A History of Correctional A History of Correctional StandardsStandards

David K. TaylorDavid K. Taylor

Executive DirectorExecutive Director

Correctional Accreditation Managers’ Correctional Accreditation Managers’ AssociationAssociation

www.mycama.org

cama.ed@earthlink.netcama.ed@earthlink.net

““The past has much to tell us about The past has much to tell us about the present. Only by looking back the present. Only by looking back into history can we fully comprehend into history can we fully comprehend why certain social concepts and why certain social concepts and standards are accepted today.”standards are accepted today.”

Manual of Correctional StandardsManual of Correctional Standards

American Correctional AssociationAmerican Correctional Association

Revised, 1965Revised, 1965

Why Standards?Why Standards?LegislationLegislationCourt DecisionsCourt DecisionsDesire for ExcellenceDesire for Excellence

The Origin - PrinciplesThe Origin - Principles

National Prison AssociationNational Prison Association

Declaration of Principles – 1870Declaration of Principles – 1870

Thirty-seven statements which were Thirty-seven statements which were generalgeneral

and reflected philosophical guidelines and reflected philosophical guidelines for thefor the

management of a prison.management of a prison.

NY Jail Regulations - 1944NY Jail Regulations - 1944

Separate confinement of classes of Separate confinement of classes of prisoners-prisoners- Held for trial or examinationHeld for trial or examination Serving sentencesServing sentences Civil prisoners and witnessesCivil prisoners and witnesses

Further separation by gender and age (16 – Further separation by gender and age (16 – 20, 21 and over)20, 21 and over)

Children under 16 not permitted to be Children under 16 not permitted to be confined in a jailconfined in a jail

Facility requirements-Facility requirements- A steel door, grilled or plate with grilled A steel door, grilled or plate with grilled

observation opening at the main entranceobservation opening at the main entrance All windows covered with a stout screen of All windows covered with a stout screen of

½” mesh to prevent passing of contraband½” mesh to prevent passing of contraband Wire coat hangers not permitted in cellsWire coat hangers not permitted in cells Exterior well lighted at nightExterior well lighted at night Windows glazed with translucent glassWindows glazed with translucent glass Paint not used on windowsPaint not used on windows

AdministrationAdministration Money, watches, and other valuables taken Money, watches, and other valuables taken

from prisoners kept in the office safefrom prisoners kept in the office safe Thorough search of prisonersThorough search of prisoners Careful sensor of all incoming and outgoing Careful sensor of all incoming and outgoing

mailmail Prisoners should not have access to windowsPrisoners should not have access to windows Key to the main entrance should not be taken Key to the main entrance should not be taken

insideinside Firearms and blackjacks not permitted insideFirearms and blackjacks not permitted inside

All kitchen utensils left in the mess hall All kitchen utensils left in the mess hall or returned from cellsor returned from cells

Frequent inspections of locking devicesFrequent inspections of locking devices Frequent searches of cellsFrequent searches of cells All doors kept lockedAll doors kept locked

“ “Do not place too much reliance on bolts Do not place too much reliance on bolts and bars. A jail is no stronger than the and bars. A jail is no stronger than the human element in charge”human element in charge”

Food ServiceFood Service Sufficient quantity of plain but Sufficient quantity of plain but

wholesome foodwholesome food Three meals a day prepared under the Three meals a day prepared under the

supervision of a civilian cooksupervision of a civilian cook Menu should be variedMenu should be varied Inmates assisting in food preparation Inmates assisting in food preparation

should be certified by the jail physicianshould be certified by the jail physician

Medical CareMedical Care A reputable physician assigned to the jailA reputable physician assigned to the jail Prisoners examined as soon as possible Prisoners examined as soon as possible

upon admissionupon admission Medical segregation for contagious Medical segregation for contagious

prisonersprisoners Food, clothing, and bedding kept separate Food, clothing, and bedding kept separate

for ill inmatesfor ill inmates Jail officers may not prescribe medicinesJail officers may not prescribe medicines Physician should keep records in ink of all Physician should keep records in ink of all

visits and treatmentsvisits and treatments Hospital care by order of the county judgeHospital care by order of the county judge Reasonable amount of outdoor exercise, Reasonable amount of outdoor exercise,

weather permittingweather permitting

Cleanliness and SanitationCleanliness and Sanitation All buildings properly heated, lighted and All buildings properly heated, lighted and

ventilatedventilated Toilet and lavatory in each cellToilet and lavatory in each cell At least one shower bath in each section At least one shower bath in each section

of all floors (females should have tub of all floors (females should have tub bath)bath)

