a geological excursion across the canadian cordillera near 49° n (highways 1 and 3 from vancouver...

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A Geological Excursion across the Canadian Cordillera near 49° N (Highways 1 and 3 from Vancouver to southwestern Alberta and on to Calgary, Alberta)

(special Paleogene version)

Richard Lee Armstrong Department of Geological Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver, B. C., V6T 2B4

Randall Richardson Parrish Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario, KIA OE8

CONTENTS:

Introduction Road Log Diagrams Figures Explanation for 1 :500,000 Geological Map

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Vancouver to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass Version of 8/28/89 1

INTRODUCTION

The Cordilleran orogen in Canada is both paragon and enigma. After a more than a century of work

geologists have discovered many of its secrets, but there are still controversies, paradoxes to resolve, and

new observations to be made. It has provided instructive examples of many orogenic structures and

processes but at the same time our understanding of its details is in a constant state of flux. It has inspired

many classical geological concepts - the structure of miogeoclinal fold and thrust belts, passive margin,

rift, and foredeep basin evolution, eugeosyncline and orthogeosyncline structure and the successor concept

of terranes and terrane accretion, metamorphic core zones, batholiths, great strike-slip faults, and fossil

subduction zones. This excursion will touch on all those topics and provide an opportunity for discussion

of outstanding problems.

In 1913 two Cordilleran transects in Canada were explored by rail as parts of Transcontinental

Excursions Cl and C2 of the International Geological Congress (Geological Survey of Canada, 1913a and

1913b). This came just after publication of Daly's Memoir (1912) describing the geology along the 49th

parallel. At that time no direct highway connection existed across southern British Columbia. Since 1972,

the standard trans-Cordilleran field trip in Canada has been the one following Highway 1 from Calgary to

Vancouver (Wheeler et al., 1972), which has been run many times in recent years (Price et aI., 1981 and

1985). Its emphasis is on fold and thrust belt structure, Mesozoic metamorphic core, and accreted terranes

and their history of amalgamation. The more southerly route across the Cordillera in Canada, following

Highway 3 for the most part, and thus running close to the international boundary between the U. S. and

Canada, has been less often followed, but was also the subject of an excursion for the 1972 International

Geological Congress (Monger and Preto, 1972). Parts have been run on several other field trips (e.g.

Price et al., 1972; McTaggart, 1977; Okulitch et aI., 1977; Brown et aI., 1981; H~y et al., 1981; Church,

1985; Parrish et al., 1985). We are reviving the more southerly route for several reasons. Much has been

learned of its geology in recent years so that many of the questions in 1972 now have answers. The rocks

seen are equally spectacular, both as scenery and geologic example. The themes that can be better

emphasized on the southern route are different - the great tectonic overlap of the accreted terranes onto

North America, the many magmatic episodes that have left their imprint on the Cordilleran region, and the

spectacular effects of Paleogene crustal extension associated with the last major magmatic episode.

The two alternate transects are thus complementary, and can be run together as a grand loop tour of the

Canadian Cordillera.

Much of the information for stops in the accompanying road log has been gleaned from the field guides

cited in the pervious paragraphs.

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TECTONIC BELTS ENCOUNTERED IN THE TRANSECT

We will cross four of the five Cordilleran tectonic belts (Diagram 1) in going from Vancouver to

Calgary. Only the Insular Belt, which consists of Vancouver Island will not be directly visited, but we

will see it from a distance. The Insular Belt is partly submerged in the Pacific Ocean. It is constructed of

Paleozoic and Mesozoic magmatic arcs and Mesozoic-Cenozoic accretionary belts (Muller, 1977). It is

largely unaffected by Cretaceous and younger magmatism and thus lay in the arc-trench gap from Middle

Jurassic time onwards.

Vancouver sits on the western edge of the Coast - Cascade Belt. The Coast Belt is mountainous

country, underlain largely by granitic rocks - the Coast Plutonic Belt or Coast batholith of Jurassic to

Eocene age. Included in its southeast corner is the Cascade Belt, a separate mountain system that merges

into the Coast Mountains. The two regions share many geologic features. The Cascade crystalline core

being almost exactly a southerly extension of the Coast Plutonic complex. The Northwest Cascades (and

closely related San Juan Islands) are distinct in being a west-vergent tectonic stack of oceanic terranes

(Mish, 1966). Fossil subduction zones are preserved, and the later magmatic arc overprint is lacking.

That tectonic stack appears to be traceable into the Coast Belt between Vancouver and Hope, but there are

many unresolved problems, disputed correlations, and much ongoing debate about the details of that

relationship.

The Intermontane Belt lies at generally lower elevations than the bounding Coast and Ornineca belts. It

is underlain by Paleozoic to Cenozoic rocks of heterogeneous character: accretion complexes, magmatic

arcs, marine and nonmarine basins. The rocks are traditionally classified as eugeosynclinal or

epieugeosynclinal. Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks bury the orogenic structure in many areas.

Lower elevation and relief, and the consequent cover by glacial and alluvial deposits and vegetation retard

geologic exploration here - but fossils are more commonly preserved than in the adjacent better-exposed

thermal culminations.

The Omineca Belt is a region of mountains, separated from the Foreland Belt mountains by a long

linear valley called the Rocky Mountain Trench. The rocks are largely metamorphic or granitic, with

highest-grade exposures in antiformal structural culminations. The term Shuswap Complex is used to

designate the areas of upper amphibolite facies (sillimanite-bearing) rocks. More recently the Shuswap has

been resolved into three components: the Monashee Complex (North American early Proterozoic

crystalline basement exposed in a structural window), the northwestern Shuswap Complex composed of

high-grade peri cratonic Proterozoic to Eocene schists and gneisses, and Okanagan Complex - a region of

batholiths, eugeosynclinal roof pendants, and basement gneisses (Okulitch, 1984). The Purcell Arch or

Geanticline underlies a north tapering wedge-shaped area between the east edge of the Okanagan complex

of the southern Omineca Belt and the Rocky Mountain Trench. It is a structural culmination exposing

Vancouver to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass Version of 8/28/89

Proterozoic strata that are only moderately affected by Phaneowic regional metamorphism and

magmatism.

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The Foreland Belt is likewise mountainous, and has often been referred to as the Canadian Rockies or

Rocky Mountain Belt. It consists of the mountains between the Rocky Mountain Trench and the low-relief

and low elevation Platform region. Its exposed rocks are sedimentary, their structure imbricate - the well

known fold and thrust belt (Balley et al., 1966; Price, 1981). Their ages are Proterozoic to Mesozoic.

The underlying Precambrian crystalline basement is isostatically depressed but has otherwise remained

undeformed during the Phanerozoic.

East of the mountains lies the Plains. Deformed Paleozoic to Cenozoic rocks overlie depressed

Precambrain crystalline basement adjacent to the Foreland mountains. An abrupt structural front, which

lies just west of Calgary, Alberta, separates the deformed rocks of the Foothills Belt, from the flat-lying

Platform strata unconformably overlying the Precambrain basement of cratonic North America.

TERRANES ENCOUNTERED IN THE TRANSECT

The terrane subdisions of the Cordillera (Diagam 2) partly coincide with tectonic belts, but not exactly.

The two concepts must be kept separate. The tectonic belts are defmed on topography, reflecting rock

types and Neogene crustal movements. The terranes are defined on affinity at the time of deposition of

their framework strata (Monger et al., 1972; Monger 1984). Terrane boundaries are faults, or inferred

faults, that mark abrupt discontiuities in fundamental history of the separated regions.

Vancouver lies close to the boundary between Wrangellia and a collage of terranes that underlie much

of the Coast - Cascade Belt (Diagram 3). The boundary is engulfed in younger Coast batholith and thus

obscure. Wrangellian rocks (Paleozoic and Mezozoic magmatic arcs that form the largest component of

Vancouver Island geology) can be traced into the Coast Belt along its western edge where they are

unquestionably intruded by Late Jurassic and younger rocks of the Coast Belt (Nelson, 1979; Armstrong

et al., ms; van der Heyden, 1989; Friedman and Armstrong, unpublished data).

Within the eastern Coast Belt, and continuing south along the western edge of the Intermontane Belt, is

the Bridge River - Hozameen Terrane. This is a distinct Permian to Middle Jurassic greenstone, chert,

ultramafic rock, and clastic sediment ocean-basin assemblage - an accretion complex, probably formed in

Middle Jurassic time or up to Middle Jurassic time (Potter, 1986; Haugerud, 1985; Rusmore et aI., 1988).

The western boundary is obscured by Coast batholith. The eastern boundary is the Hozameen fault which

places Triassic ophiolitic basement, of the Methow - Tyaughton trough, over Bridge River - Hozameen

rocks.

Caught between Wrangellia and the Bridge River - Hozameen terranes are numerous smaller terranes of

which little can be seen in our transect of the Coast - Cascade Belt. There are Vedder Complex,

Chilliwack-Nooksack (Harrison), and Shuksan-Easton components exposed along Highway 1. Their


aggregation into the observed tectonic stack spanned Jurassic subduction to fMiddle Cretaceous

imbrication. By Early Cretaceous time parts were already included in an Andean-type continental-margin

magmatic arc (Armstrong, 1988a). The displacement of Wrangellia and intervening terranes and portions

of the accretion wedge with respect to North America are inferred to have been large, on the order of

thousands of km (Irving et al., 1980). This is generally accepted. The timing of these displacements is

highly controversial. The observed geology is inconsistent with large displacements after Early

Cretaceous time, perhaps the constraint exists even as far back as Middle Jurassic time (Tipper, 1984b;

van der Heyden, 1989). Some authors advocate or accept large post-mid Cretaceous movements (Irving et

aI., 1985; Umhoefer, 1987; Oldow, 1989), but these hypotheses simply have not been reconciled with the

facts presented on geologic maps.

Between the Bridge River - Hozameen Terrane and autochthonous North America this excursion

crosses only one terrane, Quesnellia, and an overlap assemblage linked to the western edge of Quesnellia

since Early Jurassic time, the Methow-Tyaughton Assemblage. Other parts of the composite Intermontane

Terrane (Stikinia and Cache Creek terranes) lie to the north. The underpinnings of Quesnellia are

Paleozoic to Middle Triassic oceanic basin, arc, and accretion wedge. Fossils are rare, structures only

fragmentarily recognized, deformation complex and multicyclic, metamorphism common - usually in

greenschist to low amphibolite facies. This assemblage of older subunits, each with local names, is linked

together into Quesnellia by the unconformably overlying Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic Nicola -

Rossland magmatic arc rock assemblage (Read and Okulitch, 1977; Ross, 1981). The arc faced

westward, arc and accretion wedge rocks being sedimentologic ally and tectonically mingled in the Cache

Creek area (Travers, 1978; Grette, 1979). The chemistry of arc magmatic rocks grades from calk-alkaline

in the west to alkaline in the east and there is a general younging trend eastward (Beddoe-Stephens and

Lambert, 1981; Mortimer, 1987).

The eastern boundary of Quesnellia is a fault, crossed near Salmo on Highway 3. At that locality the

Eastern or Slide Mountain Terrane, which is present immediately to the north, is missing, and Rossland

arc rocks are juxtaposed with Kootenay Arc (an arcuate tectonic zone of tightly folded Proterozoic to

Paleozoic strata along the west side of the Purcell Anticlinorium, not a magmatic arc) rocks that belong to

the passive margin of Phaneozoic North America. The space between Quesnellia and North America is

usually reconstructed as a relatively narrow marginal basin between the Mesozoic arc and the outer passive

margin (pericratonic terranes). Stratigraphic transitions are observed between successive tectonic slices

from Quesnellia to North America so that no large displacements are implied along this zone of sutures

(Klepacki, 1983 and 1985; Struik, 1988). The age of these sutures in southern British Columbia is

closely bracketed as late Early to early Middle Jurassic, between the youngest Rossland Volcanics, about

190 Ma (Tipper, 1984a), and the oldest stitching plutons, about 180 Ma (Parrish and Wheeler, 1983;

Klepacki, 1985).

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I Vancouver to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass Version of 8/28/89 5

After the Jurassic accretion of Quesnellia, and closure of the Bridge River - Hozameen suture a

magmatic culmination of Middle to Late Jurassic age (170 to 150 Ma) affected Coast, Intermontane and

Omineca belts (Armstrong, 1988a; van der Heyden, 1989). This magmatism was especially extensive in

southern British Columbia and is little overprinted there by younger events.

Latest Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous time was notable for magmatic and tectonic quiescence. A

stratigraphic hiatus or lull in magmatic activity is observed in all areas (Armstrong, 1988a; Armstrong and

Ward, in press).

From Early Cretaceous time onwards the region crossed by the excursion has been an Andean-type

continental-margin magmatic arc, undergoing various types of intracontinental deformation. The

Cretaceous to Paleocene (up to about 58 Ma ago) was a time of batholith emplacement, and back-arc

tectonic convergence, crustal shortening, and thickening. The Paleogene (later Paleocene and Eocene) was

a time of within-arc crustal extension, synchronous with the last major magmatic episode (Ewing, 1980;

Parish et al., 1988; Freidman and Armstrong, 1988). This was also a time of moderate strike-slip fault

motions, as for example along the Fraser - Straight Creek fault system. Older strike-slip structures are not

recognized in the excursion transect.

Sporadic magmatism of Neogene age has occurred in all allochthonous terranes.

MAJOR THEMES OF THE EXCURSION

Geology illustrating three themes will be emphasized during the excursion.

Tectonic Convergence

Accretion history and tectonic stacking of units is seen in several areas. From Vancouver to the

Hozameen fault various aspects of the aggregation of Wrangellia and intervening terranes to Quesnellia

will be seen and discussed. The Foreland structures of the Rocky Mountain fold and thrust belt, seen at

the end of the excursion, are spectacular results of Cretaceous to Paleocene convergence. Within

Quesnellia we will see structural windows exposing the Precambrian basement of North America

(Armstrong et al., 1989). These demonstrate more than 100 km of tectonic overlap of accreted terranes

onto North America, achieved from Jurassic to Paleocene time.

Magmatic Episodes (Souther, 1977; Armstrong, 1988a)

The four major magmatic episodes of the Canadian Cordillera are well illustrated in the excursion. For

each there will be multiple examples visited, scattered across their respective extents. The episodes are:

Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Quesnel magmatic arc. Middle to early Late Jurassic stitching plutons and

extensive magmatic culmination - from Coast to Omineca belts. Mid Cretaceous magmatic culmination -

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from Coast batholith belt to the Crowsnest Volcanics of the Rocky Mountains. Paleogene magmatism -

extensive from Cascade to Omineca belts. Both volcanic and intrusive aspects will be abundantly

demonstrated.

Minor magmatic episodes will be noted, where appropriate. Mafic igneous rocks related to the two

Proterozoic rifting episodes that created the Belt-Purcell and Windermere basins, respectively, will be

encountered. Paleozoic igneous rocks, of various oceanic tectonic settings will be observed at a few

stops. The weak Late Cretaceous magmatic culmination is of limited extent and volume and will be hardly

noticed. It is largely eliminated from the excursion route by the Fraser - Straight Creek fault zone. Except

for the Oligocene-Miocene intrusions of the Cascade magmatic arc (Richards and McTagart, 1976) there

will be few Neogene magmatic rocks seen because of their small volume and scattered occurrence.

Paleogene Crustal Extension and Strike-Slip Faulting

From the Fraser - Straight Creek fault zone to the Rocky Mountain Trench the excursion encounters

many Cenozoic structures related to extension and transtension of the Cordilleran region. Between the

Okanagan fault and the Purcell fault metamorphic core complex structures are spectacularly developed

(Parrish et al., 1988). In that region Paleogene crustal extension on the order of 30 to 50 % is inferred and

this has a major impact on the mapped geology and measured geophysical fields, and on the crustal

structure observed in the deep seismic surveys such as LITHOPROBE (Cook et al., 1987 and 1988).

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8/23/89 1

In this version of the Road Log the stops highlighting Paleogene aspects of Cordilleran geology have been outlined

Vancouver to Pass

Calgary • vIa Crowsnest

Day 1 Road Log, in two parts

0.00 km Starting Point: Front of Gage Residence, University of British Columbia. Set odometer to zero.

0.30 km 0.70 km

1.15 km

3.0 km

Turn left onto Wesbrook Mall. Turn left onto Chancellor Boulevard. Tum right onto Marine Drive.

Stop 1: Spanish Banks for view of the south slope of the Coast Mountains (Figure 1). The Point Grey seac1iffs west of here expose Quadra Sand (here 23 to 24 ka old) overlain by Vashon Drift. The south slope of the Coast Mountains is an exhumed erosion surface beneath Cretaceous - Tertiary sediments of the Nanaimo -Fraser basin. The bedrock, exposed in the higher peaks and along the shoreline is erosionresistant Mesozoic metavolcanic and granitic rock, mostly of Cretaceous age. The city of Vancouver is built on hills of Cretaceous - Tertiary sediment mantled by Quaternary glacial deposits. Bedrock exposures are rare and none will be seen as

we ct:ive across built up areas in I the CIty.

Continue along Marine Drive, headed east.

6.2 km Turn left onto 4th Avenue. 10.15 km Angle left onto Burrard, cross

over Burrard Bridge. 11. 70 km Tum right at northeast end of

Bridge onto Pacific Avenue then after one block right again onto Hornby and after another block right again onto Beach Avenue.

12.65 km Left onto Pacific from Beach Avenue.

13.40 km Turn right onto Denman. 14.30 km Tum left onto Georgia Streeet

(Highway 99 and lA) and continue on through Stanley Park.

