheprovisionsoftheCharteroftheUnitedNations and of the constitutions of the specializedagencies which define the respective responsibilitiesofthevariousorgansoftheUnitedNationsandofthe
76
specializedagenciesinregardtothemattersdealtwithinthepresentConvention.
Article 81
1. Nothing in the present Convention shall affectmore favourable rightsor freedomsgranted tomigrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamiliesbyvirtueof:
(a)ThelaworpracticeofaStateParty;or(b)Anybilateralormultilateraltreatyinforceforthe
StatePartyconcerned.2. Nothing in the present Convention may be
interpreted as implying for any State, group or personanyrighttoengageinanyactivityorperformanyactthatwouldimpairanyoftherightsandfreedomsassetforthinthepresentConvention.
Article 82
The rights of migrant workers and members of theirfamiliesprovidedforinthepresentConventionmaynotbe renounced. It shallnotbepermissible toexertanyform of pressure upon migrant workers and membersof their families with a view to their relinquishing orforegoinganyofthesaidrights.Itshallnotbepossibleto derogate by contract from rights recognized in thepresentConvention.StatesPartiesshalltakeappropriatemeasurestoensurethattheseprinciplesarerespected.
Article 83
EachStatePartytothepresentConventionundertakes:(a)Toensurethatanypersonwhoserightsorfreedoms
ashereinrecognizedareviolatedshallhaveaneffectiveremedy, notwithstanding that the violation has beencommittedbypersonsactinginanofficialcapacity;
(b)Toensurethatanypersonsseekingsucharemedyshall have his or her claim reviewed and decided bycompetentjudicial,administrativeorlegislativeauthori-ties,orbyanyothercompetentauthorityprovidedforbythelegalsystemoftheState,andtodevelopthepossi-bilitiesofjudicialremedy;
(c)To ensure that the competent authorities shallenforcesuchremedieswhengranted.
Article 84
EachStatePartyundertakestoadoptthelegislativeandother measures that are necessary to implement theprovisionsofthepresentConvention.
Part IX: Final provisions
Article 85
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is desig-natedasthedepositaryofthepresentConvention.
Article 86
1. ThepresentConventionshallbeopenforsignaturebyallStates.Itissubjecttoratification.
2. ThepresentConventionshallbeopentoaccessionbyanyState.
3. Instrumentsofratificationoraccessionshallbedepos-itedwiththeSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations.
Article 87
1.ThepresentConventionshallenterintoforceonthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingaperiodofthreemonthsafterthedateofthedepositofthetwentiethinstrumentofratificationoraccession.
2.ForeachStateratifyingoraccedingtothepresentConventionafteritsentryintoforce,theConventionshallenterintoforceonthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingaperiodofthreemonthsafterthedateofthedepositofitsowninstrumentofratificationoraccession.
Article 88
AStateratifyingoraccedingtothepresentConventionmay not exclude the application of any Part of it, or,without prejudice to article 3, exclude any particularcategoryofmigrantworkersfromitsapplication.
Article 89
1. Any State Party may denounce the presentConvention,notearlierthanfiveyearsaftertheConventionhasenteredintoforcefortheStateconcerned,bymeansof anotification inwritingaddressed to the Secretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations.
2. Such denunciation shall become effective on thefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationofaperiodoftwelvemonthsafterthedateofthereceiptofthenoti-ficationbytheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations.
3. Such a denunciation shall not have the effect ofreleasingtheStateParty fromitsobligationsunderthepresent Convention in regard to any act or omissionwhichoccurspriortothedateatwhichthedenunciation
77
becomes effective, nor shall denunciation prejudice inanywaythecontinuedconsiderationofanymatterwhichisalreadyunderconsiderationbytheCommitteepriortothedateatwhichthedenunciationbecomeseffective.
4. FollowingthedateatwhichthedenunciationofaStatePartybecomeseffective, theCommittee shallnotcommence consideration of any new matter regardingthatState.