Adequate hot and cold waterAdequate hot and cold water Toilet paper and towels providedToilet paper and towels provided Walls painted with light color, hard-Walls painted with light color, hard-

surfaced paintsurfaced paint

Cells kept clean at all timesCells kept clean at all times Beds made in the morningBeds made in the morning No marking on walls or pictures pasted No marking on walls or pictures pasted

on wallson walls Corridors kept free of litterCorridors kept free of litter One bunk in each cell with mattress, two One bunk in each cell with mattress, two

sheets, pillow with slip, blankets sheets, pillow with slip, blankets (changed weekly)(changed weekly)

Prisoners to bathe immediately upon Prisoners to bathe immediately upon admission, then at least weeklyadmission, then at least weekly

Clothing washed weeklyClothing washed weekly

DisciplineDiscipline Only punishment permitted is solitary Only punishment permitted is solitary

confinement on bread and waterconfinement on bread and water Formulate a set of rules and post themFormulate a set of rules and post them No “Kangaroo Courts”No “Kangaroo Courts”

Misc.Misc. A Bible shall be kept in each roomA Bible shall be kept in each room No officer may accept a gift or gratuity No officer may accept a gift or gratuity

from an inmate, relative, or other person, from an inmate, relative, or other person, nor may an officer purchase something nor may an officer purchase something from a prisonerfrom a prisoner

Judicial Involvement –Judicial Involvement –

Coffin v. Reichard, 143, F.2d, 443 (6Coffin v. Reichard, 143, F.2d, 443 (6thth Cir. 1944)Cir. 1944)

Appellant argued in a writ for habeas corpus Appellant argued in a writ for habeas corpus that he had suffered injury and was subjected to that he had suffered injury and was subjected to assaults while confined. The court ruled that “His assaults while confined. The court ruled that “His conviction and incarceration deprive him only of conviction and incarceration deprive him only of such liberties as the law has ordained he shall such liberties as the law has ordained he shall suffer for his transgressions.” This case suffer for his transgressions.” This case established that the government has a duty to established that the government has a duty to protect prisoners.protect prisoners.

U.S. v. Muniz and Winston, 374 U.S. U.S. v. Muniz and Winston, 374 U.S. 150; 83 S. Ct. 1850 (1963)150; 83 S. Ct. 1850 (1963)

Two inmates suffered injury while confined in Two inmates suffered injury while confined in federal prisons, and both sued for damages. The federal prisons, and both sued for damages. The U.S. Supreme Court held that the 1946 Federal U.S. Supreme Court held that the 1946 Federal Tort Claims Act, which authorizes claims for Tort Claims Act, which authorizes claims for negligence against federal authorities, is negligence against federal authorities, is applicable to inmates in federal custody.applicable to inmates in federal custody.

Morrisey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471; 92 Morrisey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471; 92 S. Ct. 2593 (1972)S. Ct. 2593 (1972)Due process applies to parole revocation, and the Due process applies to parole revocation, and the offender is entitled to a hearing.offender is entitled to a hearing.

Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778; 93 Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778; 93 S. Ct. 1756 (1973)S. Ct. 1756 (1973)A probationer is entitled to a preliminary hearing A probationer is entitled to a preliminary hearing and a final revocation hearing.and a final revocation hearing.

Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539; 94 S. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539; 94 S. Ct. 2963 (1974)Ct. 2963 (1974)Following Morrisey and Scarpelli, the Supreme Following Morrisey and Scarpelli, the Supreme Court ruled that prisoners are entitled to due Court ruled that prisoners are entitled to due process in disciplinary hearings.process in disciplinary hearings.

Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97; 97 S. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97; 97 S. Ct. 285 (1976)Ct. 285 (1976)

A Texas prisoner (Gamble) sustained A Texas prisoner (Gamble) sustained injuries during a work detail. Gamble received injuries during a work detail. Gamble received minimal medical treatment, and was eventually minimal medical treatment, and was eventually ordered back to work in spite of his claims that he ordered back to work in spite of his claims that he needed further treatment. Gamble was put in needed further treatment. Gamble was put in isolation for refusing to work. The US Supreme isolation for refusing to work. The US Supreme Court ruled that “…Court ruled that “…deliberate indifferencedeliberate indifference to to serious medical needs of prisoners constitutes the serious medical needs of prisoners constitutes the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain’” and ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain’” and was thus a violation of the 8was thus a violation of the 8thth amendment. amendment.

Plata v. SchwarzeneggerPlata v. Schwarzenegger – – Class action Class action Finding of Facts and Conclusions of Law re. Finding of Facts and Conclusions of Law re. Appointment of Receiver.Appointment of Receiver.

