8/20/2019 

1 

A Framework for Solid Waste Management in Phnom Penh

Economic and Financial Policy Committee Meeting

Ministry of Economy and Finance

Tuesday 20, August 2019

Presented by: Hem Vandy | Under-Secretary of State | Ministry of Economy and Finance

Content

Overview and Impact on Development

Current Situation and Challenges in Phnom Penh

Overview of Coverting Waste to Power

Management Approach and Best Practice

Conceptual and Financing Framework

Proposed Measures

Legal Framework and Regulations

8/20/2019 

2 

Solid Waste: Overview and Impact on Development

Solid

Waste

An indicator of development

Ability to lead country

Political Sensitivity

Problems to environmental sustainability and public welfare

е

An issue needed to address by economic approach and comprehensive measures

A threat to other issuesDevelop on balance that

"Don't rely on cleaning and solving later"

Demands a good

governance, rule of laws

and strict enforcement

Phnom Penh: Current Situation

That landfill will be completely full by 2021 which will be closed. ₤Ą‗ 511 Shift from 31 hectres of Dangkor landfill to 25 hectres of dumpsite in

Ang Snuol district, Create 3 new landfills

A mutual problem of inter-institution needed high

willingness to solve with strong coordination mechanism

Becomes a norm, stereotype which needed

to take action for making a change in individual level

Waste in Dangkor dumpsite with 2.800 tonnes/day (average growth rate of 10% to 13% per year

8/20/2019 

3 

Phnom Penh: Current Situation

Phnom Penh: Current Situation

8/20/2019 

4 

Phnom Penh: Challenges

Have some Sub-decrees, yet don't have Laws, Policies, and Systems

Hand service over a single private-firm; Lack of efficiency and comformity

Modelling issue; Collection service is good only in the city;Many issues regarding service fee

Methods, equipment, and workers haven't met the actual demand yet.

Lack of effective circulation over issues and solutions Lack of individual and social support (Storage, Fee payment, etc.)

Plan Preparation and Urbanization Management with Effects and Impacts on Diverse Sectors

Legal regulations enforcement and institutional capacity still pose problems.

Political will and decision-making are highly sensitive, but compulsory

Not yet have inter-institutional mechanisms for jointly implementingcomprehensive measures

8/20/2019 

5 

Overview of Converting Waste to Power

Waste Incinerator

Succeed in High-income Countries

High capital investment and operating expense

Advantages

Disadvantages

Waste Incinerator

High Risk for Low-income Countries

Heating Power > 7 MJ/Kg

Burnable Waste > 50 000 tonnes/year

Already have a Good Management System

Reduce amount of waste

Enable to convert to Power

Better than backfilling

Ashes can be reused.

Increase expenditure in Treatment

Require Heating Power

Require Experts for Operation

Main Challenge: No Separation, Organic and Wet Waste

Livable uban area, Nearby conveyance

- Community has willingness to pay incinerating fee.- Have skilled staffs in operation and maintenance

8/20/2019 

6 

Economic Efficiency of Incinerator

Burning Capacity 10 tonnes/hour 1 MW needs 80-120 tonnes of waste Require reserved incinerators in case of

excess capacity

Expenses for Operation and Maintenance

Require Subsidies

Conclusion: Waste Incinerator in Cambodia

Need to select outstanding site for ashes storage (25-30%/ton)

Recommendation:

Capital investment approximately $100 000/ton•

Waste with high moisture needs primary waste drying equipment.

Cleaning, Collection and Transport Fee increase thrice.

Have other technical options needed in-depth studies for implementation aligned with economic capacity

(sanitary landfill, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion)

8/20/2019 

7 

Main Principles, Subject to Approval of Waste Incinerator in Cambodia

Not bring foreign waste for incineration

Connect to National Electricity Grids

Grant Subsidies to Appropriate Extent

Actual Subsidies should follow each case.

Royal Government will review and have detailed-evaluation on

respective proposals.

с

Coverting Methan Gas from Dumpsite to Energy: Efficiency only if having sufficient waste

9

8/20/2019 

8 

Management Approach and Best Practice

Key Factors: How will we carry out an operation?

Have rules for management with success, sustainability as well as earning some gains

Korean Management Style: Hierarchical Solid Waste Management

8/20/2019 

9 

8/20/2019 

10 

SOLUTION 1

VBWF

Economic factors and Advantages of VBWF (Bags)

• Less volume• Organized• Efficient

• Pricing onbehavior

• Create norm

• Saving• Conscious• P-A-Y-T

• Equitable• Cost

recovery

Address Budget issue Family-saving

Lead to Waste Separation at Source

Change Norm/Behavior

Circular Economy

Waste to Energy

Less Stress on City Budget

Different bags/fees by

Districts

Community Policing

Different bags/fees by

Districts

Promote Sorting at

Source

8/20/2019 

11 

Evolution of Waste Management in Seoul

8/20/2019 

12 

RECYCLING IS THE WAY TO GO

Multi-jurisdictional Cooperation

Sudokwon (world’s largest regional landfill for 25 M people)

