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Contributing to a More Enabling Policy Environment for MSME Development

A GUIDE BOOK ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR THE MSME

IN KENYA

ILO MSME's 2015 revised.indd 1 11/6/15 11:32 AM

Contributing to a more Enabling Policy Environment for MSMEContributing to a more Enabling Policy Environment for MSME

Contributing to a More Enabling PolicyEnvironment for MSME Development

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZE

ENTERPRISES IN KENYA


4Contributing to a more Enabling Policy Environment for MSME

Foreword 71. Introduction 91.1. Why is safety and health important to micro and small enterprises? 91.2. What are the benefits associated to safety and health at work? 101.3. Purpose of the manual 111.4. Occupational safety and health guiding principles for MSME 11

2. Enforcement of Occupational Safety and Health at work 132.1. Scope of OSHA no. 15 of 2007 132.2. Responsibilities of the entrepreneur 132.3. Duties of workers 152.4. Powers of occupational safety and health officer 16

3. Safety and health practices at work 173.1. Cleanliness 183.2. Machinery and plant safety 19

Table of Contents



3.3. Portable (power operated) tools and equipment 243.4. Safe use of lifting machinery 253.5. Steam boilers 253.6. Chemical safety 263.7. Electric safety 27

4. Hazard and accident prevention 294.1. Steps in assessing workplace risks 304.2. Hazards control 334.3. Accident prevention: HIV transmission perspective 34 4.4. Accident pyramid 36

5. Personal Protective Equipment 375.1. Responsibilities 375.2. Steps in selecting appropriate PPE 385.3. Use of personal protective equipment and clothing 395.4. Fire prevention 445.5. Fire precaution 445.6. Types of fire extinguishers 465.7. Precautions in fire evacuation 47



6. First aid 486.1. Aims of first aid 486.2. Managing first aid cases 486.3. First aid box 49



FOREWORD

The Law Growth Nexus III (LGN III) is a project of the International Labour Organization whose envisaged overall outcome is more and better jobs in the MSME

sector. The main goal of the project is to promote the“win-win territory “where it is possible to reduce compliance costs for MSMEs and simultaneously improve social protection for workers in those enterprises. The project supports the uptake of and exposure to Labour Laws in the MSMEs sector by making strategic contributions to a more enabling policy environment for MSMEs’ development in Kenya.

MSMEs in Kenya account for over 83% of jobs. In recognition of the importance of the MSME sector to the economy and in view of safety concerns in the micro, small and medium enterprises, the project has developed this handbook to assist MSME entrepreneurs implement safety practices at their workplaces. The objective of this manual is to minimize accidents and diseases arising out of the occupations and operations in the MSMEs.



This manual provides practical steps towards proactive safety and is anchored on the Occupational Safety and Health Act No. 15 of 2007. The main target is the MSME entrepreneurs, workers, Safety and Health enforcement agencies, and business development service providers.

It is our expectation that MSME interventionists, MSME Associations, law enforcement agencies and those responsible for the development of MSMEs will promote Safety and Health in the sector.

We wish to thank all those who contributed to the development of this manual. We extend special thanks to the ILO Tripartite Partners, National Project Technical Committee and ILO project team for the support during the development of this manual.

We also wish to acknowledge Charles Nyangute and his team for their dedicated service in the development of this Handbook.

Grace Sebageni Eunice Mathenge

Chief Technical Advisor National Project Coordinator

LGN III Project LGN III Project

KENYA KENYA



1. INTRODUCTION

Every entrepreneur and worker need to go and return from their places of work safely. The small margins and limited number of workers employed per a single MSME does not permit absence from work as this could lead to loss of business.

1.1. WHY IS SAFETY AND HEALTH IMPORTANT TO MICRO SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES?

• MSME Sector contributes upto 83% of the jobs. According to the Economic Survey 2015, the informal sector which is included in the MSME, accounted for 12 million employment opportunities while the formal sector accounted for 2.1million jobs

• Due to the nature of operations, safety and health in the MSME sector is frequently ignored yet costs associated with injuries are quite high and sometimes not documented.

• MSMEs have serious problems aggravated by limited access to economic, human and technological resources

• Profit remains a main business objective. Proactive safety at work enhances business performance.