““By all accounts, the California prison medical By all accounts, the California prison medical care system is broken beyond repair. The harm care system is broken beyond repair. The harm already done in this case to California’s prison already done in this case to California’s prison inmate population could not be more grave, and inmate population could not be more grave, and the threat of future injury and death is virtually the threat of future injury and death is virtually guaranteed in the absence of drastic action.” guaranteed in the absence of drastic action.” Judge Thelton E. Henderson, United States District Judge Thelton E. Henderson, United States District Court for the Northern District of California, Court for the Northern District of California, October 3, 2005October 3, 2005

Standards for various professional Standards for various professional pursuits became popular in the 1940’s pursuits became popular in the 1940’s and 1950’s.and 1950’s.

American Bar AssociationAmerican Bar Association American Medical Association American Medical Association

JCAH(O) - 1951JCAH(O) - 1951 National Probation and Parole AssociationNational Probation and Parole Association National Prison AssociationNational Prison Association

A Manual of Suggested Standards for a State A Manual of Suggested Standards for a State Correctional System, 1946Correctional System, 1946

A Manual of Correctional Standards, 1959A Manual of Correctional Standards, 1959

National Probation and Parole National Probation and Parole AssociationAssociation Standard Juvenile Court Act – 1926Standard Juvenile Court Act – 1926 Standard Probation and Parole Act - 1955Standard Probation and Parole Act - 1955 Standards and Guides for the Detention of Standards and Guides for the Detention of

Youth and Children - 1958Youth and Children - 1958 Standard Act for State Correctional Services Standard Act for State Correctional Services

– 1966– 1966 Model Act for the Protection and Rights of Model Act for the Protection and Rights of

Prisoners - 1972Prisoners - 1972

Manual of Correctional Standards - Manual of Correctional Standards - 19651965

Community Detention (Jail) FacilitiesCommunity Detention (Jail) Facilities Community Correctional InstitutionCommunity Correctional Institution CampsCamps Adult ProbationAdult Probation Parole and Other ReleaseParole and Other Release Community Correctional CentersCommunity Correctional Centers Correctional InstitutionsCorrectional Institutions

JAIL STANDARDS - 1965JAIL STANDARDS - 1965

State SupervisionState Supervision – states should have the – states should have the ability to set standards for jails, prescribe ability to set standards for jails, prescribe rules, approve plans, review budgets.rules, approve plans, review budgets.

CellsCells – 50 square feet, 8 feet high. Should – 50 square feet, 8 feet high. Should contain toilet, wash bowl, shelf-type table, contain toilet, wash bowl, shelf-type table, wall-bracket seat, small shelf, and “a few wall-bracket seat, small shelf, and “a few sturdy hooks”.sturdy hooks”.

Housing UnitsHousing Units – 75 square feet per inmate, – 75 square feet per inmate, including cells and day rooms. Tiers including cells and day rooms. Tiers should be avoided.should be avoided.

PersonnelPersonnel – – Training and compensation Training and compensation should be comparable with similar should be comparable with similar professions (such as police).professions (such as police).

TrainingTraining – “key to jail improvement” – “key to jail improvement” Training on state or regional levelTraining on state or regional level Training officer for larger (Training officer for larger (>10 >10

employees) jails (FTO ?)employees) jails (FTO ?) Correspondence course – 10 lesson Correspondence course – 10 lesson

course offered free from Federal Bureau course offered free from Federal Bureau of Prisonsof Prisons

Custody / Security / ControlCustody / Security / Control – – 24 hour supervision by jail personnel24 hour supervision by jail personnel Positive system of key controlPositive system of key control Tool control – shadow boardsTool control – shadow boards Regular counts – min. 4 per 24 hoursRegular counts – min. 4 per 24 hours Control of visits and mailControl of visits and mail Discipline – corporal punishment and Discipline – corporal punishment and

diet restrictions prohibiteddiet restrictions prohibited

FoodFood – Caloric requirements and – Caloric requirements and nutritional standards set by the Food nutritional standards set by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council. Research Council. Central dining room with cafeteria Central dining room with cafeteria

service.service. ““Hospital-type cleanliness” in the Hospital-type cleanliness” in the

kitchen, food storerooms, and during kitchen, food storerooms, and during preparations.preparations.

Sanitation and SafetySanitation and Safety – – One employee trained in sanitation and One employee trained in sanitation and

safety – responsible for fire and accident safety – responsible for fire and accident prevention and cleanliness.prevention and cleanliness. Fire safety equipment and Fire safety equipment and

evacuation plans.evacuation plans. Light / ventilation / temperature Light / ventilation / temperature

checked and checked and maintained.maintained. Prisoners should be allowed to bathe Prisoners should be allowed to bathe

twice twice weekly, daily if possible.weekly, daily if possible.

