a global inventory of perennial vegetables -...
TRANSCRIPT
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A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables
Contents
Key to the Inventory 1Extreme Cold 3Cold Temperate 4Cool Maritime 8Hot and Humid 13Arid and Hot 16Mediterranean 17Lowland Humid/Monsoon Tropics 23Lowland Arid Tropics 27Highland Humid/Monsoon Tropics 29Highland Arid Tropics 32
Key to the Inventory
Perennial Vegetables DefinedThe crops included in this global inventory all fit my definition of perennial vegetable: living three or more years, used as a vegetable and not a novelty crop or culinary herb, and not destroyed by harvesting. Some of these root crops are plant/replant perennials, meaning they are dug up for harvest but then some portion is replanted in the same or another hole, keeping the plant alive to produce again the following year. By vegetable, I mean leaves, leaf-stalks, shoots, flowers, flowerbuds (broccolis), tubers, corms, rhizomes, roots, pods, beans, and other above- or below-ground parts that are eaten raw or cooked as a meal or side dish. In the case of fruits, I mean fruits that are cooked and eaten as a meal or side dish (e.g., eggplant), not dessert fruits (e.g., strawberries).
Climate ZonesClimate zones are based on those given in Perennial Vegetables, which were developed for the United States and Canada. I have added a few more climate types to make this a more global resource, though it is not a perfect fit in every case. Species listed in a climate zone will be perennial in all or most of that zone. Woody plants listed as “dieback” will be frost-killed but re-sprout to provide a legitimate harvest of some or all of their products (e.g., moringa will re-sprout and grow 15-20’, sometimes setting pods but always plenty of edible leaves.)
The SpeciesThis is by no means a comprehensive list of all of the perennial vegetables in the world. However it includes the most suitable species for the given climate zones that I know of. Some of the cold climate species I include are more marginal, whereas tropical species are mainly the best candidates because there is a greater number of crops are available in those climate zones. I’ve added about ninety crops not profiled in Perennial Vegetables for a total of almost two hundred.
Region of OriginNote that this is a global inventory of perennial vegetables. Always start with species native to your region and build out from there. Some of these species are, or could become, serious weeds outside of their native range. A single asterisk (*) in the “Origin” column indicates a terrestrial species that has or could naturalize aggressively. A double asterisk (**) indicates aquatic species, which are particularly likely to naturalize and should be grown
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with caution outside their native range. This is a global list, you may wish to avoid planting aggressively naturalizing spe-cies that are not from your area. Even invasive weeds such as air potato are native somewhere (in this case, a huge area from Africa to Australia), and should be taken advantage of at least in those areas.
Form This describes the form of the plant, whether it be tree, cactus, herb, etc. There’s a lot more than herbaceous perennials out there!
Edible PartsThis field describes what edible portion used as a vegetable, as well as any other edible uses it may have. Note that most of these vegetables should be cooked. “Must be cooked” in the the notes indicates toxicity; those plants absolutely must be cooked before eating.
Sun and ShadeThis indicates a plant’s light preferences. One of the great things about perennial vegetables is that so many of them grow well in shade.
MoistureThis field refers to moisture conditions most suitable to the plant including wet, mesic (medium), and dry. It also includes aquatic plant niches, including emergent aquatics (the roots are under water, but the leaves emerge above the water surface, whether deep or shallow), emergent floaters (similar to emergent aquatics, but the leaves float at the water surface and do not extend beyond it), floating aquatics (plants in this niche float at the surface but are not rooted into soil below), and submerged aquatics (completely underwater).
NotesThis column has information on nuisances like spines and stinging, as well as toxicity or other concerns.
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables #
EXTREME COLD: This region covers most of inland Canada as well as the northern United States and portions of Europe and Asia. It corresponds with USDA zones 1–3, and Sunset Zones 1, 44, and 45. Note that heavy snow cover can provide excellent insulation in this zone, but the short season and lack of hot summers are serious limiting factors.