1.2. WHAT ARE THE COSTS/BENEFITS ASSOCIATED TO SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK?

• High accident rate translates to loss of profit due to loss of man hour.

• High rate of accidents due to non-observance of OSH practices can result to court cases and hence increased penalties.

• Low or no accident contributes to high staff morale and hence better quality of product or service.

• Well maintained and guarded machines can reduce injuries, protect machines from damage and reduce loss of time.

• Provision and correct use of PPEs can reduce exposure to workplace disease .

• Better employee relations, keeping the best employees, and increasing the contributions of employees in achieving business goals.

• Accidents can be a major contributor to poor motivation since the employee cannot offer services satisfactorily in unsafe conditions.



1.3. PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL

The purpose of the manual: • To assist MSMEs to systematically implement safety

practices.• To prevent occupational accidents and diseases.• To protect and prevent working and non-working

populations against risks (hazards) in workplaces likely to cause injury to health and well-being.

• To facilitate enterprises’ participation in best practices for safety and health, to spur growth, investments and fair competition.

• To enable law enforcers promote safety culture in the MSMEs through awareness creation.

1.4. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR MSMES

The following are OSH guiding principles specifically for MSMEs • Decent work is safe work: Every worker needs to live a

full and healthy life in order to have income.• Prevention is better than cure: It is more costly to treat

injuries rather than prevent accidents.• Safety and Health at work is a basic human right: No



worker wants to be hurt and loose his livelihood.• Protect yourself, your work mates and your customers:

Be safe and keep those around you safe.• All nature of work that is performed has risks likely to

cause injury. Consider all operations to be risky and hazardous unless you have sufficient information and knowledge of the tasks.

• Safety is your personal responsibility: Keep your workplace safe and free from any hazards.

• Personal protective equipment should be used as a last resort: The best option is to eliminate or isolate the hazard, have safe work procedures then use personal protective equipment.

• Avoid risks: evaluate possible risks and take proactive approach.

• Do not discriminate against those workers who report hazardous tasks.

• Seek opinion from the Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services



2. ENFORCEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK

2.1. SCOPE OF THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT (OSHA) NO 15 OF 2007

1. The Act applies to all workplaces where persons are at work whether temporary or permanent.

2. The purpose of the Act is to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work and to protect persons other than those not at work against risks to safety and health arising out of or in connection with the activities of the persons at work.

2.2. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ENTREPRENEUR

An entrepreneur is under obligation to ensure the safety, health and welfare of persons working in their workplace by:1. Providing and maintaining safe plants and work

procedures.2. Providing information, instructions and training to

ensure safety and health of all workers.



3. Informing all workers of any risks created by existing and new machinery and plant.

4. Carrying out risk assessment of safety and health of workers and use the report to put in place preventive measures.

5. Stopping any operations or activities which may pose serious danger to safety and health of workers.

6. Registering their workplaces with the Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services.

7. Revising safety and health policy in consultation with workers.

8. Respecting the rights of workers to report safety and health concerns.

9. Establishing a Safety and Health Committee if employing more than 20 persons.

10. Conducting annual safety and health audits.11. Taking all the necessary precautions to ensure their

own safety and the health of those in their work environment.

12. Providing personal protective equipment and ensuring that the PPEs are properly used.



My life, my work, my safe work

2.3. DUTIES OF WORKERS

Workers are under obligation to use personal protective equipment provided by the entrepreneur.

Good practice Bad Practice



1. Comply with all safety and health procedures, instructions and requirements.

2. Report any incident that they think presents a hazard or injury that has arisen.

3. Report any situation with imminent danger to him/her or to others in the same premises or work situation.

4. Avoid misuse of any appliances provided to secure his/her or others safety and health.

2.4. POWERS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER

1. The Safety Officers from the Directorate for Safety and Health Services have powers to enter any workplace, examine, interview, take photographs, samples and forward to Police Officers for investigation and arrest.

2. Entrepreneurs (Owners) have an obligation to furnish all what may be required by OSH officers.

3. Any obstruction resulting from delay or withholding information is an offence and liable to imprisonment, or fine not exceeding Kshs. 100,000 or both.



3. SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTICES AT WORK

It is of great importance and benefit to keep workplace free from hazards through the implementation of proactive safety. This calls for closer cooperation between the entrepreneur and workers.