Site Selection

Cost Sharing

Land Acquisition of $50 M: 30% (central) + 70% (local)

Construction Cost: Proportional to Population Size & Financials

Institutional setup including establishment of management corporation (SLC)

Integrated infrastructure

Landfills

Leachate treatment facility

Power plant (waste to energy)

Laboratory

Solidification facility

Etc.,

SOLUTION 2

8/20/2019 

13 

Waste as Resource Resource recovery facilities

Electricity from landfill gas

SOLUTION 3

Landfill

Recover Material

Treat Food Waste

C & D Debris

Treat Woods

Inciner-ators

Transfer Station

Big Home

Appliance

Small Home

Appliance

Treat Lamps/

Dry Cells

1970: 1,200 tons/day

2017: 8,443 tons/day

Solid Waste Management

6 zones, 6 collectors

8/20/2019 

14 

Holistic and Integrated Approach to Waste Management

Good Urbanization * Effective waste

management* Livable cities* 2030 Upper-

middle Income Goal

Economics

Environ- Sustainability

Political will Good Governance Simple & Efficient

Admin System

Inter-agencyCoordination

Ability toImplementPlans

Collaborationwith DPs

StakeholderParticipation/ buy-in

Fair & Equitable Approach

Legal Framework and Regulations

8/20/2019 

15 

Conceptual and Financial Framework

Users

WTE Circular Eco

RGC Subsidies

Cities (Own Budget)

Equitable & Sustainable Financing Model

Option 2: Low-fixed Rate + Price of bags

Option 1: Fixed Rate or Rate compared to electricity or water fee

Have another basic-thinking

for institutions, enterprises

which are not residences

Collection of Key Measures and Leading Institutions

National Policy on Solid Waste Management

Amendment and Adjunct of Laws and Regulations

Revision and Implementation of Mechanisms and New Management System

Behavior-changing Campaign and Tight Policing

8/20/2019 

16 

Proposed Measures

National and Sub-national Levels

Sector Strategic Plan, Investment PlanManagement Regulations

Classify Waste Categories

Illuminate Roles and Responsibilities Division

between Ministries, Provinces and City

Sub-decrees and Circulars on Solid Waste DataReport and Management

Samples of Contract and Auction

Sub-decree on Introducing Pricing Calculationbased on Service Types

Sub-decree on Determining Landfill Standard

National and Sub-national Levels

Promote Institutional Capacity in

Enacting Laws and Regulations

Promote and Strengthen Capacity

in Leading and Management

Laws, Rules and Regulations Strengthening InstitutionalCapacity

Rehabilitate old landfill sites

Create new landfill followed

Environmental Standards

Investment

Main Principles for Selecting in Projects Implementation

Is economic pole which is threathened by problems

Have a strong political willingness in solving and reforming

Have land prepared for project ( the faster, the better)

Proposed Measured 1

National Policy on Solid Waste Management

1.1•

1.2• Prepare for and Initiate National Compaign for the Promotion of Behavior Change

1.3• Review Policies and Prohibition related to Reuse/Recycle Plastic Bags

Establish National Committee for Designing Solid Waste Management Policies

Project on Improving Solid and Plastic Waste Management

8/20/2019 

17 

Proposed Measured 2Revision and Implementation of Mechanisms and

New Management System

2.1

• Establish enterprises for managing solid waste (can be PPP-based), landfill sites and supporting infrastructure

• Prepare to establish new dumpsites followed environmental standard (State property), Rehabilitate old landfill sites

2.2

•Change mean of paying waste collection fee to Tipping Fee

• State is a revenue collector from individuals, consumers ( EDC mechanism or/and P.A.Y.T. Bags Pricing)

2.3

• Arrange for having different firms for roads and public places cleaning

• Allocate budget to districts for exercsing own roles and responsibilities as assigned by Sub-decree

2.4

• Dividing areas for collection (Districts) and putting for auction with areas-base, restrain from monopoly

• Urge to take part in project implementation on solid and plastic waste management (World Bank's project)

Proposed Measured 3Behavior-changing Campaign and Tight Policing

3.1

• Collaborate with all relevant bodies for National Campaign for Promotion of Behavior/Norm Change

3.2

• Encourage and Apply Community Policing Mechanism to Greatest Extent >> Beasides, Leave Strict Enforcement to Authorities• Promotion of Granting Yards to Owners for Cleaning and Promotion of Clean-based Outstanding/Model Villages

3.3

• Implement Regulations for Public Order: Wasteland and Selling at the markets and on the streets• Circular on Introducing Public Bodies as the ones who first to spur into action/measures

3.4

• Utilize Technological System to Oversee Compliance and Law Enforcement, and for Contract with Firms• Grant incentive policy for potential actors who directly take part in a chain of Greening, Reusing, Recycling

8/20/2019 

18 

Thank You!