16.95 km Crossing Lions Gate Bridge, continue to follow Highway 99 into West Vancouver. The south abutment of the bridge is in the Late Cretaceous Lions Gate Member of the Burrard Group. The Cretaceous -Tertiary boundary lies within Stanley Park but is not exposed. Most of Vancouver overlies Tertiary sediment. The erosion resistance of the Burrard

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sediment at the south bridge narrow and may be unsuitable abutment is enhanced by the for large busses. If so debark presence of 32 to 34 Ma old and walk down to beach area. mafic dikes and their related Otherwise continue onwards. contact metamorphism. 46.30 km Sharp and narrow left tum

19.50 km Tum right up Taylor Way. down Dogwood Lane. 20.70 km Left tum onto entrance ramp of

Highway 1, westbound. 46.60 km Stop 4: Caulfeild Park. 25.00 km Take Cypress Exit to right. Intrusive relationships are well 25.90 km Passing Entrance Gate to displayed here on bare shoreline

Cypress Park, continue on up exposures. The published road, note granitic rock detailed map, Figure 4 of exposures on right side when McTaggart (1977), shows the approaching sharp right tum, different units and their continue past sharp tum to relationships. The contact of a Viewpoint. granodiorite pluton containing

mafic inclusions with banded 31.10 km Stop 2: Viewpoint (Figure 2). amphibolitic gneiss is exposed

Panoramic view of the city of here. A variety of dikes Vancouver, the lower mainland, interlace the country rock North Cascades, San Juan making this a test book example Islands, Vancouver Island, and of multiple crosscutting age (on a clear day) the Olympic relationships. Mountains.

Continue westward. Leave parking lot, turning left 46.85 km Go on past cove then at 47.00 down towards Highway L km

34.80 km Sharp hairpin tum left. tum right and climb Picadi1ly back to Marine Drive.

35.05 km Stop 3: Roadcut exposure of 47.55 km Angle back onto Marine Drive, Mesozoic granodiorite with past Caulfeild Trail sign, and go mafic inclusions. back through West Vancouver.

56.40 km Tum left up Taylor Way. Continue down to Highway 1. 57.60 km Tum right onto Highway 1,

37.00 km Cross over to south side of eastbound. Highway 1 on overpass, enter 66.05 km Lynn Creek Bridge. Highway 1 eastbound. 67.45 km Second Narrows Bridge.

38.35 km Take 22nd Street Exit on right. 69.85 km Empire Stadium on Right. 38.75 km Right tum. 70.05 km Crossing East Hastings, stay on 39.00 km Stop. Tum right onto Queens Highway 1.

Avenue. 70.90 km Angle left onto Freeway. This 39.80 km Stop. Tum left onto 26th. is the connecting point for those 40.45 km Stop. Tum left onto Haywood. who may choose to go directly 40.65 km Stop. Tum right. from UBC without the western 40.70 km Stop. Tum right onto Marine Coast Mountains stops and

Drive, westbound. views. 45.00 km Passing Fisheries and Oceans 88.85 km Port Mann Bridge over Fraser

Laboratory. The parking lot on River. The rolling uplands that the right contains glaciated follow are on Quaternary exposures of granitic rock cut deposits overlying Eocene and by composite dykes and is Miocene sediment. worth a visit if there is time.

46.05 km Angle left at Caulfeild Trail onto Picadilly. The roads here are

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97.60 krn 176th Street Underpass, Highway 15 exit. Continue on Freeway.

99.90 krn Road curves around tree. This was a memorial tree, dedicated to war dead. The Highway was diverted to save the tree but it did not survive the changes to its environment. It was later topped for safety reasons.

106.60 km Road turns gently right. 118.95 krn (and again at 125.30 krn)

Mount Baker is visible at 12:30. 129.90 km Gentle right turn, Mount Baker

now straight ahead. 136.35 km Continue past Mission - Sumas

(Whatcom Road) Exit.

139.85 krn Stop 5: Pull over on new overpass for view of Sumas Mountain (Figure 3) and Vedder Mountain. Church (1985) has described the sediments here at the west end of Sumas Mountain - the type Huntington Formation. More than 400 m of continental shale, sandstone, lignite-coal, with commercial fireclay beds dip about 10° to the southwest and unconformably overlie Mesozoic metavolcanic and granitic rocks of the Coast Plutonic Complex that form the higher mountain. Vedder Mountain in the distance to the south is composed of foliated quartz diorite (Paleozoic?) in its southwest part, and epidoteamphibolite and gamet-mica schist with late Paleozoic moderately high pressure metamorphism (_280 Ma Vedder Complex, one of the North Cascade tectonic components) in its northwest part. The crest of the mountain and its east side are Mesozoic clastic sedimentary rock, Nooksack Group. The geologic contrast across the Fraser Valley here is a geologic quandry.

8/28/89

Continue east. 142.05 krn Sumas Mountain Road -

access to geologic sites on Sumas Mountain.

143.95 krn Highway turns gently left.

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Mesozoic volcanic and intrusive complex exposed on left on southeast face of Sumas Mountain.

148.60 krn Take Yarrow - Cultus Lake exit to right. Head due east toward north end of Vedder Mountain. The flat lowland here is the floor of Sumas Lake, drained in the 1920' s to gain farmland. A few m of late Quaternary lake deposits overlie glaciomarine deposits here.

151.00 krn Stop. Road jogs right, then left. Continue east.

153.00 krn Stop. Turn left, continue through Yarrow.

156.40 krn Passing Goose Farm.

160.70 krn Stop 6: North end of Vedder Mountain. Quarry on right at bend in road. Mylonitic schists : quartz-mica-graphite-gamet schist and greenstone lenses (metatuff) of the Vedder Complex (Permocarboniferous moderately high-pressure metamorphic series).

Continue eastward. 161.25 krn Keep turning left. 161.85 krn Cross over Chilliwack River on

Bridge into Vedder Crossing. Keep going north on Vedder Road.

166.20 krn Passing through Sardis. 167.15 krn Turn right onto Highway 1,

eastbound. This may be a good point to stop to view Chilliwack rocks to the south and east of here mapped by Jim Monger (1970). This view is described by him as stop 4-4 in Price et al. (1985).

168.40 krn Crossing Chilliwack Creek, pre 1880 channel of Chilliwack River. View to south and east of Chilliwack imbricate zone on and below Cheam Peak.

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177.45 km Highway curves to left. begin here and continue for the 178.20 km and 178.90 km Power line next 1.5 km.

crosses road. 194.95 km Chilliwack exposed in road cuts 182.63 km Highway 9 to Agassiz turns off for the next 2.3 km. The

here. Highway 7 on the north calcareous - siliceous side of the Fraser River is an Chilliwack is metamorphosed alternate route to Hope, past due to proximity of the Miocene several geologic points of plutons. Numerous veins and interest. Continue on Highway dykes are visible in the fresh 1. cuts.

183.95 km Passing Bridal Falls - Park and 198.50 km Miocene granodiorite - for the tourist traps. Here prehistoric next 2.4 km. landslide deposits form an 199.25 km Tum off on right, Peters Road apron below Mount Cheam. exit, and park on side of on

184.85 km Tum right off highway onto ramp. Popkum Road, then immediately tum left onto ramp 199.40 km Stop 8: A quick look at back to highway and park on Miocene granodiorite. roadside before reentering highway. Continue back onto Highway,

eastbound. 185.4 km Stop 7: Road cuts in 200.90 km Miocene granodiorite intrudes

Chilliwack Group siliceous metasediments which on the argillite and limestone. With north side of the Fraser River luck, cross sections of giant are called the Slollicum hom corals can be found at this Formation (Triassic) by Monger locality. A felsic dyke at this (1986). locality is probably Miocene, 201.25 km Past the Laidlaw Exit. A major from plutons of the nearby fault zone is crossed just ahead, Cascade - Pemberton Belt. where the Highway crosses

Jones Creek. The fault is Continue back onto Highway 1. steeply dipping and marked by

189.90 km Rusty weathering Chilliwack in ultramafic lenses. East of the roadcut. fault is black argillite that may

190.50 km Miocene granitic stock on west be Darrington Formation of the end of roadcut in intrusive Shuksan Thrust sheet. An contact with Chilliwack Group optional side trip exits here and exposed towards the east. The turns south up the Jones Lake main intrusive body lies to the road. About 2 km up the road east so this mass of Chilliwack are good exposures of black sediment is a roof pendant or argillite. Further upvalley are xenolith. good exposures of broken black

192.00 km Passing a hydro power station. phyllite. In the creek bed one The water comes from Waleach can fmd boulders of gabbro and (Jones) Lake through a tunnel diorite that may be from the and descends about 600 m to early Paleozoic and the powerhouse. Recent slow Precambrian(?) Yellow Aster movements, opening cracks in Complex and bits of ultramafic the water tunnel have raised rock. concerns about a landslide here 206.70 km Hunter Creek Road. Tum off at some future date. here for rest stop at Hunter

193.00 km Road cuts in Miocene stock Creek. (Mount Barr Granodiorite)

207.25 km Rest Stop.

Return to highway, continue east.

207.95 km Passing shotcrete-covered road cuts in the mid Cretaceous (-100 Ma) Spuzzum Pluton. When these were fresh a dating sample was collected at this spot but now it isn't worth the risk of stopping here to look at rocks.

210.20 km Passing weathered exposures of the Cretaceous Pluton.

211.85 km and 213.95 km fresh cuts in Cretaceous Pluton.

215.90 km Just past Silver Hope Creek we cross the Yale Fault of the Fraser Fault System. Cretaceous Pluton, on the west side, faulted against Eocene conglomerate, on the east.

216.50 km Eocene conglomerate on both sides of Highway. Pull off on to side of Highway here or on exit ramp just ahead and walk back to exposure.

216.50 km Stop 9: Eocene conglomerate caught in Fraser Fault Zone. The bedding, where visible is nearly vertical and the conglomerate appears to be lying on the Custer Gneiss which lies just east of here.

Continue eastward on Highway 217.30 km Pull over into turnout just

before overpass.

217.45 km Stop 10: Examine exposure of Custer Gneiss. This foliated, mylonitic, migmatitic gneiss, largely of Cretaceous age, forms the northern continuation of the Cascade Crystalline Core. To the south there is a broad region of metamorphosed and migmatized Cascade River Schist and granitic to migmatitic Skagit Gneiss which form the Crystalline Core of the North Cascades (Misch, 1966). At

8/23/89 5

this latitude only a few km of gneiss are present and this tapers and is eventually truncated by the Fraser Fault System. Similar migmatitic schists and gneisses on the west side of the Fault System in the Bridge River area may be offset equivalents of these rocks. Paragneiss components are presumably Paleozoic and Mesozoic (although not directly dated) but the granitic component seems to be largely Cretaceous (zircon and whole rock Rb-Sr dating gives no older ages). The only exception are Eocene orthogneiss dikes (dated by Rb-Sr) at Ross Lake. The eastern contact, with Hozameen Group rocks is either gradational or faulted - and is controversial.

Continue eastward. 218.60 km to 218.95 km Past road cuts in

dark rocks (Hozameen ?) cut by spectacular felsic dykes (presumably Tertiary).

219.65 km Hope exit. Take exit into Hope for gas and amenities.

Side Trip to examine Spuzzum Pluton. Go into Hope and take Highway 1 and 7 across the Fraser River and stay on 7, westbound.

227.05 km Pull into large parking area at Devil Lake truck scales.

227.05 km Stop 10.5: Road cuts here are in Spuzzum Diorite.

Turn around and head back to Hope.

228.77 km to 229.40 km note in roadcuts just before Bridge exposures of the Eocene conglomerate. The vertical attitude is usually discernable here.

230.90 km Hope, again.

6

Road Log Day 1, Part II

0.00 km Reset odometer to zero while crossing overpass just after Custer Gneiss (Stop 10) or leave Hope headed south under main Highway and turn west toward Vancouver and about 3 km from the center of Hope rejoin Highway 1, head east past stops 9 and 10 and reset odometer to zero when crossing overpass.

0.95 km to 1.45 km Past road cuts in dark rocks (Hozameen ?) cut by spectacular felsic dykes (presumably Tertiary).

3.20 km Two Mile Creek, approximate position of Hope Fault of the Fraser Fault System. The next exposures are of Hope Intrusion which is mantled by Quaternary till and graveL

3.90 km Alexander Creek Bridge. 5.15 km Pull over on side of road at

Princeton Turnoff sign.

5.15 km Stop 11: Hope Intrusion. . \ " . Eocene. We have now entered

"~~~ '~the Eocene magmatic arc, which I{J \~,j)~V)\~. ,will take several days to cross. o./J)jJ f\ ~v;-1?e Fraser Fault Syst~m

\J ,,\0"" displaces the magmatIc front and , ({t\\~ Eocene ductile infrastructure and

. ~~y ?# IS therefore younger than those ~'\) ~ ,~')'J., features. No Eocene magmatic ~,-~yroCkS or structures were visible

\}J.:) \'! ,lir west of the Yale Fault near Hope "v \\\\' .!l.,<:'Y but they do occur on the west ~1Y'Y side in the Bridge River area 100

to 200 km to the north.

Continue east, taking the Princeton turnoff onto Highway 3.

5.40 km Metamorphosed country rock, Hozameen?, in road cuts.

6.05 km Good exposures of intrusive rock where Highways 3 and 5 split - take Highway 3. The

8/23/89

Coquihalla Highway (Highway 5) goes by spectacular exposures but offers few places to stop safely by the roadside. Turnouts for scenery or resting or safety purposes were evidently not included in the inflated Coquihalla Highway budget.

7.60 km Nicolum Campground. The highway passes many exposures of intrusive rock from here to 10.00 km.

11.05 km Nicolum Creek. Hozameen is exposed on the left. The highway begins to climb more steeply.

12.65 km Hozameen rocks are exposed on the left. Park at the upper end of the cut.

12.60 km Stop 12: Walk back to briefly examine Permian to Jurassic Hozameen cherty argillite cut by intrusive rocks.

Continue eastward . 13.50 km Quaternary flood gravels and

kame terrace deposits overlying Hozameen.

14.10 km to 15.3 km Coarse sand and gravel deposits (postglacial).

15.30 km The Hope slide and scar are now coming into view and 12:00 and 3:00, respectively.

15.70 km Slide scar visible at 10:00. 17.05 km Turn left to Hope Slide

viewpoint.

17.35 km Stop 13: View of Hope Slide. The signs describe the event which occurred on January 9, 1965. A small earthquake, on a midwinter night, triggered the slide. Several vehicles and their occupants, stopped by a snow avalanche which had blocked the highway were victims. In the

slide scar Hozameen greenstone dips 45° to 60° towards the valley. The opposite side of the valley is Hozameen bedded chert which overlies the greenstone. The rocks strewn about are Hozameen greenstone (low Rb, low initial Sr ratio = MORB like) and felsic intrusive rock - the dykes are visible in the scar. Comfort facilities available.

Back on to the Highway. Turn left to continue eastward.

19.90 km Meander flats - valley fill behind the modem and prehistoric Hope slides. Sunshine Valley resort area for those who like high-risk living.

20.85 km Past turnoff to Silvertip ski area. 21.90 km and 23.10 km Hozameen

exposed in road cuts here and for the next 10 km.

24.05 km Westgate Service Station. 25.10 km Park Boundary. 25.50 km Old Wagon Road stop of

interest. The Dewdney Trail, constructed in 1860. Rocks on the left side are Hozameen greenstone.

30.75 km 19 Mile Creek. 33.40 km Abandoned buildings of old

mining camp on south side of river. Other relicts of abandoned prospects and mines are found nearby.

33.80 km Sumallo Grove sign. 34.55 km Sumallo Grove turnoff. Park on

the far side of the turnoff.

34.55 km Stop 14: Sumallo River Stock - which at this point plugs the Hozameen Fault. A Cretaceous biotite K-Ar date of 84 Ma for this locality (Wanless et al. 1967) suggested no later movement on the Fault. Redating of hornblende and biotite by both K-Ar and Rb-Sr gives a Miocene age, thus releasing the previous age constraint on the fault. The previously published date must be disregarded. The Fault

8/23/89 7

separates Hozameen, oceanic rocks of Permian to Jurassic age from Jurassic and Cretaceous clastic sediments of the Methow -Tyaughton Trough.

Continue eastward. 36.15 km Rhcxlodendron Flats. A colorful

spot at the right time of year (May-June). Quaternary sediment overlying Jurassic Ladner Group.

37.70 km Crossing Snass Creek. 37.85 km to 39.5 km Good exposures of

Ladner to Dewdney Creek Group sediments.

38.90 km Park in wide turnout.

38.90 km

40.15 km

41.15 km 41.75 km 43.30 km

44.90 km

Stop 15: Jurassic Sediments of the Methow - Tyaughton Trough. This stop is near the top of the Ladner Group (Sinemurian to Bajocian). Up the road is the Dewdney Creek Group (Oxfordian to Portlandian).

Continue eastward. We are now approximately on the axis of the Gibson Pass Syncline. Bridge over Skagit River. Bridge over Skagit River. Bridge over Skaist River. The dip slope on the left is in sandstone and argillite of the Lower Jackass Mountain Group. Stop in turnout on right, on the outside comer at the top of a steeper part of the highway but before the highest point is reached.

44.90 km Stop 16: Conglomerate of the Jackass Mountain Group (Lower Albian here).

Continue eastward. 46.60 km to 46.9 km Black shale and

argillite of the upper part of the Albian Jackass Mountain Group.

47.00 km Bridge over Skagit River. 47.50 km Bridge over Skagit River.

r-8 ---

47.75 km to 53.65 km Exposures of black argillite of the upper part of the Albian Jackass Mountain Group.

54.25 km and 54.40 km Jackass Mountain conglomerate.

58.00 km Allison Summit. From here to the Manning Park Lodge we are in poor! y exposed upper Jackass Mountain Group.

65.0 km Coldspring Campground. 66.8 km Turnoff to Manning Park Lodge.

Park. End of Day 1.

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8/23/89 9


0.00 km Turn right onto Highway 3 in front of Manning Lodge. Set odometer to zero.

1.45 km Beaver Pond on right. No good exposures along this stretch of road in Albian Jackass Mountain Group.

2.65 km Ladner Group sediment on left in east limb of syncline.

3.20 km Crossing Chuwanten Fault, a steep, east vergent thrust.

3.50 km Monument 83 Trail on right. 4.40 km Albian-Cenomanian Pasayten

Group sediment on left in lower plate of Chuwanten thrust.

5.10 km Hampton Camp on left, no signs. About here we are in Pasayten Group exposures.