Every year more than 2 million people die from occupational accidents or work-related diseases. "Injury and disease are not all in a day's work, says ILO Director-General Juan Somavia (former). "Fatalities, accidents and illnesses at work can be prevented. We must promote a new 'safety culture' in the workplace - wherever work is done - backed by appropriate national policies and programmes to make workplaces safer and healthier for us all." The promotion of occupational safety and health is one of the means to make Decent Work a global reality.



3.1. CLEANLINESS

Injuries and occupational diseases occur in untidy work environment. It is therefore important to make workplaces conducive.

1. Keep all workplaces clean by: • Removing all dirt and refuse daily from working floors,

benches and equipment.• Maintaining cleanliness of floors and working areas.• Keeping walls, partitions,ceilings or tops, passages and

staircases clean with proper painting.• Keeping washrooms clean and where such facilities are

shared, efforts should be put to collectively maintain them.

2. Providing proper working space to avoid overcrowdingIt is important to ensure that workplaces are not crowded to the extent of restricting free mobility of staff and access to work tools. 3. Ensuring proper ventilation and lighting • Effective and suitable ventilation systems are necessary



in workplaces in order to provide adequate circulation of fresh air.

• Provide adequate and suitable lighting.

4. Drainage of working floors• Where processes have to be carried out in a wet area,

good and effective processes should be used to drain the wetness.

• Wet floors can cause major injuries and sometimes fatal accidents• Avoiding working on wet floors unless you have

appropriate protective clothing

3.2. MACHINERY AND PLANT SAFETY

1. All machinery and plant should be operated by qualified personnel dressed in right PPE



This machine has moving parts. What is wrong with the image?2. All dangerous parts of the machinery should have guard rails. 3. Proper training in the use of any machine is necessary and appropriate operating procedures should be

displayed.

4.Instructions on safe methods of machine operation.



5. Ensure there is adequate supervision to ensure that employees are following safe machine operating

procedures.6. Regular program of safety inspection of machinery and equipment should be undertaken.7. Machinery should be securely placed and anchored when necessary so as to prevent tipping or other

movement that could result in personal injury; and8. Provisions should be made to prevent machines from automatically starting when power is restored after a

power failure or shutdown.



SAFE USE OF HAND TOOLS1. Use hand tools that are in good condition (sharp and

with proper handles)

2. Broken or fractured handles on hammers, axes and similar equipment should be replaced promptly.

3. Place unsafe tools in a secure toolbox with clear instructions.

4. Use hand tools for only specified tasks, do not improvise.5. All employees should be made aware of the hazards

caused by faulty or improperly used hand tools.6. Provide appropriate safety glasses and face shields for

use while using hand tools or equipment which might produce flying materials or be subject to breakage or loss of eyesight.

7. Ensure that you do not use excessive force as this



could result into serious injuries should there be handle breakage.

8. Jacks should be checked periodically to ensure they are in good operating condition.

9. All tool cutting edges should be kept sharp to facilitate smooth moving without binding or skipping.

10. Ladders should be in good working condition and properly supported when in use.

What is wrong with the last image on the right?



3.3. PORTABLE (POWER OPERATED) TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1. All grinders, saws and similar equipment provided should have appropriate safety guards and safety procedures followed to avoid injury such as serious cuts.

2. Ensure that portable circular saws are equipped with guards above and below the base shoe.

3. Circular saw guards should be checked to assure they are not wedged up, thus leaving the lower portion of the blade unguarded.

4. Rotating or moving parts of equipment should be guarded to prevent physical contact.

5. Ensure that all cord-connected, electrically operated tools and equipment are in good working condition. The equipment should be cleaned regularly as some could be



unhygienic. 6. Fix effective guards on belts, pulleys, chains and

sprockets on equipment such as concrete mixers, and air compressors.

3.4. SAFE USE OF LIFTING MACHINERY

1. It is important to ascertain the sound mechanical construction, sound materials, adequate strength of the equipment, and proper maintenance hoists.

2. All lifting machines and their parts should be examined and tested by a person appointed by the Director once in a period of every twelve months or immediately after any modifications.

3.5. STEAM BOILERS

1. All steam boilers in use should be of good construction, sound material, and adequate strength.

2. All parts attached to the boiler such as the safety valve, pressure gauge, water gauge and others should be in place to secure the safe use of the steam boiler.