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Allium cernuum nodding wild onion Eurasia herb greens sun to part dry to mesic
Asclepias syriaca, A. speciosa
showy and common milkweed North America herb
WLSSXW��¾S[-erbuds, young leaves, pods sun dry to mesic
Centranthus ruber red valerian Eurasia herb greens sun to part dry to mesic
Helianthus maximilianiMaximilan WYR¾S[IV North America giant herb shoots, seeds sun dry to mesic
Helianthus tuberosus sunchokeeastern North America giant herb tubers sun mesic
Lemna spp. duckweed worldwide** microherb greens sun ¾SEXMRK�EUYEXMG
Matteuccia struthiopteris ostrich fernEurasia, North America fern shoots part to shade wet to mesic must be cooked
Nasturtium officinale watercress Eurasia** giant herb leaves sunIQIVKIRX�¾SEXMRK�EUYEXMG�XS�[IX
Oxyria digynamountain sorrel
Eurasia, North America herb greens sun to part mesic
Perideridia gairdnerii yampah North America herb tubers sun wet to mesic
Rheum × cultorum rhubarb Eurasia herb leafstalks sun mesic leaves and roots toxic
Sagittaria latifolia arrowheadNorth America** herb tubers, shoots sun
deep IQIVKIRX�EUYEXMG
Typha spp. cattail worldwide** grasslike
shoots, root shoots, root WXEVGL��¾S[IV-buds, pollen sun
shallow emergent EUYEXMG�XS�[IX
Wolffia spp. water meal worldwide** microherb greens sun ¾SEXMRK�EUYEXMG
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables $
COLD TEMPERATE: This is a large and highly populated region covering much the eastern and central United States, as well as much of the warmer parts of Canada. Much of Europe and Asia, as some of temperate South America is in this climate type. This region corresponds with USDA Zones 4–7, and Sunset Zones 2–4, 6, 11, and 32–43.
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Allium ampeloprasum perennial leek Eurasia herb whole plants sun mesic
Allium cepa aggregatummultiplier onion Eurasia herb bulbs sun mesic
Allium cepa proliferum walking onion Eurasia herb scallions sun mesic
Allium cernuumnodding wild onion Eurasia herb greens sun to part dry to mesic
Allium fistulosum Welsh onion Eurasia herb scallions sun mesic
Allium tricoccum ramps North America herb whole plants part to shade wet to mesic
Allium tuberosum garlic chives Asia herbgreens, ¾S[IVFYHW sun to part dry to mesic
Apios americana groundnut North America vine tubers, beans sun to part wet to mesic
Aralia cordata udo Asia giant herb shoots part shade mesic
Arundinaria gigantea river caneNorth America* bamboo shoots sun to part mesic
Asclepias syriaca, A. speciosa
showy & common milkweed North America herb
shoots, ¾S[IVFYHW��young leaves, pods sun dry to mesic
Asparagus officinalis asparagus Eurasia herb shoots sun mesic
Asphodeline luteayellow asphodel Eurasia herb tubers sun mesic
Beta vulgaris maritima sea beet Eurasia* herb greens sun mesic
Bunias orientalis Turkish rocket Eurasia* herbgreens, broccolis sun to part dry to mesic
Camassia cusicki camasswestern North America herb bulbs sun wet to mesic must be cooked
Camassia leichtlinii camasswestern North America herb bulbs sun wet to mesic must be cooked
Camassia quamash camasswestern North America herb bulbs sun wet to mesic must be cooked
Camassia scillioides camasseastern North America herb bulbs sun wet to mesic must be cooked
Cedrella sinensisfragrant spring tree Asia tree greens sun mesic
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables %
COLD TEMPERATE continued
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Centranthus ruber red valerian Eurasia herb greens sun to part dry to mesic
Chenopodium bonus-henricusgood King Henry Eurasia herb
greens, shoots, broccolis sun to part mesic
Cicorium intybus chicory Eurasia* herb greens sun to part mesic
Crambe cordifolia colewort Eurasia herbgreens, broccolis sun dry to mesic
Crambe maritima sea kale Eurasia herb
greens, broccolis, roots sun dry to mesic
Dioscorea japonica jinenjo Asia vine tubers sun mesic must be cooked
Dioscorea opposita Chinese yam Asia* vine tubers sun mesic must be cooked
Diplotaxis muralis, D. tenuifolia sylvetta arugula Mediterranean* shrub, herb greens sun to part dry to mesic
Hablitzia tamnoidesCaucasian spinach Eurasia vine greens, shoots part shade dry to mesic
