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1
A
GLOBAL/ COUNTRY STUDY AND REPORT
On
“CAMEROON”
Submitted
To
Gujarat Technological University
(Marwadi Education Foundation’s Group of Institutions)
In
Partial fulfillment of the
Requirement of the award for the degree of Master of Business
Administration
Batch: 2011-13
MBA SEMESTER III-IV
(DIV: A)
Marwadi Education Foundation,’s Group of Institutions
MBA PROGRAMME
Affiliated to GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHEMADABAD
2
3
List of the Students with Enrolment Numbers
Enrollment No Student Name
117344592701 MAITRI BHATT
117340592003 GAURAV KAMLESH BALDEV
117340592004 DIMPLE DILIP RAJVIR
117340592005 NISHI MUNISH VARIA
117340592006 PRIYANKA DINESHCHANDRA PAREKH
117340592007 DEEPTHI RAJENDRAN NAIR
117340592009 DARSHIT PARESH MEHTA
117340592011 DHARMESH NAVINBHAI ADESARA
117340592015 DHATRI MUKUNDRAI JASANI
117340592018 HILONI BHUPENDRABHAI RAITHATHA
117340592019 POOJA RAMESHBHAI MADALANI
117340592020 NIKUNJ RAMJIBHAI BHUVA
117340592023 PARIN BHARATBHAI KARIA
117340592025 JATIN MAHESHBHAI MAJITHIYA
117340592026 NIRMAL NARANBHAI BHIMANI
117340592027 KUSHAL BIPINBHAI LAKHANI
117340592029 JAYKUMAR PARESHKUMAR MEHTA
117340592030 KUSHAL DIVYESHBHAI NATHWANI
117340592034 PRIT DHARMENDRABHAI KATARIA
117340592036 HARSHA PRAHLADBHAI SATRAMANI
117340592037 SAGAR HITESHBHAI SHETH
117340592038 PRANAVKUMAR PRAVINSINH JADEJA
117340592040 BHUMI VASANTLAL KARELIYA
117340592041 SHWETA HEMANTBHAI DOSHI
117340592042 PAYAL NITINBHAI TANNA
117340592043 HIRAL ASHOKBHAI VYAS
117340592044 KRUPALI DILIPKUMAR KARIYA
117340592045 HARI BHANJIBHAI HINGARAJIA
117340592046 SAGAR DAMJIBHAI CHANGELA
117340592054 AJAY MAGANLAL MAKWANA
117340592056 RADHIKA RAMESHBHAI GOHEL
117340592057 MONIKA PRAVINSINH PARMAR
117340592058 ANUJ NAVNEETBHAI GONDALIYA
117340592059 MANISH BHARATBHAI MAKVANA
117340592062 RIDDHI NITINBHAI CHAUHAN
117340592063 ABHISHEK DILIPKUMAR JOSHI
117340592070 BHARGAV SHIVAJIBHAI ZAKHELIYA
4
117340592073 PRATIK ASHOKBHAI SOLANKI
117340592074 DIVYESH VINODPARI GONSAI
117340592085 REETA NARANBHAI DANGAR
117340592090 CHETANKUMAR JAYANTILAL VASAVAELIY
117340592093 RIMAL DAMJIBHAI SOLANKI
117340592094 MANISH NARENDRABHAI RAVRANI
117340592097 TRUSHA KAMLESHBHAI BHUT
117340592107 VAIBHAV VIRENBHAI DOSHI
117340592114 VISHAKHA DHIRENDRABHAI SHAH
117340592127 RUTVI PANKAJBHAI VAGADIYA
117340592129 RIDHI MUKESH GANDHI
117340592134 HARSHVARDHANSINH R. RANA
117340592138 JIGNESH VINODBHAI PATEL
117340592143 VINIL KETAN BHAI PAREKH
117340592147 NILAY RASIKBHAI CHANV
117340592149 NARENDRA TALSHIBHAI VARSANI
117340592161 HINESH PARVIBHAI PANCHOLI
117340592162 PRITESH DILIPBHAI GADHETHARIYA
117340592165 MEET BHARATBHAI DOSHI
5
PREFACE
The Global Country Study and Report on “Cameroon” is an attempt to study
various aspects of this selected country and industrial scenario existing in the
country. This report is a part of comprehensive study done by MBA students to
explore Export-Import opportunities with respect to various industries selected by
them.
Due to increased integration and globalization of world economies, business
activities across the globe have increased. Students have been able to acquire the
knowledge of the Global / Country Markets, which would help them do business or
manage investments successfully across national boundaries.
This report also serves a purpose of knowledge resource on one country and
helps many researchers, academicians, industry persons to draw conclusion on
global trade and commerce.
6
Table of Contents
Ser. No.
Topic Page No.
Part-I (PESTEL Analysis of Cameroon)
1 Introduction to Cameroon 7
2 Political Overview 9
3 Economical Overview 20
4 Social Overview 31
5 Technological overview 37
6 Ecological overview 45
7 Legal Overview 50
8 Major Industries of Cameroon 61
9 Major Trade Partners of Cameroon 67
10 Financial Market Overview 73
Part – II (Sector analysis of Cameroon)
11 Agriculture Sector 80
12 Mining Sector 90
13 Financial Service Sector 112
14 Energy Sector 133
15 Tourism Sector 151
16 Education Sector 161
17 Textile Sector 183
18 Fishery 192
19 Automobile Sector 208
7
Introduction to CAMEROON:
Continent- Africa
Region - Central Africa
Size - 475,440 km²
Geography - Mostly flat plains, mountains in west, central
plateau
Language - English & French (official), 24 African languages
Religion - 40% tribal religions, 40% Christian, 20% Muslim
Monetary Unit - Central African CFA Franc
Natural Resources - petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber
Agriculture - coffee, cocoa, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed,
grains, root starches; livestock; timber
Industry - petroleum production and refining, aluminum production,
food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair
Population - 18,060,382 (2007 estimate)
Population Growth Rate - 2.24% Average Life Expectancy - 52.86
Capital City – Yaounde (population 1,248,200)
Largest City - Douala (population
1,430,000)
Highest Mountain - Fako (4,095 m)
Longest River - Sanaga (890km)
Climate - South - tropical - 18°C to 29°C, North - semi-arid - 16°C to 38°C
Yearly Rainfall - South -155cm (approx), North - 87cm (approx) May -
September
Plant Life - rainforest, woodland, savannah grasses
Animal Life - buffalo, elephant, hippopotamus, antelope, Derby eland,
kudu, primates
“Political Overview of CAMEROON”
Enrolment no Name of Students Faculty Guide
117340592025 JATIN MAHESHBHAI MAJITHIYA
Prof. Niraj Vyas
117340592026 NIRMAL NARANBHAI BHIMANI
117340592027 KUSHAL BIPINBHAI LAKHANI
117340592029 JAYKUMAR PARESHKUMAR MEHTA
117340592030 KUSHAL DIVYESHBHAI NATHWANI
117340592034 PRIT DHARMENDRABHAI KATARIA
Cameroon Government:
Country name:
Conventional Long Form: Republic of Cameroon
Conventional Short Form: Cameroon
Former: French Cameroon
Capital: Yaounde
Administrative Divisions: 10 provinces; Adamawa, Centre, East, Far North,
Littoral, North, Northwest, West, South, South-West
Independence: 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)
National Holiday: National Day, 20 May (1972)
Constitution: 20 May 1972
Cameroon has been inhabited for at least 50,000 years according to archaeological
evidence of hunter-gatherers who lived in small, nomadic communities. There is also
evidence that Bantu-speakers originated in western Cameroon and eastern Nigeria
well before the Early Iron Age. From as early as the 10th century commerce brought
Arab and Islamic influences to northern Cameroon – gold, salt, bronze, copper and
especially
slaves were traded. Immigration and conquests also played a role in the growth of
Islam which became a powerful force in the northern and central parts of the country.
The 16th century invasion of the Sao, which had been the most important kingdom in
the region.
In 1472 Portuguese mariners arrived, subsequently naming the area Rio dos
Camaråos. By the 16th century, Cameroon had become a major source of slaves for
the New World, involving the Portuguese, Dutch, British, French and finally the
Americans. It was with the abolition of the slave trade in the early 1800s that the
British and Germans began developing commerce in alternative commodities such as
ivory, rubber and cash crops.
During World War 1 British, French and Belgian armies invaded German Cameroon,
and through the League of Nations it was divided up, beginning a period of British rule
in two small portions in the west and French rule in the remainder of the territory. For
Great Britain it was a marginal province of the colony of Nigeria, while France
considered Cameroun one of its model colonies. The referendum of 1972 which
replaced the old federation of former British- and French- ruled Cameroon with a
republic entitled the Republique du Cameroun was a further reflection of his
consensual style politics.
There was some initial uncertainty and tension. A reform process started as early as
November 1982 followed the peaceful transfer of power. A greater degree of individual
freedom and freedom of expression was tolerated, and a new form of one-party
participatory democracy encouraged, although actions ultimately fell short of words.
By the mid-1980s Biya had succeeded in consolidating his position as head of state
and chairman of party, allowing him to implement a new electoral procedure.
He also abandoned the consensual approach of Ahidjo and the north-south
accommodation of political forces in government. Biya’s style of leadership was more
one of promoting patronage, which acted to undermine efficiency in government and
contribute to the marginalization of a number of important constituencies, especially
northerners and the minority Anglophone community.
By July 1991 more than a dozen parties had been legalized, but Biya had worked
behind the scenes to ensure a political environment that would ensure the
continuation of his presidency. This he did using a“carrot and stick” approach– in a
climate of growing intimidation of the opposition and the press, he granted opposition
parties certain concessions and brought forward legislative elections by one year and
presidential elections by six months.
Biya’s announcement in late 1994 to form a constitutional review committee was
seen as an effort to placate demands for a return to the federal structure from the two
Anglophone provinces, as well as demands for other constitutional reforms A new
constitution was promulgated in January 1996.
Political System:
According to the political system of Cameroon, the government is a republic
multiparty presidential regime which is structured on the French model. Under this
model, power is distributed among the President who is the Head of State, the Prime
Minister, the head of government and the Cabinet ministers. Under the political
system of Cameroon, the Republic is divided into ten regions which are
Amamaoua, Northwest region, East region, Far north region, Littoral, South region,
Center region, Southwest region, North region, and West region. All of these
administrative regions are supervised by a Governor, who co-ordinates Divisional
officers, and subdivision officers.
A meeting by the National Assembly is held on a regular basis at the National
capital in Yaounde, where major decisions are taken. There are three parts of political
system or/& political power.
• Executive
• Legislative
• Judiciary
Main Parties in the Political System of Cameroon:
There are several political parties in the political system in the Cameroon but here
describe main political parties of Cameroon.
• Democratic Union of Cameroon
• Cameroon People's Democratic Movement
• Movement for the Defense of the Republic
• Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon
• Movement of Youth of Cameroon
• National Union for Democracy and Progress
• Social Democratic Front
• Union of Peoples of Cameroon
Politics:
The constitution which brought in a multi-party system was adopted in 1992,
and substantially amended in 1996. It provides for a 180-member National Assembly,
elected every five years, as well as an upper chamber, the Senate, which is still to be
set up.
The Constitution originally stipulated a maximum of two presidential terms of
seven years each, though the Cameroon National Assembly controversially removed
term limits in 2008. Cameroon has elected local councils, but constitutional provisions
for Provinces to become Regions with their own elected regional councils have not
been implemented.
The first presidential election under a multi-party system in October 1992 was fiercely
contested and controversial. President Biya was elected by a narrow margin (39-
36%) over the leading opposition candidate, John Fru Ndi of the Social
Democratic Front (SDF).
Political Profile:
Political System: Restricted Democratic Practice
President: Paul Biya (RDPC) [since 6 November 1982; elected 1984, re-elected 1988,
1992, 1997, 2004, and 2011] The President is elected by direct popular vote for a 7-
year term. Electoral System: First past the Post.
Prime Minister: Philémon Yang (RDPC) [since 30 June 2009] The Prime Minister is
appointed by the President.
National Assembly : (180 Seats) Members elected by direct popular vote through
parallel systems - single-member constituencies using the first-past-the-post system
and multi- member constituencies using the party-list proportional representation
system; members serve 5-year terms.
Electoral Authority: Elections Cameroon "ELECAM" Next Scheduled Presidential
Election: 2018
Next Scheduled National Assembly Election: February 2013
Political Union:
There are certain political unions in the political system of the Cameroon besides the
political parties in the Cameroon.
UC - Cameroonian Union
UDC - Cameroon Democratic Union
UFDC - Union of Democratic Forces in Cameroon
UFP - Union for Fraternity and Prosperit
UNC - Cameroonian National Union
UNDP - National Union for Democracy and Progress (center-left, moderate
Islamist)
UPA - Union of African Populations
UPC - Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
Executive branch:
Chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
Head of government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany MUSONGE (since 19
September 1996)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed by the president.
India-Cameroon Bilateral Relation:
Relations between India and Cameroon are friendly and cordial. The
Cameroonian leaders appreciate India’s contributions to Africa, NAM, India’s secular
democracy and economic progress. Shri Mahesh Sachdev, High Commissioner of
India to Nigeria is concurrently accredited to Cameroon and he presented his
credentials to President Paul Biya on January 4 2012.
Bilateral Visits: Despite distance and other constraints, a few high-level visits
exchanged between the two countries are:
From CAMEROON Side:
• The Trade Minister of Cameroon visited India in the last week of March 2003.
• An 11-member Cameroonian delegation led by Secretary General, Mr. Sebastien
Foumane, visited India from August 30-September 2, 2008 for Foreign Office
Consultations.
• In March 2012, Mr Djmoumessi Nganou Emmanuel, Minister of Planning &
Regional Development visited India to attend CII Conclave in New Delhi.
• Cameroon Indomitable Lions participated in Nehru Cup Football tournament in
New Delhi on September 2, 2012.
• Hon’ble Minister of Public Service and Administrative Reforms Mr. Angouen
Michel Ange visited India to participate in a three day conference organised by
Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management
(CAPAM) in October 2012.
From India Side:
• First round of Secretary-level Foreign Office Consultations were held in Yaoundé in
August 2003.
• MOS (AS) met Cameroonian FM at AU Summit in Sharm Al Sheikh, Egypt in
June 2008.
• A 4-member delegation led by Mr. U.Venkateswarlu, Joint Secretary, M/o Food
Processing Industries visited Cameroon (June 19-21, 2012) in connection with the
IAFS-II project to establish the Food Processing Incubation Centre in Cameroon.
Legal System Applicable to the Organization of Elections in Cameroon:
(1) Terms of reference for election organization and the Cameroonian option.
(2) Election institutional framework in force in Cameroon.
• Joint Electoral Commission
• Constitutional Council
• National Election Observatory
Economic Overview of Cameroon:
Enrolment no Name of the students Faculty Guide
117340592043 HIRAL ASHOKBHAI VYAS
Prof. Mahipal Gadhavi
117340592044 KRUPALI DILIPKUMAR KARIYA
117340592045 HARI BHANJIBHAI HINGARAJIA
117340592046 SAGAR DAMJIBHAI CHANGELA
117340592054 AJAY MAGANLAL MAKWANA
117340592056 RADHIKA RAMESHBHAI GOHEL
Economic Overview of Cameroon:
The economy of Cameroon should continue to progress in 2012, when it is expected
to show growth of 4.4% compared to 4.1% in 2011.
At sector level, the outlook for 2012-13 indicates that the primary sector will
show 5% growth, thanks to average growth of 5% in the food-crop sub-sector and
5.7% in the cash- crop sub-sector. The secondary sector is expected to grow 1.4%
over the same period, driven by the construction industry, better energy supply
and higher production in the food- processing and manufacturing industries.
The tertiary sector should progress 3.7%, thanks notably to buoyant conditions in
transport and telecommunications.
Higher growth in 2012 risks generating a 2.7% increase in inflation, but it will still be
below the 3% limit set by the Central African Economic and Monetary Community
(CEMAC). The public finance budgetary balance should improve from -1.3% in 2011
to 0.2% in 2012 on the back of increased oil revenue. The current-account balance
should also improve slightly to show a deficit of 5.4% in 2012 after 6.3% in 2011 as
a result of a reduction in the trade deficit from 3.7% in 2011 to 1.4% in 2012.
A sustained slowdown in economic activity in the euro area could lead to lower
external demand in the medium term, since the European Union is Cameroon’s
main trading partner. In this context, the country’s main task will be to continue
increasing agricultural production, developing infrastructure and consolidating the
energy supply needed to sustain growth. The government will also need to continue
to implement structural reforms aimed at improving economic competitiveness and
the business climate.
A certain number of programmes have been set up to promote the socio-economic
integration of young people but the government needs to ensure that these
programmes are carried out coherently in relation to the national employment
policy. Moreover, employment strategy needs to be based on partnerships
between universities and companies to facilitate the arrival of young people on the
jobs market.
Macroeconomic Indicators Particulars 2010 2011 2012
Real GDP growth 3.2 4.1 4.4
Real GDP per capita growth 1 2 2.2
CPI inflation 1.3 2.5 2.7
Budget balance % GDP -1.1 -1.3 0.2
Current account % GDP -5.8 -6.3 -5.4
The economic rebound observed in 2010 strengthened in 2011, with growth
reaching 4.2 percent (compared with 2.9 percent in 2010), despite a continuing
decline in oil output (Text Table 2). This decline reflected shrinking reserves, aging
equipment, and postponement of some investments following the 2008–09 global
financial crisis. Average inflation edged up to 2.9 percent in 2011 (from 1.3
percent the year before) mostly reflecting a rise in food prices (Figure 5).
However, the freezing of retail prices for petroleum products and subsidized
imports of food contributed to containing measured inflation.
According to National Institute of Statistics data, growth increased from 3.2% in
2010 to 4.1% in 2011. The structure of production shows strong potential in
agriculture, forestry and mining. The sectoral breakdown as a percentage of gross
domestic product (GDP) remains constant from one year to another and is
dominated by the services sector, which represented 46.4% of GDP in 2011,
compared to 43.2% in 2010. The secondary sector represented 26.4% in 2011,
down from 27.7% in .2010
GDP by Sector (percentage of GDP) Particulars 2012 Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting 23.4 Agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries -
of which Agriculture -
Mining and quarrying
7.2 of which oil -
Manufacturing 16.2
Electricity, gas and water 1 Electricity, water and sewerage - Construction 5.5 Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants
19.4 of which hotels and restaurants -
Transport, storage and communication 7
Transport and storage, information and communication - Finance, real estate and business services 10.9 Financial intermediation, real estate services, business and other service - activities General government services 8.1 Public administration & defence; social security, education, health & - social work Public administration, education, health - Public administration, education, health & other social & personal - services Other community, social & personal service activities - Other services 1.2
The primary sector’s contribution, meanwhile, rose from 21.7% to 22.9%, thanks
mainly to food-crop farming and forestry. The agricultural sector contributed 3.1% to
primary-sector growth. The application of stabilization mechanisms allowed producer
revenues to remain stable. Similarly, livestock farming and fishing progressed strongly
from 2010 to 2011. Their contribution to growth rose from 3.0% to 16.3%, thanks to
the distribution of inputs and material to livestock-farming groups.
The secondary sector contributed 26.4% to GDP in 2011, most of it generated by the
construction, food processing and, to a lesser extent, the water and electricity sectors.
Manufacturing production increased 4.3% in 2011, as food processing output rose
5.3% and that of other manufacturing industries rose 3.3%. The start-up of the power
stations provided for by the emergency power programme at the end of 2011 should
result in an increase in electricity production, which will boost the added value
of the agro-industrial and manufacturing sectors.
Construction accounted for 3.4% of GDP in 2011, thanks partly to the government’s
efforts to improve roads and control construction standards on public buildings. Among
the extractive industries, oil production remains the main activity despite a fall in
output of 12.6%. As for mines and prospecting, the government attributed 100
small-scale prospecting permits and Mobilong diamond mining permits to Cameroon
and Korea Mining. There are also plans to mine cobalt at Nkamouna and iron at
Mbalam.
The tertiary sector accounted for 46.4% of GDP in 2011, up from 43.2% in 2010,
following a recovery in activity in retail trading, transport and telecommunications. In
transport, the start of activity at CAMAIR-Co resulted in a 1.2% increase in air-
passenger volumes and a 5.7% increase in freight traffic in the first half of 2011.
Telecommunications, too, showed growth, as the number of subscribers increased by
7.5% to 8.9 million in 2010 and by a further 5.5% in the first half of 2011, while
turnover rose 9%. Tourism saw a 9.6% increase in the number of overnight stays in
2011, according to Ministry of Finance (MINFI) figures.
Overall, the Growth and Employment Strategy should push economic growth up to
4.4% in 2012 and 4.6% in 2013. These projections are justified by the pursuit of
measures begun in 2010 to modernize production capacity and develop infrastructure.
Sectoral prospects in 2012 and 2013 suggest that the primary sector will show 5%
growth thanks to average 5% growth in food production and 5.7% growth in the cash
crops. The secondary sector should show 1.4% growth over the same period, boosted
by construction activity, improved energy supply and production from the
food-processing and manufacturing industries. The tertiary sector should progress
3.7%, thanks notably to buoyant conditions in transport and telecommunications.
Continued efforts to revitalize the agricultural sector, develop infrastructures and
strengthen energy supply should consolidate Cameroon’s growth despite economic
turbulence in the euro area. At the same time, sustained economic turbulence in
the euro area could affect external demand in the medium term and limit growth.
Over two decades after its independence, Cameroon was one of the most prosperous
African countries. This ended with a drop in commodities prices in the 1980’s hitting
Cameroon’s export-driven economy. Combined with bad financial and monetary
policies the country finally fell to the hands of the World Bank and the IMF. The
measures suggested by the institutions have been harsh and the country hasn’t been
able to meet the conditions of the programs.
The currency of Cameroon is the Central African Franc which is also common
currency for other 13 African states. Because the Cameroonian economy is very
dependent on a few commodities that it exports, the volatility in the world prices of
commodities make the economy very vulnerable and unpredictable. Economic
development has been impeded by economic mismanagement. Cameroon has been
rated one of the most corrupt countries in the world.
The growth rates have been close to population growth (2-3%) in the recent years, but
not enough to significantly reduce poverty. During the financial crisis,
Cameroon also experienced a recession: inflation rate increased, namely the food
prices; exports depressed
and unemployment rose.
Despite different measures taken by the government to the self-sustaining food
production, Cameroon has become increasingly dependent on food imports and
on price ceilings to control living standards. Domestic food production has not kept
up with population growth.
Cameroon seems to have growth potentials in the sectors where it performed well
before the 1980’s (agriculture, infrastructure and manufacturing) as well as with new
technologies. The crucial precondition for growth is the easing of business
environment, namely the decrease in corruption and the implementation of better
policies. Politics seems to be dragging on growth and political risks are also
estimated to be very high.
The importance of Cameroon’s oil industry is fading as oil sources are slowly
depleted. Even though the government will continue to explore (other) smaller wells,
the effects will be felt. In order to arrive at a healthy growth rate and maintain
sustainable budget and current account balances, the government should invest in
other sectors so as to diversify its economy as well as its export base.
Fiscal Policy Overview The overriding objective of the 2012 budget is to improve the living conditions
of the population by consolidating growth and protecting against external shocks
through implementation of a counter-cyclical fiscal policy.
In 2011, fiscal pressure increased in a political context marked by the organization
of the presidential election. Fiscal policy resulted in an increase in overall spending of
about 8%, as capital spending increased nearly 14% and current spending rose about
6%. Current spending continued to represent about three quarters of total spending
but the share of capital spending financed from the state’s own resources
increased slightly in 2011. The rise in public spending was partly counterbalanced
by an increase in revenue, notably in the form of oil revenue boosted by high
international prices.
The improvement in fiscal-revenue collection procedures through enlargement of the
tax base and the revitalization of the Douala Stock Exchange should continue in
2012, so as to stimulate internal resource generation. Regarding external
resources, the government will strengthen traditional bilateral and multilateral
partnerships through the use of traditional financing like funding available under the
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, while, at the same time, pursuing
its strategy of diversifying its sources of financing via
emerging countries such as China, India, Brazil and South Korea.
Public Finances (percentage of GDP) Particulars
2011
2012
Total revenue and grants 17.2 17.9
Tax revenue 10.6 10.5
Oil revenue 4.5 5.3
Grants - -
Total expenditure and net lending (a) 18.5 17.7
Current expenditure 14 13.2
Excluding interest 13.6 12.9
Wages and salaries 5.4 5.6
Interest 0.3 0.4
Primary balance -1 0.5
Overall balance -1.3 0.2
Monetary Policy Monetary policy is defined and administered by the Bank of Central African States
(BEAC), which aims to stabilize internal and external prices. To attain this objective,
the BEAC has three instruments: the intervention rate, the open-market policy which
enables it to intervene on the monetary market and control refinancing levels, and the
compulsory reserves policy. Since the 2008 crisis, the BEAC has eased refinancing
conditions for credit institutions but the effect on economic activity has remained
limited because of excess liquidity in the banking system.
It should be noted that the inflation rate increased from 1.3% in 2010 to 2.5% in 2011 in
line with the general CEMAC trend. This increase is principally the result of a higher
level of economic activity. The government pursued its efforts, moreover, to
facilitate imports by reducing customs duties on several food products with the aim of
ensuring that markets were adequately supplied and by subsidizing the pump prices of
oil products so as to contain the inflation level.
The BEAC has pursued a counter-cyclical monetary policy aimed at stimulating
economic activity after it was checked by the financial crisis. This resulted in a
reduction in the level of state reserves, which were estimated to stand at 5.5 months
of imports of goods and services in 2011, compared to 7.1 months in 2010. The
recovery that began in 2010 enabled external assets to be rebuilt, increasing 4.3% in
2010 before falling 10% in 2011.
Lending to the economy progressed about 17%, with short-term credit making up
most loans of the monetary system to the economy. Money supply (M2)
progressed by an estimated 9.8% in 2011, but this was lower than in 2010.
Activity on the money market remained timid with only one interbank transaction in
2011. Investments by eligible credit establishments and public-sector financial
institutions in the BEAC fell to 192 billion CFA francs BEAC (XAF) in June 2011
from XAF 346 billion in June 2010 with outstanding credits consolidated by the state
totaling XAF 231 million on a year-on-year basis. The rate of coverage of the
monetary base stabilized below the sub- regional level at around 95%.
Economic Cooperation, Regional Integration & Trade Cameroon belongs to the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
(CEMAC) and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)[1],
which are due to merge to open the way for the creation of a single African
currency among the eight Regional Economic Communities recognized by the
African Union. A pilot committee was set up on5 July 2010 with the aim of
facilitating the rationalization process leading to harmonization of the institutional
framework and projects of the ECCAS and CEMAC.
Cameroon is also strengthening its co-operation with the new emerging countries,
while not abandoning i t s traditional partners. In the first half of 2011, the
government signed 18 agreements and financing conventions representing a total
XAF 675 billion with bilateral and multilateral fund providers.
There is little diversification of foreign trade in terms of products or trading partners.
The European Union is the country’s leading partner, with a 41% share of
trade by value, followed by East Asia with 18.3%, the CEMAC zone with 8%,
North America with 4.7%, West Africa with 3.4% and Latin America with 2.6%.
For the last five years at least, Cameroon’s trade deficit has been widening
as imports have increased, especially food products, oil and gas, fuels and
lubricants, inorganic chemical products and fertilizers. The trade deficit could be
reduced slightly to 1.4% of GDP, compared with 3.7% in 2011, in 2012 as a result
of higher oil revenue. This would reduce the current-account deficit from 6.3% of
GDP in 2011 to 5.4% in 2012.
Debt Policy Cameroon enjoyed a substantial reduction of its debt in 2006 after reaching the
completion point of the HIPC Initiative. The public debt to GDP ratio stood at 14% in
2011, significantly less than the 52% level registered in 2005. The stock of
public debt increased in 2011 to reach XAF 1.72 trillion, comprising XAF 1.18
trillion of external debt and XAF 0.54 trillion of internal debt.
Repayment of external debt amounted to XAF 45.4 billion, representing an
execution rate of 56.8% in relation to the XAF 80 billion target set by the
budget. The repayment total comprised XAF 14.9 billion in interest and XAF
30.5 billion in principal. Repayment of domestic debt totalled XAF 114.7 billion
to give an execution rate of 39.4% on the XAF 290.8 billion amount
budgeted. This total was made up of XAF 25.7 billion in principal, XAF 44.3 billion
in VAT credits and XAF 43.6 billion in domestic arrears payments. Cameroon
expects to issue a new XAF 200 billion bond to finance structuring projects
announced in the Growth and Employment Strategy Document announced by the
President of the Republic. Cameroon’s debt ratio remains low at about 14%, well
below the community reference level of 70%.
