a framework for asynchronous change awareness james tam and saul greenberg, university of calgary
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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TRANSCRIPT
A Framework For Asynchronous Change
Awareness
James Tam and Saul Greenberg,James Tam and Saul Greenberg,
University of CalgaryUniversity of Calgary
Our Research
We’ve developed a framework for change We’ve developed a framework for change awarenessawareness
What Is Change Awareness?
The ability to keep up with the changes The ability to keep up with the changes that others have made in a collaborative that others have made in a collaborative projectproject
Change Awareness
A group of people are working together on A group of people are working together on a projecta project
Change Awareness
While one person is away, the others While one person is away, the others continue workingcontinue working
Change Awareness
The absent person comes backThe absent person comes back
Change Awareness
Now he’s left trying to figure out what’s Now he’s left trying to figure out what’s differentdifferent
Wav file from the Simpson © Fox
Keeping Up With Changes Is Hard!
Before After
Keeping Up With Changes Is Hard!
After
Even Simple Enhancements Can Be Of Great Value
Current Approaches For Displaying Changes
Focus on textFocus on text
Microsoft Word (Microsoft 2004)
Flexible Diff (Neuwirth et al. 1992)
The Focus Of Our Research
Change awareness in two-dimensional Change awareness in two-dimensional graphical systemsgraphical systems
Microsoft PhotoDraw (2000)
The Goal Of Our Research
To specify the information needed for To specify the information needed for someone to catch up with changessomeone to catch up with changes
Theoretical Foundations
Gutwin’s framework for workspace Gutwin’s framework for workspace awareness (Gutwin 1997)awareness (Gutwin 1997)
Image from (Gutwin, Greenberg and Roseman 1996)
Our Focus
Change awareness (not real time)Change awareness (not real time)
How Do People Catch Up With Changes?
By asking questionsBy asking questions
Before After
High-Level Questions To Catch Up On Changes
Where?Where?
Who?Who?
What?What?
How?How?
When?When?
Why?Why?
Answers To The High-Level Questions: Informational Elements
Where?Where?A: Location, gaze, edit history
Who?Who?A: Identity, presence, readership, authorship
What?What?A: Action history
How?How?A: Process and outcome history
When?When?A: Event history
Why?Why?A: Cognitive and motivational history
Where?
Location historyLocation historyGaze historyGaze historyEdit historyEdit history
Where?
Location historyLocation history
TeamRooms (Roseman and Greenberg 1996)TeamRooms (Roseman and Greenberg 1996)
Where (2)?
Gaze historyGaze history
Where (3)?
Edit historyEdit history
Who?
• Presence historyPresence history• IdentityIdentity• Readership historyReadership history• Authorship historyAuthorship history
Who (2) ?
Presence historyPresence history
???
Who (3)?
IdentityIdentity
Who (3)?
Readership historyReadership history
Bob
Who (4)?
Readership historyReadership history Sam
Fred
Mary
Who (5)?
Authorship historyAuthorship history
What?
Action historyAction history
How?
Process historyProcess history
Before After
Add: Attribute
How (2)?
Outcome historyOutcome history
Before After
When?
Event historyEvent history
Today’s news:
Sept 6, 2004
When (2)?
Event historyEvent history
First Last
Why?
• Cognitive historyCognitive history• Motivational historyMotivational history
Before After
The Questions And The Informational Elements
Where?Where?A: Location, gaze, edit history
Who?Who?A: Identity, presence, readership, authorship
What?What?A: Action history
How?How?A: Process and outcome history
When?When?A: Event history
Q: Why?Q: Why?A: Cognitive and motivational history
Workspace Perspectives
Artifact-basedArtifact-basedPerson-basedPerson-basedWorkspace-basedWorkspace-based
The Artifact-Based Perspective
The Person-Based Perspective
The Workspace-Based Perspective
Relating The Questions To The Workspace Perspectives
It may influence the questions askedIt may influence the questions asked
The Artifact-Based Perspective
The Person-Based Perspective
The Workspace-Based Perspective
Filtering Changes
1. Class WantsaFoo: added a new method called fooEnvy (Color green
2. Class LittleFoo: attribute nameOfFoo changed to name
3. Class LittleFoo: method getNameOfFoo changed to getName
4. Class LittleFoo: method setNameOfFoo now takes a String as an argument
5. ClassLittleFoo: method setNameOfFoo renamed to setName
6. Class Foo: added a data field lf of type LittleFoo
7. ClassFooUAll: added method fun ()
8. ClassFooUAll: added method fun2 ()
9. ClassFooUAll: added method noFun ()
10. Add Comments in the sticky note for class Foo
11. The realization relation between Class FooOrNotToFoo and class FooUAll was removed
12. Class FooOrNotToFoo was moved
13. Interface BlandInterface renamed to NotSoBlandInterface
: : : : :
Some Of Filters
Basic change filtersBasic change filtersSemantic filtersSemantic filtersHierarchical filtersHierarchical filters
Basic Change Filters
Filtering changes according to the basic Filtering changes according to the basic questionsquestions
Show all changes Show only Bob’s changes
Semantic Filters
Show only changes that are meaningful for Show only changes that are meaningful for the particular task domainthe particular task domain
Before After
Hierarchical Filters
Displaying changes at different levelsDisplaying changes at different levels
How The Framework Can Be Applied To Groupware
Dilbert © United Features Syndicate
Before: A design guide
After: A critiquing tool
What We Have Done
Created a framework for change Created a framework for change awareness:awareness:High-level questions?High-level questions?A: Informational elementsA: Informational elementsWorkspace perspectivesWorkspace perspectives
The Next Challenge
Using the framework to build a 2D Using the framework to build a 2D graphical system that supports change graphical system that supports change awarenessawareness