Medical and Health ServicesMedical and Health Services - - medical medical program should be tied in with public program should be tied in with public health program and public health officer health program and public health officer should help set up standards.should help set up standards. Full-time physician in larger jails.Full-time physician in larger jails. Medical examination upon admission.Medical examination upon admission. Medical segregation.Medical segregation. Medical supplies in locked cabinet.Medical supplies in locked cabinet. Dental services should be provided.Dental services should be provided.

““Unusual Prisoners”Unusual Prisoners” – – Juveniles should be refused, or segregated.Juveniles should be refused, or segregated. Females in separate institutions or Females in separate institutions or

segregated housing unit (matron in larger segregated housing unit (matron in larger jails).jails).

Narcotic addicts – segregate, closely Narcotic addicts – segregate, closely supervise.supervise.

Alcoholics – medical care, diet, AA meetings.Alcoholics – medical care, diet, AA meetings. Mentally ill – close supervision.Mentally ill – close supervision. Sex deviates – segregate immediately.Sex deviates – segregate immediately.

Adult Probation - 1965Adult Probation - 1965

Presentence ReportPresentence Report- - should be required in should be required in all cases. Should follow inmate to prison.all cases. Should follow inmate to prison.

Period of ProbationPeriod of Probation – – no less than one year, no less than one year, no more than five. Early discharge if no more than five. Early discharge if appropriate.appropriate.

Interstate Compact for the Reciprocal Interstate Compact for the Reciprocal Supervision of Probationers and Supervision of Probationers and Parolees.Parolees.

Administration Administration – – local or statewide local or statewide (statewide preferred).(statewide preferred).

PersonnelPersonnel – – Chief Probation OfficerChief Probation Officer Supervisors – responsible for training and Supervisors – responsible for training and

developmentdevelopment Probation Officers – responsible for Probation Officers – responsible for

presentence reports and supervisionpresentence reports and supervision Support Personnel – clerks, Support Personnel – clerks,

stenographers, fiscal, research, stenographers, fiscal, research, accountingaccounting

Ancillary – psychology, psychiatryAncillary – psychology, psychiatry

Educational RequirementsEducational Requirements – – Probation Officer – minimum four year Probation Officer – minimum four year

degree, one year graduate study or degree, one year graduate study or work experience, preferred two years work experience, preferred two years graduate study.graduate study.

Supervisor – preferred two years Supervisor – preferred two years graduate study and three years graduate study and three years experience.experience.

Chief PO – Advanced degree and three Chief PO – Advanced degree and three years supervisory experience.years supervisory experience.

Personal QualitiesPersonal Qualities – – ““Emotional maturity, integrity, ability Emotional maturity, integrity, ability to establish constructive to establish constructive interpersonal relationships; a interpersonal relationships; a recognition of the dignity and value recognition of the dignity and value of the individual; genuine interest in of the individual; genuine interest in helping people; intellectual ability; helping people; intellectual ability; mature judgment; warmth; wide mature judgment; warmth; wide experience; and a continuing interest experience; and a continuing interest in professional judgment.”in professional judgment.”

Personnel PracticesPersonnel Practices – – Probationary period of six months to one Probationary period of six months to one

year.year. Salaries higher than those paid by other Salaries higher than those paid by other

social service agencies.social service agencies. Reimbursement for expenses.Reimbursement for expenses. Vacation, sick leave, other benefits.Vacation, sick leave, other benefits. Adequate and efficient office space.Adequate and efficient office space. Modern office equipment and recording Modern office equipment and recording

devices.devices.

Supervision of ProbationersSupervision of Probationers – Four – Four principles:principles: Change comes from within a person; therefore, a Change comes from within a person; therefore, a

probationer must be a participant in any probationer must be a participant in any treatment regime designed to help him.treatment regime designed to help him.

The needs, problems, capacities, and limitations The needs, problems, capacities, and limitations of the individual offender must be considered in of the individual offender must be considered in planning a program with him.planning a program with him.

Legally binding conditions of probation are Legally binding conditions of probation are essential and to the best interest of the offender essential and to the best interest of the offender and the community.and the community.

The goal of supervision is to help the offender The goal of supervision is to help the offender understand his own problems and enable him to understand his own problems and enable him to deal adequately with them.deal adequately with them.

Case RecordsCase Records – – Should tell “where we were, where we Should tell “where we were, where we

are now, and where we are going”are now, and where we are going” Workload StandardsWorkload Standards – 50 units. – 50 units.

PSI worth 5 units. Officers would have PSI worth 5 units. Officers would have 10 PSI’s or 50 supervision cases (or 10 PSI’s or 50 supervision cases (or combination). Other factors may reduce combination). Other factors may reduce workload such as geography and workload such as geography and intensity of supervision required.intensity of supervision required.