Current Account (percentage of GDP)
Particulars 2011 2012
Trade balance -3.7 -1.4
Exports of goods (f.o.b.) 16.7 18.7
Imports of goods (f.o.b.) 20.4 20.1
Services -1.6 -2.6
Factor income -1.7 -2.1
Current transfers 0.7 0.8
Current account balance -6.3 -5.4
Social Overview of Cameroon:
Enrolment no Name of the Student Faculty Guide
117340592097 TRUSHA KAMLESHBHAI BHUT Prof. Amar Gandhi
117340592107 VAIBHAV VIRENBHAI DOSHI
117340592114 VISHAKHA DHIRENDRABHAI SHAH
117340592127 RUTVI PANKAJBHAI VAGADIYA
117340592129 RIDHI MUKESH GANDHI
117340592134 HARSHVARDHANSINH RAJENDRASINH RANA
1. Social aspects/demographic information
The demographic information include the population, age, gender, income level, life and
mortality rate, sex ratio, literacy etc which can be classified and compare as under:
Population: The pop ulati on o f th e cou ntr y is 2 0,12 9,87 8 (J ul y 2 012 est. ) Cou n t ry co mp ari son to th e w orld : 58 1.1 Age Structure:
Median Age
Cameroon India
Total 19.6 Years 26.2 Years
Male 19.5 Years 25.6 Years
Female 19.7 Years 26.9 Years
Urbanization Cameroon India
Urban Population 58% 30%
Rate of Urbanization 3.3% 2.4%
Sex Ratio
Cameroon India
At birth 1.03 male/female 1.12 male/female
Under 15 years 1.02 male/female 1.13 male/female
15-64 years 1.01 male/female 1.07 male/female
65 years and over 0.84 male/female 0.9 male/female
Total population 1.01 male/female 1.08 male/female
Infant Mortality rate
Cameroon (per 1000 live birth)
India (per 1000 live birth)
Total 59.7 deaths 46.07 deaths
Male 64.19 deaths 44.71 deaths
Female 55.07 deaths 47.59 deaths
School Life Expectancy Cameroon India
Total 10 years 10 years
Male 11 years 11 years
Female 09 years 10 years
Literacy:
Cameroon India
Definition age 15 and over can read and write
Total population 75.9% 61%
Male 84% 73.4%
Female 67.8% 47.8%
The oth er thin g inc lu ded i n th e s oci al asp e ct is ethi nic
grou ps, l an gua ges , r el igi ons, the c ultur e & beli efs , w hich c an be star ed an d
cam pa re as u nde r: Eth n ic g rou p s : Cameroon has distinct regional cultural, religious, and political traditions as well as
ethnic variety. The division of the country into British and French-ruled league of
Nations mandates after World War I created Anglophone and Francophone regions. People & relation
A sense of common national culture has been created through shared history,
schooling, national holidays and symbols, and enthusiasm for soccer. However, ethnic
distinctiveness remains, and ethnic identity became an increasingly important source
of social capital during
1990s. Religions: Cameroon: Christi an 8 0% , Musli m 16 % , oth e r 2 %, t ra dition al 1 %
India: Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1%
Languages:
Ca me roon : 2 4 m ajo r Af ric an l an gua ge gr o ups, En glis h ( of fici al ) , F r enc h (of
fi cial ) .
India: Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%
BUSINESS ETIQUETTE:
Cameroon:
Greetings , use of proper names, and use of praise names are important
parts of daily etiquette in many regions of Cameroon. At meetings, each
person should be greeted by name or with a handshake. Serving and
graciously receiving food is an important symbol of hospitality and trust
throughout Cameroon. Protocol regarding speaking and seating during
an audience with a chief is highly developed in regions with
hierarchically organized cultures ( Fulani, Bamileke, Banoun and Grassfields ).
INDIA
Indians appreciate punctuality and keeping one’s commitments.
However, many visitors to India find it very discounting that often Indians
themselves are quite casual in keeping their time commitments.
It is advisable to schedule your appointment at least a couple of
months in advance. It is also useful to reconfirm your meeting a few days
before the agree upon date.
Art and Culture:
Cameroon With a population dating back to the Neolithic age, the culture of Cameroon as a
nation justifiably age old and traditional. As archeological evidence and modem
days statistical show, the Pygmies have influence the culture in their own way till
date.
India: A strong sense of design is also characteristic of Indian art and can be observed in
its modern as well as in its traditional forms. Indian art can be classified into specific
period each reflecting particular religious, political and cultural developments.
Cuisine:
Cameroon
Cameroonian cuisine is one of the most different cooking style in Africa due
to its location on the crossroads between the north, west, and center of the
continent; added to this is the thoughtful influence of French food, a heritage of the
grand era. The National Dish of Cameroon is ndole, a stew consisting of fish or beef
, Nuts and bitter Green
India:
Indian food is as diverse as India. Indian cuisines use numerous ingredients, deploy
a wide range of food preparation styles, cooking techniques and culinary
presentation. From salads to sauces, from vegetarian to meat, from spices to
sensuous, from breads to desserts, Indian cuisine is invariably complex. Harold
McGee, a favorite of many Michelin starred chefs, writes "for sheer inventiveness
with milk itself as the primary ingredient, no country on earth can match India.
Technological Overview of Cameroon:
Enrolment no Name of the Students Name of Faculty Guide
117340592036 HARSHA PRAHLADBHAI SATRAMANI
Prof. Ruturaj Doshi
117340592037 SAGAR HITESHBHAI SHETH
117340592038 PRANAVKUMAR PRAVINSINH JADEJA
117340592040 BHUMI VASANTLAL KARELIYA
117340592041 SHWETA HEMANTBHAI DOSHI
117340592042 PAYAL NITINBHAI TANNA
TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF CAMEROON:
Being a third world country in sub-Saharan Africa, Cameroon is lagging
behind in technology. She is not in line with the modern technologies in the
agricultural and manufacturing sectors that are typical in the Americas and Asia. It
however has the energy sources that could harbour and run recent technologies
though they remain nonexistent due to lack of means of affordability. Cameroon
also boasts of advance schools of agricultural technologies that train
agricultural engineers who can serve in the agricultural institutions. There is centre
pastoral de Nkolbissong near Yaounde, the faculty of agronomique research at the
University of Dschang, many regional colleges of agriculture in various
provinces, institute of Agronomic research and development in Ekona. These
experts can be employed to work in the agricultural manufacturing industry, and the
institutions also possess facilities that could be used in training staff when there is
need due to technological advancement.
Keeping in picture the technological environment of Cameroon, here we have
considered 10 major sectors. They are as follows:
Agriculture
Energy
Internet
Health care
Mobile
Defense
Banking
Stock Market
Internet in Telecommunication
ENERGY
Now taking into consideration the technology and Energy sector in Cameroon, then
it comprises of oil and natural gas reserves, hydroelectric energy (Major Energy of
the country). The major energy sources of Cameroon include fuelwood, electricity
and petroleum. However, the demand for energy in Cameroon is mainly in the
electrical sector.
Natural gas along with hydro power is used to produce electrical energy Cameroon
has installed electric generation capacity of 817 megawatts (MW), of which 88% is
hydroelectric and 12% is thermal.
The country’s two main hydro
stations:
Edea
Song-Loulou
Presently, however, Cameroon’s heavy reliance on hydropower leaves its
electricity sector extremely vulnerable to droughts. Production of energy in
Cameroon is supported by international financial organizations like World
Bank and IMF. Cameroon relies on approximately 30 aging diesel power stations
as back-up facilities, the largest of which are located in
Garoua (20.0
MW) Douala (15.4
MW) Yaounde
(10.8 MW)
AES-SONEL has managed generation and distribution of Cameroon’s electricity
has since 2001: US-based AES Corporation under notable privatisation in 2001.
oil-fired plant at Limbe
natural gas-fired plant at
Kribi additional hydroelectric
plants
Technology is also installed by Korean Government in Camaroon i.e. hydro
electricity power generation with water purification system incorporated,
photovoltaic with auxiliary biodiesel engine and biomass integrated gasification fuel
cell combined cycle.
INTERNET
The Internet technology among general problems relating to Internet
infrastructures, Cameroon specifically faces some major problems:
• Poor telephone lines
• lack of more qualified technicians to run TCP/IP networks
• difficulty in affording a computer, subscribing for a telephone, or
having access to information about the Internet.
Cameroon has implemented an Ethernet fiber optic university campus network. A
large population of potential users of Internet services in Cameroon - the
availability of all its services would be a welcome relief.
It would go a long way to stimulate, facilitate, and enhance research undertakings
in many domains such as business, health, education, and science and
technology as a whole.
MOBILE INDUSTRY & TELECOMMUNICATION
Cameroon’s economic growth has lagged behind other countries in the region
which is mirrored by the development of its telecommunications sector. In early
2012 it is one of only a few countries in Africa left with only two competing mobile
networks,
– MTN
– Orange
The licensing of a third mobile network finally made progress in early 2012 with
several international players in the bidding. Third generation (3G) mobile service
has still not been introduced apart from Camtel’s EV-DO fixed-wireless service.
Fixed- line penetration is extremely low, and the privatisation of Camtel’s fixed-line
business has failed several times.
Mobile innovations and apps shaping the landscape of Cameroon. It is embracing
mobile technology to address two major challenges:
• food security
• Tackling challenges in the Agriculture sector
• corruption.
INTERNET IN TELECOMMUNICATION
The mobile operators are trying to generate new revenue streams from the virtually
untapped Internet and broadband market by introducing mobile data and WiMAX
wireless broadband services.
An Access to the SAT-3/WASC international fibre optic submarine cable, which has
led to extremely high prices and a grey market of unlicensed satellite gateway
operators offering Internet access and Voice over Internet Protocol services. With
poor fixed-line network infrastructure, the extent of Next Generation Networks
(NGN) and services on the continent is still
limited.
There are, however, some encouraging developments. This Country has launched
broadband initiatives and is rolling out dedicated IP networks and new fibre optic
links.Several trials of WiMAX technology are going on which is expected to
deliver a major boost to connectivity. A major expansion program for international
fibre connections and a national fibre backbone network is underway with funding
from the Word Bank and China.
BANKING
MyGlobalPay, Ltd, a leading provider of mobile and core banking technologies and
payment solutions, it has entered agreements with transport associations in
Cameroon that will enable passengers throughout the country to pay their taxi and
bus fares via text or SMS message; send and receive money at bus stations and
at the unions‟ offices; and conduct various mobile banking operations.
STOCK EXCHANGE
The Douala Stock Exchange will begin its activities with one trading session
per week (Wednesday) . The trading system is entirely electronic. Developed by 3V
FINANCE (Viel & Cie group), It allows participants to follow the movement of the
market in real time and to manage their order book. A computer terminal and
telephone line will be available to each of them during the trading session.
EDUCATION
Private schools are generally equipped with computer rooms.
But in the framework of the Cyber Education Project, MRCs (multimedia resources
centres) are being established in government secondary schools and are equipped
with
• a local area network (LAN)
• servers
• word processing software
• peripherals such as printers, scanners, and CD-Rom.
They also generally have video projectors, videotapes, televisions, and Internet
connectivity, some of which is through VSAT.
School Net-Cameroon (ISC) is a non-profit organisation that enables young people
to use the Internet and other new technologies to engage in collaborative
educational projects that both enhance learning and make a difference in the world. It
provides training to teachers in the integration of ICTs across the curriculum.
AGRICULTURE
Cameroon also boasts of advance schools of agricultural technologies that train
agricultural engineers who can serve in the agricultural institutions. There is centre
pastoral de Nkolbissong near Yaounde, the faculty of agronomique research at the
University of Dschang, many regional colleges of agriculture in various provinces,
institute of Agronomic research and development in Ekona.
These experts can be employed to work in the agricultural manufacturing industry,
and the institutions also possess facilities that could be used in training staff when
there is need due to technological advancement.
TOOLS used are:
• Plough
• Mower
• Tractor
• Agricultural pump
• Cutters
HEALTH
The array of products covered under Healthcare sector in Cameroon include
– Analgesics
– remedies for cough
– cold and allergy
– eye care
– ear care
– skin care
– mouth care
– Sleeping products, etc.
Analgesics form the leader in the OTC Healthcare in Cameroon mai nly because of
the prevalence of diseases like malaria in the country. Traditional and herbal
medicines have also gained popularity in recent times. It also includes consultancies
and treatment of problems regarding obstetrics and gynecology, blood transfusion,
paramedic services.
Many district and private hospitals in Cameroon also provide health facilities to the
people. However, most of them lack the infrastructure or the equipments to treat
serious ailments. The condition of these hospitals of Cameroon needs to be
improved. Patients suffering from serious health problems need to be evacuated to
other places for treatment
Ecological Overview of Cameroon:
Enrolment No Name of the Student Faculty Guide
117340592138 JIGNESH VINODBHAI PATEL Prof. Amar Gandhi
117340592143 VINIL KETAN BHAI PAREKH
117340592147 NILAY RASIKBHAI CHANV
117340592149 NARENDRA TALSHIBHAI VARSANI
117340592161 HINESH PARVIBHAI PANCHOLI
117340592162 PRITESH DILIPBHAI GADHETHARIYA
117340592165 MEET BHARATBHAI DOSHI
Ecological Environment
The overall legal and regulatory environment in Cameroon is relatively poor, both by
global and by regional standards. According to the World Bank’s Doing Business 2011
report, Cameroon ranked 168th out of 183 countries in the world in terms of the ease
of doing business. The country scores poorly in all nine categories; enforcing
commercial contracts, paying taxes and registering property are particularly arduous
exercises as government bureaucracy is notoriously inefficient. Dealing with the tax
authorities can also be problematic: assessments can be arbitrary and instances of
coercion by the authorities have been reported (for example illegally blocking
corporate bank accounts). Firms will also encounter great difficulties in accessing
credit, starting a business, dealing with construction permits and closing a business.
Moreover, investor protection is very weak, with foreign investors often claiming that
their rights have not been protected by the courts.
FOREST MANAGEMENT IN CAMEROON
Cameroonian forests have a long history of regulatory and institutional settings. During
the colonial period, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France had administrative
units in place to regulate the forestry sector (Hédin 1930, Letouzey 1957), and after
independence, new forest laws were adopted by the Republic of Cameroon in 1974
and 1981. It was not until 1994 that, with the adoption of a new forest law, a
comprehensive national forest policy framework was laid down directly linking the
concepts of sustainable forest management with the preparation of FMPs for all
productive forests. According to the most recent assessment made by the ministry of
forests in collaboration with the FAO, Cameroonian forests cover a surface of about
21.2 million hectares, i.e., 45% of the national territory (MINFOF and FAO 2005). The
estimated deforestation rate varies according to sources and methods of estimation
(e.g., see Wunder 2003 for a recent comparison of available sources). MINFOF and
FAO (2005) indicate an annual loss of forests of about 100 000 ha between 1975 and
2004, or 0.48% per year. Half of the lost forested surfaces were degraded into “other
wooded lands,” whereas half were transformed into “other lands,”, mainly used for
agriculture (MINFOF and FAO 2005)
Natural resources In cameroon
Natural resource management has a long history in Cameroon. It began before
colonial administration within village communities and continues through today's
numerous ministries. The development of protected areas and reservesbegun in
colonial times created tensions between rural communities and newly formalized
administrative structures. Today's forestry policy is linked with the National
Environment Management Program (NEMP) and takes into consideration ecosystem
perspectives for management activities. In addition, economic development,
involvement of women, and support for local NGO involvement are taken into
consideration. The policy is the result of numerous international.
CAMEROON’S NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICY TODAY
In 1992, the Cameroonian forest and wildlife sectors in the Department of Agriculture
and the Department of Tourism formed the Ministry of Environment and Forestry
(MINEF). Since this time, these two sectors have undergone profound institutional and
legislative reforms, such as the establishment of Cameroon forestry policy, the
creation of new forestry laws, wildlife and fisheries regulations, and development of all
the applications of these forestry laws. All these actions have significantly modified
regulation governing the entire sector. Cameroon forestry policy is one component of
our national strategy for the enhancement of rural economic activities.It falls within the
framework of land use planning (zoning plan) and goes a long way toward boosting
the agricultural policy.
The forestry policy is also an important component of the National Environment
Management Program (NEMP), which has beendrawn up with an emphasis on the
sustainable management of forest resources. It is also a complementary part of the
National Energy Program currently under discussion, with regard to the firewood
subsector. Lastly, it covers all the forestry research programs adopted at thebeginning
of 1995. These orientations, objectives, and strategies take into consideration the
environmental problems plaguing Cameroon, notwithstanding the fact that the forestry
policy precedes that of the National Environment Management Program.
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DURINGAND AFTER COLONISATION
The capacity or failure to manage tensions emanating from the exploitation of
natural resources is determined by changes brought about by the trajectories of
historical events. On top of the land degradation problems should be added the
peculiar socio-economic and political difficulties attendant on the colonisation
experience. The divide-and-rule policy of the colonial powers, expressed through
policies like indirect rule, assimilation and ‘association’ contributed significantly to
sectionalism and distortion of the ways in which traditional Cameroonian society
handled natural resource management conflicts.
The system of law governing the management of natural resources in Cameroon
today is largely based on principles left behind by successive European colonial
powers. Colonial policy on natural resource management was essentially
hegemonic in character, and intended to guarantee the regular supply of agricultural
and forestry resources to Europe (Ngwasiri2001).
46
Legal Overview of Cameroon:
EnrollmentNo StudentName Faculty Name
117344592701 MAITRI BHATT Prof. Bhargav Pandya
117340592003 GAURAV KAMLESH BALDEV
117340592004 DIMPLE DILIP RAJVIR
117340592005 NISHI MUNISH VARIA
117340592006 PRIYANKA DINESHCHANDRA PAREKH
117340592007 DEEPTHI RAJENDRAN NAIR
117340592009 DARSHIT PARESH MEHTA
47
Legal Overview:
Dispute Settlement The 1990 Investment Code states that, at the time of incorporation or
application for Investment Code benefits, a firm may choose one of several
procedures: adjudication by local courts, arbitration by the international courts
of justice, or international arbitration centers, according to Cameroonian law
and the arbitration regimes of which Cameroon is a member (described
below). Arbitration as a form of dispute settlement is gaining ground in
Cameroon and should be considered by prospective foreign investors who
wish to avoid entanglement in the court system. Under the 2002 Charter,
petitions for redress or non-compliance with the provisions of the Charter
should be forwarded to a Regulation and Competition Board, which was
created in September 2004. Cameroon accepts binding international
arbitration on investment disputes between foreign investors and the
government.
Difficulty in resolving commercial disputes, particularly the enforcement of
contractual rights, remains one of the serious obstacles to promoting
investment in Cameroon. Foreign corporate plaintiffs are often frustrated with
the slow pace of the Cameroon legal system. Local businesses routinely
exert pressure on the courts, which may be swayed by bribes or by the clout
of a political heavyweight. Some foreign companies have alleged that
judgments against them were obtained fraudulently or as the result of
frivolous lawsuits. The enforcement of judicial decisions is also slow and
fraught with administrative and legal bottlenecks.
Cameroon's bankruptcy law is an integral part of its commercial law. In case
of bankruptcy, negotiable and enforceable guarantee instruments cover
creditors. Cameroon is a member of the International Center for the
Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID, also known as the Washington
Convention), and is a signatory to the 1958 Convention on the Recognition
and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (also known as the New York
48
Convention). In May 1997, Cameroon’s Council of Business Managers and
Professional Associations (GICAM), an association of 207 companies and 15
professional associations representing 70 percent of all formal sector
business activity in the country, created its own arbitration center to handle
business disputes. In early 2001, CEMAC also established a court in
N’djamena to adjudicate regional commercial disputes.
Cameroon is a signatory to the Organization for the Harmonization of
Corporate Law in Africa Treaty (OHADA in French). Among other things, OHADA
provides for common corporate law and arbitration procedures in the 16-
member signatory states: (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African
Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,
Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo). Cameroon is a
signatory to the 1985
Seoul Convention that established the Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA), aimed at safeguarding non-commercial risks. Cameroon is
also a signatory to the Lome Convention (as revised in Mauritius in 1995),
which created an arbitration mechanism to settle disputes between African,
Caribbean, and Pacific states (ACP) and contractors, suppliers, and
service providers financed by the European Development Fund (EDF). In
July 2008, Cameroon adopted a law on public-private partnership (PPP)
agreements, providing more clarity for the administrative, financial, and
judicial framework for such arrangements.
49
Labour Law Cameroon’s labour-management relations are governed by the 1992 Labour
Code, which restored collective bargaining in wage negotiations, eliminated
fixed wage scales, abolished employment-based requirements on education
levels, eliminated government control over layoffs and firings, and reduced the
government’s role in the management of labour unions. The Labour Code does
not apply to civil servants, employees of the judiciary, and workers responsible
for national security. In theory, the Labour Code provides a legal framework for
the emergence of a flexible and efficient labour market, but such a market has
not fully emerged. Cameroon is a party to the ILO Conventions 87 and 98
permitting the freedom to form unions and the right to collective bargaining.
After a long period of dissension between the government and labour unions, a
new tripartite approach is being used to address labour issues. The tripartite
approach includes worker and employer unions as well as government
representatives. This method has substantially improved relations between the
parties for the benefit of both the workers and the employers, and the
government intends to improve further workers’ rights and establish a new
concept of internal discussions within companies before workers resort to
strikes. The Minister of Labour and Social Security refers to this policy as “Social
Dialogue.” The Ministry of Labour has taken an increasingly broad view of certain
aspects of the Labour Code, especially regarding payment of “legal rights” to
employees in the event of a restructuring or sale.
Cameroon has a high literacy rate and offers a relatively well-educated labour
force alongside a surplus of unskilled and non-technical labor. According to a
2005 survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics in the two major
cities, Yaounde and Douala, the unemployment rates (ILO criteria) in these
cities are 14.7 percent and 12.5 percent, respectively. (The ILO defines an
unemployed person as one who fulfills three conditions: a) without work, i.e. not
having worked a single hour in a referenced week; b) available for work in the
coming 15 days; c) actively seeking employment or having found one that will
start later).
50
In 2010, the Ministry of Employment and Vocational Training estimated that 75%
of the active workforce is underemployed, and less than 1 million of Cameroon’s
19.5 million people are employed in the formal sector.
About 50 percent of adult Cameroonians speak both French and English. Due
to inadequate vocational and technical training, however, some industries
have experienced difficulties in recruiting skilled labor in the domestic market.
Also, the ready availability of unskilled labor means that technology used in
many sectors, especially construction, remains basic.
An individual raising a discrimination case against an employer may elect to
bring the case where he resides or where he works. In practice most of these
cases are filed in the complainant’s place of residence. This compels the
company to dispatch officials to sometimes distant places where the individual
might have better local contacts than the company. In recent years, Section 42
of the Cameroon Labour Code has posed some challenges to foreign
companies selling their assets in Cameroon. Section 42(2) (b) allows
employees or their labour organizations to demand compensation from the
selling entity in advance of the sale of the asset. They may ask for
Termination of their contract and severance pay prior to the transfer, knowing that
the new acquirer would still hire them or would need their acquired experience
and service. This is seen as detrimental to foreign investment, especially in
sectors where human resources costs are high, as it can make it difficult to
divest.
51
Protection of Property Rights Secured interests in property are recognized and usually enforced. The concept
of mortgage exists in Cameroonian law, and the title is the legal instrument for
registering such security interests, but in practice some lenders have
experienced extensive delays in obtaining court rulings to enforce their claims on
assets given as collateral. Cameroonian law provides foreign and domestic
investors with property rights protections that substantially comply with
international norms and do not discriminate between foreign and domestic firms.
In practice, however, Cameroonian courts and administrative agencies often
issue rulings favorable to domestic firms and have been suspected of corrupt
practices.
Cameroon is a member of the 16-nation African Intellectual Property Organization
(OAPI in French), which is a member of the World Intellectual Property
Organization and offers patent and trademark registration in cooperation with
member states. Patents in Cameroon have an initial validity of ten years. They
can be renewed every five years upon submission of proof that the patent was
used in at least one of the OAPI member countries. Without continued use,
compulsory licensing is possible after three years. Trademark protection is
initially valid for 20 years with renewal possibilities every ten years. Cameroon is
also a party to the Paris Convention on Industrial Property and the Universal
Copyright Convention.
In 2008, Cameroon’s copyright registration system changed from a single body
accepting registrations to multiple bodies divided according to field. One such
organization, the Cameroon Music Corporation (CMC), charged with registering
musical works, was liquidated by the Minister of Culture and a new structure,
SOCAM (Societe Civile Camerounaise de l’Art Musicale), has been announced
to replace CMC but is yet to begin functioning. The Minister of Culture’s decision
to liquidate CMC has been overturned by Cameroon’s Supreme Court, leaving
the status of copyright registration for music, a prolific industry in Cameroon, in
question. Other registration bodies include the Copyright Corporation for
Literature and Dramatic Arts (in French, SOCILADRA) which covers literature and
software production; the Copyright Corporation for Visual Arts (in French,
SOCADAP) for paintings; and the Copyright Corporation for Audio-Visual and
Photographic Arts (in French, SCAAP) for audiovisual and photographic
52
production.
IPR is constrained by poor enforcement of existing laws, the cost of
enforcement, the pervasiveness of infringement, rudimentary understanding of
IPR among government officials, and a lack of public respect for copyright laws.
Software piracy is widespread; pirated DVDs are common. Cameroon is taking
steps to implement the World Trade Organization’s TRIPs agreement and the
United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) has provided training on
intellectual property rights protection to Cameroonian officials (including custom
officers, magistrates, and civil servants).
Environmental Act of India The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was introduced as an
umbrella legislation that provides a holistic framework for the protection and
improvement to the environment. The objective of air protection Act is to
provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for the
establishment, with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards,
for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating
thereto and for matters connected therewith.
The objectives of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act are to
provide for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution and the maintenance
or restoration of the wholesomeness of water for the establishment, with a
view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and
control of water pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards
powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has enacted the Biological Diversity
Act, 2002 under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity signed at
Rio de Janeiro on the 5th day of June, 1992 of which India is also a party.
This Act is to “provide for the conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use
of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of
the sued of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto
These Rules classify used mineral oil as hazardous waste under the
Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2003 that requires proper
53
handling and disposal. Organization will seek authorization for disposal of
hazardous waste from concerned State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) as
and when required.
MoEF vide its notification dt. 17th July, 2000 under the section of 6, 8 and 25 of
the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 has notified rules for regulation/ control of
Ozone Depleting Substances ( ODS) under Montreal Protocol. As per
the notification certain control and regulation has been imposed on
manufacturing, import, export, and use of these compounds.
Environment Act of Cameroon The objective of this study is to analyse Cameroon’s environmental
framework law, taking into consideration the extent to which it balances
the seemingly competing interests of development and environmental
protection. In other words, it analyses from a legal perspective the twin
problem of intergenerational sustainability and the need to satisfy pressing
development needs (such as poverty alleviation) with proceeds generated
from the exploitation of the available natural resources. It further examinesthe
effectiveness of existing governance structures and the role played by
administrators, NGOs and courts in balancing these competing interests. . The
Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralisation oversees the
administration and implementation of all government policies through
regional governors, divisional officers, sub divisional officers, mayors and
traditional authorities.
Decisions of these lower courts are subject to appeal to a regional Court
of Appeal and the Supreme Court. It should be noted that the magistrates’
court at the district level has jurisdiction over most environmental offences
due to the nature of the punishment imposed for violation of most
environmental offences. The courts have come out strongly in favour of
a strict application of environmental laws. In The People of Cameroon
v Sullivan Paul Brian Christopher and Ntoutoul Calvin Sylvain the court
indicated that this was necessary ten sure intergenerational sustainability.
The Preamble affirms the commitment of the state to harness its rich
natural resources to achieve development, protect and improve the
54
environment and ensure the well-being of every citizen. The express
recognition of the need to protect and improve the environment
presupposes the need to balance the exploitation of natural resources with
environmental considerations. This view is further supported by the express
constitutional guarantee of the right of “every person” to a healthy environment.
The above view notwithstanding, no express mention is made of the notion of
sustainable development or sustainability in the entire Constitution. Such
practice may also suggest the failure to completely bring the Constitution
in line with international standards, which stress a correlation between
the protection of the environment and the attainment of sustainable
development. However, this perceived gap is addressed by provisions
of the main legislation on environmental protection. The Constitution
incorporates the notion of shared responsibility in environmental protection by
making it the duty of the state and ‘every citizen’ to protect the environment. It is
suggested that this implies that the right to a healthy environment can be
applied both against natural persons, legal persons and state authorities. This
constituted the basis of a public interest action that was successfully
instituted by a Bamenda-based NGO (FEDEV) to compel China Road and
Bridge Corporation to comply with prescribed EIA procedures. Although the
Constitution does not expressly provide any limitations to the right to a
healthy environment, this can be limited within the context of justifiable socio-
economic development. However, ascertaining justifiable development vis-à-vis
environmental protection is an arduous task.
Indian Sales Of goods Act, 1930 The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 was laid down to define and amend the law relating to the sale of goods or movables. The Act came into force on the
1st day of July 1930.It extends to the whole of India except Jammu and
Kashmir.
It Includes:
Essentials of contract of sale
Modes of the contract Rights of Unpaid Seller Types of Goods
Rules regarding delivery of goods
55
Cameroon’s AUDCG act for Sales of goods the Acte Uniforme Relatif au Droit Commercial General (AUDCG) governs sales
transactions in Cameroon. AUDCG is under the act of OHADA, uniform acts
enacted by OHADA apply not only to cross-border contracts between parties
located in OHADA. Cameroon is a member of OHADA.
The Uniform Act General Commercial Law (AUDCG) and the Uniform Act on the
right of Security (AUS) was among the first affected. A program aimed at the
improvement of business law in the OHADA zone supported by the World Bank
Group.