6.95 km Middle to Upper Albian Pasayten Group sediment on left.

7.20 km Large exposure of Pasayten sandstone and coal.

8.65 km to 9.10 km Well exposed Jackass Mountain Group in road cuts.

9.25 km Mule Deer Camp. Large talus cone on left.

10.55 km Pull over on right side of road.

10.55 km Stop 17: Easternmost exposure of Jackass Mountain Group sediment on left, north side of road. West-dipping Lower Albian sandstone with coaly beds showing minor compressional deformation - bedding wedges. This exposure is close to the Pasayten Fault but the fault itself is not exposed.

Continue eastward. 10.95 km Crossing Pasayten Fault. 11.30 km Pull over on right and stop.

11.30 km Stop 18: Mylonitic gneiss of Late1urassic and Early Cretaceous (c. Greig and P. van der Heyden, unpublished U-Pb dates) Eagle Complex just east of Pasayten Fault. Foliation dips west, approximately parallel with dip of Jackass Mountain

sediment on other side of fault. The observations here are compatible with a normal fault, approaching mylonitic detachment fault in character. Elsewhere kinematic evidence of sinistral movement has been reported.

Continue eastward. 11.65 km Pull over on right and stop.

11.65 km Stop 19: Eagle Granodiorite, still somewhat foliated. Veined with pegmatite and aplite which give 105 to 110 Ma K -Ar and Rb-Sr dates.

Continue eastward. 13.35 km Still in Eagle with pegmatite and

aplite veins. 14.10 km First exposure of

metasedimentary rocks along west-dipping eastern contact of Eagle Pluton with inverted metamorphic gradient.

14.75 km More metasedimentary rock. 15.25 km McDiarmid Meadow. 15.50 km East boundary of Manning Park. 15.60 km Stop on roadside.

15.60 km Stop 20: Cross road to view spectacular coarse hornblende schists - Garbenschiefer of Eagle contact metamorphic zone. Metamorphosed Nicola Group greenstone. K-Ar dates on this unit range up to 120 Ma. The several-km thick layer of ductilely flattened and sheared Nicola rocks that we are crossing here is a major latest Jurassic to Early Cretaceous tectonic feature.

Continue eastward. 16.05 km Eastgate Lodge. 16.95 km Stop on roadside. This is the

fIrst of several short stops to observe the variety of rock types in the Nicola arc assemblage.

10

16.95 km Stop 21: Nicola Group greenstone in road cuts on left.

Continue eastward. 18.90 km Stop again.

18.90 km Stop 22: Nicola Group Rhyolite in large roadcut on left.

Continue eastward. 19.60 km Stop again.

19.60 km Stop 23: Sediments of Nicola Formation - black shale and sandstone.

Continue eastward. 21.30 km Similkameen Falls are out of

sight to the right of the road. 21.75 km Stop at turnout on right side at

lower end of large exposure.

21.75 km Stop 24: Walk back up road to see exposures of Nicola epic alas tic/pyroclastic rocks with well preserved primary structure.

Continue eastward. 24.05 km Rest Area. 25.55 km Sharp curve in Highway. Bridge

over Copper Creek. Slow down! On the next upgrade we cross into Eocene, Kamloops Group, volcanic and sedimentary rocks which continue for the next 17 km.

32.45 km Sunday Summit. 34.55 km to 34.95 km Long cut in

greenish and pale cream colored lahars of Kamloops Group.

37.35 km Pull over on to side of road.

37.35 km

Continue northward. 38.25 km Crossing another summit in

roadway. More lahar exposures along roadside.

38.90 km Saturday Creek Bridge. 39.05 km Massive, close columnar jointed

flow. 39.55 km Lahar exposure.

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40.15 km Massive, fractured. friable flow. 40.85 km Greenish and tan tuff and altered

hornblende andesite flow. 41.00 km Pull over on right side in small

turnout just before 60 km/hr sign.

41.00 km Stop 26: Large-column (colonnade) part of hornblende andesite flow.

Continue northwards. 41.35 km Small columns (entablature) in

roadside exposure. 41. 65 km Friday Creek Bridge at bottom of

slope, sharp curve. 42.75 km Lahars and volcanic clast

mudflows. 42.95 km Straight ahead the Ingerbelle

(Similkameen) Mine is now visible. A bit to the right, across the Similkameen River, at -2:00, are the open pit and dump of the older Copper Mountain Mine. The Ingerbelle ore body was discovered beneath the old highway. Relocation westward was necessary so that the mine could be opened. The rerouted highway will descend through road cuts in Nicola Group volcanic and sedimentary rocks over the next 10 km.

47.70 km Beginning steep downgrade 49.25 km Pull over to right and stop just

before concrete comer barriers

49.25 km Stop 27: View of Princeton Basin and copper mines. The geology of the basin is summarized by McMechan (1983). The structural control is a NNE trending normal fault on the east side of the half graben containing Eocene deposits. Volcanic rocks, related to those we have just crossed are overlain by 1.7 km of coal-bearing clastic sediments of the Allenby Formation. Coal mining began in 1901 and died out in the 1950's. The Similkameen mill is built on Early Jurasic monzonite

8/23/89 1 1

and syenite of the Lost Horse Complex. Copper mineralization is disseminated across the contact of the Early Jurassic alkaline plutons of the Copper Mountain suite with altered Late Triassic Nicola volcanic rocks.

Continue northwards. 49.70 km Road cuts in Nicola begin. 50.70 km Mine junction. 53.10 km Whipsaw Creek Bridge. Road

cuts still in Nicola Group. 53.40 km Whipsaw Road junction. To the

right the dumps for the Similkameen Concentrator are visible. Climbing the grade here returns to exposures of Eocene


0.00 km Reset odometer to zero at highway junction in Princeton.

0.50 km Bridge over Similkameen River. 1.25 km to 1.80 km Tailings pile from

Allenby copper concentrator on right.

3.80 km Entering Sirnilkameen River Gorge.

5.50 km to 6.75 km Nicola greenstone - volcanic flows and breccias - cut by reddish weathering granitic dykes.

6.75 km to 8.65 km No exposures across intrusive contact. Road on river terrace.

9.75 km to 26.45 km Jurassic granodiorite exposures and talus. We are in the Similkameen-Pennask batholith.

21.45 km Pullover into Bromley Rock Provincial Park.

21.45 km Stop 29: Rest stop in park. Lunch. Examine blocks of

sediment, some baked and reddened by shallow coal flres.

54.15 km Start downgrade. Red colored sediment in low cuts.

54.45 km to 54.65 km More red Eocene sediment. Poor exposures of sediment continue for next 2 km.

60.35 km Side road comes in from right. 61.10 km Exposure oflight colored

sandstone. 64.70 km Gate. 65.70 km Entering Princeton. 66.25 km Park by sandstone-grit exposure

on left side of highway in Princeton, behind the bus depot.

66.25 km top 28: Kamloops Group sands of Princeton Coal Basin.

End of this section of road log.

Jurassic granodiorite by roadside.

Continue eastward. 28.55 km Granitic blocks by road. 28.65 km Dark exposure of Nicola Group

argillite. 31.50 km Bridge over Similkameen River. 33.20 km Stemwinder Provincial Park. 34.25 km to 34.75 km Nicola Group

argillite and limy argillite. 35.75 km Mazama ash (from Crater Lake,

Oregon eruption about 6845±50 years ago) is visible in road cut on left.

35.20 km to 36.15 km Nicola argillite exposures.

37.30 km Point of interest warning sign. 37.80 km Pullover into parking area by

information sign.

37.80 km Stop 30: Gold in Nickel Plate view stop. The cliffs above Hedley expose 2000 m of Nicola Group sediments, all of

1~·12

38.55 km

42.80 km 44.80 km 48.20 km

53.75 km

54.05 km

54.05 km

Upper Triassic (Carnian to Early Norian) age, intruded by Early Jurassic diorite and gabbro sills and dikes. Nearby stocks and batholiths range from Early Jurassic to early Late Jurassic in age. The Nickel Plate mine produced 2 million ounces of gold from 1896 to 1930 and 1934 to 1958. Mining has recently resumed. The ore is in garnet pyroxene skarn.

Continue eastward. Passing through Hedley. Eastward the valley is broader and flanked by gigantic talus cones developed on eugeosynclinal assemblages, mostly greenstone and argillite of the Apex Mountain Group. Hill on left is granitic rock. 16 Mile Creek. Left curve in highway, 60km/hr speed limit. Colluvium with some Mazama ash in road cut. Pull over into large paved turnout at Mountain Goat View Stop.

Stop 31: View of Apex Mountain Group geology to northeast and Ashnola River Valley to south. Milford (1984) described these rocks as bedded chert and basalt with minor limestone and conglomerate of Carboniferous to Late Triassic age. Limestone lenses and clasts yield fossils as old as Ordovician (Pohler et al., 1989). These rocks form an east-dipping accretion complex. The strata are generally upright, but become younger westward, downward in the tectonic stack.

Continue eastward. 54.80 km Poor exposures of Mazama ash

in colluvium on left. 55.95 km to 56.25 km Good exposures of

Mazama ash.

8/28/89

57.20 km Past turnoff to Outward Bound camp.

57.65 km Paved turnout. Possible photo stop and opportunity to examine chert and greenstone float. A glacial kettle in fluvioglacial gravels is visible on the north side of the road.

60.15 km Big rock by roadside. 60.40 km Mazama ash overlain by

60.90 km 61.95 km 62.65 km

landslide debris. River gravels in road cut. Rest area on right. Junction with road over covered bridge to Cathedral Provincial Park. In the Park are spectacular exposures of midCretaceous granitic rock. Because of the high elevation these unusual weathered forms escaped Wisconsin glaciation.

64.30 km Top of rise. We come into view of Mount Kobau to the southeast, and columnar Eocene lava of the Marron Formation to the northeast. The highway is pointed almost exactly east. The Kobau area (Okulitch, 1973) is siliceous metasediment with minor greenstone and limestone. Fossils are not present but the age is inferred to be in the same time range as the Apex Mountain Group, and most probably mid to late Paleozoic.

65.90 km Turn left onto paved road to bypass Keremeos. Heading north and then northeast.

67.15 km Straight ahead is view of Eocene Marron Volcanics on skyline overlying Old Tom -Shoemaker formations of Apex Mountain Group.

68.40 km Rejoin Highway 3A. Turn left, heading north.

70.40 km and 72.0 km Road cuts in Ollala alkaline intrusive complex - biotite pyroxenite and syenite of Early to Middle Jurassic age.

72.80 km Center of small community, Ollala

~----.-----------------------------==-----~~-= .....

74.00 to 74.10 kIn Roadcut in bedded chert of the Apex Mountain Group.

72.20 kIn Mazama ash in road cut through colluvium.

76.35 kIn Attop of rise in road view to northeast is of Marron Volcanics. To the right at 2:00 the light-colored Middle to Upper Triassic (Pohler et al., 1989) Ollala limestone (Nicola equivalent) is visible high on the hillside. It is nearly horizontal and unconformably overlies steeply dipping deformed and metamorphosed Carboniferous to Upper Triassic Apex Mountain Group rocks.

77.7 and 78.0 kIn Outcrops of greenstone of Apex Mountain Group.

78.60 kIn Middle to Late Jurassic Granodiorite in roadcut on left.

79.69 kIn Apex Ski Area turnoff to left. Pull over on right shoulder of road or turnoff onto Apex road and stop.

79.69 kIn Stop 32: View of Marron Volcanics overlying Springbrook Formation conglomerate at 2:00. Church (1985) details the next several exposures. Here 230 m of Springbrook conglomerate contains chert clasts in its lower part and mixed chert, greenstone, metamorphic rocks, and gneiss clasts in its upper part.

Continue northeast on Highway 3A

80.90 kIn Roadcuts in greenstone of the Apex Mountain Group.

82.50 kIn Poor exposure of greenstone. 83.45 to 86.00 kIn Yellow and Toy

Lakes, occupying a west draining meltwater channel, dammed by postglacial fans. Along this stretch of highway are good exposures of Marron lava flows with several flow contacts visible. The Yellow

8/23/89 13

Lake Member is mafic phonolite. Vugs and amygdules contain zeolites- natrolite, laumontite-Ieonhardite, mordenite, and thompsonite.

86.00 to 87.00 kIn The highway rises though Marron Volcanics -trachyte, trachyandesite, and andesite. The alkalinity decreases notably upsection.

87.05 kIn Turn right just past Coca Cola and Golf sign ont Twin Lakes Road, going south. The road leads to to ice-contact face and up onto a pitted outwash plain

88.20 kIn Ridge of Marron Volcanics on left.

88.45 kIn Sharp left tum. 88.60 kIn Sharp right tum. For the next

kilometer we are driving past Twin Lakes, kettles in the outwash plain that drained southwest and west.

89.70 kIn Tum east into White Lake Basin.

90.00 kIn Sharp right tum. The Okanagan Valley is now visible in the distance across the White Lake Basin.

90.50 kIn Sharp left tum. 92.00 kIn Approximately at the contact

between Marron Volcanics and White Lake Basin sedimentary rocks.

93.15 kIn Good view of White Lake Basin.

94.85 kIn Sharp left tum. Volcaniclastic rocks in roadcuts.

95.45 kIn White Lake is visible at 2:00. Rising behind the lake are ridges of conglomerate and landslide breccia of the Skaha Formation.

96.35 kIn Road junction. Go straight on towards the Dominion Radio Observatory. A sign here points southward toward Oliver. (To reach the U. B. C. Field School follow the paved road to the south, staying to the right at road junctions. The Field School camp is where the road to Oliver crosses Victoria

1- 14

Creek, on the right side of the road going south.)

96.55 km Pull over just past cattle guard.

96.55 km Stop 33: Panoramic view of White Lake Basin with Radio Observatory in foreground, Skaha Fonnation supports the ridge in the background. The overall structure here is a east plunging syncline in a half graben, bounded on the east by a major, low-angle nonnal fault. The Skaha is composed of debris shed catastrophically from the rapidly rising upland to the east.

Continue northeast. 96.75 km Sandstone and coaly beds by

road. 97.90 to 98.30 Good exposure of

sedimentary rocks. Pullover and stop on right hand side.

98.30 km Stop 34: Examination of sandstone and coal beds of White Lake Fonnation. Coalified logs, fossil plant fragments, mudflow deposits are observable.

Turn around and head back to south.

100.10 km Sharp left curve. 101.35 km Stop on side of road.

101.35 km Stop 35: View of Indian Head. The capping rock is Skaha Fonnation slide breccias containing clasts of chert and greenstone. These overlie less erosion-resistant tuff breccia and agglomerate.

Continue south towards Oliver. 101.90 to 102.10 km Ridge on left is

Marron Volcanics again as we descend out of White Lake Basin.

104.55 to 105.90 km Downgrade across faulted Marron.

8/23/89

106.35 km Coming into Meyers Flat, an alluvium floored valley.

106.35 to 107.05 km Road cuts on left are in Paleozoic-Triassic greenstone and chert.

107.25 km Road forks. Go left. The hills straight ahead are Shuswap Complex -Vaseaux Fonnation. The hills to the right (south) are underlain by the Oliver Pluton, a composite body of Early to Middle Jurassic age. Older hornblende diorite surrounds a younger adamellite core.

108.65 km Paved road forks again. Go left. The road will now follow the trace of the Okanagan Valley fault for several km. On the left are exposures of chert and argillite. On the right are metamorphic rocks. Near the road these are mylonitic, approaching chlorite breccia inplaces. Foliation dips gently west.

109.40 km Paleozoic-Triassic chert and greenstone fonn the high hills on the left. To the north and west, at 10:00, the hills are Marron Volcanics.

110.45 to 110.95 km Outcrops of Vase au x Fonnation paragneiss.

111.05 km Marron Volcanics on left. 111.35 km Turn left onto dirt road at

Mahoney Lake and stop.

111.35 km Stop 36: Mahoney Lake. Rocks in the footwall of the Okanagan Valley Fault. Parrish et al. (1985) describe the next several stops. Here we can see mylonitic gneiss and chloritic and slicic breccias at the very top of the lower plate of the Okanagan Valley fault. Acrosss the lake to the west are Marron Volcanics. To the northwest the hills are Skaha Fonnation. Mahoney Lake contains warm saline stagnant bottom water.

Continue northeast.

------------------------------------------------

111.60 km Outcrops of amphibolitic gneiss.

112.75 km Skaha Formation. 113.20 to 114.00 km Green Lake. Stop

on side of road at 113.55 km.

113.55 km Stop 37: Skaha Formation at Green Lake. Observe the polymictic matrix-supported breccia. The detachment fault is in the lake just 10's of m below the road. The breccias dip steeply into the fault. Green Lake, unlike Mahoney, has oxygenated bottom water, stirred by the wind.

Continue north. 114.35 km Entering into the Okanagan

Valley. 115.90 km Bottom of steep grade. For

next 4 km the steep cliffs on left are of Skaha Formation, White Lake Formation, and Marron Formation, successively.

119.75 km Junction with Highway 97. Turn right to go through the town of Okanagan Falls.

119.85 km Bridge over Okanagan River. 120.55 km Highway turns right but we go

straight ahead for one more block.

120.55 km Tum right. Go south on Maple Street.

123.00 km Turn left, east just before vinyard on left.

124.00 km Pull over on side of road at end of oiled section.

124.00 km Stop 38: Mylonitic gneiss exposures on left side of road. Kinematic indicators show top to the west movement. Metamorphic grade is upper amphibolite. Panoramic view of Okanagan Valley fault on right (Figure 4).

Go back to paved road. The hill to the north, just east of Okanagan Falls, is Marron Volcanics. The Dusty Mac mine just east of the hill is in a

8/23/89 15

detachment -fault-type of disseminated gold mineralization in quartz breccia in White Lake Formation sedimentary rocks. Open pit mining in 1975-1976 recovered 0.5 million dollars in gold.

125.00 km Turn left, south. 127.90 km Rejoin Highway 97. Tum left,

south. Note the Mountain Sheep warning sign.