Article 90
1. After five years from the entry into force of theConventionarequestfortherevisionoftheConventionmaybemadeatanytimebyanyStatePartybymeansof anotification inwritingaddressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-Generalshall thereupon communicate any proposed amend-ments to the States Parties with a request that theynotify him whether they favour a conference of StatesParties for thepurposeofconsideringandvotingupontheproposals.Intheeventthatwithinfourmonthsfromthedateofsuchcommunicationatleastone-thirdoftheStatesPartiesfavourssuchaconference,theSecretary-Generalshallconvenetheconferenceundertheauspicesof the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by amajorityoftheStatesPartiespresentandvotingshallbesubmittedtotheGeneralAssemblyforapproval.
2. Amendments shall come into force when theyhave been approved by the General Assembly of theUnited Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majorityoftheStatesPartiesinaccordancewiththeirrespectiveconstitutionalprocesses.
3. Whenamendmentscome into force, theyshallbebindingonthoseStatesPartiesthathaveacceptedthem,otherStatesPartiesstillbeingboundbytheprovisionsofthepresentConventionandanyearlieramendmentthattheyhaveaccepted.
Article 91
1. TheSecretary-Generalof theUnitedNations shallreceiveandcirculatetoallStatesthetextofreservationsmadebyStatesat the timeof signature, ratificationoraccession.
2. A reservation incompatible with the objectand purpose of the present Convention shall not bepermitted.
3. Reservationsmaybewithdrawnatanytimebynoti-ficationtothiseffectaddressedtotheSecretary-Generalof theUnitedNations,whoshall then informallStates
thereof.Suchnotificationshalltakeeffectonthedateonwhichitisreceived.
Article 92
1. Any dispute between two or more States Partiesconcerning the interpretation or application of thepresent Convention that is not settled by negotiationshall, at the request of one of them, be submitted toarbitration. If within six months from the date of therequest for arbitration the Parties are unable to agreeontheorganizationofthearbitration,anyoneofthosePartiesmayreferthedisputetotheInternationalCourtofJusticebyrequestinconformitywiththeStatuteoftheCourt.
2. Each State Party may at the time of signature orratification of the present Convention or accessionthereto declare that it does not consider itself boundbyparagraph1of thepresent article.Theother StatesPartiesshallnotbeboundbythatparagraphwithrespecttoanyStatePartythathasmadesuchadeclaration.
3. Any State Party that has made a declaration inaccordancewithparagraph2ofthepresentarticlemayatanytimewithdrawthatdeclarationbynotificationtotheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations.
Article 93
1. The present Convention, of which the Arabic,Chinese,English,French,RussianandSpanishtextsareequallyauthentic,shallbedepositedwiththeSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations.
2. TheSecretary-Generalof theUnitedNations shalltransmitcertifiedcopiesofthepresentConventiontoallStates.
In witness whereof the undersigned plenipotentia-ries, being duly authorized thereto by their respectiveGovernments,havesignedthepresentConvention.
78
79
Annex II CCPR General Comment No. 15: The position of aliens under the Covenant: 11/04/86
80
1. Reports from States parties have often failed totake into account that each State party must ensuretherightsintheCovenantto“allindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdiction”(art.2,para.1).Ingeneral,therightssetforthintheCovenantapplytoeveryone,irrespectiveofreciprocity,andirrespectiveofhisorhernationalityorstatelessness.
2. Thus, the general rule is that each one of therights of the Covenant must be guaranteed withoutdiscrimination between citizens and aliens. Aliensreceive thebenefitof thegeneral requirementofnon-discrimination in respect of the rights guaranteedin the Covenant, as provided for in article 2 thereof.This guarantee applies to aliens and citizens alike.Exceptionally, some of the rights recognized in theCovenantareexpresslyapplicableonlytocitizens(art.25),whilearticle13appliesonlytoaliens.However,theCommittee’s experience in examining reports showsthat in a number of countries other rights that aliensshouldenjoyundertheCovenantaredeniedtothemoraresubjecttolimitationsthatcannotalwaysbejustifiedundertheCovenant.
3. A fewconstitutionsprovide forequalityofalienswithcitizens.Someconstitutionsadoptedmorerecentlycarefullydistinguishfundamentalrightsthatapplytoallandthosegrantedtocitizensonly,anddealwitheachin detail. In many States, however, the constitutionsare drafted in terms of citizens only when grantingrelevantrights.Legislationandcaselawmayalsoplayan importantpart inproviding for the rightsofaliens.TheCommitteehasbeeninformedthatinsomeStatesfundamental rights, though not guaranteed to aliensby the Constitution or other legislation, will also beextended to them as required by the Covenant. Incertaincases,however,therehasclearlybeenafailuretoimplementCovenantrightswithoutdiscriminationinrespectofaliens.
4. The Committee considers that in their reportsStates parties should give attention to the positionof aliens, both under their law and in actual practice.TheCovenantgivesaliensall theprotection regardingrightsguaranteedtherein,anditsrequirementsshouldbeobservedbyStatespartiesintheirlegislationandinpracticeasappropriate.Thepositionofalienswouldthusbeconsiderablyimproved.Statespartiesshouldensure
thattheprovisionsoftheCovenantandtherightsunderitaremadeknowntoalienswithintheirjurisdiction.
5. TheCovenantdoesnotrecognizetherightofalienstoenteror reside in theterritoryofaStateparty. It isinprincipleamatterfortheStatetodecidewhoitwilladmittoitsterritory.However,incertaincircumstancesanalienmayenjoytheprotectionoftheCovenantevenin relation to entry or residence, for example, whenconsiderations of non-discrimination, prohibition ofinhumantreatmentandrespectforfamilylifearise.
6. Consentforentrymaybegivensubjecttoconditionsrelating, for example, to movement, residence andemployment.AStatemayalsoimposegeneralconditionsuponanalienwhoisintransit.However,oncealiensareallowedtoentertheterritoryofaStatepartytheyareentitledtotherightssetoutintheCovenant.
7. Aliensthushaveaninherentrighttolife,protectedbylaw,andmaynotbearbitrarilydeprivedoflife.Theymustnotbe subjected to tortureor to cruel, inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment;normaytheybeheldinslaveryorservitude.Alienshavethefullrighttolibertyandsecurityoftheperson.Iflawfullydeprivedoftheirliberty,theyshallbetreatedwithhumanityandwithrespect for the inherentdignityof their person.Aliensmaynotbeimprisonedforfailuretofulfilacontractualobligation.Theyhave the right to libertyofmovementandfreechoiceofresidence;theyshallbefreetoleavethecountry.Aliensshallbeequalbeforethecourtsandtribunals,andshallbeentitledtoafairandpublichearingby a competent, independent and impartial tribunalestablishedbylawinthedeterminationofanycriminalchargeorofrightsandobligationsinasuitatlaw.Aliensshallnotbesubjectedtoretrospectivepenallegislation,andareentitledtorecognitionbeforethelaw.Theymaynot be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interferencewiththeirprivacy,family,homeorcorrespondence.Theyhave the right to freedomof thought, conscienceandreligion,andtherighttoholdopinionsandtoexpressthem.Aliensreceivethebenefitoftherightofpeacefulassemblyandoffreedomofassociation.Theymaymarrywhenatmarriageableage.Theirchildrenareentitledtothose measures of protection required by their statusas minors. In those cases where aliens constitute aminoritywithinthemeaningofarticle27,theyshallnotbedeniedtheright,incommunitywithothermembers
CCPR General Comment No. 15: The position of aliens under the Covenant: 11/04/86
Twenty-seventh session, 1986
81
of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to professand practise their own religion and to use their ownlanguage.Aliensareentitledtoequalprotectionbythelaw.Thereshallbenodiscriminationbetweenaliensandcitizensintheapplicationoftheserights.TheserightsofaliensmaybequalifiedonlybysuchlimitationsasmaybelawfullyimposedundertheCovenant.
8. Once an alien is lawfully within a territory, hisfreedomofmovementwithintheterritoryandhisrighttoleavethatterritorymayonlyberestrictedinaccordancewitharticle12,paragraph3.Differencesintreatmentinthis regard between aliens and nationals, or betweendifferentcategoriesofaliens,needtobejustifiedunderarticle 12, paragraph 3. Since such restrictions must,interalia,beconsistentwiththeotherrightsrecognizedin the Covenant, a State party cannot, by restraininganalienordeportinghimtoathirdcountry,arbitrarilypreventhisreturntohisowncountry(art.12,para.4).
9. Manyreportshavegiveninsufficientinformationonmattersrelevanttoarticle13.Thatarticleisapplicabletoallproceduresaimedattheobligatorydepartureofanalien,whetherdescribedinnationallawasexpulsionorotherwise.Ifsuchproceduresentailarrest,thesafeguardsof theCovenantrelatingtodeprivationof liberty (arts.9 and 10) may also be applicable. If the arrest is fortheparticularpurposeofextradition,otherprovisionsofnationaland international lawmayapply.Normallyanalienwhoisexpelledmustbeallowedtoleaveforanycountrythatagreestotakehim.Theparticularrightsofarticle13onlyprotectthosealienswhoarelawfullyinthe territoryofaStateparty.Thismeans thatnationallaw concerning the requirements for entry and staymustbetakenintoaccountindeterminingthescopeofthatprotection,andthatillegalentrantsandalienswhohavestayedlongerthanthelawortheirpermitsallow,
inparticular,arenotcoveredbyitsprovisions.However,if the legality of an alien’s entry or stay is in dispute,any decision on this point leading to his expulsion ordeportationoughttobetakeninaccordancewitharticle13.ItisforthecompetentauthoritiesoftheStateparty,ingoodfaithandintheexerciseoftheirpowers,toapplyandinterpretthedomesticlaw,observing,however,suchrequirementsundertheCovenantasequalitybeforethelaw(art.26).
10.Article 13 directly regulates only the procedureandnotthesubstantivegroundsforexpulsion.However,by allowingonly those carriedout“in pursuanceof adecision reached inaccordancewith law”, itspurposeis clearly toprevent arbitrary expulsions.On theotherhand,itentitleseachalientoadecisioninhisowncaseand,hence,article13wouldnotbesatisfiedwithlawsordecisionsprovidingforcollectiveormassexpulsions.This understanding, in the opinion of the Committee,is confirmedby furtherprovisionsconcerning the rightto submit reasons against expulsion and to have thedecision reviewed by and to be represented beforethe competent authority or someone designated byit. An alien must be given full facilities for pursuinghis remedy against expulsion so that this right will inall the circumstances of his case be an effective one.The principles of article 13 relating to appeal againstexpulsionandtheentitlementtoreviewbyacompetentauthoritymayonlybedepartedfromwhen“compellingreasonsofnationalsecurity”sorequire.Discriminationmaynotbemadebetweendifferentcategoriesofaliensintheapplicationofarticle13.
©1996-2001Office of the United Nations High Commissioner forHumanRights
82
83
Annex III CERD General Recommendation No. 30: Discrimination Against Non Citizens: 1/10/04
84
The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,
Recalling the Charter of the United Nations and theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, according towhich all human beings are born free and equal indignityandrightsandareentitledtotherightsandfree-domsenshrinedthereinwithoutdistinctionofanykind,andtheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,theInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsandtheInternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,
Recalling the Durban Declaration in which the WorldConference against Racism, Racial Discrimination,Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, recognized thatxenophobiaagainstnon-nationals,particularlymigrants,refugeesandasylum-seekers,constitutesoneofthemainsourcesof contemporary racismand thathuman rightsviolationsagainstmembersofsuchgroupsoccurwidelyin the context of discriminatory, xenophobic and racistpractices,
Noting that, based on the International Convention ontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscriminationandgeneralrecommendationsXIandXX,ithasbecomeevidentfromtheexaminationofthereportsofStatespartiestotheConventionthatgroupsotherthanmigrants,refugeesandasylum-seekersarealsoofconcern,includingundoc-umentednon-citizensandpersonswhocannotestablishthenationalityof theStateonwhoseterritorythey live,evenwheresuchpersonshavelivedalltheirlivesonthesameterritory,
Having organized a thematic discussion on the issueof discrimination against non-citizens and received thecontributionsofmembersoftheCommitteeandStatesparties, as well as contributions from experts of otherUnited Nations organs and specialized agencies andfromnon-governmentalorganizations,
Recognizing the need to clarify the responsibilities ofStates parties to the International Convention on theElimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination withregardtonon-citizens,
Basing its action on the provisions of the Convention,in particular article 5, which requires States parties toprohibit and eliminate discrimination based on race,colour, descent, and national or ethnic origin in theenjoyment by all persons of civil, political, economic,socialandculturalrightsandfreedoms,
Affirmsthat:
I. Responsibilities of States parties to the Convention
1. Article1,paragraph1,oftheConventiondefinesracial discrimination. Article 1, paragraph 2 providesfor the possibility of differentiating between citizensand non-citizens.Article 1, paragraph 3 declares that,concerningnationality,citizenshipornaturalization,thelegalprovisionsofStatespartiesmustnotdiscriminateagainstanyparticularnationality;
2. Article1,paragraph2,mustbeconstruedsoastoavoid undermining the basic prohibition of discrimina-tion;hence,itshouldnotbeinterpretedtodetractinanywayfromtherightsandfreedomsrecognizedandenun-ciatedinparticularintheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights, the InternationalCovenantonEconomic, SocialandCulturalRightsand the InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights;
3. Article 5 of the Convention incorporates theobligation of States parties to prohibit and eliminateracial discrimination in the enjoyment of civil, political,economic, social and cultural rights.Although some oftheserights,suchastherighttoparticipateinelections,tovoteandtostandforelection,maybeconfinedtociti-zens,humanrightsare,inprinciple,tobeenjoyedbyallpersons.Statespartiesareunderanobligationtoguar-anteeequalitybetweencitizensandnon-citizens intheenjoymentoftheserightstotheextentrecognizedunderinternationallaw;
4. Under the Convention, differential treatmentbased on citizenship or immigration status will consti-tutediscriminationifthecriteriaforsuchdifferentiation,judgedinthelightoftheobjectivesandpurposesoftheConvention,arenotappliedpursuanttoalegitimateaim,andarenotproportionaltotheachievementofthisaim.Differentiationwithin the scopeof article1,paragraph
CERD General Recommendation No. 30: Discrimination Against Non Citizens: 1/10/04
8�
4,oftheConventionrelatingtospecialmeasuresisnotconsidereddiscriminatory;
5. States parties are under an obligation to reportfullyuponlegislationonnon-citizensanditsimplemen-tation.Furthermore,Statespartiesshouldincludeintheirperiodicreports,inanappropriateform,socio-economicdata on the non-citizen population within their juris-diction, including data disaggregated by gender andnationalorethnicorigin;
Recommends,
Basedonthesegeneralprinciples,thattheStatespartiestotheConvention,asappropriatetotheirspecificcircum-stances,adoptthefollowingmeasures:
II. Measures of a general nature
6. Review and revise legislation, as appropriate, inordertoguaranteethatsuchlegislationisinfullcompli-ance with the Convention, in particular regarding theeffectiveenjoymentoftherightsmentionedinarticle5,withoutdiscrimination;
7. Ensure that legislative guarantees against racialdiscrimination apply to non-citizens regardless of theirimmigration status, and that the implementation oflegislationdoesnothaveadiscriminatoryeffectonnon-citizens;
8. Paygreaterattentiontotheissueofmultiplediscrim-inationfacedbynon-citizens,inparticularconcerningthechildren and spouses of non-citizen workers, to refrainfromapplyingdifferentstandardsoftreatmenttofemalenon-citizen spouses of citizens and male non-citizenspousesofcitizens,toreportonanysuchpracticesandtotakeallnecessarystepstoaddressthem;
9. Ensurethat immigrationpoliciesdonothavetheeffectofdiscriminatingagainstpersonsonthebasisofrace,colour,descent,ornationalorethnicorigin;
10.Ensurethatanymeasurestakeninthefightagainstterrorism do not discriminate, in purpose or effect, onthegroundsofrace,colour,descent,ornationalorethnicoriginandthatnon-citizensarenotsubjectedtoracialorethnicprofilingorstereotyping;
III. Protection against hate speech and racial violence
11.Take steps to address xenophobic attitudes andbehaviourtowardsnon-citizens,inparticularhatespeechand racial violence, and to promote a better under-standingoftheprincipleofnon-discriminationinrespectofthesituationofnon-citizens;
12.Take resolute action to counter any tendency totarget, stigmatize, stereotype or profile, on the basis
of race, colour, descent, and national or ethnic origin,membersof“non-citizen”populationgroups,especiallybypoliticians,officials,educatorsandthemedia,ontheInternetandotherelectroniccommunicationsnetworksandinsocietyatlarge;
IV. Access to citizenship
13.Ensure that particular groups of non-citizens arenotdiscriminatedagainstwith regard toaccess tociti-zenship or naturalization, and to pay due attention topossiblebarrierstonaturalizationthatmayexistforlong-termorpermanentresidents;
14.Recognize that deprivation of citizenship on thebasisofrace,colour,descent,ornationalorethnicoriginisabreachofStatesparties’obligationstoensurenon-discriminatoryenjoymentoftherighttonationality;
15.Takeintoconsiderationthatinsomecasesdenialof citizenship for long-term or permanent residentscouldresultincreatingdisadvantagefortheminaccessto employment and social benefits, in violation of theConvention’santi-discriminationprinciples;
16.Reduce statelessness, in particular statelessnessamong children, by, for example, encouraging theirparents to apply for citizenship on their behalf andallowing both parents to transmit their citizenship totheirchildren;
17.Regularizethestatusof formercitizensofprede-cessorStateswhonowresidewithin the jurisdictionoftheStateparty;
V. Administration of justice
18.Ensure that non-citizens enjoy equal protectionand recognition before the law and in this context, totake action against racially motivated violence and toensuretheaccessofvictimstoeffective legal remediesand the right to seek justandadequate reparation foranydamagesufferedasaresultofsuchviolence;
19.Ensure the security of non-citizens, in particularwithregardtoarbitrarydetention,aswellasensurethatconditions in centres for refugees and asylum-seekersmeetinternationalstandards;
20.Ensure that non-citizens detained or arrested inthe fight against terrorism are properly protected bydomestic law that complies with international humanrights,refugeeandhumanitarianlaw;
21.Combatill-treatmentofanddiscriminationagainstnon-citizensbypoliceandotherlawenforcementagen-cies and civil servants by strictly applying relevantlegislationand regulationsproviding forsanctionsandby ensuring that all officials dealing with non-citizensreceive special training, including training in humanrights;
86
22.Introduceincriminallawtheprovisionthatcommit-tinganoffencewithracistmotivationoraimconstitutesanaggravatingcircumstanceallowingforamoreseverepunishment;
23.Ensurethatclaimsofracialdiscriminationbroughtby non-citizens are investigated thoroughly and thatclaimsmadeagainstofficials,notably thoseconcerningdiscriminatory or racist behaviour, are subject toindependentandeffectivescrutiny;
24.Regulatetheburdenofproof incivilproceedingsinvolvingdiscriminationbasedon race, colour,descent,andnationalorethnicoriginsothatonceanon-citizenhas established a prima facie case that he or she hasbeenavictimofsuchdiscrimination, itshallbe for therespondent to provide evidence of an objective andreasonablejustificationforthedifferentialtreatment;
VI. Expulsion and deportation of non-citizens
25.Ensurethatlawsconcerningdeportationorotherforms of removal of non-citizens from the jurisdictionof the State party do not discriminate in purpose oreffect among non-citizens on the basis of race, colourorethnicornationalorigin,andthatnon-citizenshaveequalaccesstoeffectiveremedies,includingtherighttochallengeexpulsionorders,andareallowedeffectivelytopursuesuchremedies;
26.Ensurethatnon-citizensarenotsubjecttocollec-tiveexpulsion,inparticularinsituationswherethereareinsufficientguarantees that thepersonal circumstancesofeachofthepersonsconcernedhavebeentakenintoaccount;
27.Ensure that non-citizens are not returned orremovedtoacountryorterritorywheretheyareatriskofbeingsubjecttoserioushumanrightsabuses,includingtorture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment orpunishment;
28.Avoid expulsions of non-citizens, especially oflong-termresidents,thatwouldresultindisproportionateinterferencewiththerighttofamilylife;
VII. Economic, social and cultural rights
29.Remove obstacles that prevent the enjoymentof economic, social and cultural rights by non-citizens,notablyintheareasofeducation,housing,employmentandhealth;
30.Ensure that public educational institutions areopen to non-citizens and children of undocumentedimmigrantsresidingintheterritoryofaStateparty;
31.Avoid segregated schooling and different stan-dards of treatment being applied to non-citizens ongroundsofrace,colour,descent,andnationalorethnicorigin in elementary and secondary school and withrespecttoaccesstohighereducation;
32.Guarantee the equal enjoyment of the right toadequate housing for citizens and non-citizens, espe-cially by avoiding segregation inhousingandensuringthathousingagenciesrefrainfromengagingindiscrimi-natorypractices;
33.Takemeasurestoeliminatediscriminationagainstnon-citizensinrelationtoworkingconditionsandworkrequirements,includingemploymentrulesandpracticeswithdiscriminatorypurposesoreffects;
34.Takeeffectivemeasurestopreventandredresstheseriousproblemscommonlyfacedbynon-citizenworkers,inparticularbynon-citizendomesticworkers, includingdebt bondage, passport retention, illegal confinement,rapeandphysicalassault;
35.Recognize that, while States parties may refusetooffer jobs tonon-citizenswithoutaworkpermit,allindividualsareentitled to theenjoymentof labourandemployment rights, including the freedom of assemblyand association, once an employment relationship hasbeeninitiateduntilitisterminated;
36.EnsurethatStatespartiesrespecttherightofnon-citizenstoanadequatestandardofphysicalandmentalhealthby, interalia, refrainingfromdenyingor limitingtheiraccesstopreventive,curativeandpalliativehealthservices;
37.Takethenecessarymeasurestopreventpracticesthat deny non-citizens their cultural identity, such aslegalordefactorequirementsthatnon-citizenschangetheir name in order to obtain citizenship, and to takemeasurestoenablenon-citizenstopreserveanddeveloptheirculture;
38.Ensuretherightofnon-citizens,withoutdiscrimi-nation based on race, colour, descent, and national orethnic origin, to have access to any place or serviceintendedforusebythegeneralpublic,suchastransport,hotels,restaurants,cafés,theatresandparks;
39.The present general recommendation replacesgeneralrecommendationXI(1993).
©1996-2001Office of the United Nations High Commissioner forHumanRights
The treaty body system (...) constitutes the bedrock of the human rights framework of the United Nations.
Louise ArbourUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
22 June 2005
ICMCInternational Catholic Migration Commission37-39, rue de VermontP.O.Box 96, 1211 Geneva 20Switzerland $12
As long as migrant workers, migrants’ advocates and governments continue working towards universal
ratifi cation, we can only move closer towards migrant workers’ and their families’ enjoyment of dignity and
freedom from discrimination.Migrant Forum in Asia
1 July 2003
Toolkit2.indd 1 04-04-2006 15:37:00