56
Major industries of Cameroon:
Enrolment No. Name of the Student Faculty Guide
117340592073 PRATIK ASHOKBHAI SOLANKI Prof. Pradip Mitra
117340592074 DIVYESH VINODPARI GONSAI
117340592085 REETA NARANBHAI DANGAR
117340592090 CHETANKUMAR JAYANTILAL VASAVAELIY
117340592093 RIMAL DAMJIBHAI SOLANKI
117340592094 MANISH NARENDRABHAI RAVRANI
57
Major industries of Cameroon
Cocoa and coffee
An estimated 4 million Cameroonians depends on cocoa and coffee for their livelihood.
Both commodities are produced by millions of farmers on small scale farms.
Rubber
Rubber is primarily produced in the forested region of niete north of yaounde, by three
agro industrial companies, CDC, hevecam and sfacam.
Petroleum
Cameroon is the 5th largest oil producer in sub sahahran africa and produced 1 lakh
barrels per day in 1999. ELF, PERENCO & PECTEN INTERNATIONAL have produced
crude oil from several different deposites.
Mineral Processing
One of the Cameroon’s largest factories is an aluminum smelting plant in douala, which
produces aluminum from imported bauxite.
Beverages:
Beer and soft drinks are manufactured for the domestic market and are also exported
to several neighboring countries.
Transportation
Cameroon profits from its geographical position by serving as the principal
transportation link for Chad, CAR and other neighboring countries.
Telecommunication
A recent surge in telecommunication investment is expected to continue. In 1998, the
government divided the state telephone company into two entities, CAMTEL &
CAMTEL MOBILE.
Retail
There is a vast array of retail business of varoying in both rural and urban areas of
Cameroon. Weekly rural markets attract farmers who sell their food crops while
individual traders peddle a variety of house hold goods.
58
Chemical
There is a vast array of retail business of varoying in both rural and urban areas of
Cameroon. Weekly rural markets attract farmers who sell their food crops while
individual traders peddle a variety of house hold goods.
Financial services:
During Cameroon‘s recent economic resurgence, financial services have
flourished, growing by 10% in 1999-00. Banking services are dominated by branches
of several multinational banking groups such as societe generele, credit Lyonnais and
standard charted bank. During the late 1990‘s Cameroon‘s largest state owned bank,
BANKQUE INTERNATIONAL DU CAMEROUN POUR I‘EPARGNE ET LE CREDIT
(BICEC), was privatized and another multinational, group popularize, took a controlling
share. The banking sector expects continuing growth to be fueled by further
privatization and rising investments associated with a CHAD CAMEROON PIPE LINE
PROJECT.
Telecommunication:
A recent surge in telecommunication investment is expected to continue. In
1998, the government divided the state telephone company into two entities, CAMTEL
& CAMTEL MOBILE. CAMTEL maintained a monopoly over fixed phone services,
while CAMTEL MOBILE offers cellular services. A second cellular license was sold to
an affiliate of france telecom, and CAMTEL mobile was bought by MTN, a south
African cellular phone company.
Retail:
There is a vast array of retail business of varoying in both rural and urban areas of
Cameroon. Weekly rural markets attract farmers who sell their food crops while
individual traders peddle a variety of house hold goods. Most durable goods such as
car and house hold appliances are sold in yaounde, douala in some provincial capitals.
This urban centers also have shops offering a large variety of consumer goods.
59
Commodity exported from Cameroon
Industry Percentage of market share
Oil & petroleum 39
Cocoa 19
Wood products 12
Cotton 2
Rubber 3
Bananas 3
Others 22
Source: Cameroon economic update July 2012
Trade facilitation and logistics:
From a trade facilitation perspective, efficient movement of freight along the corridor
from the port to the inland commercial center is crucial for regions external
competitiveness. This in turn depends in the efficiency of the port and the inland
movement of road freight from the port to the final inland destination. The reform of
both the physical aspect (transport infrastructure) & the non-physical aspect
(regulatory and documentation process of transit trade) are essential for an effective
movement of freight-with efficiency assessed in terms of cost, time and predictable
movement of freight along the corridor.
60
61
Major Trade Partners of Cameroon:
Enrolment No. Name of the Students Facuty Guide
117340592011 DHARMESH NAVINBHAI ADESARA Prof. Bhavik Panchasara
117340592015 DHATRI MUKUNDRAI JASANI
117340592018 HILONI BHUPENDRABHAI RAITHATHA
117340592019 POOJA RAMESHBHAI MADALANI
117340592020 NIKUNJ RAMJIBHAI BHUVA
117340592023 PARIN BHARATBHAI KARIA
62
Overview Of Major Trade Partners of Cameroon:
A number of authors have focused on the determinants of the trade
patterns, however further research is needed for a better understanding of
what goods and with which countries developed and developing economies
trade. This summary focuses on the determinants of international trade between
two countries: INDIA and CAMEROON.
Benefits of trade internationally are similar to those within an economy.
These include:
It allows specialization therefore increased production. It engenders cooperation
between sectors and/or nations. It provides areas that lack certain resources to have
products which would be otherwise unavailable. It leads to increased development so
the whole economy/economies grow and develop, The list goes on.
Cameroon is one of the richest countries in Central Africa. This country is endowed
with abundant natural resources and has a significant potential for development as
compare to other countries of Africa, Cameroon has comparatively high political and
social reliability. This has permitted the development of agriculture, roads, railways,
large petroleum and timber industries.
Cameroon has a diverse population comprising approximately 250 ethnic groups
that then form 5 regional/cultural groups. The constitution guarantees freedom of
religion. About 40% of the population follows some form of indigenous beliefs, 40%
adhere to a form of Christianity, and 20% are Muslim.
Trade View of INDIA and CAMEROON CAMEROON GDP - composition by sector: Agriculture: 43.7%
Industry: 20.1%
Services: 36.2% (2004 EST.)
63
In INDIA GDP per Capita is $3,700 US whereas, it is $2,300 US in
CAMEROON. So far as Exports are concerned India is concerned with
petroleum products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods,
chemicals, leather manufactures, Whereas Cameroon is concerned with crude
oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee,For
making a Trade successful, it is necessary to have a clear climate view of a
partner’s country. India possesses varies from tropical monsoon in south to
temperate in north. Whereas Cameroon possesses varies with terrain, from
tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north.
TRADE OF CAMEROON
Oil and its linked products make up the country’s a large amount of
important export commodities. The country’s export partners include Italy,
France and the Netherlands. The European Union relics Cameroon's main
trading bloc, bookkeeping for 36.6% of total imports and 66.1% of exports.
France is Cameroon's main trading partner, but The United States is the
important investor in Cameroon. According to press reports, China newly became
the number one importer of Cameroonian exports, especially unprocessed
timber.
Cameroon is also part of the CEMAC zone which maintains a common external
tariff on imports from non- CEMAC countries. In theory, tariffs have been
eliminated within CEMAC, and only a value added tax should be applied to
goods traded among CEMAC members. There has been some delay,
however, in achieving this goal, and currently both customs duties and value
added taxes are being assessed on trade within CEMAC.
TOP EXPORT PARTNERS OF CAMEROON Spain took major part in the exports of the Cameroon with 2,775,579
thousand. Exports are further followed by Italy with 2,319,618 and France with
1,137,763 thousand. TOP IMPORT PARTNERS OF CAMEROON Different import partners are head by Nigeria with 2,205,873 thousand
followed by France with 1,618,298 thousand and China with 599,363 thousand.
64
TOP IMPORT PRODUCTS OF CAMEROON
In the import products of the Cameroon, parts of forklifts, bulldozers and graders
with 87,409 thousand followed by Medicine in doses and Worn Clothing with
85,024 thousand and 55,847 thousand THE TOP EXPORT PRODUCTS OF CAMEROON Cameroon’s main Export products are lead by Crud oil followed by Woos sawn and
bananas with 2,641,976 thousand, 295,835 thousand and 281,836 thousand
respectively.
INDIA’S MAJOR EXPORT PARTNERS Here, for India, major export partners are leading by UAE with $R36bn followed by USA and China with $34bn and $18bn respectively.
INDIA’S MAJOR IMPORT PARTNERS For India, major import partners are lead by China followed by UAE and Switzerland
with $58bn,$36bn and $32bn respectively.
MAJOR EXPORT PRODUCTS India’s major export products are lead by Petroleum Product with $56bn, followed by Gems & jewellery with $24bn each.
65
Commercial and Trade Relations 1. The key areas for cooperation could be Indian investments in oil and mining,
telecom, fertilizers, oil & gas, agriculture & food processing, frostery, IT, railways and
Indian exports of consumer and light engineering goods.
2. Bilateral Trade: India’s trade with Cameroon is about US$ 100 million as the
bilateral trade accounts for only 1.2% of Cameroon’s global external trade,
considerable potential for enhancing trade exist.
Indian Exports from Cameroon had an irregular trend, in 2007-08, it has been
decreased in comparison to 2006-07, but in the next year, it has increased followed
by decreasing in 2009-10.Indian imports from Cameroon have an continuously
increasing trend during 2006-07 through 2009-10 with $7.6US million and
$137.35US million respectively.
3. Main Indian exports: Bilateral trade has grown rapidly in recent years, but its full
potential is yet to be realised. Pharmaceutical products, machinery and instruments
and articles of iron and steel are main items of Indian exports.
Pharmaceuticals accounts for about a third of total Indian exports. In the Auto sector,
the Indian Bajaj Motorcycles were introduced in Cameroon in 2008.
4. Main Indian Imports are cotton, wood, and metalizes ores and metals. Cameroonian exports to India will benefit from the DFTP Scheme announced
pursuant to India-Africa Forum Summit in April 2008.
66
Overview of Financial Market of Cameroon:
Enrolment No Name of the Students Faculty Guide
117340592057 MONIKA PRAVINSINH PARMAR Prof. Pradip Mitra
117340592058 ANUJ NAVNEETBHAI GONDALIYA
117340592059 MANISH BHARATBHAI MAKVANA
117340592062 RIDDHI NITINBHAI CHAUHAN
117340592063 ABHISHEK DILIPKUMAR JOSHI
117340592070 BHARGAV SHIVAJIBHAI ZAKHELIYA
67
Financial Overview of CAMEROON FINANCIAL SECTOR
Cameroon has experienced stable economic growth over much of the past
decade.
Cameroon’s financial system is the largest in the Economic and Monetary
Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) accounting for about half of regional
financial assets. The financial sector, characterized by excess liquidity, is
largely dominated by foreign banks. Non-bank financial institutions play a
minor role, with the public insurance and pension systems in difficulties, and
the publicly owned postal bank and real estate finance institution both
struggling with insolvency.
Banking sector soundness has decline in recent years.
Six out of the eleven largest banks remain foreign owned, the sector has
experienced a gradual retrenchment of foreign banks over the past 10 years
due to excess domestic bank liquidity, lack of bankable projects.
While CEMAC countries jointly launched a common regional Stock exchange in
2008, Cameroon has also set up its own stock market, the Douala Stock Exchange.
However, market infrastructure development to support the expansion of capital
markets lags behind issuing plans and regional auction mechanisms and dealer-type
systems to support both the primary and secondary market are not yet fully in place.
Furthermore, a cash and debt management framework is not yet established at the
Treasury, hampering budget financing through government debt securities.
Insurance penetration remains low across Cameroon.
Life insurance is relatively undeveloped in Cameroon.
INDIAN FINANCIAL MARKET
Indian financial system is consisting of financial intermediaries, financial
regulatory, financial instruments, and financial market.
Financial intermediaries are Banks.
Financial regulatory are SEBI,RBI,IRDA
Financial Instruments are Money Market Instruments And Capital
Market Instruments
Financial markets are Money market and Capital market.
COMPARISON OF INDIA AND CAMEROON
India is developing nation while Cameroon is underdeveloped nation.
Geographical wise the India is better than Cameroon.
The financial system of India is good as compare to other countries while
financial system of The Cameroon is weak as compare to India.
GDP of the India is 7.8 whereas GDP of the Cameroon is 4.1.
India is currently having vast more opportunity and potential than
Cameroon.
India's Import Export is high than the Cameroon.
Financial Crisis:
African economies did not escape the impact of the financial crisis on the global
economy. In the wake of reduced global growth, African Development Bank
estimates project GDP growth in the continent to decline to about 2.8 percent in
2009, less than half of the 5.7 percent expected before the crisis.
While the effects of the world financial crisis on Africa continue to evolve, African
financial sectors have proven remarkably resilient in withstanding the effects of the
crisis, benefiting from high capitalization and liquidity levels.
The early effects of the crisis were evident in reduced capital inflows, with major
markets such as Nigeria and South Africa experiencing larger net outflows than
inflows. The higher net outflows increased demand for the dollar and other hard
currencies, leading to the depreciation of several African currencies. Remittances
are estimated to have declined between 4.5 percent and 8 percent during 2009.
While some measure of recovery has since taken place, equity markets have seen
substantial falls: the Merrill Lynch Africa Lions Index, which accounts for 15 African
countries, experienced a 70 percent drop in the March-December 2008 period.
Moreover, the credit crunch and increased risk aversion around the world have led to
severe difficulties in both financing trade and obtaining long-term funding in
international markets at reasonable cost, as shown by the considerable widening of
bond spreads since June 2007.
Several African countries have postponed plans to tap international markets for
financing their growth plans and capital investments. In response to the need for
international coordination in response to the crisis, African countries established the
Committee of 10 (C-10) at a meeting of African Ministers of Finance and Governors
of Central Banks in Tunis in November 2008, under the auspices of the African
Development Bank (AfDB) Group, in collaboration with the African Union
Commission (AUC) and the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).
Financial Infrastructure
Financial infrastructure comprises a set of market institutions, networks and shared
physical infrastructure that enable the effective operation of financial intermediaries,
the exchange of information and data, and the settlement of payments between
wholesale and retail market participants. A safe and efficient financial infrastructure
fosters financial stability and is imperative for the successful operation of modern
integrated financial markets.
Financial infrastructure broadly includes collateral registries, credit bureaus, credit
ratings, and payment and settlement systems. Collateral registries provide a tool for
borrowers to use their movable assets as collateral against loans. It allows potential
lenders to assess their standing in the order of pr iority of claims against such assets
Credit bureaus allow lenders to assess creditworthiness by providing credit
information about a borrower. They also allow borrowers to establish a reputation or
“credit record”. Credit rating agencies provide independent forward-looking
assessments on the credit worthiness of issuers.
Payment systems - the set of rules, procedures, and network infrastructure for
transferring money between two or more financial institutions and their customers -
play a key role in the functioning of financial markets, maintaining and promoting
financial stability an facilitating the development of the economy.
Financial infrastructure in Africa is generally in its nascent stages of development.
Credit bureaus, collateral registries and credit rating systems are only beginning to
be developed in several African countries. On a cross-regional comparative basis,
sub-Saharan Africa has the least developed payment and settlement systems, with
many economies predominantly cash- based and several countries still using
manual check processing and clearing houses.
Part -2
Industry Analysis of Cameroon
Agriculture Sector Summary
Enrollment No Student Name Faculty Guide
117344592701 MAITRI BHATT
Prof. Bhargav Pandya
117340592003 GAURAV KAMLESH BALDEV
117340592004 DIMPLE DILIP RAJVIR
117340592005 NISHI MUNISH VARIA
117340592006 PRIYANKA DINESHCHANDRA PAREKH
117340592007 DEEPTHI RAJENDRAN NAIR
117340592009 DARSHIT PARESH MEHTA
Agriculture Sector Summary
The production of organic pineapple and papaya in Cameroon is mainly carried out
by individual producers and a few groups. There are approximately 100 members
who are also producers, exporters, researchers or advocates of organic agriculture.
Cameroon is well known for its climatic, geographic and ecological diversity, which
enables farmers to grow a very large number of crops. The average area in the
small holding production ranges from one-twelfth to one-third of hectare, i.e. 5 000 to
20 000 plants. Consequences of this directive on pineapple production are
disastrous. This is because pineapple production is based on a program which
allows for harvest at targeted periods or even all year long. The marketing chain is
very short with only three players: the producer, the exporter and the importer.
Certification is delivered by an international accredited body at the exporter’s request
for his suppliers and also at individual producer’s request. In the European market,
the price of interest to the exporters is the price obtained by the importer from either
the wholesaler or the supermarket chain. For them, this represents the price to
which their product is bought. They will nevertheless have to deduct the charges of
the importer’s commission. Prices vary according to the law of supply and demand.
When the product quality is poor, it is not rare that exporters incur a loss. The
development of the organic sector has been reflected by a significant growth in
crops and the number of operators. Farmers who traditionally farm without fertilizers
or chemical products (for financial reasons and due to the lack of commercial
opportunities) have been encouraged to convert to organic farming by the market
opportunities (in particular the export market). The range of products has also
increased, from fresh products only in 1994 to processed products (dried, juices,
pulps) more recently.
The Cameroon of today is one of the most sophisticated and promising emerging
markets globally. Cameroon is the economic powerhouse of the African
continent,the Cameroonian Economic outlook has been on an upward trend since
2007.Despite the decline in the Oil production industry and the recent financial crisis,
the country has continued to show GDP growth rates of 3.6% and 4.8% in 2007 and
2008 respectively and a forecast of 4.6% in 2009.
Agriculture and Forestry
The sector is expected to benefit from better cross border infrastructure to ease
trading with neighboring countries particularly in rubber, cocoa, coffee and bananas.
Opportunities in this sector are in production/conversion of primary commodities and
trade financing.
Commerce and Trade
Cameroon imports the greater part of the commodities it markets whereas the
country is rich in natural resources and can support vast variety of agricultural
products. There is a real shortage in conversion processes from primary goods to
secondary goods and the country exports most of its cocoa, coffee and rubber
produce and imports their related finished products in Cameroon. Opportunities in
this sector are in trade financing and production/conversion processes of the
operating cycle.
Transportation (land, sea, air)
The country is in the process of revamping roads into and in the economic capital
Douala. The city is connected to all major towns in Cameroon, has rail links to
different cities and is served by an international airport. Cameroon has three major
ports for exports and imports with storage facilities, 58,000m sq or warehousing and
380,000m sq of open storage and 8,000m sq cold storage on site. Plans to build a
fourth deep sea port in Kribi are underway. Opportunities in this sector are in
transportation, tracking, storage and exportation to other central African countries.
Industrial manufacturing
One of the major industrial centers of Central Africa, Cameroon houses breweries,
textile factories, palm oil, soap and food-processing plants. It also produces building
materials, metalwork, plastics, glass, paper, bicycles and timber products.
Opportunities in this area are in distribution of different manufactured products,
financing and marketing.
Banking & Insurance & Finance
The banking industry in Cameroon is governed by both internal and external
regulations. Cameroon along with five other countries of the Central African Sub-
Region has one central bank. With the increasing trend in trade volumes in the
country, there is an opportunity for funding and financing to support these trade
volumes.
Tourism & Travel
The tourism industry in Cameroon is benefitting due to attention from the WWF and
its work with the wildlife community in the country. Cameroon is rich in culture with
more than 250 different tribes. It is a growing albeit minor industry and opportunities
in this area are numerous.
Construction Industry
Construction is another growing industry in the country, with the increase in need for
transportation and commercial infrastructure. The Chinese are big stakeholders
where road infrastructure is concerned and more opportunities continue to arise
especially in the more commercial cities of the country. Opportunities in this area are
in contracting and construction projects for road infrastructure and industrialization.
There is also a need for financing based on project kind and quality.
INDIA
Indian agriculture, the mainstay of the livelihood of over 60% of the
population, is set to receive a “New Deal” with the Government committed to
formulate a comprehensive package for reforms and policy changes vital for
increasing farm income, productivity and making the sector globally competitive.
In the backdrop of the new internal and external challenges faced by the farm
sector and the alarming deceleration in the rate of growth of agriculture during the
past decade, the Government is proactively looking for solutions to the problems
bedeviling the sector and has expressed its intent on charting out a well-defined
roadmap for putting agriculture at the centrestage of the national agenda.
It is widely recognized and appreciated that with its different agro-climatic
regions, India is geographically well suited to produce different varieties of fruits,
vegetables and a variety of crops all around the year. The country enjoys
competitive advantage because our farmers are the most cost-effective producers in
the world. Yet, India’s agriculture sector continues to languish. There is a yawning
gap between performance
and potential. And India’s share of the world trade in agri products is a measly 1.5%.
The Agriculture Summit was thus aimed at unraveling the core issues that afflict
Indian agriculture and giving the farm sector the centrality that it deserves in the
pursuit of reforms, growth, development with equity and inclusiveness.
‘New Deal’ to Rural India
The Hon’ble Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, in his Inaugural Address set the
ball rolling by giving a clarion call to accelerate the growth rate in agriculture if the
rate of growth of the economy is to be stepped up to 7 to 8%. “Unfortunately, there
has, in fact, been a deceleration in the past decade. While the Tenth Plan assumed
that agricultural production would grow at the rate of 4.0%, the reality is that in the
first three years of the Plan we have not been able to ensure even 1.5% rate of
growth. It is to reverse this neglect that our Government stated at the very outset
that our priority would be to give a “New Deal to Rural India”.
This “New Deal” required immediate steps for:
•Reversing the declining trend in investment in agriculture
•Stepping up credit flow to farmers
•Increasing public investment in irrigation & and wasteland development.
•Creating a ‘single market’ for agricultural produce
•Investing in rural healthcare & education
•Investing in rural electrification
•Investing in rural roads
•Setting up commodities futures markets
•Insuring against risks inevitable in a commercialized agrarian economy
The Hon’ble Prime Minister said it was imperative to consider the entire country as a
common or single market for agricultural products, for which it was important to
systematically remove internal controls and restrictions, enable and facilitate direct
marketing between farmers and NGOs, cooperatives and private companies.
Challenges & Opportunities
The Hon’ble Agriculture Minister, Mr. Sharad Pawar, in his Keynote Address
unveiled his vision of Indian agriculture and stated that the agriculture sector in India
presented many challenges and opportunities. “We have a wide range of diverse
agro-ecological conditions making it possible to grow different crop type, including
horticulture, in all parts of the country. Yet, the price of fruits and vegetables is high
and consumption is low. India has a huge internal market; yet, good harvest in a
particular season leads to fall in prices. Increased production often faces marketing
challenges. There is a good liquidity in the banking sector; yet, a large number of
farmers are dependent on the informal financial sector for their credit needs.
India needs a second green revolution with an end-to-end approach where
production and productivity patterns are tied up with markets and end users. This
according to me is India’s biggest challenge – and must be faced by both the public
and the private sector”. He enumerated several imperatives to put Indian agriculture
on a sound footing.
These include:
•Easy credit availability
•Large investments in all agricultural processes.
•Efficiency in water use
•Proper risk management
•Improved crop insurance scheme
•Assured irrigation facilities
•Tapping opportunities in horticulture
•Recognition to warehouse receipts to facilitate agri trade
•Strengthening of agriculture extension
For the growth of agriculture sector as a whole, a solid partnership between the
farmers, Central and State governments, agriculture universities, agri research
institutes, and industry is critical. Planned and need-based integration of industry
with agriculture would ensure that benefits percolate to the farmers.
Agriculture is one of the most important parts of any country’s economy. So it is
essential to get optimum use of agriculture land to increase the efficiency of the
agriculture production.
The total imports in Cameroon are increasing every year so it the same in India, also
the agriculture imports of India and Cameroon is also increasing considerably. But
the point to note is that India’s Percentage Agriculture Imports to national imports
India is decreasing every year and government of India is providing special
subsidies for Agriculture Exports.
While on the other side Cameroon is heavily depended on the imports from other
countries and s the ratio of Percentage Agriculture Imports to national imports is
increasing at a stable rate.
This gives India a good opportunity to export Agriculture products in Cameroon as
India is still depended heavily on the export income of Agriculture and Cameroon are
in need of Agriculture imports. So both the countries can get better of with this trade.
As per the data available following barriers of Trade Barriers can be concluded:
Cameroon
1. Rule of Law:
Protection of property rights is weak due to pervasive corruption and an
inefficient judicial system. The court system is vulnerable to political
interference and long delays. Trademarks and copyrights are routinely
violated, and software piracy is widespread.
2. Limited government
The top income and corporate tax rates are 38.5 percent (35 percent plus a
10 percent surcharge). Other taxes include a value-added tax (VAT) and an
inheritance tax. The overall tax burden equals 10.3 percent of GDP.
3. Regulatory inefficiency
The process for establishing a company has become more streamlined, but
paid-in minimum capital required to launch a business equals almost twice
the level of average annual income. The formal labor market is not fully
developed.
4. Open Market
The trade-weighted average tariff rate is quite high at 15 percent, and non-
tariff barriers further increase the cost of trade. The investment regime is
constrained by heavy bureaucracy and a lack of transparency. New
investments may be subject to government approval. The cost of financing is
high, and short-term loans dominate lending.
India
1. Rudimentary infrastructure and policies leads to slow agricultural
growth
The policies of Indian agriculture hampers the growth and proves to be the
barrier to the country. The farmer have the poor infrastructure and not able to
produce the goods at the optimum level.
2. The average size of the land is small
The land available to do the farming activity is small and the average size of
land holding is 20000 m². Such small holdings are often over manned
resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labor
3. Use of technology is in adequate
The usage of technology in agriculture is limited which creates the low
productivity. The technological availability is also is very less and in some
areas the is shortage of basic amenities.
4. No proper management for irrigation
The irrigation management is poor and people and not adopting the to
cultivate the crop. The irrigation can be helpful when there is draught situation
but it is not used.
5. Political environment and legal obligation
The political environment plays an important role either to make or break the
agriculture system. There is political instability which hinders the growth of the
agriculture. The legal obligation is also a curse to the agriculture, the
government is not encouraging the agriculture so it proves to be the loopholes
in the corrupt system.
So these are the barrier which hampers the trade of the both countries. If both
countries try to overcome the trade barrier can be nullified.
The global economic prospects remain bleak amid weak economic activity, falling
consumer and business confidence levels and growing downside risks. The
European sovereign debt crisis and fiscal difficulties in the US remain the main
drivers behind the slowdown in global economic activity. The global economic
growth rate is expected to slowdown to 4% in 2011, after a 5,1% growth rate in
2010. The global grain production forecast for 2011/2012 has been raised by 13
million tons to a record 1 819 million tons while global grain consumption is expected
to rise by only 2,4% to 1828 million tons. The improvement in global grain production
prospects significantly reduces the 2011/2012 deficit to 9 million tons, down from a
previously forecasted 16 million tons. Global grain trade is expected to increase by 7
million tons to 250 million tons as compared to the 2010/2011 season. In the
domestic side, the SA economy performed below market expectations during the
third quarter of 2011, growing by just 1,4% which is a slight improvement from the
1,3% growth rate recorded in the second quarter of 2011. The main drivers behind
the slowing economic growth were the manufacturing, mining as well as the
agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors which all contracted during the third quarter
of 2011. The agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector contracted for the third
consecutive quarter, recording a quarter-on-quarter negative growth of 4,3% in the
third quarter of 2011 from a revised 6,0% contraction in the second quarter of 2011.
Employment figures for the third quarter showed a slight improvement with
193 000 jobs created during the quarter, bringing the unemployment rate to 25%
from 25,7% on the second quarter of 2011. The trade and finance sectors were the
main drivers of job-creation, creating 68 000 and 40 000 jobs respectively during the
third quarter. After recording job losses for four quarters in a row, agriculture
employment rose by 4,3% to 624 000 quarter-on-quarter, with 26 000 new jobs
created during the third quarter of 2011 compared to the third quarter of 2010. The
Limpopo province accounted for the largest increase in agriculture employment with
employment rising by 17,6% quarter-on-quarter. Real gross farm income from all
agricultural products increased by 17,4% year-on-year, from R34,5 billion in the third
quarter of 2010 to R40,7 billion in the third quarter of 2011.
The value of agricultural exports increased by 6% year-on-year, reaching
R15,2 billion in the third quarter of 2011. The value of agricultural imports increased
by 23% from R9,5 billion in the third quarter of 2010 to R11,6 billion in the third
quarter of 2011. The total export value of fish and seafood increased by 5% from
R532 million to R556 million while the total import value increased by 4% from R333
million to R347 million during the period under review. Forestry products, on the
other hand, recorded an increase of 11% in export value from R2,6 billion to R2,9
billion and a 4% increase in import value from R1,7 billion to R1,8 billion between the
third quarters of 2010 and 2011
Commercial and Trade Relations:
In 2007 Government of India gifted 60 tractors and agricultural implements to
Government of Cameroon. India has also provided Lines of Credit to boost
agriculture in Cameroon. Line of Credit: On May 29 2009, a $ 37.65 million. Indian
Line of Credit (LoC) for Cameroon funding a project each of Rice and Maize Farm
Plantation was operationalised. In September 2012, India and Cameroon signed on
a new LOC of $ 42 million for Cassava plantation project in Cameroon.
Political Relations:
Relations between India and Cameroon are friendly and cordial.
The Cameroonian leaders appreciate India’s contributions to Africa, NAM, India’s
secular democracy and economic progress. Cameroon actively supported Indian
candidature for the Commonwealth Secretary General. Shri Mahesh Sachdev, High
Commissioner of India to Nigeria is concurrently accredited to Cameroon and he
presented his credentials to President Paul Biya on January 4, 2012.