Helianthus maximilianiMaximilan WYR¾S[IV North America giant herb shoots, seeds sun dry to mesic
Helianthus tuberosus sunchokeeastern North America giant herb tubers sun mesic
Hemerocallis spp. daylily Asia herb¾S[IVFYHW��¾S[IVW sun to part mesic
Laportea canadensis wood nettleeastern North America herb greens part to shade mesic stings, must be cooked
Lemna spp. duckweed worldwide** microherb greens sun ¾SEXMRK�EUYEXMG
Levisticum officinale lovage Eurasia herbgreens, shoots, leafstalks sun to part mesic
Lomatium spp. biscuit root North America herb tubers sun dry to mesic
Lycium chinense leaf goji Asia shrub greens, fruits sun to part mesic spiny
Malva moschatagumbo leaf mallow Eurasia herb greens sun to part mesic
Matteuccia struthiopteris ostrich fernEurasia, North America fern shoots part to shade wet to mesic must be cooked
Morus alba mulberry Asia* tree greens, fruit sun to part dry to mesic must be cooked
Nasturtium officinale watercress Eurasia** giant herb leaves sunIQIVKIRX�¾SEXMRK�EUYEXMG�XS�[IX
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables &
COLD TEMPERATE continued
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Nelumbo lutea American lotusNorth America** giant herb tubers, seeds sun
deep emergent EUYEXMG
Nelumbo nucifera Chinese lotus Eurasia** giant herb tubers, seeds sundeep emergent EUYEXMG
Oenanthe javanica water celeryNew Guinea, Asia** herb greens sun to part
IQIVKIRX�¾SEXMRK�EUYEXMG�XS�[IX
Oxyria digynamountain sorrel
Eurasia, North America herb greens sun to part mesic
Perideridia gairdneri yampah North America herb tubers sun wet to mesic
Petasites japonicus fuki Asia* giant herb leafstalks part to shade wet to mesic
Phyllostachys spp.running bamboo Asia* bamboo shoots sun to part mesic
Physalis heterophyllaclammy ground cherry North America herb fruits sun mesic
Physalis longifolialongleaf ground cherry North America herb fruits sun mesic
Physalis pruinosa ground cherry North America herb fruits sun mesic
Phytolacca americana pokeweedNorth America* giant herb
young shoots, cooked in three water changes sun to part mesic
Polygonatum commutatumgiant Solomon’s seal
Eastern North America herb shoots, tubers sun to part mesic
Rheum australeHimalayan rhubarb Eurasia herb leafstalks sun mesic leaves and roots toxic
Rheum palmatum turkey rhubarb Eurasia herb leafstalks sun mesic leaves and roots toxic
Rheum × cultorum rhubarb Eurasia herb leafstalks sun mesic leaves and roots toxic
Rhus typhinastaghorn sumac North America shrub shoots sun mesic
Rumex acetosa French sorrel Eurasia herb greens sun to part mesic
Rumex acetosella sheep sorrel Eurasia herb greens sun to part mesic
Rumex scutatusbuckler-leaf sorrel Eurasia herb greens sun to part mesic
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables '
COLD TEMPERATE continued
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Sagittaria latifolia arrowheadNorth America** herb tubers, shoots sun
deep emergent EUYEXMG
Sasa kurilensisrunning bamboo Asia* bamboo shoots sun to part mesic
Scorzonera hispanica scorzonera Eurasia herbleaves, roots, broccolis sun mesic
Semiarundinaria fastuosarunning bamboo Asia* bamboo shoots sun to part mesic
Sium sisarum skirret Asia herb tubers sun to part wet to mesic
Stachys sieboldii
Chinese artichoke, crosnes Asia herb tubers sun wet to mesic
Taraxacum officinale dandelion Eurasia herb greens sun mesic
Tetragonia tetragonioidesNew Zealand spinach Australia herb greens sun dry to mesic
Tilia spp.linden, lime, basswood
Eurasia, North America tree greens sun to shade mesic
Typha spp. cattail worldwide** grasslike
shoots, root shoots, root starch, ¾S[IVFYHW��pollen sun
shallow emergent EUYEXMG�XS�[IX
Urtica dioica stinging nettleEurasia, North America herb greens sun to part mesic stings
Wolffia spp. water meal worldwide** microherb greens sun ¾SEXMRK�EUYEXMG
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables (
COOL MARITIME: From San Francisco north to Vancouver and the Alaska panhandle is a narrow, highly populated coastal region. This region corresponds with USDA Zones 8–9, and Sunset Zones 5 and 17. Much of Britain is similar, as are some mild southern hemisphere regions including New Zealand.