3. Any attendant of this steam boiler must be properly trained.



3.6. CHEMICAL SAFETY

The MSME sector uses a number of chemicals i.e. paints, zinc, thinner and solutions etc. In addition, the sector uses chemical waste storage containers whose content is usually toxic.1. Entrepreneurs are expected to safeguard their

employees while they are handling or transporting chemicals manually.

2. Poor use of chemicals may have instant or long term body effects and to the environment. Chemicals can cause serious body burns if the right instructions are not followed.

3. Chemical labeling and marking must be displayed clearly indicating the hazard and instructions for safe handling.



3.7. ELECTRIC SAFETY

Electricity is an essential utility in production. However, electric wires, sockets and installations can be a major hazard if proper maintenance and repairs are not undertaken promptly. The following should be observed at all times:1. Employees should report any threat to life or property

observed in connection with electrical equipment or lines;



2. When electrical equipment or lines are to be serviced, maintained or adjusted, necessary switches opened should be locked-out and tagged whenever possible;

3.No extension cords being used should have a grounding conductor;

4. Where possible, multiple plug adaptors should be prohibited;

5. All temporary circuits should be protected; and 6. Provide sufficient access and working space for

maintenance of all electrical equipment to permit ready and safe operations and maintenance.



4. HAZARD AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION

“Prevention is better than cure” is the best attitude. How can accidents be prevented? Accidents are preventable if both the management and workers get involved. For MSMEs, accidents can be a major cost and hence all efforts must be put in place to prevent accidents, because hazards are everywhere and anywhere.

What is Risk Assessment• Risk assessment is the first step towards accident

prevention.• Risk assessment is simply a careful examination of

what, in your work, could cause harm to people, so that you can weigh up whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm. Workers and others have a right to be protected from harm caused by a failure to take reasonable control measures.



4.1. STEPS IN ASSESSING WORKPLACE RISKS

1. Identify the hazards• Walk around your workplace and look at what could

reasonably be expected to cause harm.• Ask your employees or their representatives what

they think. They may have noticed things that are not immediately obvious to you.

• Check manufacturers’ instructions or data sheets for chemicals and equipment as they can be very helpful in spelling out the hazards and putting them in their true perspective.

• Remember to think about long-term hazards to health (e.g. high levels of noise or exposure to harmful substances) as well as safety hazards.

2. Decide who might be harmed and how

In each case, identify how they might be harmed, i.e. what type of injury or ill health might occur. Remember:• Some workers have particular requirements e.g. new and

young workers, new or expectant mothers and people with disabilities may be at particular risk. Extra thought



will be needed for some hazards;• Cleaners, visitors, contractors, maintenance workers etc,

who may not be in the workplace all the time;• Members of the public, if they could be hurt by your

activities;• If you share your workplace, you will need to think about

how your work affects others present, as well as how their work affects your staff- talk to them; and

• Ask your staff if they can think of anyone you may have missed out on.

3. Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions

Having spotted the hazards, you then have to decide what to do about them.Important questions to look for answers are: • Can I get rid of the hazards altogether?• If not, how can I control the risks so that harm is unlikely?When controlling risks, apply the principles below, if possible in the following order:(a) Try a less risky option (e.g. switch to using a less

hazardous chemical);(b) Prevent access to the hazard (e.g. by guarding);(c) Issue personal protective equipment (e.g. clothing,

footwear, goggles etc);



(d) Provide welfare facilities (e.g. first aid and washing facilities for removal of contamination);and

(e) Involve staff, so that you can be sure that what you propose to do will work in practice and will not introduce any new hazards.

4. Record your findings and implement them

• Putting the results of your assessment into practice; • Write down the results in a simple manner and share

with employees; and• Prioritize the actions.

5. Review your assessment and update if necessary

• Look at your risk assessment again. • Have there been any changes? • Are there improvements you still need to make?• Have your workers spotted a problem? • Have you learnt anything from accidents or near misses? • Make sure your risk assessment stays up to date.• When you are running a business it’s all too easy to forget

about reviewing your risk assessment- until something has gone wrong and it’s too late. Why not set a review



date for this risk assessment now? Write down and note it in your diary as an annual event.