128.70 km Vaseaux Lake Campground. 129.60 km Stop and park in turnout on left

side.

129.60 km Stop 39: Vaseaux Formation of the Shuswap Complex. Multiply deformed semipelitic gneiss discordantly intruded by weakly foliated anastamosing granitic sheets is well exposed. The granitic rocks are like a thick foliated granitic sill just above us dated by U-Pb as Cretaceous (Parkinson, 1985). The fold and lineation trend is WNW - a regionally consistent fabric parallel to the mylonitic lineation observed previously.

Continue southward. 129.64 to 130.00 km Spectacular cliff

exposures of folded and injected gneiss of the Vaseaux Formation.

130.80 to 131.15 km More good exposures of gneiss.

131.45 km South end of Vaseaux Lake. 136.95 km Continue past Inkaneep

Provincial Park turnoff on left. 137.85 km Seacrest Road on right. An

optional point of geologic interest may be reached by turning right here, going about 1.0 km on paved road, turning right onto a dirt road into Covert Farms, and driving 0.5 km up into the work yard. Walk a further 0.5 km north to the southernmost promontory of rock at the edge of the cultivated area. There one can see a foliated and lineated Eocene(51

16

Ma) Rhomb Porphyry dike cutting Early Proterozoic(?) Vaseaux Formation gneisses and foliated Jurassic(?) leuco anite sills.

140.65 kIn The Oliver pluton underlies the hills on the right and is poorly exposed in the low hills on the left, across the Okanagan Valley. The Gyppo Mine, a quarry in a giant pegmatitic quartz vein, is visible at approximately 142 km.

8/23/89

142.05 km Signs for town of Oliver. 142.40 km Stop on roadside if traffic is not

too heavy.

142.40 km Stop 40: Garnet muscovite adamellite of the Oliver pluton.

Continue southwards through Oliver.

144.80 km Turn left into Southwinds Motel. End of Day 2.

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8/23/89 17


0.00 km Set odometer to zero. Turn left, south onto Highway 97 out of Southwinds Motel parking lot As we travel south the hills on the right are in eugeosynclinal Kobau Formation cut by altered Jurassic intrusive rocks. The hills on the left are in granites and gneisses of the Shuswap Complex. The Okanagan Valley fault is buried by valley fill south of Oliver.

14.10 to 14.20 km Road cuts in loess covering kame terraces of the Okanagan Valley.

18.70 km Junction with Highway 3. 18.75 to 19.90 km Downtown Osoyoos. 20.45 km Bridge over Okanagan River. 22.00 km Start climb to Anarchist Summit

The road cuts from here to 40.0 km are in the Early Jurassic Osoyoos pluton.

24.85 km First good exposure of granitic rock.

27.00 km Veined gneiss exposure. 27.50 km Sharp curve. 28.70 km Sharp curve. 29.60 km Pull over into scenic turnout

29.60 km top 41: Anarchist Mountain -Okanagan Valley Overlook. Panoramic view of Okanagan (Okanogan in Washington) Valley (Figure 5). The road cuts here are fairly typical Early Jurassic Osoyoos gneissic quartz diorite cut by deformed aplite dikes. The valley floor lies 275 m above sea level. The hills opposite are mid-Paleozoic to Triassic eugeosync1inal sediments cut by Jurassic granitic plutons. Southward into Washington these are overlain by Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The distant mountains are in the Early to Middle Jurassic Similkameen batholith. The east side of the valley is the lower plate of the Okanagan Valley

fault, except near Oliver where the Jurassic Oliver pluton of the upper plate lies on both sides of the valley, and for several km south of the international boundary where Paleozoic eugeosynclinal and Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the upper plate are on both sides of the valley. The Okanogan dome is visible on the east side of the valley far to the south in Washington. The lower plate there is composed of paragneiss and orthogneiss ranging in age from Early Proterozoic to Eocene. Near the highway the lower plate rocks are Jurassic granitic plutons with eugeosync1inal roof pendants (Anarchist Group). Small-scale lower plate structures have a NW trend and top-to-the-west sense of shear.

Continue upwards past many more Jurassic granitic rock exposures and some road cuts in Quaternary till.

38.12 km Past Rest Area turnoff. 39.95 km Road cut in till. 40.80 km Road cut in Anarchist Group

metamorphosed eugeosync1inal rocks. For the next 20 km we will be going through poorly exposed Anarchist Group.

42.80 km Ninemile Creek 43.00 km,49.72 km, and 50.15 km

Road cut in Anarchist Group. 50.50 km Anarchist Summit 47.65 km,51.55 km, and 53.45 km

More exposures of Anarchist Group, mostly greenstone.

54.45 km Center of Bridesville. 56.95 km Road cut in Anarchist Group. 58.05 km Bridge over Rock Creek. 58.70 km Past junction on left with road to

Baldy Mountain Ski Area. 59.45 km Road cut in Anarchist Group.

18 8/28/89

60.30 km Road cut in Jurassic(?) intrusive - poorly exposed for the next 3.5 km.

62.50 km Road to Conkle Lake Provincial Park takes off on left.

63.10 km Entance to Johnston Creek Provincial Park on right.

63.70 km Gulch of Johnston Creek 64.20 km Entance to Johnston Creek

Provincial Park on right. From here to Kettle River we are in Marron Volcanics.

66.15 km Curve left, Kettle River Valley comes into view.

66.70 km Road cut in volcanic rock. 67.15 to 67.45 km Columnar jointed

Marron lava flow. 68.40 km Sharp curve right. Volcanic

exposures in road cuts. 68.80 km Eocene sandstone with coaly

partings. 70.30 km Junction with Kettle River Valley

Highway 33 coming in from left. 70.35 km Bridge over Rock Creek. In

lower part of Rock Creek and Kettle River valleys and on east side eugeosynclinal rocks (Anarchist or Knob Hill Groups) are exposed. Northeast of here, across the Kettle River Valley is a silica mine - the white scar is notable.

75.35 km Stop on right side of highway. The Ministry of Forests Kettle Valley Field Office is to the left, an Overnight Rest Stop on the right.

75.35 km Stop 42: View of inverse imbricate structure of the Kettle River Valley (Figure 6). This area of numerous normal faults and dikes of north-south trend was first mapped in detail by Monger (1968). The clastic sedimentary rocks and tuffs of the Kettle River Formation are overlain by trachyte and phonolite, changing upwards to andesite flows of the Marron Volcanics. Eocene intrusive rocks are fairly abundant, suggesting an underlying

magma-soaked crust at the time of extension. The upward decrease in alkalinity mimics the change observed in the White Lake Basin. The faults appear to be steep and west dipping for the most part but a few gentlydipping faults have been mapped, especially to the east near Greenwood (Little, 1983). The low angle nature of these faults is illustrated by Fyles (1989).

Continue east on Highway 3. 79.80 km Bridge over Kettle River. 80.10 km Pull over on right side of road

and stop.

80.10 km Stop 43: Ash flow in Eocene Kettle River Formation.

Continue eastward. 82.75 km Road cut in Middle Triassic

Brooklyn Formation, epieugeosynclinal sedimentary rocks.

83.5 to 83.65 km Good exposures of Eocene sediment.

87.55 and 87.95 km Sharp right and then left turns in road as it crosses railway tracks.

89.05 to 90.00 km Town of Midway. For next 6.0 km there are numerous exposures of Eocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks, none very spectacular.

96.30 to 97.30 km Road cuts in preCarboniferous greenschist.

96.75 km Dewdney Trail Point of Interest sign.

97.25 km Bridge over Boundary Creek. 97.62 km Slag dump on left - we are

approaching the Greenwood Mining District.

98.50 km Amphibolitic gneiss. 98.60 km Stop on right shoulder of road.

98.60 km Stop 44: Amphibolitic gneiss. View towards Skomas Mine at 10:00. The low-grade tectonic melange of Paleozoic to Triassic eugeosynclinal rocks of

Quesnellia appear to be underlain by higher grade metamorphic rocks of uncertain original age. At the same time they are unconformably overlain by less deformed and metamorphosed Middle and Upper Triassic strata.

The presence of even older crust and mantle lithosphere under this region is evidenced only indirectly by windows exposing Early Proterozoic gneiss near Oliver and Grand Forks, and by ultramafic nodules (Fuji and Scarfe, 1982; Ross, 1983) of comparable age (Sun, 1985) in Quaternary alkali basalts that erupted onto Okanagan granitic rocks north of the Kettle River Valley of stop 42.

Continue on past more exposures of amphibolitic gneiss over next 1.0 km.

100.00 to 102.00 km Road cuts in late Paleozoic argillite and chert of Knob Hill Formation. Elsewhere greenstone (pillow lava and breccia) is abundant in this unit.

101.35 km Greenwood signs. 101.80 km Greenwood Smelter Point of

Interest sign. At approximately 102.3 we cross the contact with the Middle Jurassic Greenwood pluton.

102.95 km Branch right from Highway 3. 103.20 km Stop sign. Then go right,

uphill. The first 2.0 km are in Jurassic pluton. The next 5.0 km are in poorly exposed late Paleozoic Knob Hill Formation.

109.40 km Middle Triassic sedimentary rocks.

111.15 km Road to right leads into Phoenix Mine open pit Turn right and stop.

111.15 km Stop 45: Phoenix Mine. Description being prepared by R. Parrish.

Return to road headed east.

8/23/89 19

111. 70 km World War I monument. This part of the road is in Eocene strata.

112.25 km Road crosses Gold Drop fault -from Eocene into late Paleozoic Knob Hill Formation. Most of downgrade that follows is in Triassic strata.

114.75 km A side road on left goes to a ski area. Continue down main road.

120.35 km Rejoin Highway 3. Turn right. 120.75 km Stop on right shoulder of road.

120.75 km Stop 46: Glacially sculpted outcrop of Upper Triassic redmatrix conglomerate. The Triassic lies with marked unconformity over deformed Paleozoic eugeosynclinal rocks and is itself multiply deformed regionally but here it appears relatively intact. Light colored limestone clasts are prominent but most clasts are of igneous orgin.

Continue southward. Good exposures of the Triassic red matrix conglomerate are passed for the next 0.5 km.

121.80 km Road cut in darker colored Triassic clastic sedimentary rocks.

122.05 km Serpentinite of inferred Jurassic age.

122.75 km Triassic limestone. 123.20 to 127.95 km Jurassic flow

breccia and massive greenstone. 129 to 130 km Straight stretch of road

past poorly exposed Triassic strata.

130.15 km Large left curve begins. 132.65 km Side road branches off to right. 132.70 km Pull into turnout on right, stop.

132.70 km top 47: View of Grand Forks - Kettle Dome. The Granby River comes in here from the north to join the Kettle River which rejoins our route from the south. The Kettle River continues east, transecting

20 8/28/89

Grand Forks - Kettle Dome, here more a horst. The Granby River Fault dips about 45° west and separates upper plate greenschist-grade Paleozoic, Triassic, and Jurassic rocks from lower plate amphibolitegrade Paleozoic and Mesozoic paragneiss and orthogneiss. The major lower plate structure is a west- plunging antiform cored by older rocks. The axis


0.00 km

0.30 km

3.35 km 4.40 km

5.40 km 6.55 km

6.55 km

Bridge over Granby River. Reset odometer to zero. Exposures of Grand Forks Gneiss on left. For the next 20 km we will be in the horst of Grand Forks Gneiss. All exposures will be high -grade sillimanite-almandine-orthoclase plutonic rocks in contrast to the low-grade eugeosynclinal rocks crossed since the Okanagan Valley. We are now in unit IV of Preto (1970): Amphibolitic gneiss and schist with biotite schist and calcareous schist. Sr isotopic compositions suggest a Late Proterozoic to Paleozoic age. Left curve past large road cut. Right curve. A silica mine is visible to the left in Preto's Dolomite and quartzite unit. Quarry on left is in quartzite. Stop and park on shoulder of road. Quartzite underlies ridge to left.

Stop 48: Quartzite. This is the lowest paragneiss with unradiogenic Sr (i.e. Late Proterozoic or younger), probably the base of the metamorphosed geosynclinal rocks we have been passing.

lies 2 to 3 km north of the highway. The west end of the fold is marked by a ridgeformin Jurassic(?) s enite sill.

Continue towards Grand Forks. 135.20 km Junction with Highway 41.

Continue eastward on Highway 3 - stay left.

137.75 km Entering Grand Forks. 140.95 km Bridge over Granby River.

Detrital zircon in this quartzite is as young as 650 Ma (G.S.c. data). Farther east the Grand Forks gneisses are very radiogenic, probably Early Proterozoic (Rb-Sr indicates an age on the order of 2 Ga and SmNd depleted-mantle model ages are about 2.3 Ga. The isotopic systems are variably reset by Mesozoic metamorphism.) The only evidence for an unconformity is the change in lithology and abrupt isotopic change. The small scale structural trends here are W to NW trending, like those observed elsewhere on this transect across the Shuswap Complex.

Continue east. 8.55 to 11.30 km Exposures of sillimanite

biotite paragneiss with calc silicate gneiss.

17.15 km Logging road enters from left. 17.55 km Pull over on right shoulder and

park before large road cut.

17.55 km Stop 49: Early Proterozoic gneiss of the Grand Forks -Kettle Dome. Multiply folded, migmatitic, mica and calcareous gneiss containing various

--------------------------------------------------------------~-

generations of pegmatite sills and dikes. This is cut by a late discordant felsic dike that may be Mesozoic or Cenozoic. The gneisses are older than 2 Ga but give 50 Ma mica and 60 Ma hornblende K-Ar dates, indicating the last time of heating and rapid tectonic unroofing.

Continue eastward. 17.75 km Junction with Highway 395.

Stay on Highway 3, headed northeast.

18.25 km Last road cut in gneiss. 20.25 km Christina Lake junction. Stay on

Highway 3. 20.45 km Bridge over Christina Creek. 23.30 km Large road cut in late Paleozoic

Mount Roberts Formation. For the next 14 km most of the numerous road cuts will be in this unit.

23.90 to 24.15 km View of Christina Lake on left. Mount Roberts Formation in road cut on right.

26.65 to 26.95 km Road cut on right in Coryell Syenite according to Little's (1983) map of the Greenwood area.

27.7. km Paved turnout on left side. Good view of Christina Lake. The Kettle River Fault trace is beneath the lake here but is exposed along the south flowing stretch of the Kettle River in Washington (Cheney, 1980; Rhodes and Cheney, 1981; and Cheney et al., 1982).

28.15 km Curve right, start climb up valley of McRae Creek.

29.10 km Cut in Mount Roberts Formation at top of steep climb.

31.10 km Rest area on left Tum in and park. Walk back to road cut.

31.10 km Stop 50: Mount Roberts Formation. Argillite and calcareous siltstone are cut by Eocene Coryell Syenite dikes.

Continue east on Highway 3. 32.25 km Gate for highway closures.

8/23/89 21

34.25 to 34.35 km Large road cut in Mount Roberts Formation. Side road on right crosses bridge over McCrae Creek. Stay on Highway 3.

35.30 to 37.10 km More Mount Roberts Formation. Looks more metamorphosed as we approach a sea of granitic rocks.

37.85 km Granitic rocks begin here. These are shown on Little's map as Coryell. Some exposures are mixed Mount Roberts Formation and intrusive rock.

39.65 km Porphyritic granitic rock - still Coryell.

40.40 km More Coryell. 43.00 to 44.44 km Cooked up Mount

Roberts Formation - greenish rocks, cut by felsic intrusive rocks.

44.60 km Granitic rock, now mapped by Little as Nelson Plutonic Suite. The Jurassic Nelson rocks continue for the next 50 km.

44.70 km Bridge over McRae Creek. 44.90 to 48.55 km Lots of exposures of

Nelson, some with country rock inclusions, some chloritic altered and fractured, some cut by dikes.

49.40 km Rest area on right. 50.15 to 50.45 km More Nelson in cuts to

top of steep climb. Pull over and stop at about 50.2 km to briefly examine Jurassic granodiorite, if desired.

53.00 to 55.20 km Nelson exposures, some pretty grungy.

55.95 km Paulson Summit, still in Nelson. 57.10 km Cut in Nelson with dark dikes. 61.70 km Big Sheep Creek. 65.35 km Nancy Greene Lake on right. 67.15 km Nancy Greene Provincial Park

entrance. 67.25 km Junction with Highway to

Rossland and Trail (3B) to southeast. Stay on 3, headed northeast.

68.15 to 69.00 km Still in Nelson, mixed dark and light components

73.25 to 86.30 km Mostly in Quaternary, bedrock exposures rare.

87.25 to 90.40 km Back in good exposures of granitic rock. The

22 8/23/89

lower exposures as we descend into the Columbia River Valley show good exfoliation jointing. We pass from Mackie pluton, Nelson Plutonic Suite, into Castle gar Gneiss (shown as Kinnard pluton on the map) along this stretch of road.

91.75 kIn Paved crossroad. 92.10 kIn View of Columbia River Valley. 92.85 kIn Turn right off Highway 3 at

interchange. 93.05 kIn Turn left, north, towards

Castlegar on Highway 22. 96.50 kIn Railroad overpass, veer left,

heading west on the south side of the Columbia River.

97.25 kIn Passing Robson Ferry (service discontinued in 1988, may not resume) and John Robson Point of Interest sign. Busses longer than 13 m should take the ferry (if service is restored) or fmd another route across the Columbia River, rather than follow the log route over Keenleyside Dam.

97.45 kIn Railroad crossing. Continue on paved road west.

99.50 kIn Beginning of road cut in Castle gar Gneiss.

99.35 kIn Pull over into dirt road on left and stop. Walk up to road cut.

99.35 kIn Stop 51: Castlegar Gneiss. Hornblende ± biotite K-feldspar megacrystic granodiorite, also described in Parrish et al. (1985). This is a stone you would love to see in your fIreplace. Its fabric is probably ca. 55-60 Ma old, related to east directed shear on the Slocan Lake-Valkyr Shear Zone. Its geochronometry is fascinating: magmatic zircons are about 110 Ma old, but many have lots of diffusional Pb loss. Sphenes are 60-70 Ma, hornblende is about 60 Ma, biotite about 50 Ma. The inference is protracted cooling in this metamorphic core complex.