Supervision of StaffSupervision of Staff – – one supervisor one supervisor per six probation officers. Regular group per six probation officers. Regular group staff meetings and individual meetings staff meetings and individual meetings with staff.with staff.

Statistics and ResearchStatistics and Research – – necessary for necessary for each department, developed by trained each department, developed by trained persons.persons.

Community RelationsCommunity Relations – – Department Department must have a voice in community planning.must have a voice in community planning.

Correctional Institutions - 1965Correctional Institutions - 1965

Essential FeaturesEssential Features – – Single Administrative OfficerSingle Administrative Officer Organizational FrameworkOrganizational Framework Organizational Sub-DivisionsOrganizational Sub-Divisions Plan and Description of OrganizationPlan and Description of Organization Personnel Controls and DevelopmentPersonnel Controls and Development System for Maintaining TeamworkSystem for Maintaining Teamwork Communication with InmatesCommunication with Inmates Regular ReevaluationRegular Reevaluation Community RelationshipsCommunity Relationships

Institution HeadInstitution Head – appointed by head – appointed by head of state correctional system and of state correctional system and removable only for cause. Minimum removable only for cause. Minimum of five years experience. “…a man of of five years experience. “…a man of unusual capacity.”unusual capacity.”

Physical PlantPhysical Plant – – Separate institutions for men and womenSeparate institutions for men and women Age – under 18, 18 – 21/5, over 21/5, “aged”Age – under 18, 18 – 21/5, over 21/5, “aged” Minimum securityMinimum security – no fixed, armed posts, – no fixed, armed posts,

may or may not have a fence. Dormitories.may or may not have a fence. Dormitories. Medium securityMedium security – double fenced enclosure, – double fenced enclosure,

inner 12’ – 14’ fence, outer 8’ – 12’ fence, inner 12’ – 14’ fence, outer 8’ – 12’ fence, 16’ – 20’ apart, barbed wire top. Buildings 16’ – 20’ apart, barbed wire top. Buildings 35’ back from fence. Units max. 150 cells. 35’ back from fence. Units max. 150 cells. May have honor rooms and dorms.May have honor rooms and dorms.

Maximum SecurityMaximum Security – masonry wall 18’ – – masonry wall 18’ – 25’ high, or double wall as above. Armed 25’ high, or double wall as above. Armed guard towers. Electronic perimeter guard towers. Electronic perimeter devices under development. Interior, devices under development. Interior, single cells, each with plumbing and single cells, each with plumbing and sanitary facilities. sanitary facilities.

Special SecuritySpecial Security – 2% of population – 2% of population “incorrigible, intractable, and dangerous”. “incorrigible, intractable, and dangerous”. May be a special institution within an May be a special institution within an institution.institution.

Institutions for medical and mental Institutions for medical and mental conditionsconditions

Institution locationInstitution location – – should be located should be located within rural settings but within commuting within rural settings but within commuting distance of one or more communities. distance of one or more communities. Community input in location of prisons.Community input in location of prisons.

Institution sizeInstitution size – – no more than 1200 no more than 1200 prisoners, as small as 500.prisoners, as small as 500.

Health, Sanitation, Safety, Fire HazardsHealth, Sanitation, Safety, Fire Hazards – – “Correctional institutions for males are notoriously “Correctional institutions for males are notoriously difficult to keep clean. This is partly because the difficult to keep clean. This is partly because the buildings are generally old and over-crowded, and buildings are generally old and over-crowded, and partly because men, by nature and training, are not partly because men, by nature and training, are not good housekeepers.”good housekeepers.” Buildings should be fireproof, be equipped Buildings should be fireproof, be equipped

with firefighting equipment, plans reviewed with firefighting equipment, plans reviewed by fire inspector. Housing units have two by fire inspector. Housing units have two means of egress, keyed to open only from means of egress, keyed to open only from the outside. Key kept in control room.the outside. Key kept in control room.

Careful attention to heat, ventilation, water Careful attention to heat, ventilation, water supply, sewage disposal and similar supply, sewage disposal and similar matters.matters.

Key and Tool ControlKey and Tool Control - - All keys issued from central control All keys issued from central control

room.room. Key control center with log book for Key control center with log book for

each key ring, numbered series.each key ring, numbered series. Panel board for all keys.Panel board for all keys. Duplicate set for each set of keys.Duplicate set for each set of keys. Officers given receipt for keys checked Officers given receipt for keys checked

out.out.