Mining Sector Summery
Enrollment no Students Name Faculty Guide
117340592011 DHARMESH NAVINBHAI ADESARA
Prof. Bhavik Panchasara
117340592015 DHATRI MUKUNDRAI JASANI
117340592018 HILONI BHUPENDRABHAI RAITHATHA
117340592019 POOJA RAMESHBHAI MADALANI
117340592020 NIKUNJ RAMJIBHAI BHUVA
117340592023 PARIN BHARATBHAI KARIA
Mining Sector Summery
Cameroon Mining Sector :-
Of all Cameroon’s economic sectors, that which is most set for a dramatic take-off is
mining. Cameroon is a virtually unknown landscape of rich mineral deposits that have had no
historical commercial exploitation. Abundant reserves of cobalt, nickel, iron ore, bauxite and
manganese, along with gold and diamonds, have lured a multitude of international mining
companies to the country over the past decade as rises in global mineral prices spiked
renewed interest in its untapped potential.
Minister of Industry, Mines and Technological Development Badel Ndanga Ndinga
believes that mining growth will contribute significantly to Cameroon’s ascent to emergent
country status by 2035. He says that Cameroon boasts a competitive and attractive mining
code and points out that 60 per cent of the country is still unexplored. Such factors, along
with a progressive infrastructure development policy, will create a sector that will be a
reference point in Africa’s mining industry.
Indeed, Cameroon has some of the world’s leading cobalt deposits, with the
Nkamouna mine, the largest known primary cobalt deposit on the planet, set to bring in
revenues that equal those of the coffee and cocoa industries. In addition, C & K Mining Inc.,
a joint Cameroon-Korea company operating near the border with Congo-Republic, says the
probable diamond reserves at its mine, estimated at some 736 million carats, will make
Cameroon a leading diamond exporter in the near future.
Role of mining sector in the Economy of Cameroon:-
Bauxite deposits have been identified but remain unexploited; there are also
deposits of iron ore and potential reserves of gold, diamonds, uranium, rutile, industrial
clays and low-grade nickel and cobalt. Tin is mined on a very small scale. Investment by
large mining companies is needed to exploit underground riches. A new mining code is
planned to encourage foreign investors.
The Cameroonian government has identified the development of the mining
industry as a priority in the short, medium and long term as the country strives to hit key
economic goals by 2035. According to official government data, Cameroon has a billion
tons of bauxite and at least the same quantity of iron ore. Titanium reserves are estimated
at 300 million tons and cobalt, nickel and manganese deposits at 225 million tons.
Cameroon's economy is highly dependent on commodity exports, and swings in
world prices strongly affect its growth. Cameroon's economic development has been
impeded by economic mismanagement, pervasive corruption, and a challenging business
environment (for local and foreign investors). Cameroon remains one of the lowest-ranked
economies on the World Bank's annual Doing Business and similar surveys and regularly
ranks among the most corrupt countries in the world. Over the last 3 years, GDP growth
has averaged around 2%-3%, which is roughly on par with population growth but not
enough to significantly reduce high poverty levels. Despite boasting a higher GDP per
capita than either Senegal or Ghana, Cameroon lags behind these two countries in
important socio-economic indicators, including health and education. The government has
professed a determination to foster urgent economic growth and job creation, and there is a
decided uptick in interest in the mining sector and infrastructure development, but it is not
yet clear how well these promises will translate into improved performance.
In addition, Cameroon has oil and gas reserves that are thought to total 250
million barrels and 187 billion cubic metres of natural gas. The aggregate value of all these
natural resources is more than $100 billion and at least 200,000 direct and indirect jobs
could be created by their exploration, extraction and related activities. In order to attract
substantial FDI to develop the sector, the government is pumping hundreds of millions of
dollars into transport and energy infrastructure such as highways, ports, railways and
power plants.
The Ministry of Mines, Industry and Technological Development, is responsible
for developing strategies for industrial development by enhancing natural resources and
mines. Cameroon has applied to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative to
structure its mining industry with international standards. The request shows the
determination of Cameroon's government to boost transparency over payments by mining
and energy companies to public departments and agencies.
The code offers generous tax breaks to mining investors while ensuring that
Cameroon gets a fair share of the billions of dollars of minerals over the coming decades.
Companies wishing to mine in the central African nation will need to prove they have
adequate financing or permits will not be granted.
Structure of Cameroon Mining Sector:-
The growth of the use of semi-structured data has created new opportunities for
data mining, which has traditionally been concerned with tabular data sets, reflecting the
strong association between data mining and relational databases. Much of the world's
interesting and mineable data does not easily fold into relational databases, though a
generation of software engineers have been trained to believe this was the only way to
handle data, and data mining algorithms have generally been developed only to cope with
tabular data.
XML, being the most frequent way of representing semi-structured data, is able to
represent both tabular data and arbitrary trees. Any particular representation of data to be
exchanged between two applications in XML is normally described by a Schema often written
in XSD. Practical examples of such Schemata, for instance NewsML, are normally very
sophisticated, containing multiple optional subtrees, used for representing special case data.
Frequently around 90% of a Schema is concerned with the definition of these optional data
items and sub-trees.
Messages and data, therefore, that are transmitted or encoded using XML and that
conform to the same Schema are liable to contain very different data depending on what is
being transmitted.
Such data presents large problems for conventional data mining. Two messages
that conform to the same Schema may have little data in common. Building a training set
from such data means that if one were to try to format it as tabular data for conventional data
mining, large sections of the tables would or could be empty.
There is a tacit assumption made in the design of most data mining algorithms that
the data presented will be complete. The other desideratum is that the actual mining
algorithms employed, whether supervised or unsupervised, must be able to handle sparse
data. Namely, machine learning algorithms perform badly with incomplete data sets were
only part of the information is supplied. For instance methods based on neural networks. or
Ross Quinlan's algorithm are highly accurate with good and representative samples of the
problem, but perform badly with biased data. Most of times better model presentation with
more careful and unbiased representation of input and output is enough. A particularly
relevant area where finding the appropriate structure and model is the key issue is text
mining.
XPath is the standard mechanism used to refer to nodes and data items within
XML. It has similarities to standard techniques for navigating directory hierarchies used in
operating systems user interfaces. To data and structure mine XML data of any form, at least
two extensions are required to conventional data mining. These are the ability to associate
an XPath statement with any data pattern and sub statements with each data node in the
data pattern, and the ability to mine the presence and count of any node or set of nodes
within the document.
As an example, if one were to represent a family tree in XML, using these
extensions one could create a data set containing all the individuals in the tree, data items
such as name and age at death, and counts of related nodes, such as number of children.
More sophisticated searches could extract data such as grandparents' lifespans etc.
The addition of these data types related to the structure of a document or message
facilitates structure mining.
Function of Cameroon Mining Sector
This knowledge base includes enterprise resource planning (ERP) and computerized
maintenance management system (CMMS) modules geared toward the regular
requirements of companies in the mining industry. While including important criteria for
financials solutions and human resources, it has additional process workflow, quality
management, field service, and other criteria.
Financials
Financial system modules for bookkeeping and ensuring accounts are paid or
received on time.
Human Resources
Human Resources encompasses all the applications necessary for handling
personnel-related tasks for corporate managers and individual employees. Modules will
include Personnel Management, Benefit Management, Payroll Management, Employee
Self Service, Data Warehousing, Health and Safety, Workforce Management, Training, and
Product Technology
Maintenance Management
Kanban is a method of Just-in-Time production that uses standard containers or
lot sizes with a single card attached to each. It is a pull system in which work centers signal
with a card or other device that they wish to withdraw parts from feeding operations or
suppliers. The Japanese word kanban, loosely translated, means card, billboard, or sign,
but other signaling devices such as colored golf balls have also been used. The term is
often used synonymously for the specific scheduling system developed and used by the
Toyota Corporation in Japan. Point-of-use storage/floor stock—keeping inventory in
specified locations on a plant floor near the operation where it is to be used.
Process Manufacturing Management
Process Manufacturing Management covers specifics that are applicable to
process type of manufacturing. Formulas and recipes, modeling of process using formulas
and routings, process batch control and reporting, conformance reporting, process
manufacturing costing, process manufacturing-related material management are the major
functional areas of this module. It also provides a consolidated view of the production
situation using extensive multi-level reporting capabilities.
Inventory Management
Solutions for inventory management are used for the record-keeping of goods
that are warehoused, and managing the movement of these goods to, from, and through
warehouses.
Sales Management
Sales Management encompasses a group of applications that automates the
data entry process of customer orders and keeps track of the status of orders. It involves
order entry, order tracing and status reporting, pricing, invoicing, etc. It also provides a
basic functionality for lead tracking, customer information, quote processing, pricing &
rebates, etc.
Purchasing Management
Purchasing management encompasses a group of applications that controls
purchasing of raw materials needed to build products and that manages inventory stocks. It
also involves creating purchase orders/contracts, supplier tracking, goods receipt and
payment, and regulatory compliance analysis and reporting.
Quality Management
Quality management refers to the set of actions taken by an organization to
ensure that it creates and delivers high-quality products. In order to do so, organizations
must comply to national and international rules and regulations related to product quality,
but they often also create and use internal requirements for quality control. Specific
procedures need to be set up in order to ensure that the end products comply to internal or
external quality standards. All these activities need to be well documented in order to
provide the information needed when customers are not satisfied with the quality of the
products received. Government agencies may also require this information for control and
verification.
Project Management
Project management monitors costs and work schedules on a project-by-project
basis. It usually includes the following sub-modules: project control, project analyzer, project
budgeting, project timekeeping, project billings, contract management, and a workflow
communicator.
Product Technology
This group of criteria defines the technical architecture of the product as well as the
technological environment in which the product can run successfully. Criteria include product
and application architecture, software usability and administration, platform and database
support, application standards support, communications and protocol support and integration
capabilities. Relative to the other evaluation criteria, best practice selections place a lower
relative importance on the product technology criterion. This apparently lower importance is
deceptive because the product technology usually houses the majority of the selecting
organization's mandatory criteria, which generally include server, client, protocol and
database support, application scalability, and other architectural capabilities. The definition of
mandatory criteria within this set often allows the client to quickly narrow the long list of
potential vendors to a short list of applicable solutions that pass muster relative to the most
basic mandatory selection criteria.
Business Activities of Mining
Cameroon’s major commodity is petroleum, which provides 50% of Cameroon’s
exports. Geologically, Cameroon is characterized by Archaean basement, Proterozoic
volcano – sedimentary packages (similar to that of the auriferous Birimian Belt of West
Africa) and several late stage intrusive phases.
Cameroon also has extensive bauxite reserves, but requires substantial infrastructure
development in order to exploit them. Potential bauxite reserves exist at Minim – Martap
and Ngaouanda deposits, located in the remote northern parts of the country. These two
deposits have an estimated combined resource of 1 100 Mt of bauxite. China’s Gansu
Corporation has intentions to develop a 2 000 Mt bauxite deposit which would provide
bauxite to Cameroon’s largest aluminum smelter at Edea. Currently the Edea smelter
obtains bauxite from Guinea.
Numerous artisanal gold workings are known (producing around 1500 kg/year), but it
appears that no modern exploration methods have been used to locate Cameroon’s
primary gold potential. Alluvial gold production is derived purely from elluvial and alluvial
workings. To date no primary deposits have been successfully located. However, work
carried out by the BRGM suggests that gold mineralization is related to the volcano-
sedimentary belts characteristic of the Birimian belt in Niger, Burkina Faso and Mali.
Artisinal mining accounts for around 45 000 oz/year. Lom River Gold Corp (formerly Lorica
Resources Inc) from Canada has an option to obtain a gold prospect in south eastern
Cameroon.
The resources mined in Cameroon are quite limited, with annual artisanal production of
around 20,000 oz of gold and 12,000 ct of diamonds, and various building materials. The
government is currently examining the assistance it gives to the artisanal mining sector.
Alucam is Cameroon's largest company, and its aluminum smelter is producing and
exporting some 90,000 t/y of aluminum from bauxite imported from Guinea.
Companies and Organizations linked to Mining in Cameroon :-
Bimbia Ore Mining
Cameroon Mines Ltd.
Capam Company Ltd
Geovic Mining
Ministry of Industries Mines and
Technological Development
Ministry of Mines and Energy
Tchollire Ore Mining
Alucam
Société Camerounaise de Metallurgie
Products, Services and Suppliers for Mining in Cameroon :-
Aero magnetic geophysics
Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil
ANFO loading machinery
Ammonium nitrate explosives
Archaeological services
Ball mills
Boom bolters
Bulk material carriers
Coal cutters
Cone crushers
Continuous mining equipment
Crushers and breakers and grinders
Crushing plants
Cutting equipment
Elevating platform vehicles or
scissor lifts
Exploration and development
systems
Exploration or development system
spare parts or accessories
Explosive cartridges
Explosives
Extraction
Feeders
Flares
Geological exploration
Geophysical surveys
Hydraulic rock drills
Impact crushers
Impoundment or storage of water
services
In the hole drills ITH or down the
hole DTH long hole drills
Jaw crushers
Jaw plates
Land surveying
Mapping
Matches
Mine development
Mine exploration
Pneumatic rock drills
Powder propellants
Pulverizing machinery
Pumping or draining
Rock crushers
Rock drill spare parts or accessories
Roll crushers
Scissor bolters
Screens
Screens and feeding equipment
Secondary rock breaking system
spare parts or accessories
Secondary rock breaking systems
Shotcrete spraying equipment
Gyratory crushers
Hand held rock drills
Underground mining service vehicles
Comparison of Cameroon and India
Cameroon Product Indian Products
Lime Stone Iron Ore Limestone, Iron Ore
Uranium Steam Coal Uranium Coal
Bauxite Rough Diamond Bauxite, Manganese,
Gold Manganese Ore Beryllium
Mica
Nickel Copper Ores Aquamarine Clay
Natural Gas Cobalt Marble Copper
Oil Garnet Kyanite
Gems Chromite
Apatite Silica
Petroleum Beryllium,
Crushed Stone Soda Ash
Iodized Salt Lignite
Marble Granite
Oil Gypcsum
Comparison:-
Cameroon has no established mining sector in the country which India is
having an organized and unorganized mining sector in the country which is
important part of the country’s overall production.
Here, from the table we can find that there are 5 common products which are
produced in both the countries that are limestone, oil, bauxite, uranium and
iron ore.
Now the following table represents the production of the above said common
product in both the country.
Table showing the comparison of the production of common products over
the country
PRODUCT INDIA
PRODUCTION
CAMEROON
PRODUCTION
Limestone N/A N/A
Bauxite 1400 73
Uranium N/A N/A
Oil (bdl per day) 954000 65330
Iron Ore 245000 N/A
* N/A : DATA IS NOT AVAILABLE
* PRODUCTION IN THOUSAND METRIC TONS
The above table showing annual production represents the country and it
shows that in the production of Bauxite and Iron ore, India is ahead than the
Cameroon.
As the Cameroon is not having the established mining sector in the country, it
might have more untapped areas which are containing the minerals, while,
India is already having the industry, there are many areas which are tapped
containing minerals,
Comparison of Cameroon Products and Gujarat Products
Cameroon Product Gujarat Product
Lime Stone Iron Ore Limestone Mica
Uranium Steam Coal Uranium, Soda Ash
Bauxite Rough Diamond Bauxite Lignite
Oil Manganese Ore Oil Petroleum
Nickel Copper Ores Beryllium, Marble
Natural Gas Cobalt Gypsum Clay
Gold Crushed Stone Silica
Soda Ash Aquamarine
Granite Gas
Iodized Salt
Comparison:
Here, from the table we can find that here also there are 4 common products
which are produced by both Cameroon and Gujarat, that are Oil, Uranium,
Bauxite and Limestone.
PRODUCT GUJARAT
PRODUCTION
CAMEROON
PRODUCTION
Limestone N/A N/A
Bauxite N/A 73
Uranium N/A N/A
Oil (bdl per day) N/A 65330
*N/A : DATA IS NOT AVAILABLE
* PRODUCTION IN THOUSAND METRIC TON
As the data of Gujarat is not available, we could not make the comparison of
Cameroon and Gujarat. We can say that as the Cameroon has ample no. of
opportunities to deal with the Gujarat as the Gujarat is fast growing state and has
many more unidentified mineral areas.
Following pictures are representing the map of minerals of India, Cameroon and
Gujarat. This areas are identified differently and shown differently.
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=india+mineral+map&hl=en&biw=1024&bih=600&tbm=isch&tbo=u
&source=univ&sa=X&ei=8uZaUbi4OoWSkwX12YGgCA&ved=0CEAQsAQ#imgrc=3IWqlu8bUBnIEM
%3A%3BWEfzf11mOP3PoM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.indiamapssite.com%252Findia%252
Fimage%252Fmineralsmap.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.indiamapssite.com%252Findia%2
52Fminerals-map.html%3B585%3B698
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://emg.geoscienceworld.org/content/17/34/197/F1.large.jpg&imgrefurl
=http://emg.geoscienceworld.org/content/17/3/197/F1.expansion.html&h=1800&w=1140&sz=242&tbnid=6xRyxn
bEwjosLM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=57&zoom=1&usg=__yVaMkAy1ZuxCm0JkAxjHYuDMUp8=&docid=b9ghvo6DmJZZ
cM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3VaUc6LOMWOiAfFgIFY&ved=0CEQQ9QEwBA&dur=16
http://www.geomining.gujarat.gov.in/images/mineral%20based%20industries.jpg
Trade View of INDIA and CAMEROON
CAMEROON GDP - composition by sector:
Agriculture: 43.7%
Industry: 20.1%
Services: 36.2% (2004 EST.)
In INDIA GDP per Capita is $3,700 US whereas, it is $2,300 US in
CAMEROON. So far as Exports are concerned India is concerned with
petroleum products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods,
chemicals, leather manufactures, Whereas Cameroon is concerned with
crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee,
For making a Trade successful, it is necessary to have a clear climate
view of a partner’s country. India possesses varies from tropical monsoon in
south to temperate in north. Whereas Cameroon possesses varies with
terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north.
TRADE OF CAMEROON
Oil and its linked products make up the country’s a large amount of
important export commodities. The country’s export partners include Italy,
France and the Netherlands. The European Union relics Cameroon's main
trading bloc, bookkeeping for 36.6% of total imports and 66.1% of exports.
France is Cameroon's main trading partner, but The United States is the
important investor in Cameroon. According to press reports, China newly
became the number one importer of Cameroonian exports, especially
unprocessed timber.
Cameroon is also part of the CEMAC zone which maintains a common
external tariff on imports from non- CEMAC countries. In theory, tariffs have
been eliminated within CEMAC, and only a value added tax should be
applied to goods traded among CEMAC members. There has been some
delay, however, in achieving this goal, and currently both customs duties
and value added taxes are being assessed on trade within CEMAC.
According to the 2008 BP Statistical Energy Survey, Cameroon produced an
average of 82 thousand barrels of crude oil per day in 2007, 0.1% of the world total
and a change of -5.7 % compared to 2006. The Republic of Cameroon, lies on the
eastern border of oil-rich Nigeria, and is the sixth largest oil producer in Sub-
Saharan Africa with oil reserves estimated at 400 million barrels in January 2004.
Agriculture is the mainstay of the Cameroonian economy and accounts for 50%
of total exports and also about 70% of the active population is involved in agriculture.
Food and export crops, livestock, fishing and forestry make the back bone of the
economy.
The key areas for cooperation could be Indian Investment in oil and mining, telecom,
fertilizers, oil & gas, agriculture & food processing, forestry. IT, railways and Indian
exported of consumer and light engineering goods.
Cameroon have good potential to develop their mining sector and to become
leading producer of various product like boxite, diamond, iron etc. so if proper
planning is done at that time Cameroon can get maximum benefit out of that.
Cameroon’s undeveloped mineral resources include bauxite, cobalt, gold from lode
deposits, granite, iron ore, nepheline syenite, nickel, and rutile. Strong metal and
industrial mineral prices since 2003 have encouraged companies to develop mines.
The Nkamouna enriched cobalt-nickel-manganese-iron laterite deposits and
several other nickeliferous laterite deposits in southeast Cameroon were first
discovered and investigated by the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) during 1981-1986, in a cooperative project with the Cameroon Ministry of
Mines, Water and Energy to evaluate mineral potential in southeastern Cameroon.
Due to the remote location and the low nickel prices at the time, the discovery did
not draw much attention. No further exploration took place on the property until
geologist William Buckovic became aware of the nickel discovery in 1988.
Potential for Import/Export in Gujarat:-
Important mineral occurrences in the state are bentonite found in Amreli,
Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Kachchh and Sabarkantha districts; diatomite in Bhavnagar
district; fluorite in Vadodara and Baruch districts; perlite in Rajkot district; and
wollastonite in Banaskantha district. State is the major holder of country’s resources
of perlite, 69% of fluorite, 28% of diatomite, 18% of bentonite and 10% of
wollastonite resources.
Private Participation in the mining sector:-
The new NMP enunciates measures like assured right to next stage mineral
concession, transferability of mineral concessions and transparency in allotment of
concessions, in order to reduce delays which are seen as impediments to investment
and technology flows in the mining sector in India. The Mining Policy also seeks to
develop a sustainable framework for optimum utilisation of the country's natural
mineral resources for the industrial growth in the country and at the same time
improving the life of people living in the mining areas, which are generally located in
the backward and tribal regions of the country.
India-Cameroon bilateral trade data (Value in US$ Mn)
Trade Apr 10 to Mar 11 Apr 11 to Mar 12 Growth %
Export 121.18 192.22 58.63
Import 138.10 478.31 246.36
Total Trade 259.27 670.54 158.62
Source: DGFT
India - Cameroon Bilateral Trade Statistics (in US$ Mn)
Trade April-October
2012
April-October
2011
Growth %
Export 119.96 100.82 +19.0%
Import 95.79 321.63 -70%
Total Trade 215.75 422.45 -49%
Because Cameroon still a developing country and not yet with the Kimberley
Process Certification Scheme( KPC) All buyer must obtain an authorization permit
document Directly from the Ministry of Mines, Department of Mines and Geology.
This Document will serve permit for the Diamond to pass through all Terminals and
toll gates for successful shipment.
The resources mined in Cameroon are quite limited, with annual artisanal production of
around 20,000 oz of gold and 12,000 ct of diamonds, and various building materials. The
government is currently examining the assistance it gives to the artisanal mining sector.
Alucam is Cameroon's largest company, and its aluminum smelter is producing and
exporting some 90,000 tonnes of aluminum from bauxite imported from Guinea.
Cameroon also has extensive bauxite reserves, but requires substantial infrastructure
development in order to exploit them. Potential bauxite reserves exist at Minim – Martap
and Ngaouanda deposits, located in the remote northern parts of the country. These two
deposits have an estimated combined resource of 1 100 Mt of bauxite. China’s Gansu
Corporation has intentions to develop a 2 000 Mt bauxite deposit which would provide
bauxite to Cameroon’s largest aluminum smelter at Edea. Currently the Edea smelter
obtains bauxite from Guinea.
Financial Service Sector Summery
Enrollment no Students Name Faculty Guide
117340592025 JATIN MAHESHBHAI MAJITHIYA
Prof. Niraj Vyas
117340592026 NIRMAL NARANBHAI BHIMANI
117340592027 KUSHAL BIPINBHAI LAKHANI
117340592029 JAYKUMAR PARESHKUMAR MEHTA
117340592030 KUSHAL DIVYESHBHAI NATHWANI
117340592034 PRIT DHARMENDRABHAI KATARIA
Financial Service Sector Summery
THE FINANCIAL AND BANKING LANDSCAPE OF CAMEROON
The monetary policy of BEAC (the central bank) which is centered on monetary
stability and bank liquidity management has greatly influenced Cameroon’s
economic and financial policy.
The Cameroonian financial landscape is comprised of:
15 commercial Banks. Cameroon’s banking and financial landscape
increased by two credit establishments which are state-owned: the Cameroon Rural
Financial Corporation and the Cameroon’s Small and Medium-sized bank; it is worth
noting that 10 of these banks are owned by non-nationals, there are subsidiaries of
European and other African countries.
5 financial institutions ( non-deposits taking institutions)
4 specialized financial institutions ( state-owned institutions FEICOM,
SNI,CFC,FNE )
28 insurance companies with 01 National Insurance Fund
500 microfinance institutions ( first, second and third categories of
MFI),
01 stock market ( Douala Stock Exchange),
informal financial players or informal finance ( tontines, djangui) & the
central securities depository is the National Autonomous Sinking Fund (CAA)
LEGAL, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL SET UP
Supervisory and regulatory authorities and Sub-regional and national
regulations
The OHADA (the Organization for the Harmonization of business law
in Africa) Uniform Acts notably on securities, procedure on insolvency and
liquidation, arbitration, commercial companies and economic interest group;
The inter-African conference of insurance market code that determines
the modalities and procedures for licensing, functioning and liquidation of insurance
companies The 1992 convention harmonizing the banking legislation in central
African states
the convention of 12 October 1990 creating the banking commission of
central Africa (COBAC) which is the regional supervisory authority for banks,
financial institutions, specialized financial institutions and MFI;
The decisions taken by the president of the republic and the ministry of
finance on the functioning of the national credit Council, banking conditions,
minimum guaranteed free services to be rendered by banks to their customers,
licensing of these institutions including microfinance institutions (MFI)
Supervisory and regulatory authorities
The 1999 law establishing and organizing a financial market
The 2002 regulating MFI
It is worth noting that Cameroon did not opt for an integrated and
combining supervisory mechanism in charge of banks, insurance companies,
financial market operations, MFI.
Thus, we have specialized structures for each category;
The Ministry of Finance is in charge of bank and MFI registration, licensing of
banks and MFI, their General managers and auditors, passes same for COBAC approval.
The Central Bank ensures the monetary stability and directs the monetary
policy;
CFM is responsible for the supervision of the national financial market;
The regional commission for insurance supervision and the national Brigade
National Financial investigation Agency: preventing and sanctioning of money
laundering related activities.
COBAC
(emanates from BEAC though independent, its president is the governor of
the central bank (BEAC))
Regulatory power: defines prudential norms of banks and MFI
Power of control: ensures their application; Administrative power: can put
financial institutions under provisional administration or appoint a liquidator
Power to sanction: vested with the powers to sanctions defaulters (penalties,
suspension, and withdrawal of licenses.etc.)
Give its approval or rejection in issues like licensing of banks, MFI, and their
General managers, determination by the minister of finance of banking conditions;
BANKING IN CAMEROON
INTRODUCTION
Progressive investment and development today cannot be achieved without a
secured legal and commercial environment and a strong independent court system.
The era of globalization tremendously affected the Banking Sector in Cameroon. It is
thanks to globalization that most modern States have abandoned their fundamental
principles and attitude of non-interference for interdependence and mutual suspicion
for mutual interaction. There is free movement of goods and services across the
frontiers which indicate a borderless economy. This therefore calls for improvements
on security measures as far as commerce is concerned. Investors will not appreciate
investing in a State where their investments cannot be guaranteed. It is against this
backdrop that Cameroon in response to this pertinent global problem modified its
Banking Regulations to guarantee foreign investment.
Cameroon today is a member State of the Bank of Central African States (B.E.A.C.)
and also a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community
(CEMAC). These two bodies, BEAC and CEMAC constitute part of the “Franc Zone”.
Franc Zone simply means those African States whose monetary policy is being
directed by France especially in the domain of exchange rate with respect to
currencies of other countries, convertibility to other currencies, centralization of
international exchange reserves and harmonization of regulations.
The Banking Industry in Cameroon is governed by laws and regulations whose
sources are listed seriatim: International Conventions, Customs Laws, Ordinances,
Presidential Decrees, Ministerial Orders, Circulars and Court Decisions. These
regulatory instruments are flexible in character, meaning they can be a subject of
modification based on some socio-cultural, political and economic development
within Cameroon. Banking regulations vary between jurisdictions.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BANK REGULATIONS
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
In order to promote the objectives of the regulator, certain requirements are imposed
on banks. The most important minimum requirement in banking regulation is
minimum capital ratios (MCR).
SUPERVISORY REVIEW
To operate as a bank, the bank must first obtain a License from the regulator in
order to carry on business in Cameroon. The regulator has the obligation to
supervise licensed banks for compliance with the requirements and responds to
breach of the requirements through obtaining undertakings, giving directions,
imposing penalties or revoking the bank’s license.
MARKET DISCIPLINE
The regulator requires banks to publicly disclose financial and other information and
depositors and other creditors are able to use this information to assess the level of
risk and to make investment decisions. As a result of this, the bank is subject to
market discipline and the regulator can also use market pricing information as an
indicator of the bank’s financial health.
REGULATORY BODIES
- COBAC (The Banking Commission for the six Central African member States).
- MINFI (The Ministry Finance).
- NCC: The National Credit Council.
- BEAC: The Bank of Central African States.
- APECAM: The Banking and Credit/Finance Association.
SUPERVISORY AUTHORITIES/CONTROL
This role devolves mainly upon the Ministry of Finance and COBAC. The Ministry of
Finance controls all banking activities especially the terms and conditions for
banking services. It also receives applications for licensing and the appointment of
General Managers of banks and other financial institutions and passes same to
COBAC for approval/rejection. COBAC has up to six months within which to decide
on such applications. In conjunction with the National Credit Council, the Governor
of the Central Bank rules on the following:
- Minimum capital for banks and finance houses;
- Conditions for opening up branch offices;
- Anti-trust issues and collaboration amongst the institutions.
