A Gender Perspective on the 2005 Census of Korea

- Focusing on “Economic Activity and Living Expense of the Aged”

January 27, 2009.

Changick Kang, KNSO

Presented at the Global Forum on Gender Statistics, Accra Ghana, 26-28 January 2009

Introduction

Population and Housing Census of Korea

A gender perspective on Economic Activity of 2005 Population Census

A gender perspective on Living Expense of the aged

Conclusion

ContentsContents

Equity

Ⅰ. Introduction

“Gender statistics is statistics that adequately reflect differences

and inequalities in the situation of women and men in all areas of life.”

- UN’ definition

Ⅰ. What is “Gender statistics” ?Ⅰ. What is “Gender statistics” ?

◈ It is important because one can disaggregate individual data by sex and other characteristics to reveal those differences or inequalities, and can collect data on specific issues that affect one sex more than the other

◈ And the result can be used for a policy making that will improve equalities between woman and man.

2. Why is “Gender statistics” important ?

11

3. Why is “Gender statistics” needed in Census ? 3. Why is “Gender statistics” needed in Census ?

Census is to collect the data from all the people

within a country’s territory. The use of Population Census

data is a key component of Gender Statistics Program

From now on, I would like to present a gender perspective

on “Economic Activity, and Living Expense of the Aged”

according to the 2005 Population and Housing Census

of Korea

22

Dokdo Dokdo

Ⅱ. Population and Housing Census of Korea

To clarify the size, structure,

distribution, and

characteristics of the

population, households and

housing of Korea

1. Outline of Population Census 1. Outline of Population Census

Purpose

33

• Short Forms : July 2006• Long Forms : December 2006

Release of the 2005 CensusRelease of the 2005 Census

The Census covers all areas incorporated within the scope of the administrative jurisdiction of Republic of Korea

Scope & CoverageScope & Coverage

“Self enumeration”, “Interview”, and “Internet survey”

Methods of data collectionMethods of data collection

Census day & Enumeration periodCensus day & Enumeration period

• Census day : November 1 (17th Census conducted in 2005)• Enumeration period : 15 days * Every 5 years since 1925

* Population, Household, and Housing

The Population Census

The Population Census

44

2. The items of 2005 Population Census 2. The items of 2005 Population Census

Two forms of census

Two forms of census

⊙ has 21 items

⊙ collect data from 90% of the population

Short formShort formShort formShort form

⊙ has 41 items including 21 items of Short Form

⊙ collect data from 10% of the population

Long formLong formLong formLong form

55

Short forms (21 items) Long forms (41 items)

Population

Name, Sex, Age, Relationship with the head of household, Education, Religion, Dispersed families between North and South Korea, Marital status. (8 items)

Name, Sex, Age, Relationship with the head of household, Education, Religion, Dispersed families between North and South Korea, Child care, Residence 5 years ago, Mental or physical impairment, Commuting status, Place of work / school, Main means of commuting, Time spent commuting, Economic activity, Employment status, Industry, Occupation, Workplace, Marital status, Date of marriage, Children ever born, Number of children planned to have, The source of living expense of the aged. (24 items)

Household

Type of household, Rooms in use, Household facilities, Type of residence, Type of occupancy and ownership of other houses, Heating facility, Floor which the household is on. (7 items)

Type of household, Rooms in use, Household facilities, Duration of residence, Floor which the household is on, Number of automobiles, Parking place, Heating facility, Type of residence, Rent, Type of occupancy and ownership of other houses. (11 items)

Housing

Type of housing and total floors of the building, Total floor space, Total area of housing site (only for detached house), Number of rooms, Year of construction, Number of housing facilities. (6 items)

Type of housing and total floors of the building, Total floor space, Total area of housing site (only for detached house), Number of rooms, Year of construction, Number of housing facilities. (6 items)

* Each province added 3 items to the long form and collected the data within its own territory.

Items of 2005 CensusItems of 2005 Census

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Ⅲ. A gender perspective on Economic Activity of 2005 Population Census

The total population has slightly increased from 45,985,289

in 2000 to 47,041,434 in 2005, and the number of women

exceeded that of men in 2005

1. Background 1. Background

77

< The number of employed person (over 15 Years old) >

(unit : person)

Year Total Male Female

200018,456,147

(100%)11,539,918

(62.5%)6,916,229(37.5%)

200519,277,370

(100%)11,901,983

(61.7%)7,375,387(38.3%)

According to the results of economic activity, the total number of employed persons has increased from 18,456,147 in 2000 to 19,277,370 in 2005

The number of women participating in economic activity has also increased from 6,916,229 (37.5%) to 7,375,387 (38.3%)

Female labor power was important to Korea’s economic growth Female labor power was important to Korea’s economic growth

88

◈ According to the results of economic activity by gender and industry, over 60% of all workers were classified as “employees”.

◈ The rate of unpaid family worker was higher in women than in men.

2. The data of Economic Activity 2. The data of Economic Activity

< Status of employment (over 15 Years old) by Gender >

(unit : %)

99

◈ In results by types of jobs, there was no significant difference in professional managers between men and women.

◈ However, more women worked at the areas of service & sales while more men at craft, machine operators & elementary occupations.