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Allium ampeloprasum perennial leek Eurasia herb whole plants sun mesic
Allium cepa aggregatummultiplier onion Eurasia herb bulbs sun mesic
Allium cepa proliferum walking onion Eurasia herb scallions sun mesic
Allium cernuumnodding wild onion Eurasia herb greens sun to part dry to mesic
Allium fistulosum Welsh onion Eurasia herb scallions sun mesic
Allium tuberosum garlic chives Asia herbgreens, ¾S[IVFYHW sun to part dry to mesic
Allium ursinum ramsons Eurasia herb whole plants part to shade wet to mesic
Apios americana groundnut North America vine tubers, beans sun to part wet to mesic
Apium prostratum filiforme wild celery Australia herb stalks sun wet to mesic
Aralia cordata udo Asia giant herb shoots part shade mesic
Asparagus officinalis asparagus Eurasia herb shoots sun mesic
Asphodeline luteayellow asphodel Eurasia herb tubers sun mesic
Atriplex halimus saltbushMediterranean, North Africa shrub greens sun dry to mesic
Berula erecta water parsnipNorth America, Eurasia** herb greens sun wet
Beta vulgaris maritima sea beet Eurasia* herb greens sun mesic
Brassica napus“Western front” Kale Eurasia herb greens sun mesic
Brassica oleracea wild cabbage Eurasia herb greens sun mesic
Brassica oleracea “Colocha” Eurasia herb greens sun mesic
Brassica oleracea alboglabra Gai Lon Eurasia herbgreens, broccolis sun mesic
Brassica oleracea botrytis
“9 Star” perennial broccoli Eurasia herb
greens, broccolis sun mesic
Brassica oleracea ramosa
branching bush kales, “Dorbentons” kale Eurasia shrub greens sun mesic
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables )
COOL MARITIME continued
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Bunias orientalis Turkish rocket Eurasia* herbgreens, broccolis sun to part dry to mesic
Camassia cusickii camasswestern North America herb bulbs sun wet to mesic must be cooked
Camassia leichtlinii camasswestern North America herb bulbs sun wet to mesic must be cooked
Camassia quamash camasswestern North America herb bulbs sun wet to mesic must be cooked
Camassia scillioides camasseastern North America herb bulbs sun wet to mesic must be cooked
Canna edulisachira, edible canna Andes giant herb tubers, shoots sun to part wet to mesic
Cedrela sinensisfragrant spring tree Asia tree greens sun mesic
Centranthus ruber red valerian Eurasia herb greens sun to part dry to mesic
Chenopodium bonus-henricusgood King Henry Eurasia herb
greens, shoots, broccolis sun to part mesic
Cicorium intybus chicory Eurasia* herb greens sun to part mesic
Colocasia esculenta taroNew Guinea, Asia herb tubers, greens sun to part wet to mesic must be cooked
Crambe cordifolia colewort Eurasia herbgreens, broccolis sun dry to mesic
Crambe maritima sea kale Eurasia herb
greens, broccolis, roots sun dry to mesic
Cynara cardunculus cardoon Eurasia* herb leafstalks sun dry to mesic
Cynara scolymus globe artichoke Eurasia herb ¾S[IVFYHW sun dry to mesic
Dioscorea opposita Chinese yam Asia* vine tubers sun mesic must be cooked
Diplotaxis muralis, D. tenuifolia sylvetta arugula Mediterranean* shrub, herb greens sun to part dry to mesic
Hablitzia tamnoidesCaucasian spinach Eurasia vine greens, shoots part shade dry to mesic
Helianthus maximilianiMaximilan WYR¾S[IV North America giant herb shoots, seeds sun dry to mesic
Helianthus tuberosus sunchokeeastern North America giant herb tubers sun mesic
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables !*
COOL MARITIME continued
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Hemerocallis spp. daylily Asia herb¾S[IVFYHW��¾S[IVW sun to part mesic
Laportea canadensis wood nettleeastern North America herb greens part to shade mesic stings, must be cooked
Levisticum officinale lovage Eurasia herbgreens, shoots, leafstalks sun to part mesic
Lomatium spp. biscuit root North America herb tubers sun dry to mesic
Lycium chinenseleaf goji, wolfberry Asia shrub greens, fruits sun to part mesic spiny
Malva moschata
gumbo leaf mallow, muskmallow Eurasia herb greens sun to part mesic
Marsdenia australisbush banana, Austral doubah Australia* vine
pods, tubers, greens sun dry to mesic
Matteuccia struthiopteris ostrich fernEurasia, North America fern shoots part to shade wet to mesic must be cooked
Morus alba mulberry Asia* tree greens, fruit sun to part dry to mesic must be cooked
Nasturtium officinale watercress Eurasia** giant herb leaves sunIQIVKIRX�¾SEXMRK�EUYEXMG�XS�[IX
Nelumbo lutea American lotusNorth America** giant herb tubers, seeds sun
deep emergent EUYEXMG
Nelumbo nucifera Chinese lotus Eurasia** giant herb tubers, seeds sundeep emergent EUYEXMG
Oenanthe javanica water celeryNew Guinea, Asia** herb greens sun to part
IQIVKIRX�¾SEXMRK�EUYEXMG�XS�[IX
Opuntia ficus-indica, O. robusta, O. streptacantha
nopale cactus, tuna Mesoamerica* cactus pads, fruit sun dry to mesic spiny
Oxalis tuberosa oca Andes herb tubers sun mesic
Oxyria digynamountain sorrel
Eurasia, North America herb greens sun to part mesic
Perideridia gairdneri yampah North America herb tubers sun wet to mesic
Petasites japonicus fuki Asia* giant herb leafstalks part to shade wet to mesic
Phaseolus coccineus runner bean Mesoamerica vine beans, pods sun mesic
Phaseolus lunatus lima bean Mesoamerica vine beans sun dry to mesic
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables !!