Discard obsolete keys.Discard obsolete keys. Key rings of good quality.Key rings of good quality. Protective covers for keys.Protective covers for keys. No keys to outside doors inside housing No keys to outside doors inside housing

units.units. Shadow board for tools.Shadow board for tools. Regular count for tools.Regular count for tools. Receipt for tools checked out.Receipt for tools checked out. Inmates with tools only under supervision.Inmates with tools only under supervision. Kitchen items checked as tools.Kitchen items checked as tools.

Medical ServicesMedical Services – – Staffing for 500 inmates:Staffing for 500 inmates:

Chief medical officerChief medical officer Full-time psychiatrist, psychologist, dentistFull-time psychiatrist, psychologist, dentist Five full-time medical techniciansFive full-time medical technicians Various consultantsVarious consultants

One additional medical officer and One additional medical officer and technician for each additional 500 – technician for each additional 500 – 1000 inmates. Additional dentist for 1000 inmates. Additional dentist for each 1000 inmates.each 1000 inmates.

Registered nurses for institutions with Registered nurses for institutions with over 1500 inmates.over 1500 inmates.

Suitably trained inmates employed to Suitably trained inmates employed to augment essential paramedical services. augment essential paramedical services. Inmates with “…adequate intelligence, Inmates with “…adequate intelligence, educational background, and motivation… educational background, and motivation… trained as practical nurses, lab and X-ray trained as practical nurses, lab and X-ray techs, dental techs, physical therapy and techs, dental techs, physical therapy and O.R. aids under the close supervision of O.R. aids under the close supervision of medical and correctional personnel.”medical and correctional personnel.”

Dental Program – preventive and Dental Program – preventive and protective care along with provision of protective care along with provision of essential services.essential services.

Medical exam (with laboratory and X-Medical exam (with laboratory and X-ray) of each newly received inmate.ray) of each newly received inmate.

New arrivals to receive indicated New arrivals to receive indicated immunizations and vaccinations.immunizations and vaccinations.

Psychological and psychiatric studies as Psychological and psychiatric studies as needed (15 – 20% of population).needed (15 – 20% of population).

Suitable medical treatment or surgical Suitable medical treatment or surgical correction for inmates in need.correction for inmates in need.

Complete dental care including Complete dental care including necessary prosthetic devices.necessary prosthetic devices.

““Disfiguring and disabling defects which Disfiguring and disabling defects which might interfere with future employment might interfere with future employment should receive the highest priority in the should receive the highest priority in the correctional surgical program.”correctional surgical program.”

Programs for the control of TB and VD.Programs for the control of TB and VD. 10% of inmate population daily for sick 10% of inmate population daily for sick

call.call.

Food ServiceFood Service – – Wholesome and nutritionally adequate Wholesome and nutritionally adequate

diet provided by a combination of foods.diet provided by a combination of foods. Recommended Dietary Allowance (food Recommended Dietary Allowance (food

allowances of pounds per day per inmate).allowances of pounds per day per inmate). Special diets by prescription of physician.Special diets by prescription of physician. Hot foods at least 140Hot foods at least 140°, cold food 50-60°.°, cold food 50-60°. Sanitation policies approved by qualified Sanitation policies approved by qualified

public health sanitary engineer and public health sanitary engineer and qualified sanitarian.qualified sanitarian.

Library ServicesLibrary Services – – At least 6000 well-selected volumes (less At least 6000 well-selected volumes (less

for small institutions) with at least 10 for small institutions) with at least 10 books per inmate.books per inmate.

Access to a general library of at least Access to a general library of at least 10,000 books.10,000 books.

Professional librarian for 1000 inmate Professional librarian for 1000 inmate prison.prison.

Books, periodical, pamphlets for staff Books, periodical, pamphlets for staff development.development.

RecreationRecreation – – Athletic Activities:Athletic Activities:

Individual and Dual SportsIndividual and Dual Sports Team Sports – Intramural and VarsityTeam Sports – Intramural and Varsity Combative SportsCombative Sports

Cultural ActivitiesCultural Activities Arts and CraftsArts and Crafts MusicMusic DramaDrama LiteraryLiterary Special Events – Radio, TV, MoviesSpecial Events – Radio, TV, Movies Social GamesSocial Games Group ActivitiesGroup Activities

Corrective ActivitiesCorrective Activities Physical Fitness Testing and TrainingPhysical Fitness Testing and Training PhysiotherapyPhysiotherapy Records and EvaluationRecords and Evaluation ResearchResearch

StaffingStaffing Recreation SupervisorRecreation Supervisor Arts and Crafts TeacherArts and Crafts Teacher Music TeacherMusic Teacher Two Recreation and PE TeachersTwo Recreation and PE Teachers Four Correctional OfficersFour Correctional Officers