23.3

15.1 14.9

9.0

1.1

21.118.2

29.9

13.317.2

0.3

36.5

0

10

20

30

40

Professionals managers

Clerks Service & sales workers

SkilledAgricultural, forestry &

fisheryworkers

Craft,machine

operators & elementaryoccupations

Others &Unknown

Male Female

< Types of jobs by Gender (over 15 Years old) > (unit : %)

10

10

< Ratio of employment by gender and a status of marriage (over 15 Years old) >

(unit: person, %)

Women Men

Unmarried Married Unmarried Married

Total Number 4,669,490 11,294,042 5,648,756 11,207,125

Employed(Ratio)

1,968,777(42.2%)

4,452,523(39.4%)

2,381,938(42.2%)

9,049,118(80.7%)

◈ When we analyze these results by ‘married or unmarried’, there were differences between men and women.

◈ Before marriage, men’ employment ratio was the same as that of female.

◈ However, after marriage, men participated actively in the labor market, while women appeared to withdraw from the labor market.

11

11

< Ratio of employment by gender and their children age (over 15 Years old) >

8.4

16.8 17.7

23.2

0

10

20

30

unit : %

preschool children schoolchildren

Female

Male

12

12

◈ The item, child care introduced in 2000 census, could explain why such a difference took place.

◈ The presence of children clearly influenced economic activities of women, with preschool children inhibiting the participation of women in the economic activity greater than schoolchildren.

◈ Among the workers employed, the rate of women who have jobs and preschool children is only 8.4 %, while that of men is 16.8%.

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13

Children who are in need of parent’s careChildren who are in need of parent’s care

especially to the women.especially to the women.

could play an important role in the labor market, could play an important role in the labor market,

This type of gender statistics clearly showedThis type of gender statistics clearly showed

what inhibited gender equity in Republic of Korea. what inhibited gender equity in Republic of Korea.

This shows that

This shows that

The results of economic activity and child care collected in the 2005 Population Census were used to

3. The use of the results – Policy making 3. The use of the results – Policy making

① encourage more “participation of women in the labor market.”

① encourage more “participation of women in the labor market.”

② improve the “welfare of female workers”

② improve the “welfare of female workers”

49.3%

49.6%

49.1%

49.2%

49.3%

49.4%

49.5%

49.6%

2005-11 2007-11

28,367

30,856

26,000

28,000

30,000

32,000

2005 2007

Ratio of female employment

Child-care Institution (unit : Number of Institution)

14

14

◈ The number of elderly persons over 65 years sharply increased from 3,371,806(7.3%) in 2000 to 4,365,218 (9.3%) in 2005.

◈ When we classify the society by the proportion of elderly people, our society is in the aging society in which the elderly is over 7% of the whole population. Thus, we should prepare for the welfare of the elderly.

◈ To find the situations of the elderly and make a policy for improving the life of old persons, we selected at 2005 Census the item, living expense of the aged.

◈ The number of elderly persons over 65 years sharply increased from 3,371,806(7.3%) in 2000 to 4,365,218 (9.3%) in 2005.

◈ When we classify the society by the proportion of elderly people, our society is in the aging society in which the elderly is over 7% of the whole population. Thus, we should prepare for the welfare of the elderly.

◈ To find the situations of the elderly and make a policy for improving the life of old persons, we selected at 2005 Census the item, living expense of the aged.

ⅣⅣ.. A gender perspective on Living Expense of the aged

1. Background of selecting the item, Living Expense of the aged 1. Background of selecting the item, Living Expense of the aged

15

15

12871736

20842629

3372

4365

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

unit : thousand

Male Female total

2000 2005

< The aged (over 65 years old) by gender>

◈ The number of persons over 65 has increased from 3,371,806 (7.3%) in 2000 to 4,365,218 (9.3%) in 2005, and the number of the elderly women has also increased from 2,084,409 in 2000 to 2,628,872 in 2005.

◈ The proportion of the elderly women were 60.2% in 2005 while men were 39.8%.

16

16

2. The data of Living Expense2. The data of Living Expense

22.2

3.9

30.4

4.21.7

29.4

11.4

2.5

49.9

6.92.3

22.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Oneself orspouse's job

Savings, pension, Real

estate

son or daughter Subsidies fromgovernment or

local government

Others Multi-method ofearning living

costs

unit : %

male

female

<The Aged by sex and source of living expenses (over 65 years old)>

◈ When analyzing the results of Living Expense in 2005 Population Census, women were more dependent upon their children and government subsidies than men.

◈ About 22.2% of men over 65 had their own jobs, but only 11.4% of women had jobs.

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17

◈ The data of living expense collected in 2005 Population Census were used for making policies to improve the welfare of the elderly.

- giving vocational education to the elderly - encouraging them, especially women, to participate in the labor market.

① Teaching the elderly for jobs① Teaching the elderly for jobs

② Giving ”job opportunity” ② Giving ”job opportunity”23%

24.2%

42.1%43.8%

15.0

25.0

35.0

45.0

female male

Economical participation rate (Over 65 years old)

2004.11. 2006.11.

23%24.2%

42.1%43.8%

15.0

25.0

35.0

45.0

female male

Economical participation rate (Over 65 years old)

2004.11. 2006.11.

18

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3. The use of the results – Policy making 3. The use of the results – Policy making

Ⅴ. Conclusion

◈ To achieve gender equity, gender statistics is

important and systematic approaches such

as laws, plans which guarantee and encourage

the production of gender statistics, are needed.

◈ KNSO will continue to put emphasis on a gender perspective on the Population Census, and to supplement the gender statistics in the future.

◈ To achieve gender equity, gender statistics is

important and systematic approaches such

as laws, plans which guarantee and encourage

the production of gender statistics, are needed.

◈ KNSO will continue to put emphasis on a gender perspective on the Population Census, and to supplement the gender statistics in the future.

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Q & A