COOL MARITIME continued
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Phyllostachys spp.running bamboo Asia* bamboo shoots sun to part mesic
Physalis peruviana goldenberry Andes herb fruits sun mesic
Phytolacca americana pokeweedNorth America* giant herb
young shoots, cooked in three water changes sun to part mesic
Piper auritumroot beer leaf, hoja santa Mesoamerica* shrub
greens, leafstalks sun to part mesic
Polygonatum commutatumgiant Solomon’s seal
eastern North America herb shoots, tubers sun to part mesic
Rheum australeHimalayan rhubarb Eurasia herb leafstalks sun mesic leaves and roots toxic
Rheum palmatum turkey rhubarb Eurasia herb leafstalks sun mesic leaves and roots toxic
Rheum × cultorum rhubarb Eurasia herb leafstalks sun mesic leaves and roots toxic
Rhus typhinastaghorn sumac North America shrub shoots sun mesic
Rumex acetosa French sorrel Eurasia herb greens sun to part mesic
Rumex acetosella sheep sorrel Eurasia herb greens sun to part mesic
Rumex scutatusbuckler-leaf sorrel Eurasia herb greens sun to part mesic
Sagittaria latifolia arrowheadNorth America** herb tubers, shoots sun
deep emergent EUYEXMG
Sagittaria sinensisChinese arrowhead Asia** herb tubers sun
deep emergent EUYEXMG
Sasa kurilensisrunning bamboo Asia* bamboo shoots sun to part mesic
Scorzonera hispanica scorzonera Eurasia herbleaves, roots, broccolis sun mesic
Semiarundinaria fastuosarunning bamboo Asia* bamboo shoots sun to part mesic
Sium sisarum skirret Asia herb tubers sun to part wet to mesic
Smallianthus sonchifolia yacon Andes herb tubers sun mesic
Solanum tuberosum potato Andes herb tubers sun mesic must be cooked
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables !"
COOL MARITIME continued
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Stachys sieboldiiChinese arti-choke, crosnes Asia herb tubers sun wet to mesic
Taraxacum officinale dandelion Eurasia herb greens sun mesic
Tetragonia tetragonioidesNew Zealand spinach Australia herb greens sun dry to mesic
Tilia spp.linden, lime, basswood
Eurasia, North America tree greens sun to shade mesic
Tropaeolum tuberosum“Ken Aslett” mashua Andes vine tubers, greens sun mesic
Typha spp. cattail worldwide** grasslike
shoots, root shoots, root starch, ¾S[IVFYHW��pollen sun
shallow emergent EUYEXMG�XS�[IX
Urtica dioica stinging nettleEurasia, North America herb greens sun to part mesic stings
Yucca guatemalensis izote Mesoamerica succulent ¾S[IVFYHW sun dry to mesic spiny
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables !#
HOT AND HUMID: This warm band extends from east Texas through the coastal Carolinas. This region corresponds with USDA Zones 8–9 and Sunset Zones 26–28 and 31. This is not a tropical climate, though it features hot humid summers, winter temperatures drop below freezing, sometimes typical subtropical chilling, and sometimes quite a bit colder.