The Central Bank performs the role of a Regional Central Bank as indicated above
as well as issues notes. It also acts as clearing house for the banks. However, for its
functions of directing monetary policy and acting as lender of last resort, it falls wide
off the mark.
The law does not expressly prohibit certain banking practices but the following are
covered in general terms by the Penal Code: Money laundering, constructive
capital/currency exports, Bureau exchange, holding of undue credit balances in
nostro accounts for periods over one month.
INSTITUTION OF CROSSED CHEQUES
The institution of crossed cheques was contained in a communiqué of December 06,
1996 by the Secretary General of the Cameroon Association of Professional Credit
Establishment (APECAM). This communiqué was to the effect that banks would
henceforth respect scrupulously the decision of the National Credit Council
instituting the obligatory crossing of cheques in Cameroon well before their
issuance. Here, before delivering cheque booklets to their clients, the banks ensure
that there are two parallel lines on the face of each cheque leaf. This is actually
being enforced. This condition was designed to guarantee security.
INCORPORATION PROCEDURE
As at now, only Commercial Banks exist in Cameroon and operate as Public
Limited-liability Companies though shares are not listed. For incorporation and
registration of banks, documents to be forwarded in two copies to the Ministry of
Economy and Finance against acknowledgment of receipt are:
- The draft Memorandum and Articles of Association;
- List of shareholders;
- A business plan, budget, management structure and proposed branch network;
- Proof of deposit of the required paid-up capital and
- The names of the proposed General Manager (GM) and Deputy General Manager
(DGM).
For purposes of proper identification of job managers by MINFI, the following
documents are required:
- A copy of Birth Certificate;
- Two passport-size photographs;
- A Certificate of non-conviction dated not later than three months from the date of
signature;
- A Curriculum Vitae (CV);
- Copies of relevant Diplomas;
- Minutes of Board meeting confirming appointment;
- A Certificate of residence and
- A residence permit (for foreigners).
All of the above documents are sent to COBAC and if within six months the answer
is in the affirmative, MINFI issues the License. COBAC’s silence at the end of the six
months period is also considered as a favorable response. The License is published
in the Official Gazette and in at least one widely circulated national newspaper. The
NCC grants the new institution a registration number, which must feature in all future
correspondences of the Bank or Finance House. Once the License is granted, the
new bank has up to 12 months to start functioning failing which the License will be
withdrawn.
RESTRICTION ON INCORPORATION
Since the enactment of the 1985 Ordinance, there is no restriction on ownership,
hence the existence of 100% privately-owned banks and the possibility to have
offshore offices in the country. Also, by Ordinance N° 90/7 of 18 November 1990 a
new Investment Code was instituted in Cameroon. Its all-embracing purpose is to
encourage and promote productive investment in the country. This Investment Code
offers alluring conditions to investors in the form of guarantees. Investment in the
Banking Sector is opened to all natural persons or corporate bodies of Cameroonian
or foreign nationality, irrespective of their place of residence. Hence foreign nationals
have the right to enjoy the same liberties and protection of the law as those granted
Cameroonian natural persons or corporate bodies.
Foreign nationals also have the right to enjoy the manifold rights governing property
ownership, concession and administrative authorizations. They also enjoy the right
to compensation in the case of illegal expropriation. Foreign investors have the right
to hire and fire labor in compliance with the Labor and Social Insurance legislations
in force.
There is also the right to freely transfer proceeds of all kind from the invested capital
and in case they cease to operate, the balance of the liquidation. They are also free
to transfer out of Cameroon, funds representing normal and current payments for
supplies and services effectively performed, particularly in the form of royalties and
sundry remuneration.
BANK CHARGES
Bank charges are regulated by the Ministry of Finance. The lending rate is
approximately 22% without taxes. (This has recently been increased from 17%).
Foreign exchange commission’s of between 1.5% and 4% apply both to selling and
buying. Deposit rates apply at a maximum rate of 8% with a base rate of 4.5%.
Other charges apply, on average at a rate of 15% on the transaction amount. A
single borrower’s limit must not exceed 45% of the Bank’s capital funds.
RETAIL BANKING SERVICES
These include:
- Deposits, withdrawals and small loan facilities;
- Travelers cheques/bank drafts and other money transfers;
- Cheque certifications and custody.
MINIMUM SHARE CAPITAL
The minimum share capital requirement varies with the type of credit institution. For
banks, the fully paid-up capital is US $ 2.000.000, although a proposal that this be
increased to US $ 4.000.000 is under consideration.
No fixed legal reserve requirement exists in the Cameroon Banking Industry. The
capital and equal ratio is 8%. Generally, very detailed and complex calculations are
provided to arrive at the respective prudential ratios.
LENDING LIMITS
- Total loans to one borrower must not exceed 45% of capital funds.
- Total loans to borrowers representing over 15% of capital fund, must not in
aggregate exceed the total of net capital.
There are no protection schemes in the form of deposit insurance or reserve asset
requirements, save the prudential regulations in place and monitored by COBAC -
the banking police.
DOMESTIC BANKS
With the liquidation of BanqueMeridien BIAO Cameroun (BMBC) in 1996,
CréditAgricole du Cameroun (C.A.C.) in 1997 and the incorporation of the
Commercial Bank of Cameroon (C.B.C.) in 1998, there exists 10 functional
Commercial Banks in Cameroon.
These include:
- SociétéGénérale des Banques au Cameroun (SGBC);
- Standard Chartered Bank of Cameroon (SCBC);
- SCB - Crédit Lyonnais du Cameroun (SCB-CL);
- Amity Bank Cameroon PLC;
- ECOBANK;
- Afriland First Bank;
- CITIBANK;
- Commercial Bank of Cameroon (CBC);
- Union Bank of Cameroon (UBC);
- Banque International du Cameroun pour l’Epargneet le Crédit (BICEC). BICEC was
created following the restructuring of “BanqueInternationale pour le Commerce et de
l’Industrie du Cameroun” (BICIC).
Apart from Amity Bank PLC, Afriland First Bank, Commercial Bank of Cameroon,
Union Bank of Cameroon, ECOBANK, CITIBANK and Standard Chartered Bank,
which are privately owned, the other banks above have government share holdings
of between 35% to 83% and are heavily influenced by the latter. Banks in Cameroon
are all commercial banks mainly handling traditional banking functions, lending
short-term and specializing in short-term self-liquidated trade finance. Long-term
loans are accorded by the Central Bank (BEAC).
OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN CAMEROON
- Insurance/Re-Insurance Companies.
- Hire Purchase/Leasing Companies.
- Real Estate Companies.
- Loan Funds for Investing In Real Estate.
- Investment Corporations.
- Recovery Corporations.
BANKING SECRECY
In Cameroon, banking secrecy is contained in the internal regulations of each bank
and even on employment contracts. The Cameroon Penal Code in its Sections 74
and 310 lays down the penalties for breach of confidentiality. The Penal Code also
provides sanctions for counterfeit and laundering. The practice of usury is a common
and very dynamic phenomenon in Cameroon. Non-financial institutions and
individuals sometimes lend money at exorbitant interest rates of more than 3O%
against normal bank rates of 22%. The Cameroon Penal Code in its Article 325 also
sanctions this illegality.
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THEDOUALA STOCK EXCHANGE
The Stock Exchange of Cameroon or the Stock Exchange or the Douala Stock
Exchange or the DSX was created by, and is organized in accordance with the
provisions of Law N° 99/015 of the 22nd December, 1999. The Stock Exchange of
Cameroon shall be sole agent authorized to carry out the trade of stocks, shares,
transferable securities and other investment products.
The present Rules and Regulations shall determine the rules relating to:
-the organization of the market
-the negotiation of transferable securities
-the acceptance, the listing and delisting or stocks, shares and transferable
securities
-special operations
-the conclusion of transactions
-the setting of prices for services
And on a general basis, shall enact all necessary measures in order to ensure the
respect of the provisions of Article 46 of the General Rules and Regulations of the
Financial Markets Commission.
The Stock Exchange of Cameroon shall be charged with organizing the trade of
transferable securities and other investment products registered in any of its
departments. To this effect, it shall take upon itself the exclusive rights to regulate:
access to the market
admission to quotation
organization of transactions and the markets
suspension of negotiations
recording and publication of negotiations
The Stock Exchange shall monitor the legality of the operations carried out by the
stockbrokers (Investment Service Providers or PSIs) acting as negotiators –
compensators or by any persons acting on their behalf.
It shall ensure especially the legality of negotiations during trading sessions.
The Stock Exchange undertakes to inform the Financial Markets Commission of any
irregularities, disrespect of market regulations, collusion between two or more
participants or any other abnormality likely to negatively affect the integrity of the
market. The Financial Markets Commission has sole powers to carry out
investigations of the Investment Service Providers concerned or any other persons
or body that cause, by their behavior, a risk to be run by the Stock Exchange.
By special authorization given to it by the Financial Markets Commission (FMC), the
Stock Exchange shall have the power of immediate sanction in case of actions
contrary to the interests of the market. This power shall be a protective measure
aimed at immediately stopping any action prejudicial to the market. This power of
sanction of the Stock Exchange applies to all participants in the markets as well as
to those working for the DSX.
The Stock Exchange has the power to expel an Investment Service provider from a
trading session as well as any other person concerned. The Stock Exchange shall
draw up and be responsible for the presentation, content and regularity of the Official
Bulletin of the Douala Stock Exchange – BOCDSX. It shall be published under the
responsibility of the DSX.
The Official Pricelist Bulletin shall be the means of official communication of:
- Market information
- Information on quoted shares
- Information necessary for the smooth functioning of the market.
Information other than that relative to the markets directed by the Stock Exchange
may be published in the BOCDSX.
In order to clarify or rule on the interpretation of any of its Rules and Regulations, as
well as any other decisions it may take, the Stock Exchange shall issue:
1) Directives
They shall clearly state the scope and means of application of the general
provisions. They shall be published in the Official Bulletin of the DSX and displayed
in the premises of the Stock Exchange.
2) Notices
They shall give information on the conditions of application of the Rules and
Regulations as well as instructions concerning a particular transaction. They shall be
published in the Official Bulletin and displayed within the premises of the Stock
Exchange premises.
3) Circulars
They shall apply to decisions concerning a specific group of people, but shall have
no influence on the organization or the running of the market as a whole. They shall
not be made public but simply communicated to the persons concerned.
THE FUNCTIONING OF THE MARKET
GENERAL REGULATIONS
The market of transferable securities, as well as all other markets related to new or
existing investment products shall be organized under the authority of the Stock
Exchange of Cameroon.
Organization of Trading Sessions
The Stock Exchange shall draw up the timetable of trading sessions for the year
.Opening and closing hours of the trading sessions shall equally be fixed by the
Stock Exchange.
This information, as well as any modifications, shall be published by means of a
notice. The principle of uniqueness of quotation shall be respected for each of the
securities admitted for quotation at the Stock Exchange of Cameroon. This principle
shall be the application of a single price for all transactions concluded during a given
session on the national Stock Exchange Market.
The transactions carried out on the Markets of the DSX shall be done on a cash
basis. The buyer shall be liable for the capital, the seller for the securities, as soon
as the order shall have been placed. The credit or debit movements of a negotiable
securities account shall be carried out on the day of the execution of the order.
Quotation, listing and trading of shares shall be carried out by computer. In the case
where it is impossible to carry out computerized trading, trading may be carried out
manually, while respecting the same basic principles of market organization.
A Directive of the Stock Exchange shall define the procedures and obligations of
manual Quotations carried out under the responsibility of the Stock Exchange. Any
modification made to the procedures for trading of a specific share shall be the
subject of a Notice. The procedures for the listing and trading of shares put in place
by the Stock Exchange shall be quotation by fixing through the application of the
principles of centralized market directed by orders.
The fixing shall be the balance price applying to all the purchase and sales orders
carried out, which allows the transactions to be maximized. Each fixing shall start
with an accumulation period during which the orders shall be registered without any
transactions taking place. During this period, members can place new orders as well
as modifying or cancelling orders already placed. An indicative theoretical price,
which represents the price at which the algorithm of the system would arrive at while
taking into account the situation of the central order book, shall be continuously
transmitted, being updated continually as the situation of the central order book
evolves.
At the end of the accumulation period, the system shall try to determine a price
maximizing the volume to be carried out, in accordance with Article 55. During this
phase, it shall not be possible to enter new orders, nor modify or cancel existing
orders.
The Stock Exchange may suspend the quotation of one or several shares. A
coordinatedSuspension measure could equally affect the quotation of any secondary
services related to this share.
INSURANCE AND REINSURANCE IN CAMEROON
The insurance sector as a whole is small relative to the country’s economy. Nonlife
companies dominate the industry. Major nonlife companies include AXA and
CHANNAS and for the life sector the leading companies are beneficial life and
SNAC. A regional body, the Inter professional Committee of the Insurance Market
(Conference International des Marchés assurances-CIMA) acts as regulator and
supervisor. CIMA has played a powerful and executive role in Cameroon’s insurance
sector since its inception in 1992. Since 1992 it has revoked the licenses of four
insurance companies and liquidated a reinsurance company in the country.
Insurance and Reinsurance organizations in Cameroon
Activa Assurance
AGF Cameroun Assurances
All Life Insurance Co. S.A.
Alpha Assurances
Area Assurances
Ascoma Cameroun
Assurance S.A.
Axa Assurances Cameroun
Azur Assurances
Beneficial Life Insurance
Bimassur Assurances
Chanas Assurances S.A.
Dick Insurance
Direct Insurance S.A.
Euro Assurance Cameroun
FINANCIAL SERVICE SECTOR OF CAMEROON & INDIA
Financial Regulatory Bodies in INDIA
The financial system in India is regulated by independent regulators in the field of
banking, insurance, capital market, commodities market, and pension
funds. Government of India plays a significant role in controlling the financial system
in India and influences the roles of such regulators at least to some extent.
(A) Statutory Bodies via parliamentary enactments:
1. Reserve Bank of India : Reserve Bank of India is the apex monetary
Institution of India. It is also called as the central bank of the country. The Reserve
Bank of India was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of
the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Central Office of the Reserve Bank
Mumbai. The Central Office is where the Governor sits and where policies are
formulated. The reserve bank of India is as follows:"...to regulate the issue of Bank
Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and
generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage."
2. Securities and Exchange Board of India: SEBI Act, 1992: Securities and
Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was first established in the year 1988 as a non-
statutory body for regulating the securities market. It became an autonomous body
in 1992 and more powers were given through an ordinance. Since then it regulates
the market through its independent powers.
3. Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority : The Insurance Regulatory
and Development Authority (IRDA) is a national agency of the Government of India
and is based in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh). It was formed by an Act of Indian
Parliament known as IRDA Act 1999, which was amended in 2002 to incorporate
some emerging requirements. Mission of IRDA as stated in the act is "to protect the
interests of the policyholders, to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of the
insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto."
4. Forward Market Commission India (FMC): Forward Markets Commission
(FMC) headquartered at Mumbai, is a regulatory authority which is overseen by the
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Govt. of India. It is a
statutory body set up in 1953 under the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952
This Commission allows commodity trading in 22 exchanges in India, out of which
three are national level.
5. PFRDA under the Finance Ministry: Pension Fund Regulatory and
Development Authority: PFRDA was established by Government of India on 23rd
August, 2003. The Government has, through an executive order dated 10th October
2003, mandated PFRDA to act as a regulator for the pension sector. The mandate of
PFRDA is development and regulation of pension sector in India.
BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA
Banking in India in the modern sense originated in the last decades of the 18th
century. The first banks were The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and
Bank of Hindustan, which started in 1770; both are now defunct. The oldest bank still
in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of
Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became the Bank of Bengal. This
was one of the three presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and
the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the
British East India Company. For many years the presidency banks acted as quasi-
central banks, as did their successors. The three banks merged in 1921 to form the
Imperial Bank of India, which, upon India's independence, became the State Bank of
India in 1955.
Adoption of banking technology
The IT revolution had a great impact in the Indian banking system. The use of
computers had led to introduction of online banking in India. The use of the modern
innovation and computerization of the banking sector of India has increased many
folds after the economic liberalization of 1991 as the country's banking sector has
been exposed to the world's market. The Indian banks were finding it difficult to
compete with the international banks in terms of the customer service without the
use of the information technology and computers
STOCK MARKET IN INDIA
What is financial market?
Financial market is a market where financial instruments are exchanged or traded
and helps in determining the prices of the assets that are traded in and is also called
the price discovery process.
Indian Financial Market consists of the following markets:
• Capital Market/ Securities Market
Primary capital market
Secondary capital market
• Money Market
• Debt Market
Functions of Stock Exchanges
• Liquidity and marketability of securities
• Fair price determination
• Source of long-term funds
• Helps in capital formation
• Reflects general state of economy
INSURANCE SECTOR IN INDIA
Indian insurance sector has remained on rails even in the toughest of the
times, thanks to the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA)'s
tough and conservative apparatus.
A sound insurance segment ensures better economic development as
indicated by a study which states that 1 per cent increase in insurance penetration
leads to 13 per cent reduction in uninsured losses and 22 per cent reduction in
taxpayers' contribution to recovery following a natural catastrophe.
Keeping pace with international happenings, Indian insurance industry has
remained in a good health and maintained absolute transparency and highest
standards of corporate governance.
Assets under management (AUM) of the Indian insurers are slated to touch
Rs 20 trillion (US$ 376.51 billion) while the general insurance sector is anticipated to
grow 18 per cent in 2012-13, said J Hari Narayan, Chairman, IRDA.
He further reported that the insurance sector has grown substantially over the
last few years, with its AUM from Rs 8 trillion (US$ 150.57 billion) in 2008 to Rs 18
trillion (US$ 338.82 billion) in 2011-12.
Government Initiatives
IRDA has recently formed four working groups to standardize products
offered by life insurance companies, wherein the groups would consider unit-liked
investment plans, linked variable insurance plans, non-linked variable insurance
plans and other non-linked plans. Each group, with six members from life insurance
companies along with an IRDA representative, would focus on bringing uniformity in
the designs of the products, determining relevant parameters for each product and
ensuring that these parameters are aligned with IRDA stipulations. They would also
mention the numerical range within which the parameters could be allowed.
Energy Sector Summery
Enrollment No Students Name Faculty Guide
117340592036 HARSHA PRAHLADBHAI SATRAMANI
Prof. Ruturaj Doshi
117340592037 SAGAR HITESHBHAI SHETH
117340592038 PRANAVKUMAR PRAVINSINH JADEJA
117340592040 BHUMI VASANTLAL KARELIYA
117340592041 SHWETA HEMANTBHAI DOSHI
117340592042 PAYAL NITINBHAI TANNA
Energy Sector Summery
Cameroon is a central African country on the Gulf of Guinea, between the 2nd and
13th northern parallels and between longitudes 9° and 16° east. The country's
surface area is 475,650 km2. In 2010, its population was estimated to be
16,647,000, with 50 percent living in urban areas. 64 percent of the population was
made up of young people less than 25 years in age. Cameroon's key environmental,
economic, technical, social and civic vulnerabilities give rise to a number of
observations. According to a UNDP report on climate change, published in 2008,
Cameroon's average annual temperature increased by 0.7°C between 1960 and
2007, whereas its annual rainfall has diminished by 2.9 mm each month (2.2
percent) per decade since 1960.
Cameroon's energy balance shows a clear predominance of Renewable Energy
(RE) sources and, above all, a marked dependence on biomass in the country's
energy supply. In a progress report on attaining the Millennium Development Goals,
published in 2003 Cameroon showed progress towards the Goals in several areas.
In terms of housing, the national structures for financing and creation of social
housing have increased the housing stock for the poorer members of the population
and have simplified the registration process. Procedures introduced under new land
ownership rules have made ownership more accessible to the poor. However,
access to drinking water in urban centers has not improved since 1996, the year in
which privatisation of the national water company began. At the start of the 1990s,
Cameroon, like numerous other African countries, adjusted its relations between the
State and national and international institutions as well as with civil society. It was in
this context that a freedom of association act was passed in 1990.
Between 1990 and 2003, energy sector CO2 emissions remained stable and at a
low level. Although Cameroon is an oil exporting country, its energy vulnerability
increased between 1990 and 2003. The proportion of energy from biomass in the
national balance remained very high between 1990 and 2002, although registering a
slight drop. The predominance of biomass in energy consumption and of
hydroelectricity (97 percent) in the country's electricity supply sector is at the origin
of this trend. Analysis of energy system indicators shows that the country's gross
domestic product (GDP) and domestic saving are estimated at USD18,526 million in
2006 and USD974.3 million per year respectively, and that planned investment in
the energy sector is USD1,745 million (2005 – 2015). A national disaster response
plan has been introduced progressively and current participation of citizens in major
energy related projects has been far more evident during environmental impact
assessments and audits, where local populations are invited to participate via
consultation exercises and public meetings. Actions have been undertaken to
increase the resilience of Cameroon's energy systems in the short-, medium- and
long-terms, including:
1. Required inclusion of climate change indicators amongst the parameters to be
measured during environmental impact assessments and audits, and instituting of
an insurance scheme to cover natural hazards in the country under an appropriate
regulatory framework.
2. Mobilization of financing and of investment in bio-energy infrastructure by
introduction of micro-credit loans and financial support programmes in the form of
subsidies benefiting Renewable Energy (REn) development technologies.
3. Improving energy efficiency.
4. Organizing civil society participation in decision-making on energy projects, by
putting in place an appropriate regulatory framework.
Renewable energy
Solar energy
Some important solar energy resources are available throughout the country. In the
most suitable parts, the average solar irradiance is estimated at 5.8 kWh/day/ m2,
while the rest of the country commonly sees 4.9kWh/day/ m2 . Solar power is
currently used in distributed generation systems, particularly for powering the cellular
telecommunications network. However, only approximately 50 PV installations
currently exist.
Wind energy
Other renewable energy resources such as wind energy exist in the north of
Cameroon and the littoral region. However, the wind speeds as reported by
meteorological services are not sufficient for the development of wind energy
projects.
Biomass energy
Cameroon also has the third largest biomass potential in sub-Saharan Africa, with
25 million hectares of forest covering three-quarters of its territory. However, the
unsustainable use of this resource has led to significant deforestation throughout the
country, with an annual clearance rate of 200,000 hectares/yr and regeneration of
only 3,000 hectares/yr. Primary uses for biomass in the country include heating and
light for the majority of the rural population.
Utilization of palm oil for biodiesel is also a viable prospect for the country. At
present, around 108,000 hectares of land are affected by oil palm growing. However
between 2007 and 2010 a total of 30,000 hectares of forest were cleared to allow for
the expansion palm oil crop.
Geothermal energy
Hot springs are found in extensive areas: Ngaoundéré region, Mt Cameroon
region and Manengoumba area with Lake Moundou. However this potential not been
seriously examined.
Hydropower
Cameroon has the second largest hydroelectric potential in sub-Saharan Africa.
Total potential is estimated at 23 GW, with a production potential of 103 TWh per
year. There are three main facilities in the country: EDEA (263 MW); Songloulou
(388 MW) and Lagdo (72 MW).
The potential for small Hydro Power installations (up to 1 MW) is estimated at
1.115 TWh, mainly in the eastern and western regions of Cameroon, however this
potential is yet to be properly exploited.
Petroleum and natural gas market
Cameroon has committed to the privatisation of its state oil company, the National
Hydrocarbons Company, SNH (www.snh.cm). SNH engages in exploration and
production in conjunction with several Western oil companies. SNH is the state
controlled oil producer and exploration company.
State of Energy Sector in Cameroon (Supply/Demand)
Major sources of commercial energy in Cameroon are petroleum, hydropower and
coal. 90 % of population use traditional solid fuels in residential sector for heating,
light and cooking. According to different estimations between 65% and 88% of the
urban population has access to electricity. Only about 14% of rural population has
access to electricity. Electricity supply is unevenly distributed within the country with
no connection to neighboring countries.
Energy sector reforms to be implemented
In Cameroon, the government has prepared development strategies for the
electricity sector. Some measures have been implemented in this area with a view to
facilitating the introduction of renewable energies. However, no fiscal provision has
been made to encourage their promotion. The State has set up bodies and
introduced regulations to facilitate setting up by private operators in the electricity
sector. There is also some self-generation using biomass, mainly in the agricultural
industries, with plants attempting to meet their own heat and electricity needs. In
general, SMEs in Cameroon are dependent on the electricity grid for their energy.
Even the units outside of the grid have difficulty in meeting their own needs. In these
areas, petroleum products are the most common source for self-generation.
Cameroon's Current Energy Situation
Structure of Modern Energy Production in Cameroon
Cameroon's energy balance shows a clear predominance of renewable energies
and, primarily, a marked dependence on biomass in the country's energy supply
Proportions of different types of energy
Main Energy Issues in Cameroon
Energy sector reforms to be implemented
In Cameroon, the government has prepared development strategies for the
electricity Sector. Some measures have been implemented in this area with a view
to facilitating the introduction of renewable energies. However, no fiscal provision
has been made to encourage their promotion. The State has set up bodies and
introduced regulations to facilitate setting up by private operators in the electricity
sector. There is also some self-generation using biomass, mainly in the agricultural
industries, with plants attempting to meet their own heat and electricity needs. In
general, SMEs in Cameroon are dependent on the electricity grid for their energy.
Even the units outside of the grid have difficulty in meeting their own needs. In these
areas, petroleum products are the most common source for self-generation.
Unbalanced governance
Reform aimed at liberalizing the energy sector, mainly under impetus from the World
Bank and IMF, led to the following situation:
1. Controlling ministry in charge of policy design, energy sub-sector planning and
Follow f up/monitoring of activities.
2. A consultation/regulation structure for oil related activities.
3. Mainly private oil operators.
4. A regulation agency for the electricity sector.
5. A privatized electricity company whose activity is limited to within a profitable
Perimeter.
6. Independent electricity generators.
7. A facilitating body for rural electrification, common to different operators.
8. A rural electrification fund.
Low (or inexistent) public participation in making of important decisions
for energy development
In the early 1990s, Cameroon, like numerous other African countries, adjusted
Relations between the State and national and international institutions as well as
with civil society. It was in this context that a freedom of association act was passed
in 1990, followed by acts in 1992 governing communal initiative groups, cooperative
saving and loan societies, and economic interest groups, etc. Associations are
permitted to form by presenting a simple declaration while Act No. 99-14 of 22
December 1999 regulates the operation of non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
as well as establishing the conditions for the emergence of NGOs able to participate
effectively in the fight against poverty and carry out assignments in the public
interest. Civil society participation in the energy sector is very low. Energy policies
are made without consulting civil society. Product prices were the subject of regular
publication by the State until 2004 but prices were fixed without any consultation of
sector stakeholders (consumers in particular). This situation led to strikes in the
transport sector in protest against the fuel price increases introduced in 2003 and in
2008.
Explicit national policy
There is no such an explicit energy policy. In 1990, Cameroon had an energy policy
well defined and a National Energy Plan, which integrated all the energy sources
available. But the law N° 98/ 022/ of December 24, 1998 related to energy policy of
Cameroon is focusing only on the development of the hydroelectricity. It acts on a
law adopted by the French National Assembly and promulgated by the President of
the Republic in 1998. Except the National Energy Plan of 1990, which has not yet
been revised, and the above-mentioned law, Cameroon does not have an
elaborated energy policy document, which can be placed at the disposal of the
public. Following the public meeting held in Hilton Hotel, Yaounde on September 02,
2005, the Minister for Energy and Water affirmed that the new Energy Plan in
process would put emphasis on the development of the economy of Cameroon by
2030.
Ownership structure of energy enterprises
Oil:
Para-public company.
Gas:
The natural gas is not yet an exploited resource. The distribution of domestic
gas is assured) 50% by a national company and the remaining percentage by
foreign companies (Total, Mobil, Texaco, Shell).
Electricity:
The production, transportation and distribution ofelectricity in Cameroon are
managed by a AES-SONEl company, resulting from the privatisation (on July 18,
2001) of the National Company of Electricity (SONEL) to the American company
AES - SIROCCO. According to experts, Cameroon has a superabundant
hydroelectric potential, the second of Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo,
which would confer self-sufficiency and even the possibility of exporting electricity
the border countries (Chad, RCA, Nigeria, Guinea Equatorial, Gabon). However,
only 2% of this potential is exploited. Thus lest than 40% of the urban areas have
access to electricity, 11% villages (about 800 villages) out of thousands identified in
the country are electrified. Droughts for the past 7 years have accentuated the
energy insecurity. The implication of private companies would allow the development
of renewable energies.
Share of foreign ownership
To follow the recommendations of the IMF, the government of Cameroon decided to
privatized the state company SONEL in 2000, hoping to gain between 80 and 90
million of US dollars from the sales.In February 2001 AES was the only company
among five companies pre-selected after the international call for tenders. The
government accepted a foreign participation by selling 56% of the shares of the
company to AES- SIROCCO for 70 million US dollars. The contract isa 20 years
concessions and the State remains owner with 44%. The company is now called
AES-SONEL. Within the framework of the co-operation, China will grant 40 million
Euros to finance the construction of three hydroelectric plants in Cameroon.
Renewable Energy Policies and Programmes
We cannot affirm that there is a specific policy for renewable energies.