Continue west on paved road, past a few more road cuts in Castlegar Gneiss.

10 1.25 to 102.30 kIn Large pulp and lumber mills on right.

104.10 kIn Quarry on left in Castlegar Gneiss.

104.55 to 105.55 kIn Crossing Hugh Keenleyside Dam on Columbia River. Reservoir extends 200 kIn northwards, flooding two former lakes.

106.30 kIn Junction with road on north side of Columbia River. Turn left, heading west.

108.00 kIn Quarry on right in veined pyroxene dioritic gneiss.

109.85 kIn Scotties Marina. 110.05 and 110.45 kIn Possible parking

spots on left. Good gneiss exposures on right side of road. Stop and walk along exposures.

110.00 to 111.00 kIn Stop 52: Deformed Eocene Granite. Discretely spaced top-to-the-west shear zones observable here in biotite leucogranite (Ladybird Granite) postdate a penetrative top-tothe-east fabric observed elsewhere in the Valhalla Dome.

Continue west. Passing granite and syenite gneiss exposures with increasing mafic component.

112.85 kIn Entrance to Syringa Creek Provincial Park. Eocene syenite in road cuts.

114.00 kIn Road cut in syenite. 114.45 kIn Gate, turn left to campground. 115.32 kIn Picnic ground parking lot.

Rest stop. Tum around to retrace route.

116.20 kIn Gate again. 116.70 kIn Pull over and stop.

116.70 kIn Stop 53: Coryell Syenite. Undeformed tan, pinkish or brownish porphyritic syenite containing rounded mafic inclusions.

--------------------------------------------------------~~-~=-

Continue to retrace route, eastward.

120.10 km Steep mafic dike in gneiss. 120.85 km Past Scotties Marina again. 122.65 km Veined diorite gneiss again. 124.35 km Continue past road to dam.

Scattered cuts in heterogeneous Castlegar Gneiss continue for next 2 km. Then comes several km with no exposures.

132.05 km Spectacular cliff on left in Castlegar Gneiss.

132.55 km Robson Ferry landing.on right (ferry may not be in service).

133.50 km Bridge over Ladybird Creek. 134.40 km Sharp left to head north up

Ladybird Valley on winding paved road following creek.

140.00 km Climb up onto terrace. 144.55 to 145.30 km Exposures of gently

dipping mylonitic Eocene granitic gneiss.

148.15 to 148.55 km Road climbs through cuts in sand.

150.20 km Cross Goose Creek. 150.80 km Stop on side of road.

150.80 km Stop 54: Mylonitic foliated Paleocene (62 Ma by U-Pb) pluton. The layered mylonitic augen gneiss shows top-to-theeast sense of shear.

Continue northeast. The road wanders back and forth across Goose Creek for the next 3.5 km.

155.75 km Turn right. 155.85 km Cross bridge over Slocan River. 161.65 km Turn left, north, and cross

railway track on Highway 6. 167.00 to 167.55 km Cuts in paragneiss. 168.80 km Junction with paved road that

goes left over Slocan River. Keep going straight, north on Highway 6.

169.75 to 172.35 km Cuts in paragneiss. 172.95 km Stop and park in turnout on left

side of road. Walkup road to large cut in paragneiss.

172.95 km top 55: Paragneiss of Valhalla Dome. Banded,

8/23/89 23

mylonitic paragneiss of uncertain protolith age. Kfeldspar-sillimanite-biotitegarnet-graphite paragneiss with leucocratic layers and amphibolite boudins dips 30° NE and shows an east-plunging lineation with top-to-the-east sense of shear. Lineated sillimanite-bearing concordant leucocratic pegmatites here are 70 Ma and have very complex zircon and monazite s stematics.

Turn around and retrace route back towards Castlegar, southwards.

175.05 km Branch road on right leads to Vallican. Stay on main road.

189.90 km Slocan River Bridge junction and railroad track crossing. Stay on Highway 6, going south.

190.90 km Rapids in Slocan River on right. 192.30 km Junction with Highway 3A.

Turn right, south, following the Kootenay River.

194.80 km Bridge over Slocan River. 204.65 to 208.80 km Road cuts on right

in rocks of the Jurassic Bonnington Pluton. This is part of the Nelson Plutonic Suite that is here in the upper plate of the Slocan Lake - Champion Lake Fault, which forms the east bounding structure of the Valhalla Dome.

205.60 km Rest area on left. 207.60 km Dam on right. 208.85 km Bridge over Kootenay River. 209 .25 km Road cut on left in rocks of the

Jurassic Bonnington Pluton. 210.70 km Junction with road to Airport

and Selkirk. Keep going straight

211.25 km Turnoff to right. 211.90 km Bridge over Columbia River. 212.60 km Turnoff to right towards

Highway 22 and Castlegar. 213.05 km Turn right on 22. 213.20 km Turn left into Fireside Motel.

24 8/23/89

Side trip to Stop 56: Tum right out of motel, headed south. Drive 15 km to Genelle.

Stop 56: Genelle Roadcut. Complexly defonned Jurassic Mackie Pluton amongst paraand orthogneiss. These later gneisses are part of either the Trail Gneiss (with mid Paleozoic zircon dates and a mid Mesozoic injected leucosome where studied by Simony, Armstrong, Mortensen and van der Heyden) or metamorphosed late Paleozoic Mount Roberts Fonnation. According to Parrish et al. (1988), this zone of high strain is early Tertiary and part of the Valkyr Shear Zone above the Valhalla Complex.

Tum around and return to Castlegar. End of Day 3.

I--------------~~~~~---=~====~-~=~== ......... """"""""""""""""

8/23/89 25


0.00 km Fireside Inn, Castlegar. Set odometer to zero. Leave parking lot, turn right onto Highway 22.

0.25 km Turn left onto ramp onto Highway 3, eastbound.

1.35 km Bridge over Columbia River. 1.90 km Fork to left, stay on 3 to Salmo,

not 3A to Nelson. 3.20 km Columbia Road crosses

highway. 3.35 km Start climb past lots of road cuts

in border zone of Bonnington pluton, Nelson Plutonic Suite. The rock exposed here is Jurassic granodiorite mixed with country rock, and variously veined and cut by dikes.

4.20 to 4.45 km Intrusive cut by mafic dikes. Most exposures along this stretch are pretty ugly.

7.55 km Turn right into viewpoint parking lot.

7.55 km Stop 57: View of Castle gar Gneiss across Columbia River (Figure 7). Also look at Trail Gneiss? in roadcut, heterogeneous, deformed, variably veined, altered, and fractured. Not a pretty sight

8.30 to 12.20 km Road cuts in Jurassic pluton mixed with country rock inclusions.

13.05 km Turnout on right and stop.

13.05 km Stop 58: Bonnington pluton, Nelson Plutonic Suite. Granodiorite with country rock inclusions.

Continue eastwards. 13.85 to 22.60 km Road cuts in Jurassic

pluton mixed with country rock and cut by mafic dikes.

22.60 to 24.0Sicrn Covered interval. 23.20 km Runaway lane. Downgrade into

Beaver Creek Valley. 24.50 km Approximate contact between

Nelson quartz diorite to

granodiorite and Jurassic Rossland Group strata.

25.40 km Rossland Group in road cut. 26.70 km Runaway lane. 27.15 to 27.25 km Large road cut in

siltstone and argillite of the Archibald Formation, Rossland Group.

27.40 km Side roads enter highway. 27.80 km Bridge over Beaver Creek. 28.05 km Junction of Highway 3 and 3B.

Turn left, east. 29.25 to 29.35 km Dark argillite of

Archibald Formation in road cut. 31.10 to 31.20 km Nelson granitic stock

near Meadow Station. 31.30 km Railroad overpass. 33.70 km Rest area on right side. 34.80 km Bridge over Erie Creek. 35.85 km Railroad crossing. 38.45 km Junction of Highways 3 and 6.

Keep to right, south on 3. 38.70 km Bridge over Erie Creek. 39.25 km Pull over and stop on broad right

shoulder.

39.25 km Stop 59: Jurassic Hall Formation of the Rossland Group. Hornfelsed argillite is observed here because of proximity to the Salmo stock.

Continue southward. 40.55 to 40.70 km Cuts in dark, rusty

weathering Hall Formation. 42.80 to 43.05 km Cuts in massive

volcaniclastic rock of the Rossland Group. Pull out into large turnout on left at 42.85 km and stop.

42.85 km Stop 60: Rossland Group volcanic rock. This is the last stop in accreted or suspect terranes. We are just about to enter North American cratonmargin lower Paleozoic sediments.

Continue south.

26 8/28/89

43.75 and 44.20 kIn Last road cuts in Rossland Group.

44.45 kIn Bridge over Salmo River. 45.65 km Cut on left at end of ridge is in

Nelson-type granitic rock. 48.05 to 48.50 kIn Tailings pile by side of

road. We are in the Salmo Mining District.

52.60 kIn Junction of Highways 6 and 3. Stay on 3, going east. Optional side trip to see the Black Bluff fault: 5.15 kIn south on Highway 6, with a good pullout on the right (west) side is an excellent exposure of the fault, described by Lambert et al. (1989). The fault is seen on the east side of the road where it is host to a biotite lamprophyre dike. Black slate of the Ordovician Active Formation on the north is separated from phyllite and limestone of the Middle Cambrian Nelway Formation on the south.

53.15 km Good cut on left in Lower Cambrian Reeves Limestone Member of Laib Formation. We are now in the Lower Paleozoic strata of the Kootenay Arc.

53.90 to 54.05 kIn More Reeves Limestone, dark limestone in road cuts.

54.40 kIn Pull over into small turnout on right and stop. Walk back to road cuts.

54.00 km Stop 61: Reeves Limestone.

Continue eastward. 54.60 kIn Rest Stop on right. 57.00 km Approximate position of the

Black Bluff fault - Ordovician Active Formation on the northwest side, upper Laib Formation of Early Cambrian age on the southeast side.

57.60 km Power line overhead. 59.70 kIn Good exposure of medium

bedded quartzite with west dip on northeast side of road. This is Lower Cambrian Quartzite Range Formation.

59.95 kIn Road widens, turnout on right shoulder and stop.

59.95 kIn Stop 62: Lower Cambrian quartzite, Sheep Creek Anticline. Strike of bedding swings around from northeast to northwest. This is a steep axial plane, tight, south plunging anticline - typical of this part of the Kootenay Arc.

Continue eastward. 60.40 kIn Last quartzite exposure. Dip is

now eastward. 62.30 kIn Lower Cambrian Laib Formation

slaty argillite in cut on left. 62.70 kIn Light grey limestone of Middle

Cambrian Nelway Formation. 63.35 kIn Large curve to left, leaving South

Salmo River and entering Stagleap Creek Valley, which trends nearly parallel to strike.

64.05 kIn Nelway Formation. 65.35 kIn Crossing Ripple Creek Fault,

just before Gate. For the next kilometer road cuts are in shale and argillite of the Lower Cambrian Laib Formation.

67.35 to 67.65 kIn Good exposures of Lower Cambrian Reno Formation slate and argillite.

68.20 kIn Light grey limestone of the Lower Cambrian Reeves Limestone Member of the Laib Formation. We are coming into the core of the Laib Syncline.

68.60 to 69.15 kIn Spectacular minor folds in argillite. Possible stop at 68.90 kIn in core of syncline.

69.65 kIn Roadcut into dark limestone. 70.05 to 71.00 kIn Cuts are in dark

argillite of Reno Formation. 71.00 to 73.50 kIn Cuts are in quartzite

and argillite of the Quartzite Range Formation. The contacts appear to be somewhat gradational.

73.50 to 75.30 kIn Cuts in Three Sisters Formation, Windermere Group greenish and grey grit and quartzite.

75.45 kIn Summit Lake. Wide turnouts on both sides of road permit a stop

to walk back and see cooked up gritty quartzite.

75.60 km Crest in Highway. 76.10 km Stop on broad shoulder.

76.10 km Stop 63: Summit stock. Twomica granodiorite of mid Cretaceous age.

Continue east, mostly downgrade for next 38 km to the Kootenay River Valley, going down section in the Proterozoic continent-margin sediment wedge. This is a very thick section with metamorphic grade increasing noticeably downsection and eastwards.

78.70 km Approximate contact of Summit stock with Three Sisters Formation.

79.45 km Grey quartzite of Three Sisters Formation.

79.90 km Curve right. 80.90 km Turnout on right and stop. Walk

ahead to road cut under power line.

81.10 km Stop 64: Irene Volcanics and Monk Conglomerate. Stromatolitic dolomite occurs at west end of exposure, dolomite clast conglomerate and pyroclastic greenstone follow to the east. This is stop 1-7 of Brown et al. (1981).

Continue eastward. 89.45 km Road cuts in base of Windermere

to west and top of Purcell to east of this point at approximate contact between the units.

81. 70 km Cut in Irene Volcanics. 83.45 km Gate. 86.15 km Power line overhead. 86.30 to 89.95 km Road cuts in Toby

Conglomerate at base of Windermere Group. Clasts are flattened parallel to cleavage in matrix.

90.00 km Pull over and stop on wide shoulder on right side of road. Walk back to exposure.

8/28/89 27

89.95 km Stop 65: Toby Conglomerate, base of Windermere Group. Flattened clasts of quartzite and buff to white dolostone occur in a phyllitic matrix. The unit is inferred to be a glacial diamictite. Walk back down road, past parking spot and covered contact, to Dutch Creek Formation, Purcell Group. Rusty weathering quartzite and pelite. Stop 1-5 of Brown et al. (1981).

Continue eastward. 90.60 km Maryland Creek road turnoff on

left. 93.90 km Approximate position of Blazed

Creek normal fault. East side up - bringing up Aldridge Formation at higher metamorphic grade.

96.50 km Road cut in steeply dipping Aldridge Formation, lower Purcell Group. Pegmatite fills a nearly horizontal fissure.

93.35 km Rest area on right. 100.30 km Topaz Creek. 101.90 to 108.35 km Road cuts in

metamorphosed Aldridge, cut by lenticular pegmatite sheets.

108.35 km Dirt road intersects highway on left. Turn in and park. Walk back to road cut.

108.30 km Stop 66: Metamorphosed mica schist and micaceous quartzite of the Aldridge Formation, Lower Purcell Group. The mineral assemblage is biotitemuscovite-quartz with minor garnet, sillimanite and kyanite. More than one foliation is present. The quartz-feldspar pegmatite bodies are boudinaged within the foliation (sl), which is further folded and kinked. This is stop 1-4 of Brown et al. (1981).

Continue east on Highway 3. 108.55 km Bridge over Summit Creek. 108.75 to 109.05 km Aldridge Formation

in cuts on left.

28 8/23/89

109.25 km Entrance to Summit Creek Campground with paved turnout on left.

110.50 km Turn sharply to right, off Highway 3, take route towards Wildlife Center. We are now in the Purcell Trench, Kootenay River Valleyo The major structure is a normal fault, east side down, which cuts the west limb of the Purcell Anticlinorium. The fault is concealed beneath the alluvium filled, glacially deepened valley.

11l.35 km Keep left. 111.70 km Wildlife Center. 115.30 km Bridge over Com Creek. 117.50 km Bridge. 118.75 km Sharp right curve to southo 12l.35 km Sharp curve to left, east on to

graded surface. 122.15 km Sharp right curve to south, on

to pavement again. 123.80 km Dirt road on left. Keep straight

on pavement. 124.55 km Rounded outcrop of

granodiorite gneiss on right. The road curves around it.

124.75 km End of pavement. Junction with Granary Road. Stop here.


0.00 km

7.35 km 7.80 km 12.10 km

17.55 km 18.25 km 22.75 km

Where the Highway turns 90 degrees left into downtown Creston set odometer to zero. Road cut in Aldridge Formation. Bridge over Arrow Creek. Bridge over Goat River. There are few bedrock exposures along this stretch of highway that follows alluviated valleys. A few low exposures of Aldridge are passed between 16 and 18 km. Kitchener. Bridge over Meadow Creek Rest area.

124.75 km Stop 67: West Creston Gneiss. A low rounded outcrop of foliated granodiorite lies adjacent to the road here. This is an outlier of the mid Cretaceous Kaniksu batholith. The fabric is of Late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic age and thus younger than ductile deformation in the Kootenay Arc.

Turn around and retrace route northwards.

131. 7 5 km Turn right, to go north. 131.80 km Bridge. 135.70 km Back to Highway 3. Turn

right, east. 136.35 km Bridge over Kootenay River. 140.00 km Roadjunctiono Turn left to stay

on Highway 3. 140.30 km Road cut in Aldridge

Formation, Purcell Group on right.

140.70 km Railroad underpass. 140.90 km Junction with Highway 3A.

Turn right to stay on 3 into Creston.

143.70 km Downtown Creston. End of this section of road log.

34.00 km Cut in massive typically rusty weathering Aldridge.

35.90 km Railroad overpass. 36.65 km Railroad underpass. 36.95 km Bridge over Moyie River. 37.10 km Junction with Highway 95. Stay

on 3, left. 37.75 km Bridge over Moyie River. 38.45 to 38.75 km Road cuts in rusty

Middle Aldridge. 39.95 km Yahk. 40.60 km Yahk Provincial Park. 41.50 km Bridge over Moyie River. 44.15 to 46.80 km Low cuts and outcrops

of Aldridge.

48.70 kIn Rest area. 49.10 kIn Bridge over Moyie River. 49.35 kIn Railroad overpass. 52.90 kIn Beginning of good road cuts in

Aldridge Fonnation. 53.55 kIn Pull over on shoulder on right

and stop.

53.55 kIn Stop 68: Middle Aldridge Formation. Rusty weathering argillite, siltstone and quartzite showing turbidity current sedimentary structures indicative of deep water deposition are observable here on the west limb of the Moyie Anticline. This unit is more than 5000 m thick.

Continue northeast. 54.75 kIn Bridge over Irishman Creek 55.30 kIn Pull over on wide shoulder on

right and stop.