4.2. HAZARDS CONTROL

Hazards exist in every workplace in many different forms: sharp edges, falling objects, flying sparks, chemicals, noise and a myriad of other potentially dangerous situations. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) require that employers protect their employees from workplace hazards that can cause injury.Controlling a hazard at its source is the best way to protect employees. Depending on the hazard or workplace conditions, the following are basic steps that can be used to manage workplace hazards:



• Eliminate hazards to the greatest extent possible. For example, building a barrier between the hazard and the employees is an engineering control;

• Changing the way in which employees perform their work is a work practice control;

• The use of engineering or work practice controls to manage the hazard;

• Training employees on safe work procedures; and • When engineering, work practice and administrative

controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to their employees and ensure its use.

4.3. ACCIDENT PREVENTION: HIV TRANSMISSION PERSPECTIVE

Workplace accident prevention is a useful strategy towards the prevention of HIV transmission in the event of an injury. According to the general principles of ILO Recommendation Concerning HIV and AIDS and the World of Work, 2010, No. 200, workplaces should implement programmes to prevent specific risks of occupational transmission of HIV and related transmissible diseases, such as tuberculosis;



Note Box 1: Useful tips in managing HIV transmission at work

• The working environment should be safe and healthy, in order to prevent transmission of HIV in the workplace.

• Safety and health measures to prevent workers’ exposure to HIV at work should include universal precautions, accident and hazard prevention measures.

• Post Exposure Prophylaxis kits (PEP Kits )should be included for occupations that are particularly exposed to risk of HIV transmission probably under the first aid component.

• Workplaces should ensure that measures to minimize the risk of contracting HIV and tuberculosis, especially in occupations most at risk, including in the healthcare sector are in place.

• When there is a possibility of exposure to HIV at work, workers should receive education and training on modes of transmission and measures to prevent exposure and infection.

• Awareness-raising measures should emphasize that HIV is not transmitted by casual physical contact and that the presence of a person living with HIV should not be considered a workplace hazard.



4.4. ACCIDENT PYRAMID

Every occurrence must be analyzed and evaluated in order to prevent accidents

FatalAccidents

Serious Injuries Minor Injuries

Near-Miss EventsUnsafe Behaviors and/or Acts

Errors, Deviations



5.PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPersonal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize exposure to a variety of hazards. Examples of PPE include items such as gloves, foot protection, eye protection, protective hearing devices (earplugs, earmuffs), hard hats, respirators and full body suits etc.

5.1. RESPONSIBILITIES1. Responsibilities of Employers • Performing a "hazard assessment" of the workplace to

identify and control physical and health hazards. • Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees. •Training employees in the use and care of the PPE. (When

PPE is necessary, what PPE is necessary, how to properly put on, take off, adjust and wear the PPE, the limitations of the PPE and .proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of PPE.

• Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE.

• Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program.



2. Responsibility of employees • Properly wear PPE; • Attend training sessions on PPE; • Care for, clean and maintain PPE; and • Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace

PPE.

5.2. STEPS IN SELECTING APPROPRIATE PPE

The following steps are suggested in the provision and use of PPE:

• Examine (survey) workplace to identify hazards;• Select appropriate PPE; • Train workers on use and care of PPE;• Enforcement of use of PPE; and• Use of instructions and signs.

The following are examples of some factors that may influence the selection of protective gloves for a workplace:

• Type of chemicals handled; • Nature of contact;• Duration of contact; • Area requiring protection (hand only, forearm, arm); • Grip requirements (dry, wet, oily); • Thermal protection; and• Size and comfort



5.3. USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING:

1. Eye protectionEye injuries can be caused by, dust, dirt, metal shavings, wool fibres, liquids, acids, blood and other potentially infectious body fluids, intense light, welding arcs, etc.Types of eye protectors;• Safety spectacles • Goggles• Laser safety goggles• Welding shields

2. Ears ProtectionProtection against excessive noiseTypes of protectors; • Disposable earplugs. • Ear muffs



3.Head ProtectionProtection against, falling objects, bumping their heads against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams, and/or the possibility of accidental head contact with electrical hazards.

Types of hatsClass A hard hats provide impact and penetration resistance protection (up to 2,200 volts). Class B hard hats provide the highest level of protection against electrical hazards, with high-voltage shock and burn protection (up to 20,000 volts). They also provide protection from impact and penetration hazards by flying/falling objects. Class C hard hats provide lightweight comfort and impact protection but offer no protection from electrical hazards.