– the Agency of Regulation of the Electricity sector (ARSEL) and the
Rural Electrification Agency are in charge of the promotion and the
follow-up of the use of the primary sources of energy, in particular
renewable
– valorization of renewable energies in Cameroon is very poor.
– But development of renewable energies offers interesting opportunities
Hydroelectricity is largely developed to the detriment of the other renewable energy
sources available in the country. It does not promote the wind, the sun and the
biomass energy resource. The urban areas are much more considered than the rural
ones where the incomes of the populations are very low.
The Higher National Polytechnic School and the Energy Research Laboratory (ERL),
which study pilot projects in the research framework, assist those private technically.
Their primarily work concerns:
– Identification of the resources (potential) and possible funding bodies
in the renewable energy sector;
– Technological, financial and environmental feasibility of these
infrastructures;
– Various financial arrangements concerning renewable energies;
– Contractual process for the implementation of clean technologies.
The provinces are not autonomous in the promotion of renewable energies.
However it is noted that certain areas present potentialities for certain sources of
energy such as the sun, the biomass, the wind and mini/micro hydro and awaits only
the application of the law on decentralization to develop these potentialities. Thus,
the orientation and the local planning of electricity demand and supply are drown up
by REA.
It Offers much investment appropriateness in the electricity sector as that of
renewable energies. But the private operators hesitate to take the risk because of
the weak purchasing power of the populations and the tax on the imported
equipment estimated at 31 and 32 % of the prices.
The law is not explicit regarding whether it is allowed to transfer profits of foreign
enterprises abroad, especially for energy sector enterprises and manufacturers of
renewable energy equipment on this point, but it is proven that the companies that
operate in this sector transfer their profits to their country of origin.
There is not such example of joint ventures in RE inducting in this country. But there
are prospects in this direction with the setting-up a Cameroon Renewable Energy
Fund. Even there is no such specific legalization concerning foreign RE investment.
There is hope that while setting up the CRF, a new law biding foreign investment in
renewable energy will be put in place.
Hydro energy
Hydroelectric resources remain the most readily exploitable form of energy in
Cameroon, which, together with the Democratic Republic of Congo, is considered to
have the greatest hydroelectric potential in Africa. Electrical energy is produced
primarily by two hydroelectric stations on the Sananga River. Nearly 60% of the
power from these stations goes to the aluminum smelter at Edéa. Cameroon's
electrical capacity was 810 MW in 2002, for which output for that year was
3.249 TWh, of which about 90% was from hydropower and the remainder from fossil
fuels. Consumption amounted to 3.022 TWh in 2002. In the 1980s, hydroelectric
capacity was expanded by an additional complex on the Sananga River (Song-
Loulou) and a 72 MW generator (built with Chinese aid) on the Bénoué River.
The future of hydropower in Cameroon
In partnership with the American Cameroonian company AES Sonel and ANDRITZ
HYDRO Ltd, the authorities are to employ strategies, the following main aspects of
which, will contribute greatly to improving hydropower cover in Cameroon:
The modernization of existing electrical installations through foreign
investment
The building of new, modern equipped hydropower plants, f.i. in Lom Pangar
(50 MW ), Nac htigal (400 MW ) , Memvélé (230 MW), Songmbengué (900
MW), Bini - Wara ( 75 MW ) , Vogzom (80 MW), Ngassona (2 MW), in order
to stepup electricity production in rural areas
The complete refi tting of public lighting networks
The improved access of domestic households to electricity.
Opportunities and threats of climate change for hydropower projects in
Central Africa and Cameroon
Increased expected rainfall improves the economic attractiveness of small
scale and large scale hydropower projects
Hydropower offers significant mitigation opportunities to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, for example by
1. Replacing polluting thermal power stations
2. Creating environmental offsets for water reservoirs
At the same time, the impact of large-scale water reservoirs brings new
challenges (methane)
New financing opportunities in addition to existing government, donor and
investor funds (CDM, CTF, et al.)
Climate risk management needs to be a core component of project development
Hydro energy in India
Government Policy on Hydropower Development
Despite hydroelectric projects being recognized as the most economic and preferred
source of electricity, the share of hydropower in our country continued declining
since 1963. The hydro share declined from 50% in 1963 to about 25% in 2010. For
grid stability the ideal hydro-thermal mix ratio for Indian condition is 40:60. In order to
correct the hydro-thermal mix to meet the grid requirements and peak power
shortage, in August, 1998 and thereafter in Nov 2008, the Government of India
announced a Policy on ‘Hydro Power Development’.
Bio-energy
Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from
biological sources. Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the
form of chemical energy. As a fuel it may include wood, wood
waste, straw, manure, sugarcane, and many other byproducts from a variety of
agricultural processes. By 2010, there was 35GW of globally installed bioenergy
capacity for electricity generation, of which 7GW was in the United States.
PREDOMINANCE OF BIO-ENERGY
The constant decrease in consumption of petroleum products is a result of the
constant increase in their price. This situation has led to increased consumption of
fuel wood. Fluctuations in electricity consumption are a result of decreases in
households' incomes that occurred after devaluation of the local currency.
At the national level, production and transportation of fuelwood or charcoal forms
part of the informal sector: current knowledge of the organisation of the system is
therefore highly approximate. However, a study of wood consumption in Yaounde,
conducted in 1994, indicated that, on average, 2,400 to 3,600 tonnes of charcoal are
supplied to the city per year.
Other sources of biomass are the by-products from Cameroon's agricultural activity:
the second source of biomass in the country, after forests. Agriculture covers a wide
range of crops generating different quantities of wastes. Most of those producing
high yields are farmed on small holdings with plots of just a few hectares. Unlike
cotton or coffee, these holding do not benefit from facilities that are clustered;
gathering of sufficient quantities of waste viable for energy recovery remains costly.
Bio mass to fuel technology in India
Biomass contributes over a third of primary energy in India. Biomass fuels are
predominantly used in rural households for cooking and water heating, as well as by
traditional and artisan industries. Biomass delivers most energy for the domestic use
(rural - 90% and urban - 40%) in India (NCAER, 1992). Wood fuels contribute 56
percent of total biomass energy (Sinha et. al, 1994). Consumption of wood has
grown annually at 2 percent rate over past two decades
Biomass energy in India
India produces about 450-500 million tonnes of biomass per year. Biomass
provides 32% of all the primary energy use in the country at present.
The potential in the short term for power from biomass in India varies from
about 18,000 MW, when the scope of biomass is as traditionally defined, to a
high of about 50,000 MW if one were to expand the scope of definition of
biomass.
The current share of biofuels in total fuel consumption is extremely low and is
confined mainly to 5% blending of ethanol in gasoline, which the government
has made mandatory in 10 states.
Plants like Jatropha curcas, Neem, Mahua and other wild plants are identified
as the potential sources for biodiesel production in India .Bio-fuel sector
Biofuels are defined as organic primary (such as firewood) or secondary
(such as bioethanol, biodiesel or biogas) fuels derived from biomass which
can be used for the generation of thermal energy by combustion or by other
technology (FAO, 2000).
Africa is at a defining moment in trying to meet its development and energy
challenges while trying to preserve its natural and cultural heritage and
studies are now emerging to assess this impact (ABN 2007). The
development of biofuels can be divided into two main processes. First, we
have the production of the biofuel (crop and non-crop) sources and secondly,
we have the end-use technologies which must be compatible with the fuels.
According to the government report, other investors are taking an increasing
interest in renewable energy projects in Cameroon because of the availability
of land and rich soils for the cultivation of palm trees, cassava and jatropha,
which are important feedstock (raw materials) for biofuel production.
Biofuel production initiatives are gaining ground in Cameroon as the
government seeks to reduce the Central African country's energy deficit while
fighting climate change.
Although biofuel production has not yet reached a large scale, the
government is optimistic about the prospect of boosting the economy through
a new source of much-needed renewable energy to complement hydroelectric
power generation.
At the same time, biofuels - made from vegetation such as palm and jatropha
- are seen as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute
to global warming.
INDIA
The tag of developing country and a huge energy demand (India stands at 5 th
position in energy consumption in the world) has forced India to depend on other
countries for oil. This has increased the risk exposure of the country to the high price
of the crude oil in the international market. With the increasing oil prices and being a
part of the clean environment policies, India commenced on its Biofuels use journey
in 2003. Basically, the Indian Biofuels sector is driven by ethanol and in case of
biodiesel, the phase one consisting of pilot projects has almost been completed and
the commercial production is expected to start in 2007 onwards.
Wind energy system
CAMEROON
Wind energy in Cameroon has never been studied thoroughly; a few attempts have
been made using wind speed data published by the Cameroonian meteorological
services. The far northern regions of Cameroon were favorable for the use of wind
energy. Meteorological data from NASA revealed that the northern regions of
Cameroon have annual mean wind speeds that are equals to or exceed 3m/s for
over 80% of the time and the Adamawa region has annual wind speeds that are
equals to or exceed 2m/s for over 60% of the time, while the rest of the country has
wind speeds greater than or equals to 1m/s for over 50% of the time.
As this type of energy is very little developed in Cameroon, there are currently no
national regulations requiring wind turbines to be built to withstand the highest
anticipated wind speeds in the country.
INDIA
India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources. India has one of the world’s
largest. Programs for deployment of renewable energy products and systems, with
wind energy being one of the highest with 11087MW installed. The Indian wind
energy scene is upbeat, with a large number of forays being made by multinationals
and with suzlon making brisk pace in the international market, the nations wind
potential is rightly being tapped. Here we analyze the wind potential of four distinct
spots on the subcontinent.
Solar energy
CAMEROON
Cameroon being a tropical country is well endowed with solar energy resources,
receiving mean annual hours of sunshine per year of over 3000 hours and an
average solar radiation intensity of 240W/m2. Some important solar energy
resources are available throughout the country. In the most suitable parts, the
average solar radiance is estimated at 5.8 kWh/day/ m2, while the rest of the country
commonly sees 4.9kWh/day/ m2. Therefore conditions seem to be ideal throughout
the country for the exploitation of Cameroon’s solar energy resources through
various conversion technologies. Solar power is currently used in distributed
generation systems, particularly for powering the cellular telecommunications
network. However, only approximately 50 PV installations currently exist.
INDIA
Solar power has so far played an almost non-existent role in the Indian energy mix.
The grid-connected capacity in the country now stands at 481.48 MW, while the total
solar energy potential has been estimated at 50,000 MW. On the upside, the market
is set to grow significantly in the next ten years, driven mainly by rising power
demand, escalating fossil fuel prices, the ambitious National Solar Mission (NSM),
various state level initiatives, renewable energy quotas (including solar energy
quotas for utilities), as well as by falling international technology costs. India has
great potential to generate electricity from solar energy and is on course to emerge
as a solar energy hub. The techno-commercial potential of photovoltaic’s (PV) in
India is enormous. With GDP growing in excess of 8 percent, the energy gap
between supply and demand will only widen. Solar PV is a renewable energy
resource capable of bridging this gap.
Tourism Sector Summery
Enrollment No Students Name Faculty Guide
117340592043 HIRAL ASHOKBHAI VYAS
Prof. Mahipal Gadhavi
117340592044 KRUPALI DILIPKUMAR KARIYA
117340592045 HARI BHANJIBHAI HINGARAJIA
117340592046 SAGAR DAMJIBHAI CHANGELA
117340592054 AJAY MAGANLAL MAKWANA
117340592056 RADHIKA RAMESHBHAI GOHEL
Tourism Sector Summery
Cameroon known as the Republic of Cameroon is located in West Africa and
bordered by six main countries, which are: Nigeria to the west, Chad to the north
east, the Central Africa Republic to the east, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the
Republic of Congo to the south. Cameroon‟s coastline lies on the bight Bonny, part
of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean (See graph 1).
Cameroon is commonly known as “Africa in miniature” due, to its different diversities
such as natural features, which include fauna and flora, beaches, mountains,
rainforests savannas and its cultural diversity. It is a country with over two hundred
different ethnic groups and two official languages which are English and French. It
has a total area of 465,500km2 and a total population of 20,129,878 statistic of July
2012 (Cameroon demographics profiles 2012).
Cameroon‟s early inhabitants were the Sao civilization around the Lake Chad and in
the south east rainforest were the Baka hunters. The name Cameroon come from
the Portuguese explorers who arrived at the coast of Cameroon in the 15th century
and named the area Rio dos camaröes meaning “Rive r of Prawns” After the
Portuguese explorers, came the Germans in the 19th century with aim of colonizing
Cameroon they established powerful chiefdoms and fandom in various regions, such
as the north, the west and the northwest region. In 1884, Cameroon became a
German colony. (Africa history 2012).
After the first world word, Cameroon territory was divided between two countries
France and Britain and became known as the League of Nation mandates. The long
years of Europeans colonization in Cameroon brought about revolt between
Europeans and the local communities and by so doing the idea of advocating for
independence came into place and this was through a movement known as UPC
(Union des Population du Cameroun).In 1960, the French administered part of
Cameroon gained her independence as the Republic of Cameroon under president
Ahmadou Ahidjo while on the other hand in 1961,the southern part of Cameroon that
is British Cameroon merged with the French part to form the Federal Republic of
Cameroon. In 1972 the country was renamed the United
Republic of Cameroon and in 1984 the Republic of Cameroon (African history 2012).
After a comparative study with other African countries it can be clearly stated that
Cameroon enjoys a relatively high political and social stability and these positive
aspects of the country has brought about the development of agriculture,
infrastructures, large petroleum resources, timber industry and above all tourism.
Cameroon tourism is a growing but relatively minor industry wish stands out with a
genuine identity expressing diversity and stability. It is also known for its modernity,
Traditional dynamism and calmness. Cameroon has all the beauties of Africa and
this explains the author feels no explorer could really discover Africa without having
visited Cameroon.
The country‟s melting and contrasting views provide tourists with unique spectacles,
such as the ancestral land laying on the sea, deserts, waterfalls, Sahara zone and
the temperate climate in the south, and it great heat in the north.
The different aspects of Cameroon ,such as the relationship between tribal societies
and modern cities, the diversity in fauna and flora, and the cohabitation of traditional
and democratic leadership, gives tourists the impression that they are visiting
different countries at the same time. When tourists visit Cameroon, the feeling of
harmony is created by arts, the nature of the people, and sometimes, the tourists go
a long way to experience the soul of Africa.
The unique and multiple aspects of Cameroon greatly represent the values of Africa.
In the 1970s, the government of Cameroon came to realize the importance of
tourism which aimed at encouraging investment by airlines, hotels and travel
agencies. Cameroon‟s government to increase the investment in tourism began on 3
December 1974 when the former president Amadou Ahidjo issued an order that set
the tourism industry aside as having special status. During this period, a General
Commissariat of tourism was being established and in 1975, the president
reconstituted the body as the General Delegation for tourism. (Travel and Tourism in
Cameroon 2012).
The birth of the new delegation improved the tourism infrastructure, such as roads
and today, the country has different means used by tourists to ease their movement
between various destinations. A majority of tourists visiting Cameroon mostly uses
road transport followed by air and finally marine. Moreover, the large number of
tourists arriving to Cameroon usually land at the Douala international airport, the
economic capital of the Country followed by the international airport of Yaoundé –
Nsimalen.
Types of Tourism in Cameroon:
Cameroon has basically two types of tourism which is well established and the
government also have enormous support for developing such types of tourism. The
first is Cultural tourism and another one is Eco-tourism.
CULTURAL TOURISM
In Africa, Cameroon represents a country of its own, enriched with a cultural
diversity. It concentrates the best of Africa. This exceptional heritage offers a mosaic
of cultures for the satisfaction of all tourist expectations. In short, the outstanding
originality of the country is expressed in its cultural diversity.
The population is a great melting pot of 250 ethnic groups, attached to the protection
of their customs and lifestyle. In the North and the West regions, the authentic
traditional palaces are very popular among tourists. They are independently ruled by
chiefs in a peaceful cohabitation with the democratic central power, customs and
modernity, economy and human values. Nevertheless, the territorial areas seem to
follow the inherited pre-colonial subdivisions. Traditional chiefs play an important
role in the cultural and political fields, and also maintain a moral and religious order
at their local level
Each traditional territory is organized around the symbolic figure of the Chief.
According to the region, he is called Fo or Lamido, even Sultan in some Muslim
kingdoms. He stands in the heart of the social organisation and exercises political
and spiritual functions. The thriving of its reign strongly depends on his capacity of
mediating between the living and the forefathers, hierarchy inside and danger
outside his administrative territory.
ECO TOURISM
Cameroon promotes ecotourism in order to allow the largest number of tourists
discover different modern and adapted ways of visiting the country. Nowadays, their
‘’adventure at the furthermost bounds’’ of Cameroon occurs in safe conditions.
Among the beautiful mountains, there are Mount Cameroon in the West coast,
Mount Manengouba at the turning point between the French and English-speaking
‘’Cameroons’’, and the Dschang climatic centre located on plateau towering 10,800
metres over the sea.
The Mount Cameroon flora dates from the Quaternary, and the site is registered in
the World Heritage list for its ascent. Every year, competitors from all over the world
take part in the ‘’race of hope’’ that is broadcasted by the biggest international TV
channels. Cameroon is a heaven for ecotourism, hosting numerous and famous
parks and natural reserves.
Located in the South, the Dja reserve stretches to 5,260 km2 and has been
registered in the UNESCO heritage list in 1987. It conceals about 1,500 vegetable
species, over 107 mammals and approximately 320 species of birds living in and
around the reserve.
The Korup national park in the South West covers 1,259 km2 in the oldest humid
and tropical forests of the world. It is considered as a real living museum of more
than 60 million years old. Its flora and fauna is rich and unique because the site is
reported to have dated from the Ice Era! Different studies have allowed the
identification of over 400 varieties of trees of which several medicinal plants. A liana
with positive effects against cancers and aids is reported to have been recently
discovered there. There are more than 300 species of birds living in the park along
with 174 species of reptiles and amphibians, without forgetting the 140 species of
fishes stocked in the river across.
Finally, passionate of Prehistory would delight the visit of Mayo Rey in the North.
Discovered in 1988, the site dates from 120 million-years and reveals about 240
tracks of fossilized dinosaurs.
Tourist Attractions
1) Belo:
2) Bénoué National Park:
3) Boubandjidah National Park:
4) Dja Faunal Reserve:
5) Douala:
6) Waza National Park:
7) Kalamaloué Reserve:
8) Korup National Park:
9) Kribi
10) Lobéké National Park:
11) Mile Six Beach:
12) Mount Cameroon:
13) The Ring Road:
14) Yaoundé
Useful Information About Cameroon:
There are three international airports: Yaoundé, Douala and Garoua. The flights with
Europe are direct (6-hour flight over 5 000 km), there’s at least one every day.
CamAir, AirFrance, Gabon Airlines, Air Ivoire, Kenya Airways, Ethiopian Airlines,
Royal Air Maroc, Afriqiyah Airways, Bellview Airlines et Toumai Air Tchad, SN
Brussels, Swiss.
The currency on use is the CFA franc. The foreign currencies commonly accepted
are Euro and US dollar. Only banks, international hotels and some tourist agencies
are allowed to change money. Banks are usually opened from 7:30 am to 3:30 pm
International hotels do accept certain major credit cards.
Trips inside the country could be done by plane or train. There are also aerodromes
in Ngaoundere, Bertoua, Bafoussam and Maroua. A 1 500 km railway link called
“Transcamerounais’’ crosses the country from West to East, joins Douala to
Ngaoundere passing through Yaounde. A regular service of minibus and auto bus is
organized between the main towns.
COMPARISION OF INDIA AND CAMEROON (IN TERMS OF CONTRIBUTION TO
TOURISM SECTOR TO ECONOMY)
1) World ranking (out of 184 countries): Relative importance of travel & tourism's
total contribution to GDP
India Cameroon
Ranked 12th : Absolute Size in 2012 Ranked 127Th : Absolute Size in 2012
Ranked 128th : Relative Size in
Contribution to GDP
Ranked 151st : Relative Size in
Contribution to GDP
Ranked 28th : Growth Ranked 111th : Growth
Raked 3rd : Long Term Growth Ranked 46th : Long Term Growth
2) Contribution To GDP:
In India, The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP (including wider
effects from investment, the supply chain and induced income impacts, see
page 2) was INR6,385.1bn in 2012 (6.6% of GDP) and is expected to grow by
7.3% to INR6,853.7bn (6.7% of GDP) in 2013. It is forecast to rise by 7.9% pa
to INR14,722.3bn by 2023 (7.0% of GDP).
In Cameroon, The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP (including
wider effects from investment, the supply chain and induced income impacts,
see page 2) was XAF705.2bn in 2012 (5.2% of GDP) and is expected to grow
by 2.5% to XAF722.6bn (5.1% of GDP) in 2013. It is forecast to rise by 5.4%
pa to XAF1,219.1bn by 2023 (5.3% of GDP).
In India, Travel & Tourism generated 25,041,000 jobs directly in 2012 (4.9%
of total employment) and this is forecast to fall by 0.6% in 2013 to 24,899,000
(4.8% of total employment).
In Cameroon, Travel & Tourism generated 94,500 jobs directly in 2012 (2.0%
of total employment) and this is forecast to grow by 0.4% in 2013 to 95,000
(2.0% of total employment).
The tourism policy of Cameroon is, to develop the Sustainable Tourism to reduce
the poverty. Where in India, the tourism policy The policy proposes the inclusion of
tourism in the concurrent list of the Constitution to enable both the central and state
governments to participate in the development of the sector. As well as the
Automatic approval for Technology agreements in the hotel industry, subject to the
fulfillment of certain specified parameters.
The Cameroon tourism faces the following problems:
• Non prioritization of the travel and tourism industry
• Absence of a national tourism board
• Absence of a marketing plan
• No branding
• Corruption and abuse of Power
• Lack of education
• Limited Financial resources
• Lack of national tourism
The opportunities the Cameroon tourism have is,
• Development of ICT networks in West Africa
• Revival of the national airline
• Football success
• Growing population of ecotourism
• Education in tourism
• Tourism Diversity
Apart from that India is likely to receive the medical tourists from Cameroon as India
is specialized in low cost yet efficient health services in India Specially the Cardiac
and Coronary heart diseases as well as joint replacement.
Cameroon is having vast health issues regarding Viral and infectious diseases as
well as the Cardiac problems. Non Availability of Private health sevices will drive
Cameroon patients to india.
Suggestions are,
1) Cameroon being gifted various natural resources, it is advisable for
Cameroon tourism to use them and have growth on their own.
2) In Cameroon there is very less availability of on the road transportation
means. Hence lack of such facility hinders the growth of tourism, developing
roads and means of transportation is a key to develop tourism
3) Apart form eco and cultural tourism there are certain types of tourism such as
medical tourism, research tourism, educational tourism and resort tourism
have greater growth potentiality due to beaches and growth of ict in
education.
4) Health and safety is very crucial for the tourists, and very less private
hospitals cater that need in Cameroon. Cameroon’s moral standards are
often questioned hence, improving the health and safety of tourists is also
necessary.
5) Cameroon has got a wide range of Handicraft products, which has a huge
market in world. Through tourism it can be developed.
Education Sector Summery
117340592057 MONIKA PRAVINSINH PARMAR
Prof. Pradip Mitra
117340592058 ANUJ NAVNEETBHAI GONDALIYA
117340592059 MANISH BHARATBHAI MAKVANA
117340592062 RIDDHI NITINBHAI CHAUHAN
117340592063 ABHISHEK DILIPKUMAR JOSHI
117340592070 BHARGAV SHIVAJIBHAI ZAKHELIYA
Education Sector Summery
Education Sector of Cameroon:
A qualitative study carried out in the Far North, Littoral and North West
regions of Cameroon shed light on the governance challenges in primary and
secondary education. It showed that the significant differences in education
outcomes among regions and the overall poor performances of the education
systems can be partly linked to two main concerns: the inefficient management of
the education system and the lack of accountability regarding the allocation of
government resources.
Despite recent progress, significant challenges remain to achieve equitable
access and quality in educational achievements,
Over the past two decades, Cameroon’s primary and secondary education
systems provided significant improvements in educational opportunities for children
and youth. Nearly 3.4 million children enrolled in primary education in 2009, up from
just under 2 million in 1991. More than 90% of school-age children enrolled in
primary school in 2009, compared to only 69% in 1991. The abolition of school fees
in primary education in 2000 spurred some of this increase in total enrolment. Total
secondary enrolment more than doubled in the past two decades, reaching nearly
1.3 million total students in 2009. Overall, children spend 2.5 more years in school
than two decades ago, totaling an average 10 years of education, well into
secondary school.
However, the Cameroonian education system still faces many challenges in
providing a quality education to all children .Compared to some countries in sub-
Saharan Africa which made great strides in expanding educational opportunities,
such as Burundi and the United Republic of Tanzania, Cameroon is lagging behind
in some respects.
Regional, wealth and gender disparities take a toll on children and put
vulnerable groups at risk for not attending school and being further disadvantaged in
life opportunities. Nearly 250,000 children of primary school age are out of school,
either because they dropped out, never enrolled or are expected to enroll late. Living
in a rural area doubles the risk of not attending school and poor children are five
times more likely to be out of school than children from rich households.
Household surveys also highlight significant disparities in education
opportunities within and among regions. Primary school attendance in 2004 was
below the national average for all children from the Far North, but children from poor
households fared worse than those form the richest households. Wealth differences
were much less pronounced in the Littoral and North West regions, where all net
enrolment ratios were higher than the national average.
Unequal learning outcomes also reflect the inequitable quality of learning
environments in Cameroonian schools. Depending on where children live, their
household wealth or gender, some youth faced lower likelihoods of completing basic
education. Primary completion rates for girls were about 36% in the Far North
region, compared to 88% in the Littoral region. Some children remain therefore ill-
equipped to make the transition to secondary school, let alone to enter the labor
market.
Role of education and economic development in Cameroon:
The actual and potential impact of higher education on the development of
Cameroon. Using household survey data from the first Cameroon household survey,
we analyze the effect of education attainment on earnings and private returns to
education. The econometric work uses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to estimate
earning equations for full time workers across educational levels. The results confirm
a relatively high premium on higher education. In effect, an additional year of
schooling is expected to increase earnings implying that individual investment in
education is profitable. However, the private returns to post secondary education
are greater for men than for women. Next, we use the short-cut method to estimate
social returns to investments in higher education. The results equally show that
social returns to higher education are quite substantial but are also higher for women
than for men. Finally, we determine the link between higher education measured
with enrollment and gross domestic product as a proxy for national income. The
findings reveal positive and significant relationship between higher education and
economic growth.
The study concludes that higher education plays an important role in the
development process of Cameroon and that this role can be enhanced provided
measures are taken to improve the efficiency of the higher education system,
improve equity in attainment and ensure greater professionalism of academic
programs. The study also underscores the need to reduce inequity in the distribution
of benefits from higher education in Cameroon.
INTRODUCTION
At independence, higher education in Cameroon like in many other African
countries was viewed as a vehicle for training high level manpower for the new
nation to consolidate its autonomy and as a driving force for the nation’s economic
development (Comité technique de Réflexion pour l”Amelioration du System
Nationale de L”Enseignement Supérieure, Rapport, Avril, 2004). To achieve these
goals, the government of Cameroon devoted a large share of its budget to the
expansion of education including higher education. The expansion in higher
education was motivated by the conviction that it was a benchmark for the training of
manpower at lower levels of education and was an important source of economic
growth.
The interest in the growth effect of education dates back to the time of Adam
Smith when he made his inquiry into the wealth of nations. However, it was not until
the 1960s that economists attempted to study the link between education and
economic growth (Saxton 2000). The pioneering works of Becker (1964), Schultz
(1961), and Denison (1985) provided a new link between education and economic
growth. Early estimates of economic growth with the application of the growth
accounting often resulted in a large residual indicating a change in output that was
not accounted for by the explanatory variables. This shortcoming in the estimation of
economic growth was resolved with the introduction of human capital into growth
accounting (Jorgenson and Griliches, 1967) and the development of endogenous
growth models (Lucas, 1988; Romer. 1986). Higher education contributes to
economic development through the creation and dissemination of knowledge.
Higher education also enables those who have acquired it to become more
productive thus contributing to the overall economic growth. Investments in higher
education provides benefits to the individual and such benefits include higher wages,
which may lead to better health and improved quality of life. Although no empirical
evidence on the link between higher education in Cameroon and economic
development has yet been established, there is little doubt that higher education
indeed plays a key role in the development process of the country. Higher earnings
for highly educated individuals for example help to raise tax revenue for the state
and the society at large.
THE STATE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN CAMEROON:
Pre-university education in Cameroon lasts for approximately 13 years
distributed as follows: 6 years of primary education, 5 years of secondary education
and 2 years of upper secondary education. However, not all students can afford
nursery education and it is not compulsory in Cameroon. Higher education in
Cameroon consists of various forms of educational institutions beyond high school
education. These institutions include conventional universities which offer courses in
both the sciences and humanities, polytechnics which provide advanced vocationnal
training, professional schools for management, public administration, and higher
teacher training. (Some universities example, The university of Douala offers
courses in engineering).
The development of higher education in the country dates back to June 1962
when the Federal University of Cameroon was created. The university began in
September 1962 with a student enrollment of 600, all Registered in the Faculty of
Arts and Social Sciences, the Faculty of Science, and the Faculty of Law and
Economics.