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Allium ampeloprasum perennial leek Eurasia herb whole plants sun mesic
Allium cepa aggregatummultiplier onion Eurasia herb bulbs sun mesic
Allium cepa proliferum walking onion Eurasia herb scallions sun mesic
Allium cernuumnodding wild onion Eurasia herb greens sun to part dry to mesic
Allium fistulosum Welsh onion Eurasia herb scallions sun mesic
Allium tuberosum garlic chives Asia herbgreens, ¾S[IVFYHW sun to part dry to mesic
Apios americana groundnut North America vine tubers, beans sun to part wet to mesic
Arundinaria gigantea river caneNorth America* bamboo shoots sun to part mesic
Asclepias syriaca, A. speciosa
showy and common milkweed North America herb
shoots, ¾S[IVFYHW��young leaves, pods sun dry to mesic
Asparagus officinalis asparagus Eurasia herb shoots sun mesic
Bunias orientalis Turkish rocket Eurasia* herbgreens, broccolis sun to part dry to mesic
Canna edulisachira, edible canna Andes giant herb tubers, shoots sun to part wet to mesic
Cedrela sinensisfragrant spring tree Asia tree greens sun mesic
Colocasia esculenta taroNew Guinea, Asia herb tubers, greens sun to part wet to mesic must be cooked
Crambe cordifolia colewort Eurasia herbgreens, broccolis sun dry to mesic
Cynara scolymus globe artichoke Eurasia herb ¾S[IVFYHW sun dry to mesic
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables !$
HOT AND HUMID continued
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Dioscorea bulbifera air potatoAsia, Africa, Australia* vine tubers sun mesic
must be cooked, some forms toxic
Dioscorea opposita Chinese yam Asia* vine tubers sun mesic must be cooked
Diplotaxis muralis, D. tenuifolia sylvetta arugula Mediterranean* shrub, herb greens sun to part dry to mesic
Helianthus tuberosus sunchokeeastern North America giant herb tubers sun mesic
Hemerocallis spp. daylily Asia herb¾S[IVFYHW��¾S[IVW sun to part mesic
Maranta arundinacea arrowroot Amazonia herb tubers sun mesic
Moringa oleiferamoringa, drumstick tree Africa dieback tree
greens, pods, bark, tubers, seeds sun dry to mesic
Moringa stenopetalaAfrican moringa Africa dieback tree greens, pods sun dry to mesic
Morus alba mulberry Asia* tree greens, fruit sun to part dry to mesic must be cooked
Nasturtium officinale watercress Eurasia** giant herb leaves sunIQIVKIRX�¾SEXMRK�EUYEXMG�XS�[IX
Nelumbo lutea American lotusNorth America** giant herb tubers, seeds sun
deep emergent EUYEXMG
Nelumbo nucifera Chinese lotus Eurasia** giant herb tubers, seeds sundeep emergent EUYEXMG
Opuntia ficus-indica, O. robusta, O. streptacantha
nopale cactus, tuna Mesoamerica* cactus pads, fruit sun dry to mesic spiny
Phaseolus lunatus lima bean Mesoamerica vine beans sun dry to mesic
Physalis peruviana goldenberry Andes herb fruits sun mesic
Phytolacca americana pokeweedNorth America* giant herb
young shoots, cooked in three water changes sun to part mesic
A Global Inventory of Perennial Vegetables !%
HOT AND HUMID continued
Latin Name Common Name
Origin Form Edible Parts
Sun & Shade
Moisture Notes
Piper auritumroot beer leaf, hoja santa Mesoamerica* shrub
greens, leafstalks sun to part mesic
Psophocarpus tetragonobolus“Day Neutral” winged bean
New Guinea, Asia vine
beans, tubers, ¾S[IVW��greens, pods sun mesic
Sagittaria latifolia arrowheadNorth America** herb tubers, shoots sun
deep emergent EUYEXMG
Sagittaria sinensisChinese arrowhead Asia** herb tubers sun
deep emergent EUYEXMG
Sechium edule chayote Mesoamerica* vinefruit, greens, tubers sun mesic
Smallianthus sonchifolia yacon Andes herb tubers sun mesic
Typha spp. cattail worldwide** grasslike
shoots, root shoots, root starch, ¾S[IVFYHW��pollen sun
shallow emergent EUYEXMG�XS�[IX
Urtica dioica stinging nettleEurasia, North America herb greens sun to part mesic stings
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atin
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mer
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ame
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ame
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ame
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ok
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orth
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eric
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