4. Nose and mouth (Respiratory protection)Protection against inhaling hazards such as dust, chemical vapours, chemical dusts, poisonous gases, noxious smells and oxygen deficiency. Respiratory protection may be:



5. Foot and leg protectionSome of the potential hazards you might identify to the foot and leg include the heavy objects such as barrels or tools that might roll on to or fall on employee’s feet, sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes, molten metal that might splash on feet or legs, hot surfaces, wet surfaces & slippery surfaces.Types of PPE;

• Gumboots• Safety boots• Toe guards



6.Hand and arm protectionIf a workplace hazard assessment reveals that employees face potential injury to hands and arms that cannot be eliminated through engineering and work practice controls, employers must ensure that employees wear appropriate protection. Protective equipment:• Appropriate gloves (fabric gloves, leather gloves, metal

gloves, chemical gloves)



Coveralls

Jackets

Surgical gowns

Aprons

Full body suitsVests



5.4. FIRE PREVENTION

Highly flammable substances require proper storage, conveyance through pipes and in case of spills and leakages, reasonable steps to immediately drain the area or adequately treat so as to be safe.

5.5. FIRE PRECAUTION1. Ensure that enough precaution is taken in places prone to dangerous fumes. The precautions include: • Remove such fumes.• Provide suitable breathing apparatus.• Provide safety ropes and belts.• Train workers in handling such dangers.



2.Ensure that fire extinguishers are available and strategically placed.How to operate a fire extinguisher



5.6. TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS25

Page 25 of 27

5.6. TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Type Use

Water extinguisher Suitable for use in environments containing solid

combustible materials such as wood, paper and textiles.

Should not be used around electricity unless they have

additives.

Foam fire extinguishers Ideal for use on fire involving solid combustible materials

and are highly effective on flammable liquid fires such as

those caused by petrol, oil, diesel, paint, paraffin etc.

They are more expensive than water extinguishers.

Dry powder fire

extinguishers

Ideal for use in mixed risk environments and offer

excellent all round fire protection. However, they are

most effective in battling fires caused by flammable

gases such as methane, propane, natural gas etc.

Carbon Dioxide

extinguishers

Suitable for use on flammable liquid fires and are

extremely effective at extinguishing fire involving

electrical equipment.

Wet chemical fire

extinguishers

Ideal for use in a kitchen environment where fires caused

by cooking oil, fats and grease can be caused.

Powder extinguishers Ideal for use in mixed risk environments and offer

excellent all round fire protection. However, they are the

only effective solution for fires involving flammable

gases.



5.7. PRECAUTIONS IN FIRE EVACUATION

1. Avoid overcrowding of machines or other plants by having appropriate workplace layout.

2. Make escape routes accessible. 3. Have evacuation procedures where necessary.4. Carry out fire audit.



6. FIRST AID

What is First Aid?The immediate attention given to persons suddenly taken ill or injured using available equipment and accepted principles of treatment before being handed over to a responsible person.

6.1. AIMS OF FIRST AID

• Promote recovery.• Preserve life.• Prevent further injuries.

6.2. MANAGING FIRST AID CASES

• Assess the situation of the victim.• Make area safe and clear unnecessary crowds.• Emergency aid required. • Seek for help as quickly as possible.



6.3. FIRST AID BOXIt is a requirement (OSHA 2007) that all workplaces should have First Aid boxes/kits in case of any injury. First Aid boxes/kits should be replenished regularly with essential items such as: • Sterile gauze pads of different sizes to protect open wounds• Elastic bandage. • Antiseptic wipes.• Scissors.• Soap.• Alcohol wipes.• Adhesive bandages and wipes.• Anti biotic ointment.• Records of injuries.• Records on the use of items, etc. • Emergency phone numbers should be posted and accessible.• Records of a nearby health facility should be kept.


PB

“This material is published with support from the ILO Law Growth Nexus Project, a Norwegian Agency for Development

Cooperation (NORAD) funded project”

In collaboration with:

PB

“This material is published with support from the ILO Law Growth Nexus Project, a Norwegian Agency for Development



“This material is published with support from the ILO LawGrowth Nexus Project, a Norwegian Agency for Development




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