In addition to the three faculties, specialized schools or the grandes écoles
attached to the university and other professional institutions of higher learning were
created to prepare graduates for professional careers. Particularly prominent among
these specialized institutions attached to the university were the school of medicine
(CUSS) created in 1969, the Institute of International Relations (IRIC), the school of
engineering (ENSP) created in 1971 and the School of Journalism (ESIJY) created
in 1970.
The rise in student enrollment and the desire to decongest the university, led
to the creation of the university center for languages, translation and interpretation in
Buea; the university center for Agriculture in Dschang; the university center for
Business studies and training of technical teachers in Douala; the university center
for Food Science and Food Technology in Ngaoundere in 1977.
Specialized schools not attached to the university such as the school of public
works (ENSTP), the military academy (EMIA), the school of administration (ENAM),
were also created. Unlike the university where entrance was based on a pass at the
general certificate of education examination at advanced level for English speaking
students or the baccalaureate for French speaking students, entrance into the
specialized institutes and other professional schools not attached to the university is
competitive.
The expansion in student enrollment, and eventual congestion in the
University of Yaounde, in addition to other social and political exigencies led to the
university reforms in 1993 which saw the splitting of the lone university into six
independent state universities. The reforms led to the suspension of stipends and
called for the involvement of other external stakeholders in the financing and
management of higher education thus introducing some form of privatization. Private
higher education institutions particularly vocational and professional institutions have
been authorized to operate and are expanding rapidly although a number of them
especially universities are yet to be legalized. Today, with the creation and opening
of the University of Maroua (1998), there are in total seven state universities in
Cameroon.
Active population distributed by level of education in percentage.
The conceptual links from higher education to economic development:
Higher education is an important form of human capital investment. It has the
potential of being the driving force of economic development in Africa. In fact,
Castells (1994), describes it as the “engine of development in the new world
economy”. Higher education does not only enable those with such capital to earn
higher, it also contributes to economic growth. Higher education affects the
participation of individuals in economic activities and the overall economic
development; it contributes in the development of human capital by expanding the
size and skills of the work force. Higher levels of education are accompanied by
higher wages, lower unemployment probabilities and higher labour participation
rates. It also increases the returns and consequently the productivity of workers
(Since wages are often seen as reflecting marginal labour productivity, this implies
that the link between higher education and wages can be used to analyze the
productivity effects of higher education) ( Psacharopoulos, 1994 ; Todaro, 1989 ;
Mingat and Tan, 1996 ; Gallup et al., 1998). Thus higher education provides
knowledge and professional skills capable of contributing significantly to the growth
of the economy.
Second, higher education and especially universities promotes economic
development through the production and dissemination of new knowledge (Rosa,
2002). It expands technological capacities and enhances progressive innovations
that are required in a more competitive global economy. The creation of new
technological knowledge through research and innovations can create more
employment, promote capital formation and create surpluses for reinvestment and
can in turn lead the development of human resources (ADB, 1998, p. 195). New
research creates new openings, jobs and new wealth which expand the economy.
Once knowledge is created, it becomes possible for it to be transferred and
disseminated throughout the economy so that it is almost assumed to be a public
good due to its non-excludability and no rivalry characteristics.
Third, higher education can well play the role of a basic income generating
industry. Universities generate revenues from sponsored research, tuition, support
services and state appropriations which help to provide jobs and pay for services in
the community. Sponsored research enables researchers in universities to bring to
their communities money that would not have been earned in its absence. Higher
education can spare a community from costs such as unemployment, declining
welfare and crime. Services provided by the community to universities generate
income that helps in improving lives and economic development. Lastly, higher
education offers the society with both cultural and political benefits (TFHES 2000). It
creates attitudes and causes attitudes necessary for the socialization of individuals.
Higher education enhances democracy and good governance by producing higher
quality administrative personnel that can manage economic development.
HIGHER EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN CAMEROON:
Empirical analysis This study does not estimate the production function
augmented with human capital but rather examines the causal relation between
income per capita and higher education attainment. GDP is measured with 1995
constant prices as a proxy for income and education attainment is measured with
enrolment into higher education institutions in Cameroon. Enrollment into higher
education in Cameroon has expanded substantially since 1962 indicating an overall
expansion in the higher education system. The stock of working age population with
higher education is an important indicator of the extent of the development of the
sector and represents the efforts made by the Government of Cameroon since the
past years to expand higher education. This indicator is important because the stock
of working age population with higher education forms a large part of the skilled and
educated workforce. The growth in overall output will be higher, the higher the stock
of population with skilled labour.
Using data on Cameroon from 1965 - 2002, to regress constant GDP on
enrollment, the trend line in Figure 2 indicates that the regression coefficient is
positive and statistically significant at one percent level showing a strong relationship
between higher education and national income. The positive slope of the trend line
depicted in the Figure shows in effect that higher education attainment enhances the
growth of national income.
The estimated equation as well as the trend line clearly indicates that higher
education has a significant and positive contribution to output and it may be
inadmissible to minimise this role. It may be argued that simple regression of gross
national output on higher education only suggest a correlation between the two and
necessarily not a cause and effect relationship. Since a time lag is allowed for higher
education to cause increases in output, the argument is uncalled for.
The fact that higher education contributes to economic development growth
gained grounds in the theoretical growth literature only recently. Human capital
represented here by higher education is considered as an input into production.
Although, our study did not do this, it recognized the role of HE as an input into the
production function. If this is the case, then there exists a correlation between the
two which gives us an approximate relationship between them.
The results have shown a strong and positive relationship between higher
education and national income which indicates that higher education contributes to
output growth. Since Higher Education plays an important role in the economic
development of Cameroon. Government needs to put in place economic policy
strategies that (or with the potential to) can create jobs to enable graduates to use
the skills acquired through human capital investments which will in turn engender
output growth.
Relationship between Higher Education and National Income.
Conceptual Framework.
Source: Seidman L. M. (2005). Research Institute, W. P. Carey School of Business,
Arizona State University
Structure of education sector in Cameroon:
Primary Education
Education in the West African country of Cameroon is compulsory through to
age 14 when 6 years of primary schooling are complete. Unfortunately parents are
expected to pay for uniforms and book fees, which no doubt contributes to a 67%
literacy rate that’s skewed in favor of males.
Secondary Education
There are 2 separate secondary schooling systems depending on whether
the French or British colonial models apply. In broad terms though, the secondary
phase comprises a lower and an upper level. For the majority of young people this
distinction remains academic, because their parents are unable to afford secondary
school fees at all.
Vocational Education
Vocational training is the responsibility of the ministry of employment and
vocational training. Challenges faced include reaching out to youths who are
unemployed, and see little hope of any formal work.
Tertiary Education
All but one of 7 universities teach in French, with the British-modeled
University of Buea being the single exception. State control is strict and the minister
of education is chancellor of all 7. Unfortunately, many students join the brain
drain after graduating, and the community at large receives little benefit for all the
effort. The English-medium University of Buea was founded 1985 on the back of
extensive education reforms. Its departments include engineering, technology, arts,
education, natural and social sciences, and agricultural medicine.
Grading System in Cameroon
Grading Scales
French System
Universities in Cameroon
This list includes universities, colleges, vocational schools, and other higher
education institutions.
Web
Rank English Name Local Name City
1 International University International Université Bamenda
2 University Institute of the Diocese of
Buea Institut universitaire du diocèse de Buéa Buea
3 University of Maroua Université de Maroua Maroua
4 University of Buea Université de Buea Buea
5 University of Douala Université de Douala Douala
6 University of Dschang Université de Dschang Dschang
7 University of Yaoundé II Université de Yaoundé II Yaoundé
8 University of the Mountains Université des Montagnes Bangangté
9 University of Yaoundé I Université de Yaoundé I Yaoundé
10 Protestant University of Central
Africa Université Protestante d'Afrique Centrale Yaoundé
11 Catholic University of Central Africa Université Catholique de l'Afrique Centrale Yaoundé
12 University of Bamenda Université de Bamenda Nkwen –
Bamenda
13 University of Ngaoundéré Université de Ngaoundéré Ngaoundéré
Web
Rank English Name Local Name City
14 Catholic University of Cameroon Université Catholique du Cameroun Bamenda
15 Cosendai Adventist University Université Adventiste Cosendai Yaoundé
16 PK Fokam Institute of Excellence Yaoundé
17 University College of Technology
Buea Collège Universitaire de Technologie Buea Buea
18 Cameroon Christian University Bali
- Protestant University of Elat Edwin
Cozzens Université Protestante Edwin Cozzens d'Elat Ébolowa
- University of South Yaounde Université de Yaoundé Sud Ndi Samba Yaoundé
After completing primary education, a student can pursue higher education,
depending upon the financial condition of the family. The secondary educational
system is divided into three parts namely, secondary schools, vocational schools
and apprenticeships. For further studies a student can take admission in any of the
six public varsities of Cameroon.
Functions:
There are three ministries in charge of education in Cameroon.
1. The Ministry of Basic Education. This takes charge of Nursery and Primary
Education.
2. The Ministry of Secondary Education. This takes charge of Secondary General
and Secondary Technical Education.
3. The Ministry of Higher Education. This takes charge of Higher Education –the
Universities and other Institutions of Higher learning. Education in Cameroon is
generally oriented by the State through these ministries that supervise the
curriculum and pedagogic activities in all schools. This is ensured by the fact that
End-of-Course Certificate examinations at all levels of education are either directly
administered by the State or by the Examination Boards controlled by the State.
Each University of course is free to administer its examinations and issue its
certificates which are recognized if the state authorized or created the university.
Private Universities are yet a novelty in Cameroon! The organization of education in
Cameroon:
In Cameroon, we have Public Schools and Private Schools at all levels.
Public Schools are set up, financed and managed by the State while Private
Schools are set up, financed and administered by their proprietors with the State
only exercising pedagogic control. The authorization to create or open a Private
School is given by the State.
Parents/Teachers Associations (PTAs) play a significant role in financing
education in both the public and the private schools. In addition to the school fees,
PTAs also levy parents a yearly amount for specific PTA projects in each school.
Private schools are organized into agencies; viz:
1. The Catholic Education Agency controls schools set up by the Roman Catholic
Church.
2. The Protestant Education Agency controls schools set up by the Protestant
churches in Cameroon notably, the Presbyterian Church and the Baptist Church.
3. The Islamic Education Agency controls schools set up by the Islamic Council of
Cameroon.
4. Secular Education Agency controls all other private schools set up by
nondenominational individuals and groups.
In each ministry, there is a department in-charge of overseeing the activities
of Private Schools and ensuring compliance with government policies on education.
All schools, irrespective of their ownership, write the same certificate
examinations at the end of course. The First School Leaving Certificate is written at
the end of 6 or 7 years of elementary School by 11-year old children. This
examination is solely organized by the Ministry of Basic Education.
The General Certificate of Education examination (GCE) ordinary level is
written by 16-yearold children after 5 years of secondary education. The GCE
Advanced Level examination is written by 18-year old children after two years of
High School. The GCE A/L certificate qualifies students to enter the University or
other institutions of higher learning. The GCE examinations are organized by the
GCE Examination Board created by the government to handle examinations at the
secondary and high school levels in the Anglophone sub-system. There is a
Baccalaureat Board handling high school examinations for the French Educational
sub-system in Cameroon.
A. The Organizational Chart of the Ministry of Basic Education in Cameroon
THE MINISTRY
Headed by a Minister
(Several Directorates headed by Directors)
controls Basic Education in the whole country
THE PROVINCIAL DELEGATIONS
(Headed by a Provincial delegate)
control basic education in the Province.
there are ten Provinces in Cameroon
THE DIVISIONAL DELEGATIONS
(Headed by Divisional Delegates)
control basic education in the Division
there are 52 divisions in the country
SUB DIVISIONAL INSPECTORATES
(Headed by Inspectors of Basic Education)
control Basic Education at the sub divisional levels
there are more than 350 subdivisions in the country
SCHOOLS
(Headed by Head teachers)
B. The organizational Chart of the Ministry of Secondary Education:
THE MINISTRY
Headed by a Minister
(Several Directorates headed by Directors)
controls Secondary Education in the whole country
THE PROVINCIAL DELEGATIONS
(Headed by Provincial Delegates)
control Secondary Education in the Province and co-ordinates
the Divisional delegations.(there are ten Provinces in Cameroon)
THE DIVISIONAL DELEGATIONS
(Headed by Divisional Delegates)
control Secondary Education and co-ordinates colleges in the division.
there are 52 divisions in the country
COLLEGES
(Headed by Principals)
C. The Organizational Chart of the Ministry of Higher Education:
THE MINISTRY
Headed by a Minister
Several Directorates headed by Directors
They control higher Education in the whole country.
THE UNIVERSITIES & INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING
Headed by Rectors or Vice Chancellors
The Two Sub Systems of Education in Cameroon. There are two sub-systems of
education in Cameroon. These are
1. The Anglophone sub-system which follows the system of education operational in
the English speaking part of the country before unification.
2. The Francophone sub-system which follows the system of education practised in
the French speaking part of the country before unification. Each of the sub-systems
is allowed by the law on education to develop its distinctive features.
However, the Ministries of Education set the broad line educational policy that
applies to both sub-systems. Both sub-systems are free to operate in any part of the
country and parents choose which sub-system they want their children to follow. The
government gives some financial assistance to recognized private institutions but the
financial management of private schools is the responsibility of their proprietors. The
amount given in principle is based on the qualification of teachers, the quality of the
school infrastructure, didactic materials available and the school’s performance at
official certificate examinations
Comparison of Education stats: Cameroon vs India
Cameroonian
Education stats
Indian Education
stats
Adjusted savings:
education
expenditure > % of
GNI
3.2 % of GNI 3.99 % of GNI
Ranked 115th in 2005. Ranked 88th in 2005. 25% more
than Cameroon
Average years of
schooling of adults 3.5 5.1
Ranked 77th. Ranked 65th. 46% more than
Cameroon
Duration of
compulsory
education
6 years 8 years
Ranked 153rd. Ranked 116th. 33% more than
Cameroon
164thDuration of
education >
Primary level
6 6
Ranked 77th. Ranked 96th.
Duration of
education >
Secondary level
7 5
Ranked 37th. 40% more than
India
Ranked 164th.
Education
enrolment by level
> Tertiary level
81,318 11,295,041
Ranked 84th in 2002. Ranked 3rd in 2002. 138 times
more than Cameroon
Education, primary
completion rate 62 90
Ranked 101st in 2005. Ranked 71st in 2005. 45% more
than Cameroon
Education
spending (% of
GDP)
3.8% 4.1%
Ranked 90th. Ranked 82nd. 8% more than
Cameroon
Education
spending (% of
total government
expenditure)
17.3% 12.7%
Ranked 37th. 36% more than
India
Ranked 68th.
Female enrolment
share > Primary 46.2% 43.6%
level
Ranked 147th. 6% more than
India
Ranked 161st.
Female enrolment
share > Secondary
level
43.7% 39.6%
Ranked 140th. 10% more than
India
Ranked 152nd.
Geographical
aptitude results 69.543 77.883
Ranked 102nd. Ranked 17th. 12% more than
Cameroon
Illiteracy rates by
sex, aged 15+
25.4%
40.5%
Ranked 43rd in 2003. Ranked 26th in 2003. 59% more
than Cameroon
Literacy rate, adult
total > % of people
ages 15 and above
67.9 % 61.01 %
Ranked 89th in 2006. 11%
more than India
Ranked 95th in 2006.
Primary school
girls out of school 40% 39%
Ranked 30th. 3% more than
India
Ranked 31st.
Public spending on 17.32 % 10.74 %
education, total >
% of government
expenditure
Ranked 18th in 2003. 61%
more than India
Ranked 57th in 2003.
Public spending
per student >
Primary level
8.3 7.2
Ranked 100th. 15% more than
India
Ranked 107th.
Pupil-teacher ratio,
primary 53.9 40.2
Ranked 10th in 2004. 34%
more than India
Ranked 27th in 2004.
Tertiary enrollment 4.9% 10.5%
Ranked 113rd. Ranked 94th. 114% more than
Cameroon
Women to men
parity index, as
ratio of literacy
rates, aged 15-24
0.8 0.68
Ranked 93rd in 1984. 18%
more than India
Ranked 109th in 1984.
Source: UNESCO UIS Data | UNESCO Institute for Statistics
January 4, 2012.
Textile sector Summery
Enrollment No Students Name Faculty Guide
117340592073 PRATIK ASHOKBHAI SOLANKI
Prof. Pradip Mitra
117340592074 DIVYESH VINODPARI GONSAI
117340592085 REETA NARANBHAI DANGAR
117340592090 CHETANKUMAR JAYANTILAL VASAVAELIY
117340592093 RIMAL DAMJIBHAI SOLANKI
117340592094 MANISH NARENDRABHAI RAVRANI
Textile sector Summery
Cameroon has cotton and textile industries based in the northern provinces.
Sodecoton gins Cameroon's raw cotton and sells 7 percent of its product to Cicam, a
textile company. Cicam employs 1,500 workers at factories in Garoua and Douala,
producing fabric sold on regional markets. Cicam is the largest textile producer in the
Central African region.
The cotton sector of Cameroon is unique among its West and Central African
peers in that no major structural reforms have been implemented over the last 20
years. SODECOTON, the national cotton company, remains under the control of the
Government of Cameroon's (GoC). It has nevertheless expanded its operations and
is able to operate without external support, in spite of the strong appreciation of its
currency (the CFA Franc) against the US dollar in recent years. However, the
company’s suppliers continue to operate under difficult conditions, one of the major
constraints being that the cotton growing area in the North is landlocked. Land
pressure is also very high. As a result, farmers’ holdings are small (incurring high
extension costs) and chronic soil fertility problems only limit production.
Importance of cotton in the economy:-
Representing only six percent of total exports in 2005, (22 percent of
agricultural exports), cotton does not play a prominent role in the national economy.
It is however the only cash crop cultivated on a large scale in the Northern part of
the country and is vital to the rural livelihoods, social well-being and political stability
in this poor, landlocked region.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• To know trade relation between India and Cameroon.
• To identify the growth opportunities of textile industry of Cameroon.
• To identify the business opportunities available in Cameroon.
Significance of study
From this report we can able to know the textiles industry of cameroon in
detail.
Small-scale farmers in the north of the country, is Cameroon’s fifth-largest
foreign exchange earner.
Cameroon’s only cotton company, is 59 percent- owned by the government,
while the rest is held by the Compagnie Francaise de Developement du
Textile.
in the year of 2010/11 output of the cotton is 136000 and it is increse by
36.03 % in 2011/12.it is predicated 227000 tones in the 2012/13.
So textiles industry has many opportunity in future.
CAMEROON: POTENTIAL FOR ADDING VALUE TO COTTON
Investment Climate:-
Cameroon’s Industrial Free Zone appears to have an excellent investment incentive
package to attract industrialists, and, by all accounts, they have managed to attract
major investments in the minerals beneficiation fields such as aluminum, iron ore,
nickel and cobalt. In the cotton value-adding sector investment is still negligible, but
may be about to change.
The Industrial Free Zone incentives are as follows:
1. 100% tax exemption for the first 10 years, followed by a flat corporate profit tax of
15% thereafter.
2. Complete and perpetual exoneration of all customs duties and taxes.
3. No price controls or profit restrictions.
4. No restrictions on foreign ownership.
5. Freedom to hold foreign currency accounts.
6. Free repatriation of profits and capital.
7. Flexibility in hiring/firing workers.
8. Liberal expatriate work visas.
9. Freedom to operate private zone-based power and telecommunications systems.
Apart from the industries mentioned earlier, the only textile and clothing
enterprise registered in the Industrial Free Zone is Ken Atlantic.
POLITICAL SYSTEM, ECONOMY & INFRASTRUCTURE
Cameroon revised its constitution in 1996. Paul Biya is the head of state.
Presidential elections are held every seven years with the President allowed two
seven-year terms in office. The last election was held in 2004. The move to
democratic reform, however, has been slow.
Cameroon has a population of 17.3 million people and a literacy rate of 79%.
GDP growth was 2.8% in 2005. The CFA has been relatively stable, around 500-520
to the dollar, over the 2004-06 period. Cameroon’s electricity production was 3 billion
kWh in 2003 with consumption at 2.8 billion kWh. However, the aluminum industry
absorbs 40% of its electricity capacity, at 4 CFA/kWh, and is about to expand
fourfold. Much of its electricity generation is now in private hands and new major
hydroelectric power projects are being implemented which are expected to come on
stream in 2011-12. There is also a planned gas turbine electricity generating plant.
RECENT FACTS ABOUT CAMEROON’S TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Cameroon - 2011/12 Raw Cotton Output Hit 185,000 Tons:-
Dated- 07 Nov, 2012 - Cameroon
o Cameroon's Cotton Development Company SODECOTON said it
produced 185,000 tons of raw cotton in the 2011/12 season, up from
136,000 tons in 2010/11, and predicted another increase in the coming
season.
o They are looking forward to raising production of raw cotton to 227,000
tons in the 2012/13 season," said SODECOTON General Manager Iya
Mohamed in a press release. He said increases in cotton output were
due to the introduction of new high-yield varieties.
o Cameroon's cotton industry employs about 250,000 farmers. The
central African country, which also produces oil and cocoa, was the
continent's ninth largest cotton producer in 2010/11.
o SODECOTON's annual turnover rose by 32 percent to 98.6 billion CFA
francs in the 2011/12 season, up from 74.6 billion in 2010/11.
Mohamed said turnover is expected to rise to 120 billion CFA francs in
the 2012/13 season.
o The company produced 77,800 tons of refined cotton in 2011/12, up
from 57,300 tons in 2010/11.
Cameroon plans $10 million cotton mill:-
Dated- 23 Nov , 2011 - Cameroon
o Cameroon will start construction of a $10 million cotton mill next year in
an effort to boost value-added exports.
o The Development Bank of Central African States and Societe
Generale de Banque de Cameroun have agreed to raise 1 billion CFA
francs -- about 20 percent of the total cost of the project.
o "At the moment, local processing of cotton is about 5 percent, with the
remaining 95 percent exported. This is about raising processing to 40
percent at least and cutting raw exports," Martin Yankwa, an official at
the Ministry of Industry.
o The general manager of the project, Robert Kemajou, told Reuters on
Wednesday that construction would start in mid-2012 in the industrial
district of Douala, and the total cost would be at least 5 billion CFA
francs ($10.4 million).
o It was not clear where the remainder of the funds would come from.
o Cameroon's raw cotton production rose 47 percent to 161,900 tons
during the 2010-11 season and could increase to 200,000 tons during
2011-12 -- though efforts to raise official output are being hampered by
smuggling to Nigeria.
o Some 25,000 tons of cotton may have been smuggled across the
border in 2010-11 due to higher prices there, Yankwa said, cutting
revenues to the state cotton firm SODECOTON.
o Cameroon also produces oil and cocoa, and is seeking to develop its
mining industry.
Cameroon may increase cotton output 35%:-
Dated- 25 Feb, 2011 - Cameroon
o Cameroon may increase cotton output by as much as 35 percent this
season by using higher yielding strains and improving agricultural
techniques, according to Sodecoton, the state-owned producer.
o “We intend to produce at least 39,000 metric tons more of the crop,”
Ibrahim Ngamie, director of agricultural productio, Yaounde. That
would boost output of the fiber to about 150,000 tons, up from 111,000
tons last year.
o Cotton, mostly grown by about 227,500 small-scale farmers in the
north of the country, is Cameroon’s fifth-largest foreign exchange
earner, according to the government. The West African nation plans to
boost output by reorganizing the industry, training farmers and
increasing the use of more resistant and higher-yielding crop strains.
o Cameroon’s annual output four years ago was nearer 300,000 tons,
according to Iya Mohammed, Sodecoton’s general manager.
o Sodecoton, Cameroon’s only cotton company, is 59 percent- owned by
the government, while the rest is held by the Compagnie Francaise de
Developement du Textile.
Cameroon - Government strategy to jump-start cotton-textile industry:-
Dated- 16 Jun, 2008 - Cameroon
The cotton and textile industry in the Cameroon can be very rewarding if only
appropriate decisions to harness the available potentials are taken. This is the crux
of what the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Technological Development has decided
to tackle head-long, through the transformation of locally produced cotton, the yearly
production of which presently stands at 120 000 tons. According to the Director of
Industries, Martin YANKAM, less than 4% of home-grown cotton is transformed in
the countr+y. He says the government’s idea is to move this percentage up to 40 by
2015, three years after Cameroon’s electricity supply would increased substantially
thanks to the development of several electricity projects like the Lom-Pangar whose
development will bring about an increase of 170 mw.
Textile industry
In and around Palladam there are many weaving and knitting centres mostly
meant for export to foreign countries, thus earning a considerable foreign exchange.
Most of the major textile houses are set up as vertically integrated units enabling
them to produce clothing at a better quality and competitive price. This sector along
with the poultry sector provides direct and indirect employment to numerous people
in the region. The region also attracts labourers from other part of the nation.
Nowadays many Hi-Tech weaving machines like sulzer and Airjet looms are
installed.
Textile mills
There are many Textile mills are located in and around Palladam. They
provide the essential raw materials for the Textile industry in and around Palladam
as well as Exports to various other countries.
Various Categories
Indian textile industry can be divided into several segments, some of which can be
listed as below:
Cotton Textiles
Silk Textiles
Woolen Textiles
Readymade Garments
Hand-crafted Textiles
Jute and Coir
Trade Policy:-
Cameroon’s trade policy is primarily based on the Common External Tariff
(CET) of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), which
the country adopted in 1993. The CEMAC CET rates are generally higher than those
of other countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region as reflected in
Cameroon’s MFN Tariff Trade Restrictiveness Index (TTRI) 1 of 14.7 percent, which
is higher than both the SSA and lower-middle-income country averages (11.6
percent and 8.6 percent, respectively). One of the few African countries approaching
food security, Cameroon provides higher tariff protection to its agricultural sector at
17.1 percent versus 14.2 percent for its non-agricultural sector.
Based on the TTRI, it ranks 117th out of 125 countries (where 1st is least
restrictive). The country’s average MFN applied tariff has remained relatively stable
over time and is currently 17.8 percent. In line with the CEMAC’s policy, the
maximum MFN tariff imposed on imports (excluding alcohol and tobacco) is 30
percent. The country’s trade policy space, as measured by the wedge between
bound and applied tariffs (the overhang), is 57.9 percent. Regarding its commitment
to liberalizing services trade, Cameroon ranks 135th (out of 148) on the GATS
Commitments Index.
Bilateral Trade:
India’s trade with Cameroon is over US$ 200 million as the bilateral trade accounts
for only 2% of Cameroon’s global external trade, considerable potential for
enhancing trade exist.
Trade: In US$ million
Indian Exports to Cameroon Indian Imports from Cameroon
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2007-08 2008-
09
2009-10 2010-11
72.61
92.46 77.21
(-16%)
118.07
(+53%)
18.81 30.97 137.35
(+343%)
138.10
(+1%)
(Apr-Sept 11, nearest USD Million)
India’s Exports India’s imports Total Trade with %
Growth
Partner Country Apr-
Sept
10
Apr-
Sept11
(%
growth
Apr-
Sept10
Apr-
Sept11
(% growth)
Apr-
Sept 10
Apr-Sept
11
(% growth)
Cameroon 93 72(15%) 56 319(467%) 119 392(215%)
Fishery Sector Summery
Enrollment No Students Name Faculty Guide
117340592097 TRUSHA KAMLESHBHAI BHUT
Prof. Amar Gandhi
117340592107 VAIBHAV VIRENBHAI DOSHI
117340592114 VISHAKHA DHIRENDRABHAI SHAH
117340592127 RUTVI PANKAJBHAI VAGADIYA
117340592129 RIDHI MUKESH GANDHI
117340592134 HARSHVARDHANSINH RAJENDRASINH RANA
Fishery Sector Summery
INTRODUCTION
Cameroon is located on the west coast of the wet forested Equatorial Africa. It
is bordered on the west by Nigeria and the Gulf of Guinea; on the east by Chad and
Central African Republic; and on the south by Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the
Republic of Congo. Cameroon has a shape of a triangle, the top of which is on Lake
Chad, about 1400 km from the southern border with Gabon. Cameroon lies between
9° 30'E and 16°00'E and extends from 2° N to 12° 30'N. Its coastline is about 360
km in length.
The hydrography and the marine fisheries are influenced by several rivers,
the Wouri which waters Douala, the Sanaga River; the Nyong River; and the Ntem
River in the extreme south of Cameroon. The rainfall pattern also influences river
discharge and the shrimp and finfish fisheries. Rain water is variable and substantial
along the Atlantic coast. Debunscha near Limbe has an annual average of 12.47 m
(possibly the heaviest rainfall in Africa). Tiko, located between Douala and Limbe, on
the Bimbia River has an average annual rainfall of 2.42 m. The annual rainfall for
Douala is 3.78 m whereas Kribi on the estuary of Kienke River has an annual rainfall
of 3.29 m.
The marine fisheries are divided into two major sectors:
a. The artisanal fishery operating in the creeks, estuaries and shallow inshore
waters within a depth of 25 m and above the thermocline, an area dominated
by “white fish” (mostly Clupeidae and Carangidae).
b. The industrial fishery (trawlers/shrimpers) supposedly exploiting the deeper
waters beyond the 25 m depth contour, that is beyond the thermocline, an
area dominated by red fish (mostly demersal fish) but where some white fish
also extend.