55.30 kIn Stop 69: Moyie Sill. Hornblende quartz diorite sill in Middle Aldridge Formation. These gabbroic sheets are numerous in the Purcell Geanticline and intruded only Low and Middle Aldridge sediment, presumably during deposition of the Aldridge Formation. U-Pb dates indicate a 1.43 Ga time of crystallization. These magmas were probably the heat source for the hydrothermal system that deposited the Sullivan and related vein base metal deposits.

Continue northeast. 55.80 kIn End of nearly continuous

Aldridge exposures. 58.40 to 72.70 kIn Multiple cuts and

exposures of Aldridge Fonnation along highway.

65.65 kIn Midway mine dump on left. 70.05 kIn Bridge over Moyie River. 73.00 kIn Ruins of mill on right. For the

next 10 kIn there are views of Moyie Lake to the left of the highway.

73.15 kIn St. Eugene Mine Point of Interest sign. The exploitation of this

8/23/89 29

Pb-Zn-Ag vein deposit began in 1890 and ended several decades ago.

72.80 to 73.65 kIn Mine dumps on right. 73.65 to 74.00 kIn Moyie. 74.65 to 78.20 kIn Cuts in Upper

Aldridge, rusty-weathering, laminated, dark grey argillite and lighter-grey siltstone.

80.30 kIn Crest of hill. 80.70 kIn Beginning of large cut in Creston

Formation. 81.10 kIn Pull over and park in wide

turnout on left side of highway.

81.10 kIn Stop 70: Creston Formation in large road cut. This formation is composed of 2000 m of tan, green, brown, and purple agrillaceous quartzite, siltstone and argillite with shallow-water sedimentary structures.

Continue northward, past more cuts in Creston Formation.

81.90 to 82.5 kIn Covered interval. 82.50 kIn Beginning of good exposure

including Creston -Kitchener transition.

82.70 kIn Pull over and park in turnout on left side of highway.

82.80 kIn Stop 71: Kitchener Formation in large road cut. This Formation is composed of 2000 m of argillaceous dolostone and dolomitic argillite with shallow water sedimentary structures. Molar tooth structure in the carbonate rocks is a distinctive feature.

Continue northwards, past approximately 2 km of Kitchener Formation exposures in road cuts, including well developed molar tooth structure in silty carbonate beds.

83.95 kIn Bridge over Peavine Creek. 84.80 kIn Cross the Moyie fault. This

structure has a minimum 4000 m reverse/right lateral displacement. We cross it close to the axis of the Moyie Anticline.

30 8/23/89

85.90 km Bridge over Moyie River. Just to the west of this point is the capture site, where the southflowing Lower Moyie River has intercepted the east flowing Upper Moyie River.

86.00 km Road to Moyie Lake Provincial Park on left. Low exposure of Middle Aldridge on right

87.75 km Bridge over Moyie River. 87.85 to 88.50 km Outcrops of Middle

Aldridge Fonnation and Moyie gabbro sill.

92.10 to 92.50 km Exposure of Middle Aldridge Fonnation.

92.25 km Pull over and park on wide right shoulder of highway opposite Lumberton Road coming in from left.

92.25 km Stop 72: Middle Aldridge Fonnation. The rocks here are grey quartz wacke and siltstone with graded beds and sole markings indicating turbidity current deposition. In the middle of the Middle Aldridge, uphill from here, are laminated argillaceous siltstones. The distinctive lamination patterns have been correlated over hundreds of kilometers.

Continue northward. Highway passes a few low exposures of Middle Aldridge. Cliffs to the north are Moyie gabbro sills.

102.70 km Entering Cranbrook. 105.95 km Sharp left at light, following

Highway 3 and 95. 108.75 km Keep left leaving Cranbrook. 109.10 km Underpass. 110.75 to 115.10 km Road cuts in

Kitchener Fonnation. 115.05 km Stay left, on Highway 3,

eastbound. We are now coming into the Rocky Mountain Trench, Kootenay River Valley.

117.85 km To the northeast and east, the Trench and behind it the Hughes Range are visible. At 1 :30 the forested mountain is underlain by erosion-resistant

Purcell Volcanics (andesitic Nichol Creek Fonnation).

118.95 km Rest area. 127.80 km Along this stretch of highway

there are poor exposures of Devonian gypsum.

132.35 km Pull over into paved turnout on left side of highway.

132.35 km Stop 73: View of the Steeples, Hughes Range. Kootenay Steamboats Point of Interest Sign. The Southern Rocky Mountain Trench extends more than 1600 km and defmes the west limit of the Rocky Mountains. Here the Trench structure is a half graben with a prominent 1500 m high fault scarp on the east side of the valley. The last 600 m of movement has been dated as post Miocene by Clague (1974) The listric nonnal fault dips approximately 40° at shallow depths but the dip decreases downward. There is no measureable strike-slip displacement here. The Moyie and Dibble Creek faults match one another, with distinctive hanging wall and footwall Purcell - Paleozoic unconformities on both sides of the Trench. In the east wall of the Trench steeply east-dipping Purcell rocks are visible to the crest of the Range. Cambrian and younger miogeosynclinal strata, unconfonnably overlie the Purcell strata and are steeply dipping to overturned behind the Steeples. On the Trench floor and west side thin Devonian - Mississippian carbonate units rest unconfonnably on Upper Purcell strata. Eocene and Miocene sediments fill deeper parts of the half graben but are poorly exposed because of Quaternary valley deposits.

Continue southeast. 134.20 to 135.40 kIn Long road cut

exposing south dipping Mississippian Rundle Fonnation.

139.95 kIn Right turnoff to Wardner Provincial Park. Stay on Highway 3.

140.40 kIn Bridge over Kootenay River. 141.15 to 141.35 kIn Big cut in Devonian

Palliser Fonnation. 151.75 kIn Junction with road on right to

Jaffray. Stay on Highway 3. 152.55 kIn Small bridge over Little Sand

Creek. From the next 0.8 kIn the highway is pointed towards Sand Creek Valley in the Lizard Range, the physiographic expression of the Sand Creek Fault.

152.90 kIn Pull over on right shoulder and stop.

152.90 kIn Stop 74: Sand Creek view. The Hosmer Thrust Plate on the left, north, overrides the Wigwam Thrust Plate on the right, south, side of the Valley.

Continue eastward. 163.80 kIn Rest area on left. 168.20 kIn Road to right goes to Kikomun

Creek Provincial Park. 168.65 km Road curves left towards Elk

River Valley. 169.05 km Good exposure of Gateway

Fonnation, Upper Purcell Group.

170.30 kIn Junction of Highways 3 and 93. Stay on 3, eastbound.

170.55 kIn Good view of south end of Lizard Range.

171.05 kIn Small road cut in Rooseville Fonnation.

171.30 km Watch for outwash channel by road.

171.40 km Road climbs through thick gravel deposits of Elk River Delta. A glacial outwash terrace formed when the Trench was partially filled by ice.

171.60 kIn Railroad overpass. 172.85 kIn Small exposure of Rooseville

Formation on left

8/23/89 31

174.40 km Pull over on to right shoulder and stop.

174.40 kIn Stop 75: Phillips Formation, Upper Purcell Group. Redbeds with intercalated stromatolitic limestone.

Continue eastward up Elk Valley.

175.65 kIn Approximate position of Wigwam Thrust - Purcell rocks moved eastward over Mississippian rocks. Over the next 4 km we cross Upper Paleozoic miogeosynclinal strata in the southeast-plunging Broadwood Anticline. The Wigwam Thrust is younger than the Hosmer Thrust with which it merges and carries piggyback. Both were folded together over the Broadwood Anticline.

176.05 to 177.45 kIn Good exposures of Rundle and Banff limestone, dipping west.

181.35 kIn In cliff ahead a cave is visible in east dipping massive Rundle limestone.

182.20 kIn Tunnel in Rundle limestone. 182.55 km Pull over into wide turnout on

right.

182.55 km Stop 76: Broadwood Anticline and Fernie Basin. The top of the Rundle limestone is present on the left side of the road. The Elk River lies below us on the right. Across the Elk River towards the northeast one can see the forested ridges underlain by clastic Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Fernie Basin. The river valley follows the weak shales of the Jurassic Fernie Formation.

Continue northward. 182.90 km Pennsylvanian Rocky Mountain

Quartzite outcrops on left. 183.40 kIn Low exposure of dark early

Mesozoic sediment, possibly Spray River, on left.

32 8/23/89

184.75 kIn Dark exposures of shale and sandstone on left.

187.10 kIn Road to Morrissey Provincial Park enters from right.

189.00 kIn View up to mountains on left to see overturned Lizard Range section. Devonian limestone forms the crest of the Range, Pennsylvanian and Permian to Jurassic underlie treed slopes, and the thrust fault is located in Jurassic shale near base of mountain.

191.50 to 192.40 kIn Good exposures of Fernie black shale. Pull over and stop.

192.00 km Stop 77: Fernie Formation, the erodable unit controlling the position of the Elk River here ..

Continue northward. 194.50 km Good views to north along this

stretch of highway - towards Mount Fernie and the Three Sisters. More overturned Paleozoic in the upper plate of the Hosmer thrust.

195.90 km Road from ski area comes in to Highway from left.

197.15 kIn Bridge. 198.90 km Road from Mount Fernie

Provincial Park comes in from left.

200.25 kIn Entering Fernie. 201.20 kIn Bridge over Elk River. 201.40 kIn Three Sisters Motel. End of

Day 4.

---------------------------------==-=~

Day 5 Road Log

0.00 Ian Three Sisters Motel, Fernie. Set odometer to zero. Leave parking lot and head northeast.

1.35 Ian Good view of Mount Fernie and Three Sisters to northwest from right shoulder of road just past Fernie Motor Inn.

1.80 Ian Bridge over Elk River. 1.95 Ian Road cut in dark shale of Fernie

Formation. 4.30 Ian Pull over on right and stop.

4.30 Ian Stop 78: View of Mount Hosmer. Klippe of steeply dipping Devonian to Permian strata over! ying overturned Jurassic section. With correct lighting or thin snow cover the shorelines of glacial Lake Elk are visible on the mountains northwest of Fernie, approximately 300 m above the valley floor. At one time the lake drained east through Crowsnest Pass. Later, as ice retreated, the drainage was reestablished westward into the Rocky Mountain Trench, forming the voluminous coarse terrace deposits there.

Continue northeast. 12.05 Ian Bridge over Elk River. 12.70 Ian Good view at 9:30 of twisted

Paleozoic strata on Mountain to west, left of road and of Fernie Basin at 12:00 to 3:00 to the east, right of road.

17.30 Ian Rest area on left side. 21.65 Ian Cross Railroad tracks. 25.00 to 28.00 Ian Good views at 9:00 to

12:00 of Wilson Fault, in core of overturned anticline outlined by Pennsylvanian - Permian carbonate layers ..

29.40 Ian Poor exposure of Fernie shale on right.

29.90 Ian Sparwood Shopping Center on left.

30.45 Ian Junction with road to north up Elk Valley. Access route to

8/23/89

several large coal mines. Continue on Highway 3, eastward around north end of Fernie Basin.

33

31.95 to 32.05 Ian Road cuts in dark shale of Fernie Formation grading up into sandstone and shale of transition to Kootenay Formation.

32.05 Ian Bridge over Michel Creek. Note the adit of the now defunct Balmer South coal mine on the right. The Balmer seam is 5 to 10 m thick and quite extensive; it is exploited in several mines.

34.20 Ian Tum left to head back up Elk Valley.

34.80 Ian Bridge. 35.60 Ian Road junction. Turn right and

park on shoulder.

35.60 Ian Stop 79a: View of coal mines and processing plant.

Tum around and head back towards Highway 3.

37.00 Ian Back to Highway 3. Turn left. 38.60 Ian Tum off on to gravel on right

side of road and stop.

38.60 Ian Stop 79b: View of coal mines. In this area there are 11 coal seams more than 1 m thick. Underground mining was active from 1899 to about 1980, when the last underground hydraulic operation was closed. Since 1969 production has been from large open-pit mines on Balmer Ridge, to the north.

Continue southeast. 38.65 Ian Bridge over Michel Creek. 38.85 Ian Westar Mine entrance on left.

Balmer underground mine on right. This was an underground hydraulic operation, closed about 1980. The slurry was carried by pipe and conveyor to the coal processing plant north of the highway.

34 8/23/89

40.15 kIn Westar offices on right. 40.95 kIn Old mine entrance on left. 41.75 to 42.20 kIn Ruins of old coke

ovens on left. 43.10 kIn Bridge over Michel Creek. 43.60 kIn Poor exposure of Kootenay

Formation on right. 43.90 kIn Coal measures visible across

river on left. 46.00 kIn Poorly exposed Kootenay on

right. 47.60 kIn Bridge over Michel Creek 47.85 km Road from Byron Creek

Colleriers comes in from right. 48.10 kIn Crossing railroad track. 48.95 kIn Approximate position of

Erickson fault, a normal fault with west side down.

49.05 kIn Good road cut in upper Paleozoic carbonate section.

49.65 kIn Bridge over Carbon Creek. 50.00 km Approximate position of

Alexander thrust fault. 51.05 kIn Road curves right. 51.40 kIn Road curves left. Road cut in

Fernie black shale. 53.30 kIn High Rock Range straight ahead. 53.90 to 54.30 kIn Rocky Mountain

Formation well exposed on left. 54.60 km Road to Crowsnest Provincial

Park enters from left. 54.95 to 56.65 kIn Dipslope on left in

Rundle Formation. 55.75 kIn Crowsnest Pass Point of Interest

sign. 56.95 km Road cuts in upper Paleozoic

carbonate. 56.95 to 57.80 kIn Crossing between

lakes. 58.40 kIn Small bridge over Crowsnest

Creek. 58.85 kIn Lime works on left. 59.40 kIn Large cuts in upper Paleozoic

carbonate begin. 59.70 kIn Pull over and stop in parking lot

by Crowsnest Lake on left side of Highway.

59.70 kIn Stop 80: Examine Devonian Palliser to Mississippian Rundle section with well displayed contraction and extension structures in upper plate of Lewis thrust.

Continue eastward. 60.55 kIn Small lake on right. 60.75 to 61.00 kIn Road cut in Devonian

carbonate. 61.40 to 61.60 kIn Notch cut in Devonian

carbonate. 61.80 km Tum in and park where gravel

road comes in on right. Walk back to viewpoint.

61.68 kIn Stop 81: Crowsnest Mountain view (Figure 8). Lewis thrust and its klippe of Devonian -Mississippian carbonate on Upper Cretaceous shales.

Continue eastward. 62.15 to 61.45 km Road cuts in

Cretaceous Belly River shale. 63.65 kIn Bridge over Crowsnest River. 63.95 kIn Railroad overpass. 65.60 kIn Gas plant on right. 66.95 kIn Road cut in dark grey Upper

Cretaceous Alberta Group shale. 67.60 kIn Volcanic rock point of interest

sign on left - not in correct location.

68.35 kIn Large road cut in mid Cretaceous Crowsnest Volcanics begins.

68.45 km Pull over on right shoulder and stop.

68.45 kIn Stop 82: Crowsnest Volcanics, Iron Ridge. View back towards Lewis thrust. The Crowsnest Formation here is 320 m (approximately its maximum thickness) of pyroclastic and epiclastic rocks composed of alkaline trachyte and phonolite fragments. K-Ar dates of 100 Ma indicate this is of the same age as magmatic rocks we have seen from the Coast Mountains to the Stagleap Summit stock. Small intrusive bodies of alkaline syenite in the Rocks Mountains are likely intrusive equivalents to the Crowsnest Volcanics. These, like the Crowsnest, are very Sr rich (thousands of ppm)

and have relatively low initial 87Srj86Sr ratios (circa 0.705).

Continue eastward. 69.85 to 70.2 km Blainnore shale

exposure in road cut. 70.60 km Pull over and stop on wide paved

shoulder of highway.

70.60 km Stop 83: Cadomin Conglomerate unconformably overlying Kootenay Formation and underlying Blainnore Formation. The Cadomin is a distinctive chert pebble conglomerate about 125 Ma old. Its deposition may have been the result of thermal uplift of the Rocky Mountains at the beginning of Cretaceous magmatism and orogeny.

Continue eastward. 70.75 km Exposure of Kootenay

Formation at the base of the Coleman Thrust Plate.

71.40 km Center of Coleman, just past Belly River sandstone outcrops.

71.65 km Cardium Sandstone of the Alberta Group.

73.40 km Blainnore shales exposed by road.

74.00 km Low ridge on left is underlain by Kootenay Formation coal measures.

74.65 km Exit to Blainnore on right. Stay on Highway 3.

75.30 km View of Turtle Mountain at 2:00. 76.55 km Kootenay Formation in road cut

on left. 77.10 to 78.55 km Good exposures of

upper Paleozoic carbonate section on both sides of road - in upper plate of Turtle Mountain thrust.

77.80 km Road from Blainnore comes in on right.

77.95 km Bridge over Crowsnest River. 78.60 km Approximate position of Turtle

Mountain Thrust. 79.00 km Bridge over Crowsnest River.

Frank slide coming in to view.

8/23/89 35

80.00 km Sharp left turn onto road into Frank Slide Visitor Center.

80.05 to 80.45 km Good exposure of Blainnore sandstone on right.

81.20 km Sharp right turn. Cuts in Blainnore continue up to parking lot.

81.75 km Park in Visitor Center lot.

81.75 km Stop 84: Frank Slide Visitor Center. Displays describe the history of coal mining and the disasters related to mining activities. The slide occurred on April 29, 1903. More than 76 people were killed. On Turtle Mountain the Rundle Group forms a tight anticline truncated downwards by the gently dipping Turtle Mountain Fault. Below the fault are coal measures of the Kootenay Formation, in the steeply dipping west limb of the Hillcrest Syncline. Climb up to nearby hilltop for view of Livingstone Range (Figure 9) from outcrops of Blairmore conglomerate.