FacilitiesFacilities Gymnasium with lockers and showersGymnasium with lockers and showers Basketball, volleyball, other floor gamesBasketball, volleyball, other floor games Space for boxing, wrestling, weight Space for boxing, wrestling, weight

liftinglifting Auditorium with stage for lectures, Auditorium with stage for lectures,

movies, dramatics, and variety showsmovies, dramatics, and variety shows Board and table gamesBoard and table games Arts and crafts hobby roomArts and crafts hobby room Music room with space for instruments Music room with space for instruments

and practice roomsand practice rooms

Standards since 1965Standards since 1965

19671967 – Walter Dunbar, as president – Walter Dunbar, as president of ACA, formulates a plan to promote of ACA, formulates a plan to promote formal accreditation.formal accreditation.

19681968 – A two day conference was – A two day conference was held for corrections administrators to held for corrections administrators to explore a self-evaluation process as explore a self-evaluation process as a precursor to accreditation. Three a precursor to accreditation. Three jails and five prisons participate in jails and five prisons participate in the process.the process.

19681968 – ACA obtains a $240,000 grant – ACA obtains a $240,000 grant from the Ford Foundation to develop from the Ford Foundation to develop the “Project on Self-Evaluation and the “Project on Self-Evaluation and Accreditation”. “An Accreditation Accreditation”. “An Accreditation Plan for Corrections” was presented Plan for Corrections” was presented to ACA in 1970. Two prisons, the to ACA in 1970. Two prisons, the Western State Correctional Western State Correctional Institution at Pittsburg and the Institution at Pittsburg and the Federal Reformatory at Petersburg, Federal Reformatory at Petersburg, VA, were selected to field test the VA, were selected to field test the new standards.new standards.

19711971 – the Final Report is presented – the Final Report is presented to ACA outlining an accreditation to ACA outlining an accreditation program plan. A fifteen member program plan. A fifteen member commission was proposed from all commission was proposed from all areas of corrections, adult and areas of corrections, adult and juvenile, to help develop standards. juvenile, to help develop standards. ACA approached the Ford Foundation ACA approached the Ford Foundation for additional funding. The Ford for additional funding. The Ford Foundation wanted the majority of Foundation wanted the majority of the commission to be from outside the commission to be from outside corrections, to include an ex-offender. corrections, to include an ex-offender. The Accreditation Committee voted The Accreditation Committee voted to forgo the funding.to forgo the funding.

19701970 – ACA received an LEAA grant for – ACA received an LEAA grant for a Standards Revision Project to rewrite a Standards Revision Project to rewrite the Manual of Correctional Standards the Manual of Correctional Standards into an accreditation format. The into an accreditation format. The efforts were not successful and the efforts were not successful and the project was terminated. ACA was left project was terminated. ACA was left with a large deficit of unmatched with a large deficit of unmatched funds, and LEAA funding would be funds, and LEAA funding would be blocked for the next two years.blocked for the next two years.

And then there was And then there was Attica…Attica…

November, 1971November, 1971 – DOJ sponsors the – DOJ sponsors the “First National Conference on “First National Conference on Corrections”. Chief Justice Burger Corrections”. Chief Justice Burger spoke of degenerative prison conditions spoke of degenerative prison conditions and stressed professional training. and stressed professional training. Attorney General John Mitchel Attorney General John Mitchel announced DOJ’s plan for a training announced DOJ’s plan for a training academy – to become the National academy – to become the National Institute of Corrections in 1974. While Institute of Corrections in 1974. While not directly related to accreditation, not directly related to accreditation, these efforts did much to promote the these efforts did much to promote the “profession” of corrections.“profession” of corrections.

Health Care StandardsHealth Care Standards

Following Following Estelle v. GambleEstelle v. Gamble, the AMA , the AMA surveyed jails in 1972 and found that surveyed jails in 1972 and found that only one-third had a physician only one-third had a physician available on a regular basis. The AMA available on a regular basis. The AMA obtained a grant from LEAA for a obtained a grant from LEAA for a project “Health Care in Correctional project “Health Care in Correctional Institutions”. This project developed Institutions”. This project developed standards for medical care. AMA standards for medical care. AMA published its standards in 1976, and published its standards in 1976, and accredited 16 jails in 1977. The first accredited 16 jails in 1977. The first prison was accredited in 1982.prison was accredited in 1982.

19741974 – The Commission on – The Commission on Accreditation For Corrections was Accreditation For Corrections was formally created as a part of ACA. Its formally created as a part of ACA. Its initial meeting was held in Chicago initial meeting was held in Chicago on May 24, 1974. Walter Dunbar on May 24, 1974. Walter Dunbar was elected Chair. The commission was elected Chair. The commission was comprised of twenty members was comprised of twenty members from various correctional disciplines. from various correctional disciplines. That same year, Congress passed That same year, Congress passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, and CAC sought Prevention Act, and CAC sought funding from OJJDP to help write funding from OJJDP to help write standards for juvenile corrections.standards for juvenile corrections.