Cameroonian fisheries have undergone considerable development during the
last two decades (1960–80). The industrial sector has undergone relatively more
development than the artisanal sector which is still in use at a subsistence level. The
fishery manager is now concerned with appropriate fishing innovations and
exploitation of “new” untapped resources, possibly off the slope. It is not clear if
greater fishing intensity will result in a significant increase in catch of those dominant
species now exploited by artisanal and industrial “fleets”. Attention should be
focused on control and adjustment of fishing effort.
It is observed and noted that fair progress has been made in the collection of
fishery statistics, but there are still a lot of information gaps on landings by artisanal
fishing boats, as well as on by-catch of shrimpers and finfish trawlers. There is a
need to update the inventory of all types of canoes, number of fishermen, fishing
gears and landing sites along the entire coast of Cameroon. Additionally, it is
necessary to revise the inventory of all industrial fishing vessels, indicating
nationality of vessel, type of boat, horsepower, overall length, Gross Registered
Tonnage (GRT) as well as fishing gear characteristics and fishing grounds.
Catch data on the artisanal fisheries are not still adequate; but on the basis of the
work of SCET - International (1980), the total artisanal annual catch is estimated to
be 55 000 t of which bonga/Sardinella, white shrimp and demersal fish contribute
58%, 27% and 15% respectively.
The industrial task force expanded rapidly during the sixties and by 1973 there
were 29 trawlers and 13 shrimpers which landed a total of about 17 600 t of fish and
shrimp. The total catch of the industrial fisheries peaked at about 20 400 t in 1976
and since then catches have generally declined.
Given present-day fishing activities in Cameroonian waters, it is vital to determine
the magnitudes of available fishery resources and their potential yields compared to
present levels of harvest in order to be able to ascertain the long-lasting economic
benefits that can accrue from various fishery development activities and
management policies. Thus this study focuses on the magnitudes of the demurral
and pelagic stocks, assesses the species composition of exploitable stocks,
compares the productivity and catch rates of artisanal and industrial fisheries, and
also describes the contact between various fisheries.
TOPOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
The topography and oceanographic conditions of the West African
Continental Shelf affect the distribution and composition of fish communities.
Longhurst (1958) considers the absence of building corals of many tropical waters
and accounts for the high proportion of sand, silt and shells in bottom deposits.
Oceanographic surveys indicate that the prevailing hydrographic conditions are of
biological significance to fisheries. This study gives a summary of topographic and
hydrographic factors which influence fish productivity on the continental shelf of
Cameroon.
Topography
The Cameroonian coastline stretches for about 360 km, extending from the
border with Equatorial Guinea, south of the Campo River estuary to the Nigerian
border north of Akwayafe River. The present-day shoreline of Cameroon shows a
number of depositional and erosional features (that is, sandy beaches and spits;
lagoons; estuaries; corals; mangrove swamps, etc.). The general topography of the
coastal sector is shown in. The continental shelf area (up to 200 m depth) is about
12 900 km2.
Bottom Types and Littoral Morphology
The bottom deposits consist of sand, coastal hard deposits, coral, muddy
sand, sandy mud and mud. There is useful information concerning bottom deposits
of the continental shelf (Figure 2). The sedimentary sequence of the coastline is a
result of interaction of fluvial and marine processes. The series of beds deposited
reflect a seaward advance of the shoreline starting with mud in quiet waters outside
the estuary, overlaid with muddy sand and sandy mud. There are considerable
deposits of mud and sandy mud caused by tidal action in the intertidal flats on which
mangroves grow. Extensive mangrove swamps are located around the estuaries of
Rivers Manyu (Cross River), Rio del Rey, Bimbia, Cameroon, Sanaga and Nyong. It
is observed that the distribution of the estuarine sciaenid sub-community is
associated with the type of bottom deposit and hydrographic conditions. This type of
bottom deposit affects fishing performance, rocky bottoms and areas with corals
being difficult to trawl.
Oceanographic Conditions
The prevailing temperatures, humidity and rainfall influence the
oceanographic conditions and the fisheries of Cameroon. The mean annual
temperature is 25°C (= 79°F) at Douala. The climate is generally characterized by
two distinct seasons: the dry season (November-March) and the rainy season (April-
October) (Njock, 1985). The heaviest rainfall usually occurs during August-
September. Trends in the rainfall pattern are shown in Table 1.
The hydrographic regime of Cameroonian waters is characterized by: the
relatively stable shallow thermocline, steep temperature gradient and stable
oceanographic conditions below the mixed layer throughout the year. The Eastern
Tropical Zone (ETZ) of the Gulf of Guinea from Cotonou (Benin) to Cape Lopez
(Gabon) is not affected by seasonal upwelling. However, even in this sector, the
surface water temperature fluctuate between 25° and 30°C (Williams, 1968). The
hydrographic conditions in the coastal area are greatly affected by the affluent rivers.
The effect of the affluents on the oceanographic condition depends on the average
annual discharge. It was greatest for River Sanaga (1896 m3/sec) at Edea in 1980.
Generally, the annual ejection is more for rivers north of Nyong River estuary. A
summary of the annual discharges of some coastal rivers is given.
Temperature, Salinity and Thermal Stratification
During the dry season (November-March), the southwesterly winds
(southwest monsoon) are weak in the Gulf of Guinea. In this period, the equatorial
under-current (Lomonosov current) attains maximum speed and penetrates the
Bight of Biafra. The oceanographic conditions are more stable during the dry season
than during the rains.
The Gulf of Guinea is a region where the surface waters remain warm in all
seasons. The surface temperatures are mostly above 25°C and the salinity is always
low, less than 35°/oo. These two factors characterize the surface waters of
Cameroon and the entire Gulf of Guinea. The zone of warm and less saline waters is
between 0 and 30 m. below the warm layer lies the thermo cline which extends from
30 m to 50 m. The thermo cline is marked by low temperatures varying from 26°C (at
the upper end of the thermo cline) to 18°C (at the lower end). The salinity of thermo
cline is higher (from 30 to 35%). Thermal stratification is of significance in the
distribution of fish on the continental shelf as. The warm surface and less saline
waters are under enemy control by white fish consisting of croakers, bonga,
sardine, Caranx, threadfins, catfish, soles, grunters, etc. The zone of cold waters
below the thermo cline is dominated by demersal red fish (croakers, snappers,
redseabreams). The thermocline has a mixture of white and red fish.
Water Masses
One of the significant factors influencing the productivity of Cameroonian waters
is water movement. The thermo cline oscillates vertically in accordance with the
oscillation of the equatorial current system. There are also some effects of
Lomonosov current (equatorial under-current) which is the most productive part of
the equatorial area (Herbland and Le Bouteiller, 1982). The continental shelf of
Cameroon is under the influence of the following water masses:
a. Guinea surface water; uniformly warm and of low salinity (ca 28°C, 32 °/ooS)
b. Benguela surface water, cooler and of higher salinity (23–27°C, 34 °/ooS)
DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES
Cameroon: As already mentioned, the marine fisheries of Cameroon are divided
into two major sectors: the artisanal fishery and the industrial fishery.
ARTISANAL FISHERY
Detailed information on the structure of the artisanal fishery is given by Njock
(1985a) and FAO (1986). Artisanal fishing units (fleets) operate mostly within
a distance limit of ca 3.2 km (2.1 mi) from the shoreline. The canoes
concentrate within the estuaries, creeks and coastal inshore sector of surface
warm waters above the thermo cline.
The artisanal fishery was sampled in 1983 using the five administrative
regions (Ndian, Fako, Wouri, Sanaga and Ocean) as a basis. Below table
shows the main estuaries and coastal fishing settlements as well as the five
administrative statistical regions surveyed.
It led to determination of the following features of the artisanal fishery:
(i) number of main fishing villages 57
(ii) number of canoes 6 011
(iii) range of canoe length 4–17 m
(iv) non-motorized canoes 67%
(v) motorized canoes 33%
(vi) total number of fishermen 18 625
(vii) contribution of indigenous fishermen ca 10%
(viii) contribution of immigrant fishermen ca 90%
Brief fisheries characterization
Cameroon fisheries are dominated by artisanal fishers. An industrial fleet is
poorly managed and little (if any) information is recently available about target
species. Shrimp trawling is one of the most major industrial fisheries. Artisanal
fishers are less discriminate in their target species, but gillnet is the most common
gear-type used by these fishers. The most of the information is outdated, with a UN
document from the late 70’s being the most recent summary on Cameroonian
fisheries.
Cameroon fishing industry.
The fishing industry is not highly developed. Most portions of fish are caught by
artisan fishermen in rudimentary motorized pirogues. The total catch was an
estimated 112,109 tons in 2000.
Forestry and Fishing
Timber is traditionally one of Cameroon's most valuable exports, consisting mainly of
mahogany, ebony, and teak. The annual timber cut in the early 1990s amounted to
some 14.6 million cu m (515 million cu ft). Fishing is dominated by freshwater
subsistence activity. However, deep-sea fishing activity is increasing, especially from
the port of Douala. About 78,000 metric tons of fish are caught annually.
Economic role of fishing in Cameroon
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries contribute 21% of Cameroon’s GDP (2008).
Cameroon has both an inland and marine fisheries sector. Inland fisheries across
the country’s numerous inland waterways are virtually artisanal. There are not more
than 50 vessels in the country’s marine fleet.
Cold storage infrastructure along the coast allows the country to trade in
frozen and fresh fish. Exports are very low, invariably less than US$200,000
annually (2010). They include mackerel, shrimps, cod and sardine. Overall
Cameroon has limited marine resources partly because its economic exclusive zone
(EEZ) is interrupted by the island, Bioko which belongs to Equatorial Guinea(FAO).
Catch-limit violations and illegal fishing are cited as important problems by the Food
and Agriculture Organization. The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries influences
developments in the sector.
OVERVIEW OF INDIA
Introduction
Fisheries development concerns the processes leading to the progress in
harvesting, processing, marketing and utilizing the yields from the natural resources
of aquatic animals and plants for the benefit of the people and the country. Fishing
has been one of the oldest methods of gathering food adopted by people living close
to seas / rivers and was a small scale, poor, nourishment level community based
activity. Fisheries development has progressed considerably since World War II and
the estimates of world marine capture fisheries production was 84.2 million metric
tons in the year 2005 (FAO, 2006). While in the past, fisheries resources far
exceeded the human capacity to exploit them, since the last two decades,
technological changes have paved the way for a situation where increasing annual
catches of fish is no longer a simple matter of increasing fishing effort.
The rate of increase in fish production is increasingly becoming difficult to
maintain as a consequence of many of the stocks having reached or even more than
their limits of sustainable exploitation. Fish is a important donor to the livelihood,
nutritional, trade and economic security of countries and hence concerns are being
voiced about the rational development and management of fisheries where new
terminologies like “sustainable development” and “responsible fishing” are currently
being widely used.
Indian Scenario
Marine fisheries
India’s estimated marine resources potential is 3.9 million tones . During
1998, the marine fish catch was 2.95 million tonne, with over 70% coming from the
west coast. There were 220 903 traditional craft, 39444 traditional motorized craft
and 51 744 mechanized boats operating in Indian waters.
There are nearly 6 million fishermen in India, of which 2.4 million are full-time,
1.45 million part time and the rest occasional. They use a wide range of fishing gear,
including seines, stake nets, lines, bag nets, encircling nets and lift nets.
During 1987-97, there was a gradual increase in fish production, growing 44.1% in
the ten-year period, of which pelagic species contributed 51.6%, the rest being
demersal species. Among the species caught, Indian oil sardine
(Sardinellalongiceps), Indian mackerel (Rastrelligerkanagurta) and Sciaenidae are
dominant. Bombay duck, anchovies, cephalopods, perches and Carangidae are also
abundantly seen. Marine shrimp, although contributing only 10% of the total catch, is
still commercially a most important one. Indian Fisheries often fluctuate, and depend
largely on the vagaries of the monsoons. Conservation measures have been
adopted in both the east and west coasts by enforce closed seasons during the
breeding seasons of important species.
There have been important inputs to marine fisheries development in recent
years. Plans have been approved for 6 major and 45 minor fishery harbours and 158
modern Fish Landing Centres (FLCs), of which the 6 major harbours have been
completed, together with 30 minor fishingharbours and 130 FLCs. In order to
improve the marketing of fresh fish internally, a number of cold storage, ice plants
and cold chains have also been established. Export trade is completely in the hands
of the private sector. Inland fisheries During the time of 1987-1997, there was a
steady increase in inland fisheries production, registering 45.4% during the ten-year
period. Inland production, including farming, is now catching up with production from
the marine sector and is likely to overtake marine capture fisheries in the next
millennium. Inland production includes catch from rivers, upland lakes, peninsular
tanks, reservoirs and oxbow lakes. The major states contributing are West Bengal
(33%), Andhra Pradesh (9.09%), Bihar (8.71%), Assam (6.92%) Uttar Pradesh
(6.49%), Orissa (6.01%), Tamil Nadu (4.82%), Madhya Pradesh (4.07%), Karnataka
(3.89%) and Maharashtra (3.4%). Phases of Fisheries Development
Fisheries Development is influenced by a variety of factors such as the economic
status of the country and the importance of fisheries to the people by way of
availability of fish as well as socio-political reasons. Broadly speaking, the following
four development phases have been recognized for the fisheries sector:
• An initial phase of slow development characterized by the absence of any
major fisheries or only a traditional fishery
• A steady phase with significant increase in catch rate and production
• An over-development phase characterized by declining catches and catch
rates
• Management phase arising out of the above developments and aimed at
regulating fishing and arresting the decline.
Objectives of Fisheries Development
• Increase export of fish and fish products
• Increase supply of fish to domestic market
• Increase level of fishermen’s income
• Provide new employment opportunities in the fisheries sector
• Sustain the fishery
Time Line of Fisheries Development in India
The development programmes for Indian fisheries have always aimed
at increasing fish production and nutritional security, creating employment
opportunities, improving welfare of fishermen and promoting exports. The first
step for developing fisheries in India was mainly in response to the famine of
1898 where an immense need for cheap protein rich food was felt. The Royal
Commission on Agriculture (1928) noted that nothing was being done to
develop the country’s fishing industry and recommended various actions to be
taken to develop Indian fisheries sector. Grow More Food Campaign launched
in 1940 recommended an organized thrust for development of fisheries. This
resulted in a number of detailed studies on fisheries of British India besides
commission of a separate department of fisheries in many province and also
the provision of some support to the fish curing industry.
Despite this, the full potential for growth was never realized. A Fisheries
Experimental station was set up at Barrackpore, West Bengal, which later
became the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI). Training centers
on fisheries were established in Barrackpore, Calcutta and Mandapam in 1945.
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) was established in 1947
and since then it is carrying out pioneering research and development work in the
field of marine capture fisheries with the objective of ensuring sustainability of
fisheries resources and their ecosystem as well as living security of the coastal
fisher-folk.
The first All-India Fisheries Conference (1948) convened in New Delhi
recognized the importance of fishing industry and focused its attention on the
need to develop fisheries industry. On these lines, it was decided to seek foreign
co-operation to create necessary infrastructure for modernizing the fisheries
sector. Thus in 1952, a tripartite agreement was signed by the Governments of
Norway, India and the United Nations, with the objective of mechanizing the
Indian fisheries sector and popularizing diversified methods of fishing such as
trawling, purse seining and pole-and-line fishing. This resulted in the Indo-
Norwegian Project (INP), which was set up at Quilon (Kerala state) in 1953
where the process of modernization/mechanization of marine fisheries was
initiated. In the fifties, small-mechanized boats with bottom trawl nets were
introduced. The establishment of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT)
during 1957, gave a foundation for research in the aspects of design of various
fishing crafts, gears, fishing techniques, methods of handling and post-harvest
processing and utilization. Since 1963, the activities of INP were directed to
exploratory and experimental fishing while CIFT took up research work on
designing of new craft types. The development of fishing harbours also played a
key role in marine fisheries development of India, starting from 1954 when the
Government of India solicited the services of Technical specialists in FAO to
locate best possible sites for fishing harbors’ in the country. Since 1965 the Port
Trust Authorities have played a key role in implement fishing harbor projects.
Currently there are about 2251 traditional landing centers, 33 minor and six major
fishing harbor. These serve as base for 104,270 traditional non-motorized craft,
75,591 small scale seaside landing, motorized craft, 58,911 mechanized craft
(mainly bottom trawlers, drift gill-netters and purse seiners) and 120 deep sea
fishing vessels of >20 m OAL. Thus the development of harbors and landing
jetties, motorization of artisanal crafts and rapid expansion of mechanized fishing
have contributed towards a significant increase in fish production, employment
generation and revenue earnings.
Automobile Sector Summery
Enrollment No Students Name Faculty Guide
117340592138 JIGNESH VINODBHAI PATEL
Prof. Amar Gandhi
117340592143 VINIL KETAN BHAI PAREKH
117340592147 NILAY RASIKBHAI CHANV
117340592149 NARENDRA TALSHIBHAI VARSANI
117340592161 HINESH PARVIBHAI PANCHOLI
117340592162 PRITESH DILIPBHAI GADHETHARIYA
117340592165 MEET BHARATBHAI DOSHI
Automobile Sector Summery
CAMEROON AUTOMOBILE POLICY
Overview:
It was formed by the 1961 merger of French Cameroon and part of British
Cameroon Gained independence on January 1, 1960 under French administration UN
trusteeship. Before the trust was a German colony.
Introduction:
Cameroon and the local subsidiary of the manufacturer of China have signed a
memorandum of understanding to establish a plant for several million dollars for
environmentally friendly vehicles in the country.
The plant will be located in the coastal town of Kribi in the South Region, because the
city has a deep water port, hosts a number of other Chinese companies and is a
gateway to other African markets, according to Mr. David Yonguet , a director with
Cameroon First Automobile Manufacture Company Limited, the local subsidiary.
Sonalika's Production Unit In Cameroon Goes On Stream
The large tractors Sonalika Tractors based Punjab announced he had begun
commercial production of its vehicles in the African nation of Cameroon. With the
commissioning of a new plant in that country, it is the Indian player inaugural foray in
the African region. In developing the new plant in Cameroon, LD Mittal, Chairman of
Somalia Group said: "We have entered alliance with few established players in the
automotive field in Cameroon According to our plan, we will be exporting our wide range
of engines. To African nation, while local equipment manufacturers are responsible
automatic supply from us in order to use our products from the plant. "
China opening bus assembly plant in Cameroon
China is opening a factory in Cameroon to manufacturer buses for West and Central
Africa. China is the third largest trading partner in Africa with a jump of ten times in
commercial transactions in the last decade.
Cameroon industry policy
National Industrial Policy
Industrial policy in Cameroon has historically been guided by five-year plans ("plans
quinquennaux"), implemented from 1961-1991. These plans aimed at both import
substitution and increased exports. Industrial production is often performed directly by
the State through public enterprises. While the strategy has been successful in
expanding and diversifying the local industrial production, industries suffered from a
serious lack of infrastructure (which partly explains its geographical concentration
around the city of Douala) and competitiveness. In 1998, therefore adopted an Industrial
Cameroon Master Plan, or the Plan Director deindustrialization (PDI), which, however,
was never implemented.
Trade and Tariff Policy
Manufacturing activities in Cameroon are mainly based on national processing sourced
commodities (oil refining and agribusiness), although the non-ferrous metals sector
(aluminium) depends on imported raw materials. In 2004, almost half of the value of
companies was imported inputs and a third of the products are exported. Consequently,
trade policy, including duties and taxes and Cameroon’s customs policies are generally
those of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), particularly
the CEMAC CET, which is made up of five rates:
- zero rate, applied mainly to pharmaceutical products, books and brochures, and
aviation products (0.7 per cent of tariff lines);
- 5 per cent, applied to staple goods (3.7 per cent of tariff lines);
- 10 per cent, applied to raw materials and capital goods (42.7 per cent of tariff lines);
- 20 per cent, applied to intermediate goods (12.2 per cent of tariff lines); and
- 30 per cent on wage goods (40.7 per cent of tariff lines).
Sectorial Policies
To strengthen the industrial sector further, the Government has launched a number of
programmers in specific sectors. Notably, the Competitiveness Committee (see Section
D below) has completed a study analyzing the competitiveness of various industries and
identifying those with the greatest growth potential. The sectors identified are textiles,
wood, energy and hydrocarbons, sectors undergoing change (plantains, maize,
oilseeds), “configuration” sectors (cocoa, coffee, rubber) and high-tech sectors (ship
building and repairs, information and communications technology, pharmaceuticals).
Sectoral interventions include:
• In the textiles industry, a strategic audit was performed on Cotonnières Industrial's du
Cameroun and reforms are being implemented. In particular, an ad hoc committee and
provincial units have been established to combat fraud, counterfeiting and contraband.
Other Measures to Promote Industrial Development
The most comprehensive effort to diversify production and indirectly promote
industrialization lies in Cameroon's Competitiveness Committee established by the
Prime Minister. The Committee aims to identify factors that hinder economic
competitiveness, formulate proposals to reduce production and transaction costs and
monitor the implementation of recommendations. Actions relate to the business
environment and economic governance. One of the objectives is to improve the
competitiveness of existing industries, particularly in the context of trade liberalization
under the interim EPA with the EU.
INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
Introduction
The Indian car industry has become a "sunrise industry 'in the Indian economy. India is
being considered as one of the world markets fastest growing passenger car
manufacturer and the second largest two-wheeler's Also home the largest motorcycle
manufacturer and the fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer.
Major Developments & Investments
Volvo Group plans to invest Rs 3,800 crore (US$ 710.28 million) in India over the next
few years. Honda Car India, the wholly-owned subsidiary of Honda Motor Co, plans to
set up a greenfield diesel engine factory at its second industrial location in Rajasthan
Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) will incur capital expenditure worth US$ 3.26 billion per year
over the medium term mainly for product development, according to Crisil.
The research and development (R&D) team of Fiat India will assist Chrysler to design
and develop the smallest Jeep, to be launched globally by mid-2014.
Hero MotoCorp has started construction of its fourth manufacturing plant and a new
Global Parts Centre (GPC) at Neemrana, Rajasthan Luxury carmakers like BMW, Audi
are planning more 'Made in India' products to increase the number of offerings in the
sub Rs 2.5 million Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M) plans to invest US$ 900 million over
the next four years in SsangYong Motor for developing three new vehicles and six
engines.
Automotive mission policy:
Regulatory framework:
In India the Rules and Regulations related to driving license, registration of motor
vehicles, control of traffic, construction & maintenance of motor vehicles etc are
governed by the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (MVA) and the Central Motor Vehicles rules
1989 (CMVR). The Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways (MoSRT&H) acts
as a nodal agency for formulation and implementation of various provisions of the Motor
Vehicle Act and CMVR.
EMMISSIONS NORMS
THE PARAMETERS DETERMINING EMISSION FROM VEHICLES
Vehicular Technology
Fuel Quality
Inspection & Maintenance of In-Use Vehicles
Road and Traffic Management
Vehicular Safety Standards & Regulations
Environmental imperatives and safety requirements are two critical issues facing
the automotive industry, worldwide. Indian Automobile Industry in the last decade
has made significant progress on the environmental front by adopting stringent
emission standards, and is progressively aligning technically with international
safety standards.
Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR) came into force from 1989 and serious
enforcement of regulations came into effect. Chapter V of the Central Motor
Vehicle Rules, 1989 deals with construction, equipment and maintenance of
vehicles and in addition to rules governing emission limits, there are several rules
in this chapter requiring motor vehicles to comply with safety regulations
India Automobile Industry Growth
Facts & Figures
India, in auto sector, is turning to be a sourcing base for the global auto majors. The
passenger car and the motorcycle segment is set to grow by 8-9 per cent in coming
couple of years, says the ICRA report. The industry is likely to maintain the growth
momentum picked up in 2002-03.
The ICRA's analysis points on the auto sector that the passenger car market in the
country was inching towards cars with higher displacements. The sports-utility-vehicle
(SUV) that was getting crowded everyday, would witness intense competition as many
SUVs had been competitively priced, the report said.
Honda, Suzuki, General Motors and Hyundai, the global automakers had already
launched their premium SUVs in the market to broaden their portfolio and create
product excitement in the segment estimated at about 10,000 units annually
Indian Auto Market Growth
The domestic automobile industry sales grew 12.8 per cent at 89,10,224 units as
against 78,97,629 units in 2004-05. The automotive industry crossed a landmark with
total vehicle production of 10 million units. According to the Society of Indian
Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), car sales was 8,82,094 units against 8,20,179 units
in 2004-05. The growth of domestic passenger car market was 7.5 per cent. Car
exports stood at 1,70,193 units against 1,60,670 units in 2004-05. Market Advantage
Fast paced urbanisation to rise from 28% to 40% by 2020.
Upward migration of household income levels.
Middle class expanding by 30-40 million every year.
Growing working population.
Government Policies on Indian Automobile Industry
The Indian Automobile Industry plays a major role in the economic scenario of the
country. The automobile sector in India, record sales of more than one million
passenger cars per year. The percentage of automobile exports has risen significantly
during the last few years. The government policies on Indian automobile industry have
been framed in order to aid in the expansion of the automobiles sector in India.
COMPARISION
Growth in Cameroon automobile industry:
Cameroon set to launch motor vehicle assembly
Cameroon will begin assembling cars next year, a Chinese manufacturer’s
executive has said.
Mr Lu Fuquing, the Chief Executive Officer of Funtian Automobile Industry
Company, made the revelation at the close of talks with Cameroon President
Paul Biya Wednesday.
Authorities say the car assembly plant will create more than 5,000 direct jobs and
employ many more indirectly.
The plant will assemble its first fleet of cars on Cameroon soil in mid 2013.
Industry performance in 2011-12
Production
The cumulative production data for April-March 2012 shows production growth of 13.83
percent over same period last year. In March 2012 as compared to March 2011,
production grew at a single digit rate of 6.83 percent. In 2011-12, the industry produced
20,366,432 vehicles of which share of two wheelers, passenger vehicles, three
wheelers and commercial vehicles were 76 percent, 15 percent, 4 percent and 4
percent respectively.
Domestic Sales
The growth rate for overall domestic sales for 2011-12 was 12.24 percent amounting to
17,376,624 vehicles. In the month of only March 2012, domestic sales grew at a rate of
10.11 percent as compared to March 2011.
Exports
During April-March 2012, the industry exported 2,910,055 automobiles registering a
growth of 25.44 percent. Passenger Vehicles registered growth at 14.18 percent in this
period. Commercial Vehicles, Three Wheelers and Two Wheelers segments recorded
growth of 25.15 percent, 34.41 percent and 27.13 percent respectively during April-
March 2012. For the first time in history car exports crossed half a million in a financial
year. In March 2012 compared to March 2011, overall automobile exports registered a
growth of 17.81 percent.
Production:
Production in Cameroon is increase due to the china established plant in Cameroon.
Where as in India production level are same as compared to past year.
Domestic sales:
Domestic sales of India are increase where as in Cameroon are same but the export of
the Cameroon are increase.
Exports:
Exports of the Cameroon automobile are increase where India export are also high but
in future Cameroon automobile sales are increased.
Factor affecting to new players:
Factors may be placed in to three basic categories:
1.NaturalAdvantage
2.AcquiredAdvantages
3. Government Advantages
The factors can be listed as follows:
a) Cost-[Acquired]
b) Closeness to a source of raw materials-[Natural]
c) Closeness to a source of power-[Acquired and/or Natural]
d) Closeness to a market-[Acquired]
e) Closeness to an educated working force-[Acquired]
f) Closeness to a method of transport-[Acquired]
g) Government Intervention-[Government]
h) In a suitable climate-[Natural]
i) In a stable political atmosphere-[Government]
j) Health facilities-[Acquired]
Challenges ahead for the Indian Automotive Industry
Never stopping Interest Rate hikes and Petrol hikes
Global Economic Slowdown, with manufacturing contributing almost 80% to
Indian IIP
Government’s indecisiveness on future Diesel policy clarity
No incentives provided by Indian government for carrying out research on
emerging technologies
Poor Infrastructure to bring in Electric Vehicles in India
Huge Supply Demand gap for alternative fuels like CNG, LPG
In Cameroon:
Cameroon and the local subsidiary of a Chinese manufacturer have signed a
memorandum of understanding to set up a multi-million dollar plant for environment-
friendly vehicles in the country.
The plant will be located in the seaside resort of Kribi in the South Region because the
town has a deep sea port, hosts a range of other Chinese companies and is a gateway
to other African markets, according to Mr David Youngest, a director with Cameroon
First Automobile Manufacture Company Limited, the local subsidiary.
The signing on Thursday comes after talks last October 24 between the CEO of China’s
Fountain Automobile Industry Company, Mr Lu Fuquing, and Cameroon’s President
Paul Biya.
SUGGESTIONS:
Once exploration is given greater emphasis in the business models of the players in this
sector, minning would become a lucrative activity with an increasing volume of proven
automobile across the country. Following are some suggestions for the Indian following
Industry which can lead India to a better country:-
CONCLUSION:
India, of late, has emerged as a significant player in world automobile sector. The
country must at the same time also identify the markets that can be tapped for similar
products. This will not only help the country to have a diversified export portfolio but also
avoid depletion or exhaustion of specific ores that may be critical for the development of
the country in the years to come.