a history of psychology. where have we been? yesterday we learned: three main interests of...
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A HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Where have we been?
Where have we been?
Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists
Where have we been?
Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists
Research Consult Teach
Where have we been?
Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists
Research Consult Teach
Specific duties of the following Psychologists
Where have we been?
Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists
Research Consult Teach
Specific duties of the following Psychologists Clinical Psychologists Counseling Psychologists School Psychologists Educational Psychologists Developmental Psychologists Personality Psychologists Social Psychologists Experimental Psychologists Other Specialist Psychologists
Where are we now?
Where are we now?
Today you will learn:
Where are we now?
Today you will learn: A history of psychology
Where are we now?
Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Where are we now?
Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt
Where are we now?
Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James
Where are we now?
Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
Where are we now?
Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang
Kohler
Where are we now?
Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang
Kohler Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud
A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection
A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and
feelings
A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and
feelings Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said
human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars
A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and
feelings Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human
behavior is scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and
avoid pain
A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings
Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and
avoid pain Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished
people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness
A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings
Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid
pain Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people
for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness
Hippocrates was a physician at this time
A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings
Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness
Hippocrates was a physician at this time Said confusion and madness are from abnormalities in the
brain
A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)
A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)
During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons
A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)
During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons
Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed
A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)
During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons
Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed
Water-Float Test: Impure, you float and were killed; Pure, you sunk and drowned
A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession
A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were
being made
A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were
being made A scientific approach led to the birth of
modern psychology in the 1800s
A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were
being made A scientific approach led to the birth of
modern psychology in the 1800s Psychologists argued that human behavior
and mental processes should be supported by evidence
A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were being
made A scientific approach led to the birth of modern
psychology in the 1800s Psychologists argued that human behavior and
mental processes should be supported by evidence 1879 marked the beginning of psychology as a
laboratory science
Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of
Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to
discover the basic elements of conscious experience
Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of
Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to
discover the basic elements of conscious experience
2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function
Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of
Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to
discover the basic elements of conscious experience
2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately
reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste
Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of
Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to discover
the basic elements of conscious experience 2 elements of conscious experience
combined to allow the human mind to function Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately
reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste Subjective Feelings- include emotional
responses and mental images
Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic
elements of conscious experience 2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow
the human mind to function Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately reflect the
outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste Subjective Feelings- include emotional responses and
mental images For example, a person can experience a piece of pizza
objectively by observing its shape, color, texture, and taste. They can also experience the pizza subjectively by remembering how good it feels to bite into it
William James and Functionalism
William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of
Functionalism
William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of
Functionalism Thought that experience is a fluid and
continuous “stream of consciousness”
William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of
Functionalism Thought that experience is a fluid and
continuous “stream of consciousness” Focused relationship between experience
and behavior- Led to publishing first Psychology textbook
William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of
Functionalism Thought that experience is a fluid and
continuous “stream of consciousness” Focused relationship between experience
and behavior- Led to publishing first Psychology textbook
Functionalists- concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment
Functionalism vs. Structuralism
Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection
Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection
Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection
Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection
Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection
Structuralists asked “What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes?”
Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection
Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection
Structuralists asked “What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes?” Functionalists asked “What are the
purposes (functions) of behavior and mental processes?”
Functionalism Continued
Functionalism Continued
Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful
Functionalism Continued
Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated
and eventually become habits
Functionalism Continued
Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated
and eventually become habits Through repetition and success of habits,
these actions become automatic
Functionalism Continued
Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated
and eventually become habits Through repetition and success of habits,
these actions become automatic Why is this advantageous?
Functionalism Continued
Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated
and eventually become habits Through repetition and success of habits,
these actions become automatic Why is this advantageous?
Instead of focusing on mechanics, we can focus on what we are doing
John B. Watson and Behaviorism
John B. Watson and Behaviorism John B. Watson founded the school of
Behaviorism
John B. Watson and Behaviorism John B. Watson founded the school of
Behaviorism Behaviorism- psychology is limited to
observable, measurable events
John B. Watson and Behaviorism John B. Watson founded the school of
Behaviorism Behaviorism- psychology is limited to
observable, measurable events Did not agree with Functionalists
because he saw consciousness as a private matter that could only be known by an individual
B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement
B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of
Reinforcement
B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of
Reinforcement This school added to the behaviorist
tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement
B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of
Reinforcement This school added to the behaviorist
tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement
Reinforcement- When an animal is rewarded for performing an action or behavior, it is more likely to perform that action or behavior again in the future
B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of
Reinforcement This school added to the behaviorist
tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement
Reinforcement- When an animal is rewarded for performing an action or behavior, it is more likely to perform that action or behavior again in the future
Skinner claimed reinforcement works for people too. What do you think?
Gestalt School
Gestalt School
Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler
Gestalt School
Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler
“Gestalt” means shape or part
Gestalt School
Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler
“Gestalt” means shape or part Gestalt- context influences people’s
interpretations of information. Perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. Rather they are wholes that give shape or meaning to the parts
Gestalt vs. All
Gestalt vs. All
Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements
Gestalt vs. All
Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
Gestalt vs. All
Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior
Gestalt vs. All
Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior
Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful
Gestalt vs. All
Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior
Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful Found that learning, especially problem solving, is
accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition
Gestalt vs. All
Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior
Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful Found that learning, especially problem solving, is
accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition Insight- reorganization of perceptions that enables an
individual to solve a problem
Gestalt vs. All
Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior
Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful Found that learning, especially problem solving, is
accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition Insight- reorganization of perceptions that enables an
individual to solve a problem Insight is the sudden appearance of Gestalt, or form, that
enables the individual to see the solution
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the
importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the
importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes,
especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of
unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes,
especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings
Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of
unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially
sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings
Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes
People’s behaviors are aimed at satisfying these impulses, even if they are inappropriate
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of
unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially
sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings
Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes
People’s behaviors are aimed at satisfying these impulses, even if they are inappropriate
But, people want to see themselves as decent, so they fool themselves about the real motives of their behavior
What you learned today
What you learned today
A history of psychology
What you learned today
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
What you learned today
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt
What you learned today
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James
What you learned today
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
What you learned today
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang
Kohler
What you learned today
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang
Kohler Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud
Where are we going?
Tomorrow we will discuss the Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology