Block 5 ES 9 b, c, d Principal natural hazards CaliforniaSociety and California’s fresh water Analyze geologic hazard maps of California: ID evidence of events past and predict geologic changes

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Content ObjectiveUnderstand the principal natural hazards in different California regions and the geologic basis of those hazards. Explain the importance of water to society, the origins of California’s fresh water, and the relationship between supply and need. Describe how to analyze published geologic hazard maps of California and know how to use the map’s information to identify evidence of geologic events of the past and predict geologic changes in the future.

Language ObjectiveUnderstand how Fault zones can be used in a sentence to describe an area of active Earthquakes. Explain how water is needed in society by use of aqueducts to move the water and reservoirs to hold the water. Don’t forget about the cleaning or purification of the water. Be able to explore your environment and make informed decisions on geological hazards near your home or business.

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Items: 1. Coversheet 2. WCW3. Standards4. Vocabulary5. Pre-assessment6. Handout: California Mineral Energy and

Soil Resources7. Notes: Ca. Natural Hazards8. Handout: Ca. Natural Hazards 9. Reading and Questions Tsunami Hazard in

California10. Notes: California Water11. Handout: California Water12. Reading and Questions Geological Hazards13. Notes: Geologic Hazard Maps14. Handout: Geological Hazard Maps15. Study Guide16. CST release questions

Standards9. The geology of California underlies the state’s wealth of natural resources as well as its natural hazards. As a basis for understanding this concept:

ES 9. b. Students know the principal natural hazards in different California regions and the geologic basis of those hazards.

California is subject to a variety of natural hazards. Active fault zones generate earthquakes, such as those of the San Andreas Fault system. Uplifted areas with weak underlying rocks and sediments are prone to landslides, and the California Cascade Mountains contain both active and dormant volcanoes. The erosion of coastal cliffs is expected, caused in part by the energy of waves eroding them at their bases. When earthquakes occur along the Pacific Rim, seismic sea waves, or tsunamis, may be generated.

ES 9. c. Students know the importance of water to society, the origins of California’s fresh water, and the relationship between supply and need.

Water is especially important in California because its economy is based on agriculture and industry, both of which require large quantities of water. California is blessed with an abundance of fresh water, which is supplied by precipitation and collected from the melting of the snowpack in watersheds located in the Sierra Nevada and in other mountain ranges. This process ensures a slow runoff of water following the winter rains and snowfall. But the water is not distributed evenly. Northern California receives most of the rain and snowfall, and southern California is arid to semiarid. The natural distribution of water is adjusted through engineered projects that transport water in canals from the northern to the southern part of the State.

ES 9 d Students know how to analyze published geologic hazard maps of California and know how to use the map’s information to identify evidence of geologic events of the past and predict geologic changes in the future.

Students who learn to read and analyze published geological hazard maps will be able to make better personal decisions about the safety of business and residential locations. They will also be able to make intelligent voting decisions relative to public land use and remediation of hazards. County governments have agencies that dispense information about resources and hazards, often related to issuing permits and collecting taxes. The California Division of Mines and Geology is a state-level resource. Federal agencies that supply useful information about California resources and hazards are the U.S. Geological Survey, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Warm-up 10-8 odd 10/9 even Describe picture(s) with a phrase or two.A B C

D E F G

Critical thinkingExplain how mountain uplift can leave an area vulnerable to erosion problems.

Wrap-upOur position along the Pacific Rim makes us Vulnerable to Earthquakes, Shoreline erosion, Tsunamis, Volcanoes and more Describe how being along the Subduction zone of the Pacific and North American plates causes a source of major Hazards.

Warm-up: 10/10 odd 10/11 even

Describe several (minimum 3) uses for Water.

Critical thinkingThe Sierra Mountain Range is a major source for freshwater for California. How does the mountain snow fall become drinking water hundreds of miles away from the source?

Wrap up Give two ways each on how water flow can or is being controlled:At your homeParent/Guardians work At school

Warm-up 10/12 odd 10/15 even

This is a map of fire hazards, brighter color are more dangerThe importance of knowing where you live relative to Fire danger is …

Critical thinking

Besides the mess, why is this not good for the people, animals, land and water of the area?

Wrap-up

How is it beneficial to understand the amount of rainfall and rain evaporation in a region of California?

Warm-up

Explain the three disasters.Landslides are ….The Volcanic eruption is ….Fault lines crack ground…

Critical Thinking

Describe Earthquake-Proof versus Earthquake Retro-fit. (Retro-fit means rebuild stronger)

Wrap-up Describe how a mountain can be uplifted? And destroyed?

Semester1 Block 5 Vocabulary

1. Geology – is the science comprising of the study of solid Earth and the processes by which it evolves. Also, provides primary evidence for plate tectonics, the history of life and evolution, and past climates.

2. Natural resources- occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity and geo-diversity existent in various ecosystems.

3. Natural hazards- are a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment. Many natural hazards are interrelated, e.g. earthquakes can cause tsunamis and drought can lead directly to famine.

4. Principal natural hazard-Earthquake, flood, volcanic eruption tsunami5. Fault zones - is the surface trace of a fault, the line of intersection between the fault plane and the Earth's

surface6. Earthquakes- is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.7. San Andreas Fault - is a continental transform fault that runs a length of roughly 810 miles (1,300 km)

through California8. Uplift - is a geological process most often caused by plate tectonics which increases elevation. The

opposite of uplift is subsidence, which results in a decrease in elevation. Uplift may be Orogenic, is the result of tectonic-plate collisions and results in mountain ranges or a more modest. Uplift may be Isostatic includes the gradual uplift following rapid erosional removal of material from a mountain range.

9. Landslides - includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments.

10. California Cascade Mountains - is a major mountain range of western North America, extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California. It includes both non-volcanic mountains, such as the North Cascades, and the notable volcanoes known as the High Cascades.

11. Active Extinct and dormant volcanoes- those that erupt regularly called active, those that have erupted in historical times but are now quiet called dormant, and those that have not erupted in historical times called extinct.

12. Erosion - is the process by which material is removed from a region of the Earth's surface. It can occur by weathering and transport of solids (sediment, soil, rock and other particles) in the natural environment, and leads to the deposition of these materials elsewhere.

13. Pacific Rim - refers to places around the edge of the Pacific Ocean. The term "Pacific Basin" includes the Pacific Rim and islands in the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Rim roughly overlaps with the geologic Pacific Ring of Fire.

14. Tsunamis - is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, though it can occur in large lakes. Owing to the immense volumes of water and the high energy involved, tsunamis can devastate coastal regions.

15. Water- is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.

16. Agriculture- is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life.

17. Industry- refers to the production of an economic good or service within an economy18. Abundance- is an ecological concept referring to the relative representation of a species in a particular

ecosystem. It is usually measured as the large number of individuals found per sample.19. Precipitation- is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity.[1] The

main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail.20. Snowpack- forms from layers of snow that accumulate in geographic regions and high altitudes where the

climate includes cold weather for extended periods during the year21. Watersheds- the line between drainage basins – shedding is an old term for splitting or dividing, so it is

the line which divides the water (however in North America "watershed" has come to mean the drainage basin itself);

22. Sierra Nevada mountain range- is a mountain range in the U.S. states of California and Nevada, between the California Central Valley and the Basin and Range Province. The Sierra runs 400 miles (640 km) north-to-south, and is approximately 70 miles (110 km) across east-to-west. Notable Sierra features include Lake Tahoe, the largest alpine lake in North America; Mount Whitney at 14,505 feet (4,421 m),[2] the highest point in the contiguous United States; and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers out of 100-million-year-old granite.

23. Runoff- is the water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess water from rain, melt-water, or other sources flows over the land. This is a major component of the water cycle.

24. Arid- characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or even preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life

25. Canals- are man-made channels for water used for the transportation of goods and people and fresh water.26. Public Land Survey System (PLSS)- is a method used in the United States to survey and identify land

parcels, particularly for titles and deeds of rural, wild or undeveloped land Remediation of hazards27. County governments- generally acts within powers delegated to it by legislation or directives of the higher

level of government and each country has some kind of local government which will differ from those of other countries

28. Issuing permits- a procedure that allows for building, construction, renovation to take place legally29. Collecting taxes-gathering unpaid taxes on property and/or products, such as property tax for homes 30. The California Division of Mines and Geology - to provide scientific products and services about the

state's geology, seismology and mineral resources that affect the health, safety, and business interests of the people of California.

31. U.S. Geological Survey-agency that provides information and help on a variety of items including Climate and Land Use Change, Core Science Systems, Ecosystems, Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health, Natural Hazards and Water

32. Federal Emergency Management Agency- is a federal agency that supports the citizen and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build, sustain, and improve our capabilities to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards

33. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers- is a federal agency and a major Army command made up of some 38,000 civilian and military personnel, making it the world's largest public engineering, design and construction management agency.

Notes- Geological Hazards in California page #79. b. principal natural hazards in different California regions and the geologic basis of those hazards. http://www.usgs.gov/natural_hazards/1. Cali. variety of natural hazards

2. Fault zones generate earthquakes, ex. San Andreas Fault system.

3. Uplifted areas with weak underlying rocks and sediments are prone to landslides.

4. Cali Cascade Mtns. active and dormant volcanoes

5. The erosion of coastal cliffs is expected, caused in part by the energy of waves eroding them at their bases.

6. When earthquakes occur along the Pacific Rim, seismic sea waves, or tsunamis, may be generated.

1. Earthquakes Faults Minerals Floods Landslides Tsunamis Volcanoes Wildfires

2. Transform or slip-slide fault, Pacific Plate vs. N.-A. plate

Pacific plate south, North Am. Plate North, San Francisco to LA, Total 850miles

3. Water infiltrates sediment causing saturation. Granite uplift occurs causing rock to rise, like YOSEMITE Park

“Half-Dome”. 4. British Columbia, Canada to No- Cal; Mountains

and Volcanoes, caused from a convergent boundary and subduction zones. NA plate is being pushed by the “Juan de Fuca Plate”

5. Coastal lands are washing away because of wave motion and tides.The weathering of the coast also occurs when wind, rain, and snow rip apart the coast line6. Ring of volcanoes, hotspots and all types of plate boundaries around the pacific ocean. Tsunamis are formed by Earthquakes and landslides.Seismic waves are generates by Earthquakes: 3 types: Surface, P, S

Summarize- 3sentences

California Geological Survey - Hazardous Minerals 

ResourcesMinerals: gold, zinc, boron, silicon, sodiumEnergy: geothermal, solar, wind, nuclear, hydro-electricNatural: ore, lumber, coast

HazardsNatural: volcanoes, tsunami's, lanslides, EQ, Made: roads, buildings, traintracks,airtravel, gas line, levee,

WaterFresh: snow pack, rain, springsSalt: desalinationIndustrial: manufacturing, cleaning, toxins

Mapstopographic: contour lines, contour interval, legenedSeismometers: scaling, drums, wave typeFault: location, type, activity

California’s Water https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=Y2xvdmlzdXNkLmsxMi5jYS51c3xlbmRsZXItcy1jbGFzc3Jvb218Z3g6MmU1ZDViZGM1MjU2NzQyMQ

In 1975, California’s Ground Water – Bulletin 118 described groundwater as“California’s hidden resource.” Today, those words ring as true as ever. Becausegroundwater cannot be directly observed, except under a relatively few conditionssuch as at a spring or a wellhead, most Californians do not give much thought to thevalue that California’s vast groundwater supply has added to the State. It is unlikelythat California could have achieved its present status as the largest food andagricultural economy in the nation and fifth largest overall economy in the worldwithout groundwater resources. Consider that about 43 percent of all Californiansobtain drinking water from groundwater. California is not only the single largest userof groundwater in the nation, but the estimated 14.5 million acre-feet (maf) ofgroundwater extracted in California in 1995 represents nearly 20 percent of allgroundwater extracted in the entire United States (Solley and others 1998).

California’s Hydrology

California’s climate is dominated by the Pacific storm track. Numerousmountain ranges cause orographic lifting of clouds, producing precipitation mostly onthe western slopes and leaving a rain shadow on most eastern slopes. These stormsalso leave tremendous accumulations of snow in the Sierra Nevada during the wintermonths. While the average annual precipitation in California is about 23 inches(DWR 1998), the range of annual rainfall varies greatly from more than 140 inches inthe northwestern part of the State to less than 4 inches in the southeastern part of theState.Snowmelt and rain falling in the mountains flow into creeks, streams, andrivers. The average annual runoff in California is approximately 71 maf (DWR 1998).As these flows make their way into the valleys, much of the water percolates into theground. The vast majority of California’s groundwater that is accessible in significantamounts is stored in alluvial groundwater basins. These alluvial basins, which are thesubject of this report, cover nearly 40 percent of the geographic area of the State.This bulletin focuses on groundwater resources, but in reality groundwaterand surface water are inextricably linked in the hydrologic cycle. As an example,groundwater may be recharged by spring runoff in streams, but later in the year thebase flow of a stream may be provided by groundwater. So, although the land surfaceis a convenient division for categorizing water resources, it is a somewhat arbitraryone. It is essential that water managers recognize and account for the relationshipbetween groundwater and surface water in their planning and operations.

Sacramento

SanFrancisco

Stockton

Fresno

Bakersfield

Los Angelos

California’s Water Supply System

The economic success achieved in California could not have been foreseen acentury ago. California’s natural hydrologic system appeared too limited to supportsignificant growth in population, industry, and agriculture. The limitations revolvedaround not only the relative aridity of the State, but the geographic, seasonal, andclimatic variability that influence California’s water supply. Approximately 70percent of the State’s average annual runoff occurs north of Sacramento, while about75 percent of the State’s urban and agricultural water needs are to the south. Most ofthe State’s precipitation falls between October and April with half of it occurringDecember through February in average years. Yet, the peak demand for this wateroccurs in the summer months. Climatic variability includes dramatic deviations fromaverage supply conditions by way of either droughts or flooding. In the 20th centuryalone, California experienced multiyear droughts in 1912–1913, 1918–1920, 1922–1924, 1929–1934, 1947–1950, 1959–1961, 1976–1977, and 1987–1992 (DWR 1998).California has dealt with the limitations resulting from its natural hydrologyand achieved its improbable growth by developing an intricate system of reservoirs,canals, and pipelines under federal, State and local projects. However, a significantportion of California’s water supply needs is also met by groundwater. Typically,groundwater supplies about 30 percent of California’s urban and agricultural uses. Indry years, groundwater use increases to about 40 percent statewide and 60% or morein some regions.

Description of the Tulare Lake Hydrologic Region

FresnoThe Tulare Lake HR covers approximately 10.9 million acres (17,000 squaremiles) and includes all of Kings and Tulare counties and most of Fresno and Kerncounties. Significant geographic features include the southern half of the San JoaquinValley, the Temblor Range to the west, the Tehachapi Mountains to the south, and theCaliforniasouthern Sierra Nevada to the east. The region is home to more than 1.7 millionAqueductpeople as of 1995 (DWR, 1998). Major population centers include Fresno,BakersfieldBakersfield, and Visalia. The cities of Fresno and Visalia are entirely dependent ongroundwater for their supply, with Fresno being the second largest city in the UnitedStates reliant solely on groundwater.Groundwater has historically been important to both urban and agriculturalLos Angelesuses, accounting for 41 percent of the region’s total annual supply and 35 percent ofall groundwater use in the State. Groundwater use in the region represents about 10percent of the State’s overall supply for agricultural and urban uses (DWR1998).The aquifers are generally quite thick in the San Joaquin Valley subbasinswith groundwater wells commonly exceeding 1,000 feet in depth. Themaximum thickness of freshwater-bearing deposits (4,400 feet) occurs at the southernend of the San Joaquin Valley. Typical well yields in the San Joaquin Valley rangefrom 300 gpm to 2,000 gpm with yields of 4,000 gpm possible. The smaller basins in

the mountains surrounding the San Joaquin Valley have thinner aquifers and generally lower well yields averaging less than 500 gpm.

Sacramento

SanFrancisco

Stockton

Salt Balance in the San Joaquin Valley

California’s San Joaquin Valley is one of the world’s most vital andproductive farming areas. But continued salt buildup in valley water and soils hasreduced this productivity and threatens agricultural sustainability. This salt problemis widespread and complicated. Most solutions are neither simple nor economical.Yet real and lasting solutions are essential if the valley is to maintain agricultural andeconomic productivity.The San Joaquin Valley forms the southern half of California’s CentralValley. The northern portion of the San Joaquin Valley is drained by the San JoaquinRiver. The southern portion, essentially a closed basin, is only drained by the SanJoaquin River, during rare high flood events. All water flowing into the valley, orpumped from the ground contains salt, derived from the natural weathering of theEarth’s crust. Most of this water is used for irrigation. When valley crops areirrigated, water applied is used by the crops or evaporates from the surface of thesoil. Salt in the water is left behind in the soil. If enough salt collects, the soilbecomes toxic to most crops. Compounding this problem, much soil on the valley’swest side originated from sediments deposited in the ocean and has naturally highsalt concentrations. To maintain agricultural productivity, salt must be flushed fromthe root zones of crops to establish a soil salinity level that crops can tolerate whileproducing economic yields. In other words, irrigation applications must be managedto maintain a healthy salt balance.Geologic conditions make this task difficult. A shallow and lowpermeability layer of clay underlies thousands of acres of farmland on the valley’swest side. Applied water meant to flush salt from crop root zones collects on top ofthe clay, and groundwater levels rise with each irrigation. In some areas, this saltygroundwater saturates crop root zones and reduces productivity. Shallow, saltygroundwater underlies nearly 700,000 acres of irrigated valley farmland. Ultimately,more than 1 million acres may be similarly affected.In an average year, surface water supplies carry more than 800,000 tons ofsalt into the San Joaquin Valley’s northern portion—and another 2 million tons intoits southern portion. Only 350,000 tons of salt leave the northern valley each year,all by the San Joaquin River. Virtually no salt leaves the southern valley. The addedvolume of salt entering the valley each year is enough to fill 8 football fields—each100 feet high.Achieving a salt balance would require removing another 2.45 million tons of salt a year, in addition to the quantity that flows out from the San Joaquin River. Put adifferent way, in addition to current exports, 11 semitrailers, each loaded with 25 tons of salt, would have to depart each hour, every day throughout the year, to strike this balance.Measures already implemented are helping to maintain the agricultural productivity of valley farmland, but a long-term solution has not been achieved. A coalition of government

agencies, local districts, growers, the University of California and other stakeholders is forming to address the need to achieve sustainability.

California’s Geology

Geologic maps show the distribution of rocksexposed at the surface of the earth grouped according to ageand origin. The rock’s age is considered to be the geologic ageof the rock when formed. Geological maps also showstructural features such as faults which are fractures in theearth’s crust where blocks of rock have moved relative to eachother.

Rock OriginsSedimentary rocks form as accumulations of mineraldeposits in the ocean (marine) or on the continent(continental). Igneous rocks form by crystallization ofminerals from molten rock. Molten rock beneath the surface iscalled magma and cools slowly to form coarse-grainedigneous rocks such as granite. Molten rock above the surfaceis called lava. When molten rock erupts from a volcano, itforms volcanic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form frompreexisting rocks by mineralogical, chemical, or structuralchanges due to extreme pressures and temperatures.Cenozoic rocks have been separated by non marine,marine, and volcanic deposits. The non marine sedimentaryrocks such as gravel, sand, silt, and clay were mostlydeposited in valleys and lowlands onshore. This includes theSacramento and San Joaquin valleys. The marine sedimentaryrocks such as sandstone, shale, and conglomerates weredeposited in shallow waters near the continental margin andare exposed mostly in the coastal regions of California.Volcanic rocks make up much of the Cascade Range and theModoc Plateau (NE corner of the state). Though they arewidespread in eastern California they can be found in thecoastal regions.Late Mesozoic sedimentary rocks were deposited onthe shallow marine shelf and slope. These rocks make up thebulk of the Coast Ranges and can be found in coastal southernCalifornia as well. In the Klamath Mountains, the SierraNevada, and Peninsular Ranges Mesozoic granitic rocks canbe found. These coarse-grained rocks were formed bymagmatic intrusions that were later exposed by erosion.Mesozoic and Paleozoic metamorphic rocks make upmuch of the Sierra Nevada foothills and the KlamathMountains. Ultramafic rocks are a special type of rock thatdoes not fit into the three common categories of rocks. Themost common form called serpentine is the California state rock.

The Mineral Industry of California

In 2004, California’s nonfuel raw mineral production was valued at $3.76

Mineral Symbolsbillion, based upon annual USGS data. This was an increase of nearly 10% from that ofUnderlined is a plant20032 and followed a 0.6% increase from 2002 to 2003. For the sixth consecutive year,CS PumGemthe State led the Nation in nonfuel mineral production value, of which CaliforniaAgSilverGem GemstonesCSCS CSaccounted for more than 8% of the U.S. total.Asb AsbestosGyp GypsumCSSG CSDiaIndustrial minerals accounted for nearly 99% of California’s nonfuel mineralAuGoldISIndustrial SandCSCSvalue; the remaining value resulted from the mining of gold, silver, and iron ore. In2004, California continued as the leading construction-sand-and-gravel producingState, accounting for more than 13% of the commodity’s total U.S. mine productionand nearly 19.5% of the Nation’s total value for that mineral commodity. Constructionsand and gravel was, by value, also the State’s leading nonfuel mineral, accounting forapproximately 34% of the State’s total nonfuel mineral production value. Cement (portland and masonry) was the second leading nonfuel mineral, followed by boronminerals, crushed stone, diatomite, and soda ash; these six accounted for nearly 94% ofthe State’s total industrial mineral value.California continued to be the Nation’s only State to produce boron in 2004and remained first in the production of construction sand and gravel and of portlandcement. The State continued to be second among three States that produced soda ash,was second in masonry cement; third in feldspar; fourth in gemstones (based uponvalue); fifth in industrial sand and gravel and magnesium compounds; and sixth incommon clays. While California rose to 1st from 2d in the production of diatomite andto 5th from 6th in gold, it decreased to 5th from 4th in pumice and pumicite and incrude gypsum, to 7th from 6th in fuller’s earth, and to 13th from 10th in crushed stone.Additionally, California was a significant producer of salt and dimension stone. Therewere about 1,156 active mines producing nonfuel minerals in the State. Approximately11,000 people were employed at these mines and their processing plants.Gold is California’s state mineral. Despite the increase in gold prices,California’s production continued to decline drastically. In 2004, production amountedto 2,800 kilograms (kg) per year, down 37% from that of 2003. Total value amountedto about $36.3 million, down about 29% from last year’s value of $51.3 million. In thepast 5 years (since 1999) California’s gold production has decreased by almost 85%,while the Nation’s gold production has decreased 28%. California had only four majorproducing gold mines in 2004. Mining was no longer taking place at these four

properties, but gold processing continued from heap leaching. Western Goldfields Inc.has announced plans to restart open pit mining operations late in 2006 in an expandedportion of the mine that was permitted in spring 2002. The company also consideredretreating the existing heaps for additional gold recovery. The new expanded area wasthought to contain almost 45 Mt of gold ore averaging 0.72 gram per metric toncontaining about 31,000 kg of recoverable gold. In addition to the four mines, gold wasproduced as a secondary mineral at numerous alluvial sand and gravel mines mainly inthe northern and central part of the State. California also had several smallunderground gold mines that mainly produced specimen gold. Silver production made up less than 1% of California’s total metal production. All of the silver produced inCalifornia was a byproduct of gold production.

The Oil & Gas Industry of California

California oil was always a valued commodity. When the Spanishexplorers landed in California in the 1500s, they found Indians gatheringCalifornia’s Oil, Gas, &asphaltum. As pioneers continued to arrive and settle, the number of oil seeps theyGeothermal Productiondiscovered in California naturally increased. In Northern California, people wereinterested in the oil seeps in Humboldt, Colusa, Santa Clara, and San MateoCounties, and in the asphaltum seeps and bituminous residues in Mendocino,Oil FieldsMarin, Contra Costa, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz Counties. Oil from a HumboldtCounty seep was sold in 1855, four years before Colonel Drake drilled America’sGas Fieldsfirst oil well in Pennsylvania.Geothermal FieldsIn Southern California, large seeps in Ventura, Santa Barbara, Kern, andLos Angeles Counties received the most attention. Interest in oil and gas seeps wasstirred in the 1850s and 1860s, in part because one of California’s oldest and most-used roads passed along nearly all the seep areas on the western side of the SanJoaquin Valley. As early as 1849, travelers moving along the route used the seeps,pausing to lubricate their wagon wheels with oil.SacramentoIn 1861 in Humboldt County, the first well was drilled in California foroil production. In 1866, Thomas R. Bard drilled several wells on the Rancho Ojai,StocktonSannear Ventura. The most successful of these was “Ojai” 6, which produced from 15Franciscoto 20 barrels of oil per day from a depth of 550 feet. This well was the best to dateand would be considered the first California oil well commercially productive. In1890, the discoveries of the Sunset Area of Midway- Sunset field in Kern Countyand the Coalinga field in Fresno County opened large, potentially productive areasFresnofor exploration. Then in February 1892, California saw its first oil gusher. Whilebeing drilled in Adams Canyon near Santa Paula, Union Oil Company’s well No.28 hit oil and blew out of control, flowing an estimated 1,500 barrels of oil perday. This was the first truly big well in the state. In 1893, Los Angeles City fieldwas discovered and soon led the state in production. Shortly thereafter,overproduction became so acute that the price of oil dropped to 25 cents a barrel.

In 1895, Los Angeles City field produced about 750,000 barrels, over half of theBakersfield1.2 million barrels produced in the state.A water well, drilled in the City of Stockton (San Joaquin County)between 1854 and 1858, reached a depth of 1,002 feet and produced natural gaswith the water. The gas was burned at the Stockton courthouse for many years,even before Drake drilled his Pennsylvania oil well. Gas exploration increasedappreciably during the 1940s and even more in the 1950s. In the 1950s, more thanLos Angeles30 gas fields were found, most in the Sacramento Valley. Also, the first gas fielddiscovered in offshore waters, was found in Santa Barbara County.In 1960, California oil production was just over 300 million barrels,reached 420 million barrels in 1985 and was 250 million barrels in 2006. Naturalgas production was at 550 billion cubic feet in 1960, just over 700 billion cubicfeet in 1968, and 325 billion cubic feet in 2006. Through the 1980’s and 1990’sthe cost of a barrel of oil fluctuated between $25 and 10$ per barrel. In 2006, the cost reached $65 per barrel.California ranks third behind Texas and Alaska in U.S. oil production. The U.S. produced 7.4% of the world’s oil production in 2004.

California’s Earthquake Hazard

Several major fault systems accommodate high slip rates andsignificantly contribute to the hazard in California including: the San AndreasFault, the Cascadia subduction zone, the Eastern California Shear Zone, andcompressional faults associated with the western Transverse Ranges. Blind thrustshave recently been identified beneath the Los Angeles and San Fernando basins,the western Transverse Ranges, Santa Barbara Channel, and along the westernflank of the Central Valley. In addition, several offshore faults have beenidentified and contribute significantly to the seismic hazard in coastal areas. Manylate Quaternary faults are near a complex triple junction intersection of theMendocino fracture zone, the San Andreas Fault, and the Cascadia subductionzone. Other significant faults are found in the eastern portion of California along abroad zone of portion of the state. Additional faults with Quaternary offsets arescattered over almost every strike-slip and normal faults distributed across theMojave Desert, the Owens Valley, eastern Nevada, and across the northeasternregion of California.The hazard is quite high near San Bernardino because of proximity to twovery active geologic structures, the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults. Eureka islocated near several moderately active crustal faults (e.g., the Little Salmon, MadRiver, Trinadad, and Fickle Hill faults) and directly over the Cascadia subductionzone that is thought to be capable of great (M 8 to 9) earthquakes. San Francisco issituated about 10 km from the segment of the San Andreas Fault that has slip rateabout 17 - 24 mm/yr and about 20 km from the Hayward fault that has slip rate ofabout 9 mm/yr. These high slip rate faults combine to produce a significantseismic hazard in the San Francisco Bay area. Los Angeles is located near severalfaults and blind thrusts that have slip rates between 1 and 3 mm/yr and about 50km from the section of the San Andreas Fault System that has a slip rate between25 and 35 mm/yr. San Diego is located about 30 km from the offshore CoronadoBank Fault with slip rate of about 3 mm/yr and adjacent to the Rose Canyon Faultthat is characterized by a slip rate of about 1.5 mm/yr. Therefore, the hazard levelsat San Diego are somewhat lower than at the Los Angeles site. Sacramento andFresno have lower hazard levels. Few known faults and low historical earthquake

activity have been observed in this region. However, the probability of exceedinglarge ground motions in these cities or any other site in California is never zero.The hazard map is consistent with the historical earthquake seismicity,the historical damage patterns, and with geologic information regarding the sliprate and pre-historic earthquakes. About three-fourths of California’s populationresides in counties that have significant seismic hazard.

Liquefaction

Liquefaction is the condition where loose sand and silt that is saturated withwater can behave like a liquid when shaken by an earthquake. Earthquake wavescause water pressures to increase in the sediment and the sand grains to lose contactwith each other, leading the sediment to lose strength and behave like a liquid. Thesoil can loose its ability to support structures, flow down even very gentle slopes,and erupt to the ground surface to form sand boils. Many of these phenomena areaccompanied by settlement of the ground surface — usually in uneven patterns thatdamage buildings, roads and pipelines.Three factors are required for liquefaction to occur: 1. Loose, granularsediment — typically "made" land and beach and stream deposits that are youngenough (late Holocene) to be loose. 2. Saturation of the sediment by ground water(water fills the spaces between sand and silt grains). In much of the San FranciscoBay region the ground water is closest to the surface (saturating the youngersediment) in the Winter/Spring, during and following the "wet season". In 1906, theBay region was fortunate that the previous wet season had been relatively dry. In1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake occurred at the end of the dry season in October,when ground water levels are relatively deep beneath the ground surface — still,there was considerable liquefaction-related damage! 3. Strong shaking — all parts ofthe San Francisco Bay region have the potential to be shaken hard enough forsusceptible sediment to liquefy.Much of the urban development in the San Francisco Bay region is in theflatlands around the Bay margin, where liquefaction is most likely. Particularlyvulnerable areas lie around the margins of San Francisco Bay and along the largerstreams and rivers. The most vulnerable are areas of bay or marshland that werefilled with pumped or dredged material many decades ago to create "made" land.These and other potentially hazardous settings can be mapped in advance forplanning and design purposes. All parts of the San Francisco Bay region have thepotential to be shaken hard enough for susceptible sediment to liquefy.Although it may seem that there have not been many recent earthquakes inthe Bay region, at least 21 have occurred in the past 200+ years that causedliquefaction. Each earthquake has affected a particular part of the region, dependingon its size and location. Most of the region is likely to be subject to shaking strongenough to liquefy susceptible sediment.This a map of expected levels of shaking from future earthquakes based onanticipated earthquakes and general geology. Bands of highest expected shakinggenerally follow the active faults; shaking levels are also influenced by the type ofmaterials underlying an area - soft sediment, like that around the Bay margin, tendsto amplify and prolong shaking. Note that much of the Bay region has the potentialto be shaken very strongly during future earthquakes. Figure modified from U.S.Geological Survey, General Information Product 15, 2005 and, in turn, fromhttp://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/rghm/psha/index.htm

Landslides

Wildland fires areinevitable in the western UnitedStates. Expansion of man-madedevelopments into fire-pronewildlands has created situationswhere wildfires can destroy livesand property, as can the floodingand debris flows that arecommon in the aftermath of thefires.In general, landslides aremore common where slopes aresteep and rocks are weak, andthese conditions are all toocommon in southern California.Steep slopes are abundantbecause ongoing tectonicdeformation pushes up rock thatis too weak to support the steepslopes. Some of the upliftedmaterial is geologically veryyoung sediment that has notconsolidated into more resistantMaps of basins burned by the October 2003 Old and Grand Prix wildfires in San Bernardino County, California, showing the probabilityrock. However, even older and harderof debris-flows in response to 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration storms.rocks have been sheared and fracturedby tectonic movement along the plate boundary, and they can be quite weak too. The weak rock weathers and erodes rapidly to form steep-sided gullies and larger valleys. It is thissteep, rugged terrain carved into relatively weak material that sets the stage for widespread landsliding.The most common landslides triggered by winter storms are debris flows (popularly called “mudslides”), which are shallow landslides of water-saturated soil and rockfragments that travel downslope rapidly as muddy slurries. The flowing mud carries rocks, vegetation, and other natural and man-made debris as it rushes down the slopes. Debrisflows can reach speeds up to 56 km/hr (35 mph). Hillsides left denuded by wildfires, and drainages filled by debris washed off these denuded slopes, are also susceptible toflooding and debris flows during and immediately following heavy rainstorms. Debris flows most commonly form after heavy rainfall onto steep slopes underlain by weak rockunits. Although many steep slopes appear stable when dry, they can, without warning, produce damaging debris flows when saturated by intense rainfall.As a general rule, at least 250 mm (10”) of seasonal rainfall are needed to make southern California hillsides susceptible to debris flows. Once the seasonal rainfallexceeds 250 mm, intense rainfall—more than 50 mm (2”) in 6 hours in the lowlands or more than 100 mm (4”) in 6 hours in the mountains—can trigger debris flows. Although thelikelihood of debris flows begins to decline after a day or more of dry weather, deeper, generally slow-moving landslides can occur days, weeks, or months after a period ofprolonged rainfall has ended.

Bay Area LandslidesAlthough well aware of the region's earthquake threat, many San Francisco Bay Area residents are perilously uninformed about another dangerous geologic hazard:

landslides triggered by heavy rainfall. The combination of steep slopes, weak rocks, and intense winter rainstorms make the Bay Area uplands an ideal setting for landslides. InJanuary 1982 a single, catastrophic rainstorm triggered 18,000 landslides throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. The most destructive of these landslides was in the Love Creekarea of the Santa Cruz Mountains, where a 1000-foot slab of heavily wooded hillslope crashed down without warning on sleeping residents of Love Creek Heights. Ten of theLove Creek residents were buried by the slide. During the drenching winter of 1997-98, the strongest El Niño of the 20th century triggered a range of landslides in the Bay Areafrom deadly debris flows to destructive deep-seated slides. One of the El Niño-driven slides underlies an entire neighborhood in the La Honda area and destroyed 8 homes by theend of 1998. The slide reactivated in 2005 and is still on the move, displacing a county road and threatening two more homes.

Tsunami

The phenomenon we call a tsunami (the Japanese word tsu means harborand nami means wave) is a series of waves of extremely long wavelength andperiod generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that displaces thewater. Although tsunamis are often referred to as "tidal waves" by English-speakingpeople, they are not caused by the tides and are unrelated to them. Tsunamis areprimarily associated with earthquakes in oceanic and coastal regions. When anearthquake occurs, the energy travels outward in all directions from the source. Thiscan be illustrated by throwing a pebble into a small, still pond. The pebble representsa meteorite or some other energy source, and the pond represents the ocean. Theripples that travel out in all directions from the focus, or the point where the pebblehit the water, represent the energy that creates a sea wave. Notice how the wavesbecome larger as they reach shore, where the water is shallower.Though damaging tsunamis have occurred infrequently in California, theyare a possibility that must be considered in coastal, and even deep-lake shoreline,communities. There are two sources for California tsunamis, based on distance andwarning time.Relatively local earthquakes and landslides off the California, Oregon, andWashington coast pose the greatest threat of tsunamis that can reach California’scoastline in less than an hour. An earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone, offthe coast of northern California, could trigger a tsunami that could reach land withinminutes. Earthquakes off the rest of the California coast (south of Cape Mendocino)take place mainly on strike-slip faults, and because the movement they generate ismostly lateral, tsunamis from local sources are less likely to occur because the oceanfloor and overlying water is not typically thrust upward. The more likely source of alandslide-induced tsunami is a large submarine landslide triggered by groundshaking from even a moderate earthquake in the coastal California region. Therewould be little time for warning about such an event so close to shore. An extremeexample of a landslide causing a large tsunami is the rockfall at Lituya Bay, Alaska,in 1958. The water splashed 520 meters (1,700 feet) up the other side of the inlet,and a wave about 30 meters (100 feet) high was created. In California, a magnitude5.2 earthquake in 1930 off of Redondo Beach is thought to have caused a landslidethat generated a six-meter (about 20 ft.) wave.A tsunami caused by a very large earthquake elsewhere on the Pacific Rimcould reach the California coast many hours after the earthquake. For example, thetsunami caused by the recent magnitude 9.0 earthquake near Sumatra caused a sealevel fluctuation in San Diego of about 22 centimeters (8.6 inches) a day later in SanDiego. The magnitude 9.5 earthquake in Chile in 1960, the largest earthquake ever

recorded, resulted in a 1.6-meter (5.2-foot) wave that reached Santa Monica about 14hours after the earthquake. The most devastating tsunami to affect California inrecent history was from the magnitude 9.2 Alaskan earthquake of 1964. Areas ofnorthern California experienced a six-meter (20-foot) tsunami wave that floodedlow-lying communities, such as Crescent City, and river valleys, killing 11 people.Handout: California Geological Hazards

California’s Water1. What status would California have failed to achieve without its groundwater resources?

2. What percentage of Californians get their drinking water from groundwater?

3. What is the average annual rainfall for California? What is the average annual runoff from the mountains?

4. Where is California’s annual rainfall the highest? Where is it the lowest? For the cities shown, what is the average?

5. Where is most of the accessible groundwater stored?

California’s Water Supply6. What percentage of the state’s runoff is north of Sacrament? What percentage of the state’s water needs are south of there?

7. How many multiple year droughts did California experience during the 20th century?

8. How does Fresno rank nationally in terms of relying on groundwater?

9. What water supply system connects the San Francisco Bay area to southern California?

10. What two aqueducts does the Los Angeles area get water from? What aqueduct does the San Francisco get water from?

Salt Balance in the San Joaquin Valley11. What does all water that flows in the San Joaquin Valley or pumped from the ground contain?

12. What happens to the soil if it collects too much salt?

13. What compounds the salt problem on the valley’s west side?

14. What has happened to water meant to flush salt from crop root zone?

15. How much salt comes into the SJ valley’s northern and southern areas each year? How much leaves each year?

California’s Geology16. What type of rock dominates the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys? Give some example of this type of rock.

17. What type of rock dominates the northeast part of the state?

18. What type of rock dominates the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains?

19. What geologic feature separates the Great Central Valley from the southern part of the state?

20. What is ultramafic rock? What is California’s state rock?

The Mineral Industry of California21. What did California do for the sixth straight year in 2004?

22. In 2004 what was California the only state in the U.S. still producing?

23. What is California’s state mineral? How did the state’s production of this mineral in 2004 compare with 2003?

24. What percentage of California’s mineral production is silver? How is silver produced in California?

The Oil & Gas Industry of California26. How was oil first discovered in California?

27. Why was interest in oil and gas seeps stirred in the 1850’s and 1860’s?

28. When did California see its first oil gusher? What was the price of a barrel of oil in 1893?

29. How has California oil and gas production fared since the 1960’s?

30. What type of production dominates southern California? What type dominates northern California?

California’s Earthquake Hazard31. What forms a complex triple junction intersection?

32. Why is the hazard level high near San Bernardino? Why does Sacramento and Fresno have lower hazard levels?

33. Of what is the Cascadia Subduction zone thought to be capable?

34. How much of California’s population reside in counties that have a significant earthquake hazard?

35. What fault does the lightly shaded area running northwestward from southern California toward San Francisco show?

37. What three conditions are needed for liquefaction to take place?

38. What are the most vulnerable areas of the San Francisco Bay area?

39. How many earthquakes in the last 200 years were strong enough to cause liquefaction?

40. Along what county border is the future likelihood of intense shaking from an earthquake the highest?

Landslides41. What hazard can be the result of wildfires and heavy rains?

42. What conditions make landslides more common?

44. How much seasonal rainfall is needed to make southern California susceptible to landslides? How much after that?

45. How many landslides were triggered throughout the San Francisco Bay area in 1982 after a single rainstorm?

Tsunamis46. How fast can a tsunami reach California if there is an earthquake in the Cascadia Subduction zone?

47. What can cause a tsunami besides an earthquake?

48. How much of a sea level fluctuation in San Diego did the earthquake in Sumatra in 2004 cause? How long did it take?

49. Describe the most devastating tsunami to hit California.

50. How does the speed and height of a tsunami wave change as it moves from the deep ocean to the shore?

Condensation: The process of water changing from a gas to a liquid. Evaporation: The process of water changing from a liquid to a gas. Infiltration: When water soaks into the ground through the soil and underlying rock layers. Precipitation: The action of clouds becoming so heavy that the tiny droplets of water fall from the sky as rain, hail, sleet, or

snow. Silt: A fine deposit of sediment. Surface Runoff: Precipitation that runs over the surface of the land, flowing downhill into streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. Transpiration: The process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves,

where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Vapor: Another word referencing water as a gas. Watershed: An area of land that drains all the streams and rainfall to a common outlet such as a reservoir, mouth of a bay, or

any point along a stream channel; also called a drainage basin. Wetlands: Transitional areas between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that are saturated with water either permanently or

seasonally; may be covered partially or completely by shallow pools of water. Includes marshes, swamps, bogs, meadows, mud flats, and other habitats where land and water meet.

Follow a Drop through the Water Cycle

You may be familiar with how water is always cycling around, through, and above the Earth, continually changing from liquid water to water vapor to ice. One way to envision the water cycle is to follow a drop of water around as it moves on its way. I could really begin this story anywhere along the cycle, but I think the ocean is the best place to start, since that is where most of Earth’s water is.

If the drop wanted to stay in the ocean then it shouldn’t have been sunbathing on the surface of the sea. The heat from the sun found the drop, warmed it, and evaporated it into water vapor. It rose (as tiny “dropettes”) into the air and continued rising until strong winds aloft grabbed it and took it hundreds of miles until it was over land. There, warm updrafts coming from the heated land surface took the dropettes (now water vapor) up even higher, where the air is quite cold.

When the vapor got cold it changed back into it a liquid (the process is condensation). If it was cold enough, it would have turned into tiny ice crystals, such as those that make up cirrus clouds. The vapor condenses on tiny particles of dust, smoke, and salt crystals to become part of a cloud.

After a while our drop combined with other drops to form a bigger drop and fell to the earth as precipitation. Earth’s gravity helped to pull it down to the surface. Once it starts falling there are many places for water drops to go. Maybe it would land on a leaf in a tree, in which case it would probably evaporate and begin its process of heading for the clouds again. If it misses a leaf there are still plenty of places to go.

The drop could land on a patch of dry dirt in a flat field. In this case it might sink into the ground to begin its journey down into an underground aquifer as groundwater. The drop will continue moving (mainly downhill) as groundwater, but the journey might end up taking tens of thousands of years until it finds its way back out of the ground. Then again, the drop could be pumped out of the ground via a water well and be sprayed on crops (where it will either evaporate, flow along the ground into a stream, or go back down into the ground). Or the well water containing the drop could end up in a baby’s drinking bottle or be sent to wash a car or a dog. From these places, it is back again either into the air, down sewers into rivers and eventually into the ocean, or back into the ground.

But our drop may be a land-lover. Plenty of precipitation ends up staying on the earth’s surface to become a component of surface water. If the drop lands in an urban area it might hit your house’s roof, go down the gutter and your driveway to the curb. If a dog or squirrel doesn’t lap it up it will run down the curb into a storm sewer and end up in a small creek. It is likely the creek will flow into a larger river and the drop will begin its journey back towards the ocean.

If no one interferes, the trip will be fast (speaking in “drop time”) back to the ocean, or at least to a lake where evaporation could again take over. But, with billions of people worldwide needing water for most everything, there is a good chance that our drop will get picked up and used before it gets back to the sea.

A lot of surface water is used for irrigation. Even more is used by power-production facilities to cool their electrical equipment. From there it might go into the cooling tower to be evaporated. Talk about a quick trip back into the atmosphere as water vapor—this is it. But maybe a town pumped the drop out of the river and into a water tank. From here the drop could go on to help wash your dishes, fight a fire, water the tomatoes, or (shudder) flush your toilet. Maybe the local steel mill will grab the drop, or it might end up at a fancy restaurant mopping the floor. The possibilities are endless—but it doesn’t matter to the drop, because eventually it will get back into the environment. From there it will again continue its cycle into and then out of the clouds, this time maybe to end up in the water glass of the President of the United States.

Name ____________________________________________ Date ________________

The Water Cycle

Part I Directions: Write the correct letter in the space to the left of each component of the water cycle below. Add the letter F to the diagram and draw an arrow to represent infiltration. Define each of the stages of the water cycle in the spaces provided.

_____ Evaporation: _______________________________________________________

_____ Groundwater: ______________________________________________________

_____ Condensation: ______________________________________________________

_____ Precipitation: _______________________________________________________

_____ Surface Runoff: _____________________________________________________

__F__Infiltration: When water soaks into the ground through the soil and underlying rock layers.

Part II Directions: Fill in the blanks in the paragraph below to describe the water cycle.

Water __________ from lakes and oceans. Water also rises from __________ in the process of transpiration. As air rises, it cools and water __________condenses into tiny droplets. The droplets form a __________. Wind blows the cloud towards the __________. The tiny droplets join together and fall as __________ to the Earth. Some of the water soaks into the soil and rocks during __________. __________ flows along the surface of the Earth toward bodies of water. The water cycle has started again!

Name ____________________________________________ Date ________________

ANSWER KEY

The Water Cycle

Part I Directions: Write the correct letter in the space to the left of each component of the water cycle below. Add the letter F to the diagram and draw an arrow to represent infiltration. Define each of the stages of the water cycle in the spaces provided.

__A___ Evaporation: The process of water changing from a liquid to a gas.__D___ Groundwater: Underground water that is held in soil or rocks; can be brought to the surface by natural springs or human-made wells.__B___ Condensation: The process of water changing from a gas to a liquid.__C___ Precipitation: The action of clouds becoming so heavy that the tiny droplets of water fall from the sky as rain, hail, sleet, or snow.__E___ Surface Runoff: Precipitation that runs off over the surface of the land, flowing downhill into streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes.__F____ Infiltration: When water soaks into the ground through the soil and underlying rock layers. Part II Directions: Fill in the blanks in the paragraph below to describe the water cycle.

Water evaporates from lakes and oceans. Water also rises from plants in the process of transpiration. As air rises, it cools and water vapor condenses into tiny droplets. The droplets form a cloud. Wind blows the cloud towards the ocean. The tiny droplets join together and fall as precipitation to the Earth. Some of the water soaks into the soil and rocks during infiltration. Surface runoff flows along the surface of the Earth toward bodies of water. The water cycle has started again!

F

Types of Wetlands

Alligator in the Everglades

Bald Cypress swamp–Florida

Bald Cypress swamp–southern

Illinois

Black Spruce bog–Canada

Coastal salt marsh–

Massachusetts

Everglades with birds

Fen–South Park Colorado

Great Egret–Everglades

Mangrove–Florida Bay Minnesota Marsh

Prairie pothole–South Dakota

Riparian wetland–Eastern Colorado

Sedges in Yellowstone

National Park

Shoreline wetland–

Minnesota

Tamarack bog with boardwalk in Minnesota

Wet meadow with wild irises

Source: www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/wetlands/wetlandsgallery.htm

Notes- Water and California item #10ES 9. c. Students know the importance of water to society, the origins of California’s fresh water, and the relationship between supply and need.

1. Water is especially important in California because its economy is based on agriculture and industry, both of which require large quantities of water.

2. California is blessed with an abundance of fresh water, which is supplied by precipitation and collected from the melting of the snowpack in watersheds located in the Sierra Nevada and in other mountain ranges.

3. This process ensures a slow runoff of water following the winter rains and snowfall.

4. But the water is not distributed evenly. 5. Northern California receives most of the rain

and snowfall, and southern California is arid to semiarid.

6. The natural distribution of water is adjusted through engineered projects that transport water in canals from the northern to the southern part of the State.

Agriculture- plantsIndustry-companies

Precipitation-rain, sleet, snow, hailCollected-Reservoir Watersheds- barrierSierra Nevada-East of California

Slow runoff-water sinking in

Distribution of water-pipesRain/Snow vs. Arid:Dry

Aqueduct: water canal

Summarize- 3 sentences

Mono LakeSan Luis Reservoir

Reservoir s

LA Reservoir

Sierra Nevada Mountains

Cascade Mountains

Source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html

http://elsmerecanyon.com/aqueduct/aqueduct.htm

http://www.euwfd.com/html/hydrological_cycle.html

Why are maps an important item for identifying Hazards? To gather together the different

hazard-related ( riesgos - relacionados ) information, to study area to convey a composite

picture of the natural hazards of varying magnitude, frequency, and area of effect

Imagen de los peligros naturales de magnitud variable, la frecuencia y el área de efecto

Describe the two pictures above: The left map shows what happen during an Earthquake. The right map shows what could happen during an Earthquake.

El mapa de la izquierda muestra lo que sucede durante un terremoto. El mapa de la derecha muestra lo que podría ocurrir durante un terremoto.

Item # ___Water - Bringing California a Golden FutureDirections: Use the California Waterways poster map to complete the activities and answer the questions.Background Information In California, most of the rain and snowfall is in the north, where most of the big rivers and lakes are also located. Most of the state's population, however, is in the south.The California State Water Project distributes surplus water from where it is most abundant to where it is most needed.The Project uses reservoirs to hold water until it is needed for homes, industries, or farms. But in times of excessprecipitation, reservoirs are also important for flood control.Another important use of reservoirs is for recreation such as swimming, boating, water skiing, fishing, house boating,camping, biking, picnicking, and watching birds and wildlife.What is the largest reservoir in the California State Water Project (SWP)?_______________________________________________________________________________________Which aqueduct in California is the longest? (Put an X by the correct letter)

___ a. Los Angeles Aqueduct ___ b. California Aqueduct ___ c. Colorado River Aqueduct

All SWP lakes are used for recreation. Name three of these lakes.______________________________ ____________________________ _____________________________Follow directions and complete the California Waterways Student Map attached. Imagine your class or family enjoying a day of recreation at a SWP lake. Below paper describe who is involved, what you did, and why it was so much fun!Draw a picture of your activities at the lake below.

In the 21st century, what new recreation activities would you like at lakes?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Notes – Item # 13 California Geological Survey http://www.conservation.ca.govES 9 d Students know how to analyze published geologic hazard maps of California and know how to use the map’s information to identify evidence of geologic events of the past and predict geologic changes in the future.

1. Students who learn to read and analyze published geological hazard maps will be able to make better personal decisions about the safety of business and residential locations.

2. They will also be able to make intelligent voting decisions relative to public land use and remediation of hazards.

3. A wealth of information pertaining to these content standards for earth science is readily available, much of it on the Internet.

4. County governments have agencies that dispense information about resources and hazards, often related to issuing permits and collecting taxes.

5. The California Division of Mines and Geology is an excellent state-level resource.

6. Federal agencies that supply useful information about California resources and hazards are the U.S. Geological Survey, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

1. Building structures to support possible damage that may occur. Not building certain structures in certain geological places. i.e. dams on faults, rollercoaster’s on swamp land.

2. If you need a park and it’s tight for area, maybe build on a fault because a building won’t be destroyed. Don’t put gas stations next to factories, a spark might cause a fire. Don’t build a tall building on a cliff.

3. Nonrenewable vs. renewable resources can help decide where to build. We don’t want to destroy to much land for farming

4. Taxes and regulations help teach and protect people from hazards. We need to follow rules so that we can be safe in case of a hazard. EQ, Landslide, Volcano, Fire, Tsunami, Hurricane etc…

5. Gives rules and regulations on mining safely in the state.Follow the rules the company can’t get sued

6. FEMA gives money to help during a disaster, it is a loan

Summarize- 3 sentences

CALIFORNIANS ENCOURAGED TO PARTICIPATE IN GREAT CALIFORNIA SHAKEOUT EARTHQUAKE DRILL 

 

With 37 million people living and working in California, a major earthquake could cause unprecedented devastation. What we do now, before a big earthquake, will determine what our lives will be like afterwards. With earthquakes an inevitable part of California’s future, we must act quickly to ensure that disasters do not become catastrophes.

The Great California ShakeOut in October 2011 involved more than 8.6 million Californians through a broad-based outreach program, media partnerships, and public advocacy by hundreds of partners. The drill is now held statewide annually on the third Thursday of October, and is organized by the Earthquake Country Alliance (www.earthquakecountry.org). The 2012 Great California ShakeOut earthquake drill will be at 10:18 a.m. on October 18. The California Department of Conservation will participate in the drill and encourages our fellow Californians to do so as well. 

The 2012 ShakeOut drill will be the largest preparedness event in U.S. history. To participate, go to www.ShakeOut.org/california/register and pledge your family, school, business, or organization’s participation. Registered participants will receive information on how to plan their drill and how to create a dialogue with others about earthquake preparedness. All organizers ask is that participants register (so they can be counted and receive communications), and at the minimum practice "drop, cover, and hold on" at the specified time. It is only a five minute commitment for something that can save your life. It all begins with registering, which is free and open to everyone. 

The California Geological SurveyMission Statement

The mission of CGS is to provide scientific products and services about the state's geology, seismology and mineral resources including their related hazards, that affect the health, safety, and business interests of the people of California.

CGS Vision Statement

CGS is regarded as the primary source of geological and seismological products and services for decision making by California's government agencies, its businesses and the public.

CGS Objectives1. Increase the use of CGS products and services in order to improve the quality of decision-making by local jurisdictions, professional consultants, and private persons regarding the public's health and safety, its economy, and its business decisions.

2. Develop and maintain the highest technical and professional expertise of CGS staff through formal training programs, scientific and technical conferences, and continuing education activities.

3. Develop and maintain a succession planning program to actively transfer institutional knowledge, promote current staff, and recruit new talent.

Minerals handoutA) MiningC) Iron, copper, nickel, goldE) Aluminum, PlatinumG) Between Metamorphic rocki) Radiation magmak) Found or farmed

b) worldd) veins, body groundf) veins, body groundh) “Well’s” j) Groundl) xxxxx

1. C 2. E 3. D 4. B 5. A

Back side6) the answer is the three big wedges7) gold and silver8) bond with nonmetallic element9) c10) heat, radiation or magma

Hazards Handouta) Earthquakesc) Saturated Soile) Rising of Water in groundg) landslide or EQ near or in wateri) Rise of magma due to pressure changek) Weather1a. false, the fault is in the middle of the landb. false only a very small part near Santa Barbara2. magnitude of waveMaterial Soil3. Sinkholes, cause caverns to open in the ground4. some homes are on hills, and the plates shifting can cause collapsing

5. Should have three bulletsThe first is CThe Second BThe Third A6. all letters 7. Landslides flood8. Dirt water slope9. cCross out rest

California water resources # 111….2. ….A. Local Water ProjectsB. Regional Water projectsC. Reservoir reclamation projectsD. Aqueduct water paths3. Clean Water ActA. Desalination of ocean waterB. Recycle waste water1. Snowfall, Colorado river, ocean 2. T3. D4. Boiling, filtering, Reverse Osmosis5. on own 6. Reservoirs, Aqueducts7. Safe Drinking Water, Water Quality and Supply8. a. fruits and vegetables need water b. irrigate up to 630,000 acres of good crop land 9. a. industry b. recreation c. farming d. toilet, sink e. drinking water, f. washing (caca off your hands) g. washing or cleaning equipment h. buffing a paint job i. swim, fish j. drowned your annoying cousin, play with your shark