19761976 – CAC publishes its first – CAC publishes its first standards manual – standards manual – Adult Parole Adult Parole AuthoritiesAuthorities. This manual is followed in . This manual is followed in 1977 by 1977 by Adult Community Residential Adult Community Residential Services Services and and Adult Probation and Adult Probation and Parole Field Services.Parole Field Services. That year, an That year, an invitation was issued for agencies to invitation was issued for agencies to seek accreditation and field auditors seek accreditation and field auditors were brought to ACA for training.were brought to ACA for training.

Degrees of Importance- Not all Degrees of Importance- Not all standards are created equalstandards are created equal Desirable – 70% complianceDesirable – 70% compliance Important – 80 % complianceImportant – 80 % compliance Essential – 90% complianceEssential – 90% compliance

Mandatory (a later addition) – 100% Mandatory (a later addition) – 100% compliancecompliance

Finally – Accreditation!Finally – Accreditation!

In May, 1978, the first accreditations In May, 1978, the first accreditations were awarded to:were awarded to:

The Bureau of Rehabilitation, The Bureau of Rehabilitation, Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

Community Corrections Association, Community Corrections Association, Youngstown, OhioYoungstown, Ohio

Talbert House, Cincinnati, OhioTalbert House, Cincinnati, Ohio

Magdala Foundation, St. Louis, MissouriMagdala Foundation, St. Louis, Missouri

In 1979, the New Jersey Parole Board In 1979, the New Jersey Parole Board became the first accredited parole board, became the first accredited parole board, and the Vienna Correctional Center in and the Vienna Correctional Center in Illinois became the first accredited Illinois became the first accredited prison. Later that year, the Florida prison. Later that year, the Florida Division of Corrections entered a Division of Corrections entered a contract with CAC to become the first contract with CAC to become the first entire system to be accredited. By entire system to be accredited. By August, 1981, all twenty-four Florida August, 1981, all twenty-four Florida prisons were accredited.prisons were accredited.

19791979 – the Commission formally – the Commission formally separates from ACA and becomes its separates from ACA and becomes its own organization.own organization.

19801980 – the first jail receives – the first jail receives accreditation.accreditation.

19811981 – the first juvenile facility – the first juvenile facility receives accreditation.receives accreditation.

19861986 – departure of the Canadians. – departure of the Canadians. 19871987 – the Commission reunites with – the Commission reunites with

ACA.ACA. 19881988 – CAMA is formed. – CAMA is formed.

Changes to the processChanges to the process

19791979 – Commission adopts the “plan – Commission adopts the “plan of action” essentially as a response of action” essentially as a response to crowded conditions in prisons.to crowded conditions in prisons.

19811981 – Public announcement of – Public announcement of audits, and inclusion of info from audits, and inclusion of info from outside sources.outside sources.

19901990 – With the ACI 3 – With the ACI 3rdrd edition, the edition, the concept of “unemcumbered space” is concept of “unemcumbered space” is introduced. Previous standards were introduced. Previous standards were for total square feet only.for total square feet only.

Quality of LifeQuality of Life The 1980’s saw an effort by the The 1980’s saw an effort by the

Commission to provide guidelines for Commission to provide guidelines for Quantity of Life. Quantity of Life.

19871987 – Establishment of a checklist: – Establishment of a checklist: Staff / offender interactionsStaff / offender interactions Adequacy of programmingAdequacy of programming IdlenessIdleness OvercrowdingOvercrowding Cell size and time outside of cellsCell size and time outside of cells Adequacy of medical servicesAdequacy of medical services SanitationSanitation Use of segregationUse of segregation Incidence of violenceIncidence of violence

20082008

1500+ accredited agencies1500+ accredited agencies 24 standards manuals24 standards manuals Performance Based Standards and Performance Based Standards and

Outcome Measures (2000)Outcome Measures (2000) Discretionary ComplianceDiscretionary Compliance

ResourcesResources

Keve, Paul W. 1966. Keve, Paul W. 1966. Measuring Measuring Excellence: The History of Excellence: The History of Correctional Standards and Correctional Standards and AccreditationAccreditation. American Correctional . American Correctional Association: Lanham, MD.Association: Lanham, MD.

Manual of Correctional StandardsManual of Correctional Standards. . 1966. American Correctional 1966. American Correctional Association: Lanham, MD.Association: Lanham, MD.