Retrace track back to Highway 3. 83.45 km Turn left at Highway 3 to

continue southeast. 83.50 to 85.40 km Crossing Frank Slide. 83.90 km Frank Slide Point of Interest sign

and turnout on right. 85.70 and 86.30 km Road cuts in

Blainnore. 86.90 km Note coal mine tunnel entrance

on left. 87.65 km Kootenay Formation coal

measures. 89.00 km Kootenay sandstones in road

cuts. 89.95 km Road curves left. 91.00 km Road cuts in Blainnore

Formation. 91.80 and 93.20 km Blainnore sandstone

exposures in road cuts. 95.20 km Junction with Highway 507.

Stay on Highway 3. 95.30 km Approximate position of

Livingstone Thrust.

36 8/23/89

97.65 km Rock Creek Road comes in on left.

98.60 km Belly River sandstone ridges at 1 :00 to 3 :00.

99.00 and 99.30 km Belly River sandstone.

99.70 km Turn right to Lundbreck Falls. 100.90 km Park in lot at Falls.

100.90 km Stop 85: Lundbreck Falls. Belly River Sandstone is all around and is the resistant unit supporting the Falls.

Tum left out of parking lot -back towards highway.

102.05 km Turn right onto Highway 3. 102.30 km Belly River Sandstone ridge.

The route crosses the crest of an anticline just ahead East dipping Belly River Sandstone is visible in the Crowsnest River and on the ridge east of here.

103.75 km Approximately on axis of fold. 104.10 km Turn left, north - to Turner

Valley and Longview via Highway 22.

104.40 km Road climbs through cut in east dipping Belly River Sandstone.

109.80 km Route is northwards. The Porcupine Hills are visible to the right, east and the Livingstone Range to the left, west.

116.70 km On the hill to the northwest sandstone bedding traces outline a synform.

119.25 km Road curves right. 121.90 km Road curves left. 122.70 km Graded surface begins (1987). 127.40 km View of whale back ridge to

northwest. 128.10 km Road 517 comes in from left. 128.15 km Stop on shoulder of road just

before bridge.

128.15 km Stop 86: Upper Cretaceous Saint Mary Formation sandstone and shale, visible in river cut. These sediments are approximately at the marine to freshwater transition, at the

decline of the Cretaceous seaway.

Continue northward. 128.25 km Bridge over Oldman River. 133.45 km East dipping sandstone bedding

traces visible on hill to northwest. The regional dip here is eastward into the Alberta syncline.

138.30 to 140.45 km Spectacular meanders visible to right in underfit valley of Callum Creek which the road is following northwards.

140.35 km For the next 4 km Willow Creek Shale is exposed in gulleys and badlands across the valley to the east, right. The road turns northeast to climb section and elevation into the Porcupine Hills.

143.50 km Pull over on shoulder and stop.

143.50 km Stop 87: View of Willow Creek Formation and Porcupine Hills.

Continue northward. 147.60 km Road curves left. Ahead the

cuts are in Paleocene Paskapoo (or Porcupine Hills) Formation.

148.45 km Junction with Road 520. Stay on 22.

149.40 to 158.45 Siltstone and sandstone exposed in new road cuts.

164.75 km Chimney Rock Road on left. 166.45 km Riley Road on right. 171.60 km ChainLakes come into view

ahead. 175.10 km Bridge over North Willow

Creek. 175.30 km Junction with Road 533.

Nanton to right, Chain Lakes to left. Stay on 22.

179.85 km High point with good views of mountains to west.

180.55 km East dipping sandstone visible in gulch by road.

185.60 km North end of Chain Lakes. 186.45 km Road 532 junction on the left. 188.00 km First distant view of Turner

Valley anticline.

191.40 km Road crosses perpendicular to Highway 22.

197.50 km Bridge. Occasional oil and gas wells are now seen.

200.75 km Road 540 crosses perpendicular to Highway 22.

203.65 km Bridge. 209.15 and 211.90 km More crossroads. 211.95 km Pull over on right shoulder and

stop.

211.95 km Stop 88: View of Turner Valley anticline and town of Longview. At the surface the structure is a broad anticline outlined by a Belly River sandstone ridge. In the subsurface imbricate Mississippian limestone is the reservoir for oil and gas. The field was discovered in 1914, and was Albertas first major oil field. More than 100 million barrels of oil have been recovered.

Continue northwards. 213.30 km Bridge over Highwood River.

Upper Cretaceous Edmonton Formation exposed in river bank.

213.95 km Longview, pavement resumes. Continue north on 22 towards Black Diamond.

231.70 km Stop. Turn right onto Highway 7.

8/23/89 37

244.00 km Large glacial erratic in field on left, carried by ice from the vicinity of Jasper, 350 km to the northwest.

251.10 km Turn left onto 2A, towards Calgary.

261.90 km Merge into Highway 2. 280.30 km Turn right onto Anderson Road

to 2N. 283.70 km Merge onto Deerfoot Trail, still

2N. 298.50 km Exit onto Highway 1. Right

turn onto IE. 299.90 km Turn right onto 19th St. NE to

Quality Inn. End of field trip.or continue on IE to Airport:

300.80 km Exit right onto Barlow Trail, northbound towards Airport. Follow signs to Airport parking or unloading areas.

310.40 km Calgary Airport. End offield trip.

We thank W.H. Mathews and L. J. Anderton for several suggestions and corrections to early drafts of this road log. The geologic map is from John Wheeler, an enlargement of part of the new Tectonic Assemblage Map of the Canadian Cordillera (Wheeler and McFeely, 1987), with extensive editing and modification by RLA, based on numerous detailed maps and unpublished geochronometry.

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TECTONIC BELTS

Diagram 1. Simplified terrane and tectonic belt maps for western Canada.

7 .............

Diagram 3. Schematic terrane topology ( strike-slip movement on Fraser - Straight Creek fault system removed) for the Coast -Cascade region, southwestern British Columbia and vicinity (from Armstrong, 1988b)

major composite terranes whose

I II: components apparent 1 y coa 1 esced , prior to accretion to the

I~orth Ameri can p 1 ate

...---I---. E Eastern

assemblage (of Monger 1977

Q Quesne 11 i a

Cc Cache Creek

St Stikinia

Br Bri dge Ri ver

CcCascadi a I~~~I «<

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urn 0···· ~ .... '" to .. & ..

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Pacifi c Be lt of t~ull er,

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Figure 2. Distribution and nature of probably allochthonous (or suspect) terranes in the Canadian Cordillera. Each terrane is characterized by a distinctive. laterally persistent stratigraphic record or has a stratigraphic style featuring extreme disruption (melange. in part). The heavy lines delinate terranes (I. II) composed of smaller terranes that coalesced prior to accretion to North America. The Sr"7: Sr"6line (Armstrong and others. 1977; Armstrong, 1979 and personal communication) marks the probable western limit of Precambrian continental crust at the ancient continental margin or in blocks that may be displaced outboard from it. Boundaries of the five belts in Figure I are given for reference: note the rough correspondence between the two high grade belts (OCB. CPC) and the boundaries of I. II and the autochthonous terrane.

Diagram 2. Terranes of the Canadian Cordillera (from Price et aI., 1981)

· · i .. ~ · .. •

CASCADE

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,

t .~

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. 1 E

. c o .. ~ ~

SYSTEM

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..... NORTHERN ~r-------------------------'-----------------'-----------~------------~ n Western Zone Axial Zone Hozameen-

Bridge R.

~ DISCONFORMITY ~ ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY

FillUre 43. Major lithological units of the Nonhem Cascade System, their relationships to one another and to the structural elements of the Cascades.

Diagram 5. Schematic diagram relating major lithologic units of the North Cascades (from Price et aI., 1981)

--~--~-------~----------- --------------------

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0

2000

METRES

ROOSVILLE

NICOL CREEK

z o tI/) W ~ U

w () Q ~ 0 ..... «

w a C

~

<>:: w ~ 0 ....

-+-.-<' . .., .-<' . .., .-<' -+-

-+-

...JJ.L.

...JJ.L.

...JJ.L.

...JJ.L.

...JJ.L.

UNCONFORMITY

.' ~ ~ <>:: Q.. ;:,

'" 9 ~ ~ ;:,

'" 1 AMYGDOLOtDAL,

BASIC VOLCANICS

.... <1: C

~ <>:: Q.. ;:,

'" 0 0-.... <1: Q .... '" ;:,

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t '" C w

'" .... :.:: U

~ w .... is <C <>:: ;:, .... 0:: w ~ ~

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LEGEND

GAMYGDALOIDAL BASALT

IEgmm~1 QUARTZITE, QUARTZ WACKE

It=====J ARGILLITE. SIL TITE

_I It! I DOLOMITE, DOLOMITIC SILTSTONE. ARGILLACEOUS LIMESTONE

_INTRUSIVE DIORITE SILL OR DYKE

SYMBOLS

CROSSBEDDING , , , .•............. ...JJ.L.

GRADED BEDDING ................ -=-LAMINATED .•...•............ , .. =

LENTICULAR BEDDING . , .....•..•.. -

MUD CRACKS .•.•..••........... -+-RIPPLE CROSS-LAMINATION ....•.... .-<'

RIP-UP CLASTS ....... , .......... • ..,

SCOUR AND FILL ••.....•........ . -....r

STROMATOLITES .....•.•......... A

OOLITES •........•.............. 0."

FIGURE 4. A composite stratigrapbic column of tbe Purcell Supergroup in tbe Moyie Lake area (St. Eugene area of Fig. 2); (from Hoy and Diakow, 1982).

Diagram 6. Purcell Supergroup Stratigraphy (from H~y, 1982)

MAIN RANGES

ROCKY MOUNTAIN TRENCH

I sw

FRONT RANGES FOOTHILLS INTERIOR PLATFORM

HORIZONTAL SCALE o mil ..

ALBERTA

PLEISTOCENE

100 I~ ,

.EOMONT~

-~~--L U.S.A.

NE

SHIELD TYPE BASEMENT

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING LITHOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY FROM THE INTERIOR PLATFORM

TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN TRENCH

~ ~SHALE

FIGURE 2'1

LEGEND

It~ ~~~6~T5~~STONE , 1':'>::'\:/ MAINLY MARINE SANDS Wll~A'~ SANDSTONE, CONGLOMERATE.

\~, ~ LL' EVAPORITE

~LlMESTONE

~DOLOMITE

,~*~~ ANHYDRITE ,GYPSUM

~ LIMESTONE WITH CHERT

I g] COAL

AFTER PA. ZEIGLER, SHELL CANADA LTD.

Diagram 7. Rocky Mountain to Platform stratigraphy, BanffCalgary region (from Monger and Preto, 1972)

•

Diagram 8. Phanerozoic stratigraphy of the Crowsnest Pass area (from Jackson et al. 1981)

Figure 1. View northwest from Spanish Banks. The southern peaks and slope of the Coast Mountains are underlain by crystalline rocks of the Coast Plutonic Complex (Mz CPC) - gabbro to granodiorite of Mesozoic age with pendants of amphibolitic schist and gneiss (pre-Jurassic Twin Islands Group and Lower Cretaceous clastic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Gambier Group. Bowen Island is greenstone, chert, and greywacke of intermediate age. The 10 to 15° south slope is an exhumed Late Cretaceous erosion surface beneath the Late Cretaceous (Campanian -Rouse et at, 1975) part of the Burrard Formation. The Cretaceous -Eocene contact occurs in Stanley Park, just west of Third Beach (behind the sculpture).

Figure 2. Panoramic view of Vancouver and the Strait of Georgia from the view stop on the Cypress Bowl Highway. View towards the southeast (left), south, and southwest (right) looking across Burrard Inlet and the city of Vancouver to parts of Washington state and the Insular Belt of British Columbia. All the foreground, underfoot, is Early Cretaceous granite of the Coast Plutonic Complex. In the middle distance (including Stanley Park, Vancouver, Point Grey, the Fraser River Valley, and the Gulf Islands on the south and southwest sides of the Strait of Georgia) is the Nanaimo - Burrard -Kitsilano-Chuckanut-Huntington composite basin filled with Late Cretaceous to Recent sediment that covers multiple and poorly understood terrane sutures. The ridges and mountains of the southeast (left) skyline are underlain by the North Cascade thrust system (NCTS) - west- to northwestvergent, imbricated Paleozoic to mid Cretaceous rocks of a variety of tectonic settings. The Twin

Sisters is a large dunite body along the imbricate zone of the Shuksan thrust. The southwest skyline (right) is Vancouver Island, underlain by Wrangellia (the southern part of the Insular Composite Terrane). Rocks there range from Paleozoic to Jurassic, are overlapped unconformably by the Late Cretaceous to Recent basin deposits and intruded north of here by Early Cretaceous plutons of the Coast Plutonic Complex. Early Cretaceous plutons also cut and postdate movement on thrusts of the NCTS in southern British Columbia but movement continued on thrusts in the San Juan Islands into Late Cretaceous time. At Prospect Point (south side of First Narrows), near Jer~cho Beach, and at several other localities in Vancouver Oligocene mafic dikes intrude Late Cretaceous to Eocene sediments. The Pleistocene volcano, Mount Baker may be visible more to the east - left of the view shown in the figure.

Figure 3. View down Sumas River Valley, northeastward towards the Fraser Valley and town of Hope. The nearby hill on the left, part of Sumas Mountain, Is underlain by Huntington Formation (Eocene) dipping about 10° southwest Into the Whatcom sedimentary basin (note the visible sandstone ledges). The farther, higher part of Sumas Mountain Is Jurassic Harrison Lake Formation (porphyritic metavolcanic rocks) Intruded by Mesozoic biotite-hornblende and hornblende quartz diorite. The genUe westward sloping surface of Sumas Mountain is the exhumed pre-Huntington erosion surface. On the right is Vedder Mountain. Its crest is Mesozoic clastic sediment (Nooksack Group). The lower slope and north end are Vedder Complex - Late Paleozoic moderately high pressure epidote amphibolite and garnet-mica schist, in fault contact with the Nooksack Group. A major structural discontinuity must lie beneath the Sumas Valley here - separating Coast Plutonic Complex on the north from North Cascade imbricate zone to the south. The distant high peaks beyond Vedder Mountain are in the Chilliwack Imbricate Zone, just southwest of the Miocene Mount Barr granodiorite.

•

Figure 4. Panoramic view of the Okanagan Valley from a hill southeast of Okanagan Falls. The view is towards the eastsoutheast, on the left, to westsouthwest, on the right. The gently west-dipping Okanagan Valley fault separates steeply east dipping sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the White Lake Basin (T) in its upper plate, on the far right, from mylonitic paragneiss of the Vaseaux Formation (~) in its lower plate. A Proterozoic age for the Vaseaux Formation is inferred from Sr and Nd isotope analyses of gneisses. Mylonitic foliation in the lower plate parallels the fault surface; a prominent lineation, which lies in the foliation and trends northwest, is imposed on rocks in the lower plate as young as Eocene. Lenticular sheets and blobs of foliated granitic rocks in the lower plate are of Jurassic(?) and Cretaceous age (Parkinson, 1985). Displacement on the fault is estimated to be several tens of kilometers (Parkinson, 1985; Tempelman-Kluit and Parkinson, 1986).

.(

/

. ?%;-M~.· ?z.-M-z..

: ..... .

Figure 5. Anarchist Mountain Overlook. Panoramic view of Okanagan Valley from north, on the right, to south, on the left, looking generally west. Underfoot is the Early Jurassic (Parkinson, 1985) Osoyoos gneissic quartz diorite(E..R i) in the footwall of the Okanagan Valley fault. Far to the south, at the left end of the view, is the Colville batholith • another lower plate exposure, part of the Okanogan Dome in Washington State. Upper plate rocks are mid Paleozoic to Triassic (pz· Mz) eugeosynclinal sedimentary and volcanic rocks • chert, greenstone, and greywacke, multiply deformed and cut by Jurassic plutons (~i), all unconformably overlain by Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks (E). In the distance the Middle Jurassic (Parkinson, 1985) Similkameen batholith (mJ:fi) is visible on a clear day. The dip of the Okanagan Valley fault is not well controlled here but is probably intermediate (30 to 45°) and its displacement is on the order of 10 Kilometers.

Figure 6. View across the Kettle River Valley to faulted east-dipping Eocene sedimentary and igneous rocks of the Greenwood map area (Little, 1983). Upper Paleozoic (pz) Knob Hill Group chert and greenstone, visible in the hill on the far right, are unconformably overlain by Eocene Kettle River Formation (Ekrs) clastic sediment with minor volcanic layers which is overlain in turn by Eocene Marron Formation (Emv) trachyte flows and both are intruded by syenite and diorite dikes and sills of the Eocene Marron Formation (Em i). That entire sequence is disrupted by numerous normal faults - mostly west side down within the field of view, creating an inverse imbricate structure characteristic of zones of extreme brittle extension.

•

Figure 7. Panoramic view from south (left) to north (right) looking generally westward across the Columbia River from lookout stop east of Blueberry Creek, and the town of Kinnard, B. C.. We stand on mylonitlzed gneiss (Trail Gneiss? - t) In the lower plate of the Siocan Lake-Champion Lake fault (S.-C. F.), which Is located directly above us to the east. Sentinel Mountin, to the north is composed of -169 Ma Nelson batholith (mJ i). The anticlinal structure to the west is a fold In the -110 Ma Castlegar (Kinnard) Gneiss, with the Valkyr shear zone (V.S.Z.) above it. In the hanging wall of the Valkyr shear zone are Jurassic (165-170 Ma) granitic rocks (mJ I - Trail and Mackie plutons) and metamorphosed Mount Roberts Group strata (C). The College Creek stock (ETi - 47.2±0.5 Ma) intrudes the Valkyr Shear Zone. To the north in the southern Valhalla Range, the Early Tertiary intrusions (ETi) of the Ladybird (55-58 Ma) and Airy (62±1 Ma) suites can be seen as gently east-dipping sheets.

J

Figure 8. Lewis thrust and Crowsnest Mountain klippe from highway just east of Crowsnest Pass. Devonian - Mississippian miogeosynclinal carbonate (Devonian Fairholm - Alexo, Palliser, Mississippian Exshaw, Banff, and Rundle formations) in the upper plate are well exposed. Upper Cretaceous Alberta Group and Belly River Formation sand and siltstone in the lower plate are covered by vegetation and soil.

Figure 9. Livingstone Range, viewed towards the northeast from a hill above the Frank Slide Visitor Centre. The upper plate of the Livingstone thrust is here composed of south- plunging en echelon folds cored by massive Upper Paleozoic carbonate strata (pz). Triassic - Jurassic strata (Mz) occur on the west (distant) flank of the Range on the right and all along the lower slopes of the east (closer) side of the Range. Cretaceous strata underlie the valley in the foreground. Immediately in front of the observation point is a conglomerate in the Upper Cretaceous Blairmore Formation (Kb).

--- ----~-------------------

Explanation: Map Patterns and Acronyms Scale 1 :500,000

GRANITOID PLUTONS

Intermediate to silicic 1+ +' 1 Mafic

Ultramafic

VOLCANIC ROCKS Calc-Alkaline

Tholeiitic-Mafic

Alkaline

t~ v :, ~I I~ y YyYJ

Fault and Pluton names are shown on map. Field trip stops are numbered in sequence on map on or near trace of Highway 1 from Vancouver to Hope and Highway 3 from Hope to Alberta.

Vancouver Island ETim ETv uK JK E..RV E.Ri E.Rim ~v

Di pz

Eocene Paleocene-Eocene Upper Cretaceous Jurassic-Cretaceous Lower Jurassic Early Jurassic Early Jurassic and older Upper Triasssic Devonian Devonian-Permian

San Juan Islands ET uK JK Jvi Js PJ:t Ot

Eocene Upper Cretaceous Jurassic-Cretaceous Late Jurassic Late Jurassic Mid-Paleozoic to Jurassic Early Paleozoic

Sooke Gabbro Metchosin Basalt Nanaimo Group Leech River - Pacific Rim Melanges Bonanza Volcanics Island Intrusions Wark-Colquitz Gneisses Karmutsen Basalt Saltspring Intrusions Sicker Group

Chuckanut Formation Nanaimo Group Constitution-lummi-Haystack Formations Fidalgo Ophiolite Cypress Ultramafic Deadman Bay and Orcas Groups Turtleback Complex

Coast - Cascades to Pasayten Fault TQv Pliocene-Quaternary mTv Oligocene-Miocene mTi Oligocene-M iocene

ETv Eocene ETs Eocene ETi Eocene ET Eocene LKn Late Cretaceous uK Upper Cretaceous

LKi Later Late Cretaceous mUKv Early Upper Cretaceous mKi middle Cretaceous K Cretaceous G Lower Cretaceous JK Upper Jurassic-Lower

Cretaceous JKv Jurassic-Cretaceous JKi Jurassic-Cretaceous LJ i Late Jurassic J Jurassic

.R Lower to Middle Jurassic Jv Middle Jurassic EJv Lower Jurassic "RJ Upper Triassic-Lower

Jurassic "R.R Triassic-Jurassic "RJs Triassic-J u rassic L"Ri Late Triassic "R Triassic "'Rc Triassic P~ Permian-Jurassic PJ Permian-Jurassic CPm Carboniferous-Permian DP Devonian-Permian ill Precambrian(?) and

Early Paleozoic n (or suffix n) m

Garibaldi Volcanics Pemberton Volcanics Pemberton Intrusives, including Chilliwack batholith Volcanics Sediments Intrusives Chuckanut, Huntington, and other Formations Custer and Skagit Gneiss Nanaimo-Burrard Gp., Virginian Ridge Fm., and other Sediments Bendor and other Intrusives Midnight Peak Formation Squamish, Eldorado, and other Intrusives Pasayten-Winthrop-Jackass Mtn. Fms. Gambier Group Nooksack-Relay Mountain-Peninsula and other Formations Volcanics Intrusives, undated Intrusives Ladner-Dewdney Creek Fms., including Triassic Spider Peak Fm., Darrington Phyllite Harrison Lake Formation Wells Creek Volcanics Shuksan Greenschist Cultus Formation

Settler(?) Schist Settler-Chiwaukum Schist Marblemount Intrusives Siollicum Formation Cadwallader Group Bridge River-Hozameen/Hozomeen Cogburn Creek Group Vedder Complex Chilliwack Group Yellow Aster Complex

Orthogneiss, especially Skagit Gneiss Paragneiss, especially Cascade River Schist

urn Ultramafic Bodies, including Twin Sisters

Pasayten Fault to Okanagan Valley to Kootenay Arc

LTv Late Cenozoic mTv Miocene ETv Eocene ETs Eocene ETi Paleocene-Eocene LKi Late Cretaceous mKv Middle Cretaceous mKi Middle Cretaceous LJKi Late Jurassic-

Early Cretaceous ~i Late Jurassic mJli Middle Jurassic Jv Early Jurassic J Lower Jurassic E.Ai Early Jurassic

JKTi Jurassic to Early Cenozoic L"R i Late Triassic "RJ Upper Triassic-Lower

Jurassic "R Triassic C"R Carboniferous-Triassic CPK Carboniferous-Permian CPA Carboniferous-Permian CP Carboniferous-Permian C Carboniferous-Permian(?) M"R Mississippian-Triassic D"R Devonian-Triassic pz Paleozoic I?Pz Proterozoic-Early

Paleozoic I? Proterozoic EI? Early Proterozoic

n (or suffix n) ug

gn Paleozoic

Valley Basalt Plateau Basalt Kamloops-Marron Volcanics Springbrook-Princeton-Kettle River Fms. Coryell and other Intrusives Intrusives Spences Bridge Volcanics Bayonne-Verde Creek and other Intrusives

Eagle Complex Intrusives Kuskanax-Nelson and other Intrusives Rossland Volcanics Rossland Group Guichon-Copper Mountain and other Intrusives Intrusives, undated Coldwater and other Intrusives Nicola Group, Sicamous Formation

Brooklyn-Ollala Formations Apex Mountain Group Kobau Group Anarchist-Chapperon-Knob Hill Groups Blind Creek Limestone Mount Roberts Formation Cache Creek Assemblage Harper Ranch Group Strata Eagle Bay, Lardeau, and other Formations

Monashee Paragneiss Monashee-Vaseaux-Grand Forks Crystalline Basement Orthogneiss Granodiorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzonite, partly Nelson Intrusives, undated Trail Gneiss

m um umn

Paragneiss Ultramafic

---------_._--------

Ultramafic nodule locality

Kootenay Arc to Rocky Mountains ET Eocene-Oligocene ETv Eocene ETs Eocene ETi Eocene pT Paleocene KT Upper Cretaceous-

Paleocene uKs Upper Cretaceous uK Upper Cretaceous y-y-y middle Cretaceous m Ki middle Cretaceous mK middle Cretaceous JK Upper Jurassic-Lower

Cretaceous m-.R i Middle Jurassic E.R i Early Jurassic Jv Lower Jurassic J Lower Jurassic ~ J Triassic, mostly Upper "'R Triassic PJ Permian-Triassic P~ i Permian-Triassic P Carboniferous-Triassic Cv Carboniferous C Carboniferous Dv1 Devonian-Mississippian OSi{xxxxxx )

-rn Be pz uew uewv ml?P

Ordovician-Si I urian Cambrian-Devonian Proterozoic-Cambrian Paleozoic Upper Proterozoic Upper Proterozoic Middle Proterozoic

me Pv{vvvvvv ) Middle Proterozoic

m I?i Middle Proterozoic um

Kishenehn Formation Volcanics Tiger Fm. and other Sediments Intrusives Paskapoo-Porcupine Hills Formations Willow Creek-St. Mary River-Belly River Formations Sophie Mountain Formation Alberta Group Crowsnest Volcanics Howell Creek, Kaniksu, and other Intrusives Blairmore Group

Kootenay Group Intrusives Flowery Trail Pluton Rossland Volcanics Rossland Group Siocan Group Strata Spray River Assemblage Diatremes Kaslo Group Volcanics Milford Group Rundle Assemblage

Diatremes and Volcanics Rocky Mountain Assemblage Gog Assemblage r?(:.:o~;:::,;,,:] Lardeau ......... ..

Windermere Group I: : : ",I Irene Volcanics of Windermere Group 1-" . v ~ I Purcell Group

Purcell Volcanics Moyie Sills and Hellroaring Creek Pluton (HRC) Ultramafic Bodies

Roadlog and Map References 1

REFERENCES CITED

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Armstrong, R. L., 1988b, Mesozoic-Cenozoic magmatism in the southwestern Canadian Cordillera and northwestern Washington and its relationship to terranes, sutures, and accretion events: 2nd Southern Cordilleran Geology Workshop Sidney, B. c., April 28-29, 1988,3 pp.

Armstrong, R. L., Isaachsen, Clark, and Scott, K. L., unpublished manuscript, Rb-Sr and Sr isotopic study and U-Pb dating of Vancouver Island igneous rocks and related Island Intrusions and of the Coast Plutonic Complex and Early Cenozoic igneous rocks of Vancouver Island, British Columbia.

Armstrong, R. L., van der Heyden, P., and Ghosh, D., 1989, The 2.1 to 2.3 Ga basement under Quesnellia between 47° and 53° N: Lithoprobe Cordilleran Workshop, February,1989, Abstracts, p. 60.

Armstrong, R. L. and Ward, Peter, in press, Late Triassic to earliest Eocene magmatism in the North American Cordillera: Implications for the Western Interior Basin: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper.

Bally, A. W., Gordy, P. L., and Stewart, G. A., 1966, Structure, seismic data, and orogenic evolution of southern Canadian Rocky Mountains: Bulletin Canadian Petroleum Geology v. 14, p. 337-381.

Barksdale, J. D., 1975, Geology of the Methow Valley, Okanagan County, Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 68, 72 p.

Beddoe-Stephens, B. and Lambert, R. St J., 1981, Geochemical, mineralogical, and isotopic data relating to the origin and tectonic setting of the Rossland volcanic rocks, southern British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 858-868.

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Brown, E. H. and 14 others, 1986, Geologic map of the Northwest Cascades, Washington.

Brown, R. L., Fyles, 1. T., Glover, J. K., H0Y, T., Okulitch, A. V., Preto, V. A., and Read, P. B., 1981, Southern Cordillera cross-section - Cranbrook to Kamloops: Geological Assocation of Canada, Field guides to geology and mineral deposits, Calgary, 1981, Meeting, p. 335-372.

Cheney, E. S., 1980, Kettle dome and related structures of northeastern Washington: Geologial Society of America Memoir 153, p. 463-483.

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Cheney, E. S., Rhodes, B. P., and McMillen, D. D., 1982, Metamorphic core complexes and low-angle faults of northeastern Washington, in, S. Roberts and D. Fountain, editors, Tobacco Root Geological Society, 1980 Field Conference, Guidebook.

Christopher, P. A., 1978, East Okanagan uranium area (Kelowna to Beaverdell) south-central British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources Preliminary Map 29.

Church, B. N., 1980, Geology of the Kelowna Tertiary outlier (west Half); British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources Preliminary Map 39.

Church, B. N., 1985, Volcanology and structure of Tertiary outliers in south-central British Columbia. Geologial Society of America Cordilleran Section Field Trip Guidebook, Vancouver, B. C., May, 1985 Meeting, Trip 5, 46 pp.

Clague, J. J., 1974, The St. Eugene formation and the development of the southern Rocky Mountain Trench: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 11, p. 916-938.

Cook, F. A., Green, A. G., Simony, P. S., Price, R. A., Parrish, R. R., Milkereit, B., Gordy, P. L., Brown, R. L., Coflin, K. c., and Patenaude, C., 1988, Lithoprobe seismic reflection structure of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera: Initial results: Tectonics v. 7, p. 157-180.


Cook, F. A, Simony, P. S., Coflin, K. C., Green, A G., Milkereit, B., Price, R. A., Parrish, R. R., Patenaude, C., Gordy, P. L., and Brown, R. L., 1987, Lithoprobe southern Canadian Cordilleran transect: Rocky Mountain thrust belt to Valhalla gneiss complex: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society v. 89, p. 91-98.

Daly, R. A., 1912, Geology of the North American Cordillera at the Forty-Ninth Parallel: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 38, 3v., 857 pp.

Ewing, T. E., 1980, Paleogene tectonic evolution of the Pacific Northwest: Journal of Geology v. 88 p. 619-638.

Friedman, R. M. and Armstrong, R. L., 1988, Tatla Lake Metamorphic Complex: An Eocene metamorphic core complex on the southwestern edge of the Intermontane Belt of British Columbia: Tectonics v. 7, p. 1141-1166.

Fuji, Toshitsugu and Scarfe, C. M., 1982, Petrology of ultramafic nodules from West Kettle River, near Kelowna, southern British Columbia: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology v. 80, p. 297-306.

Fyles, J. T. 1984, Geological setting of the Rossland Mining Camp: British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources Bulletin 74, 61 pp.

Fyles, J. T., 1989, Geology of the pre-Tertiary rocks in the Rock Creek - Greenwood area (82E/2): British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources Paper 1989-1, p. 11-17.

Geological Survey of Canada, 1913, Tanscontinental Excursion Cl. Toronto to Victoria and return via Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways: Geological Survey of Canada Guidebook 8, 386 pp.

Geological Survey of Canada, 1913, Tanscontinental Excursion C2. Toronto to Victoria and return via Canadian Pacific, Grand Trunk Pacific, and National Transcontinental Railways: Geological Survey of Canada Guidebook 9, 164 pp.

Grette, J. F., 1979, Cache Creek and Nicola groups near Ashcroft B. c.: M. S. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C., 88 pp.

Haugerud, R. A., 1985, Geology of the Hozameen Group and the Ross Lake shear zone, Maselpanic area, North Cascades, southwest British Columbia: Ph. D. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 268 pp.

H0Y, Trygve, 1982, Stratigraphic and structural setting of stratabound lead-zinc deposits in southeastern B. c.: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin v. 75, no. 840, p. 114-134.

H0y, T., Edmunds, F. R., Hamilton, J. M., Hauser, R. L., Muraro, T. W., and Ransom, P. W., 1981, Lead-zinc and copper-zinc deposits in southeastern British Columbia: Geological Assocation of Canada, Field guides to geology and mineral deposits, Calgary, 1981, Meeting, p. 41-67.

Irving, E., Monger, J. W. H., and Yole, R. W., 1980, New paleomagnetic evidence for displaced terranes in British Columbia: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 20, p. 441-456.

Irving, E., Woodsworth, G. J., Wynne, P. J., and Morrison, A, 1985, Paleomagnetic evidence for displacement from the south of the Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 22, p. 584-598.

Jackson, P. C. and others, 1981, Geological Highway Map of Alberta: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists.

Klepacki, D. W., 1983, Stratigraphic and structural relations of the Milford, Kaslo and Slocan groups, Roseberry Quadrangle, Lardeau map area, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 83-1A, p. 229-233.

Klepacki, D. W., 1985, Stratigraphy and structural geology of the Goat Range area, southeastern British Columbia: Ph. D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 268 pp.

Lambert R. St. J., H0Y, T., Andrew, K., 1989, Tectonics and mineralization in southeastern British Columbia, in, N. L. Joseph and others, editors, Geologic guidebook for Washington and adjacent areas: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 86, p. 41-88.

Leech, G. B., 1960, Fernie, west half, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Map 11-1960.

Little, H. W., 1957, Kettle River east half, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Map 6-1957.

Little, H. W., 1961, Kettle River west half, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Map 15-1961.

Little, H. W., 1982, Rossland - Trail map area, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 79-26, 38 pp.

Little, H. W., 1983, Geology of the Greenwood map area, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 79-29, 37 pp.

i---------R:adI0g and Map References 3

I

Little, H. W., 1985, Geoogical map and notes, Nelson (west half) map area, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Open File 1195, 47 pp.

McGroder, M. F., Miller, R. B., Haugerud, R. A., and Brandon, M. T., 1989, Elements of the Cascades 'collisional' orogen: A transect from the Methow Basin to the San Juan Islands, in, N. L. Joseph and others, editors, Geologic guidebook for Washington and adjacent areas: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 86, p. 89-162.

McMechan, R. D., 1983, Geology of the Princeton Basin: British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources Paper 1983-3, 52 pp.

McMillan, W. J., 1978, Geology of the Guichon Creek batholith: British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources Preliminary Map 30, 17 pp.

McTaggart, K. C., 1977, Vancouver geology: Geological Association of Canada Field Trip Guidebook, Trip 11, 14 p.

Milford, J. C., 1984, Geology of the Apex Mountain Group, north and east of the Similkameen River, south-central British Columbia: M. S. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 108 pp.

Monger, J. W. H., 1968, Early Tertiary stratified rocks, Greenwood map-area, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 67-42, 39 pp.

Monger, J. W. H., 1970, Hope map-area (west half) B. C.: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 69-47, 75 pp.

Monger, J. W. H., 1983, Bedrock geology of Ashcroft (921) map-area: Geological Survey of Canada Open File 980.

Monger, J. W. H., 1984, Cordilleran tectonics: A Canadian perspective: Bulletin Societe geologique France v. 26, p. 255-278.

Monger, J. W. H., 1986, Geology between Harrison Lake and Fraser River, Hope map-area, southwestern British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 86-lB, p. 699-706.

Monger, J. W. H. and Preto, V. A., 1972, Geology of the southern Canadian Cordillera: 24th International Geological Congress, Montreal, Quebec, 1972, Guidebook for Excursion A03-C03, 87 pp.

Monger, J. W. H., Souther, J. G., and Gabrielse, H, 1972, Evolution of the Canadian Cordillera: A plate tectonic model: American Journal of Science v. 272, p. 577-602.

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r _____________________________ • ______________ O~ ___________ ~_

Roadlog and Map References

Ross, J. v., 1983, The nature and rheology of the Cordilleran upper mantle of British Columbia: inferences from peridotite xenoliths: Tectonophysics v. 100, p. 321-357.

5

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a geological excursion across the canadian cordillera near 49° n (highways 1 and 3 from vancouver...

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