a history of the university in...

N A M E I N D E X

Abbe, Ernst (1840–1905), Germanphysicist and entrepreneur 577

Abel-Remusat, Jean-Pierre (1788–1832),French Sinologist 446

Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg(Baron Acton, 1834–1902),Italian-German-British historian 404,459–62, 463, 465, 472

Adams, Herbert Baxter (1850–1901),American historian 171

Addison, Thomas (1793–1860), Britishphysician 589

Adelung, Johann Christoph (1732–1806),German philologist 449

Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund(1903–69), German philosopher 487

Agassiz, Louis (1807–73), Swiss-bornAmerican naturalist and geologist 533

Alcenius, Otto (1838–1913), Finnishscientist 534

Alexander I (1777–1825), Russian Tsar 35,123, 508, 558

Alexander Nikolayevich (1818–81),Russian grand duke 285

Alexander II (1818–81), Russian Tsar 67,303, 305, 315, 335

Alexander III (1845–94), Russian Tsar324

Alexander of Oranje-Nassau (1851–1884),prince of the Netherlands 302

Ali, Mohammed (1769–1849), viceroy ofEgypt 191

Altenstein, Karl Freiherr vom Stein zum(1770–1840), Prussian Minister ofEducation 523

Althoff, Friedrich (1839–1908), Prussiancivil servant 135–7, 581

Ampere, Andre Marie (1775–1836), Frenchphysicist 496

Andersen, Hans Christian (1805–75),Danish poet 146

Andler, Charles (1866–1933), FrenchGermanist 328

Andrae, Tor (1885–1947), Swedish ev.theologian 445

Angelesco, Constantin I (1869–1948),Romanian Minister of Education 95

Arago, Dominique Francois (1786–1853),French astronomer and politician 153

Ardeche, Paul Matthieu Laurent de l’(1799–1877), French historian 280

Aristotle (384–322 BC), Greek philosopher19, 394, 400, 449

Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769–1860), Germanprose writer and poet 24, 273

Arrhenius, Svante (1859–1927), Swedishphysical chemist 514

Artin Pasha, Yacoub (1842–1919),Egyptian politician and writer 191

As n y Palacios, Miguel (1871–1944),Spanish scholar of Islam 444

Auenbrugger, Leopold von (1722–1809),Austrian physician 549

Aulard, Francois Alphonse (1849–1928),French historian 476

Auzoux, Louis Thomas Jerome(1797–1880), French anatomist 572

Averroes (Ibn Ruschd, 1126–98), Muslimphilosopher and scientist 400

Baader, Franz Xaver von (1765–1841),Catholic philosopher 399

Back, Rasmus (1787–1832), Danishphilologist 450

707

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-36107-1 - A History of the University in Europe: Volume III: Universities in theNineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945)Edited by Walter RueggIndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521361071

http://www.cambridge.org


Name index

Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), Britishphilosopher, scientist and statesman 19,489

Baer, Karl Ernst von(1792–1876), Prussian-Estonianembryologist 527

Baeumer, Klemens (1853–1924), Germanphilosopher 399

Baeyer, Adolf von (1835–1917), Germanchemist 642

Bails, Benito (1730–97), Catalonianmathematician and architect 494

Balicki, Zygmunt (1858–1916), Polishpolitician and writer 314

Balzac, Honore de (1799–1850), Frenchpoet 147

Barbusse, Henri (1873–1935), Frenchwriter 338

Bartels, Johann (1769–1836), Germanmathematician 509

Barth, Karl (1886–1968), Swiss ref.theologian 406, 413

Bartsch, Karl (1832–88), Germanphilologist 433–4

Bastian, Adolf (1826–1905), Germanethnologist 488–9

Bastiat, Frederic (1801–50), Frencheconomist 485

Bateson, William (1861–1926), Britishbiologist 537

Baudoin de Courtenay, Jan(1846–1929), Polish Slavist 452

Baur, Ferdinand Christian(1792–1860), German ev. theologian411–12

Becker, Carl Heinrich (1876–1933),German Orientalist and minister 141–2,348, 434–5, 445

Becker, Karl (1879–1940), German general663

Bellini, Vincenzo (1801–35), Italiancomposer 30

Bello, Andres (1791–1865), Venezuelanscholar 180

Benecke, Georg Friedrich (1762–1844),German Germanist 429

Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), Britishphilosopher, economist and jurist 479,547

Bergson, Henri (1859–1941), Frenchphilosopher 455, 477, 528

Bernard, Claude (1813–78), Frenchphysiologist 13, 18, 151, 521, 524,528–9, 534, 566–7, 569, 571, 589

Bernoulli family, Swiss merchantfamily with several mathematiciansand physicians (17th–18th c.) 505

Bert, Paul (1833–86), French physiologistand politician 528

Berthelot, Marcellin (1827–1907), Frenchchemist 151

Berthollet, Claude Louis (1748–1822),French chemist 496, 514, 595

Berzelius, Jons Jacob (1779–1848), Frenchchemist 504, 558, 566

Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784–1846),German astronomer 499–500

Betancourt y Molina, August n de(1758–1824), Spanish engineer 601–602

Bezout, Etienne (1730–83), Frenchmathematician 150, 494

Bianchi, Tommaso (1804–34), Italian priest30

Bichat, Xavier (1771–1802), Frenchphysician 520, 521, 522, 549

Billroth, Theodor (1829–94), Germansurgeon 570, 574, 581

Biot, Jean-Baptiste (1774–1862), Frenchphysicist and astronomer 150, 497, 509,528

Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98), Germanstatesman 298, 300, 306, 444

Blachere, Regis (1900–73), French Arabist445

Blackwell, Elisabeth (1821–1910),Anglo-American physician 585

Blainville, Henri Ducrotay de (1778–1850),French zoologist 522

Blake, William (1757–1827), British poet,artist, engraver and publisher 272

Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805–81), Frenchrevolutionary socialist 30, 283

Bloch, Marc (1866–1944), French historian478

Blucher von Wahlstatt, Gebhard LeberechtFurst (1742–1819), Prussian eldmarshal 468

Blum, Leon (1872–1950), French statesman338

Boas, Franz (1858–1942), German-bornAmerican anthropologist 171

Bobrikoff, Nikolai Ivanovich (1839–1904),Russian general 335–6

Bobrowski, Stefan (1841–63), Polishstudent leader 305

Bockh, Philipp August (1785–1867),German Classicist 15, 19, 174, 418–19,420, 422–5, 429, 436, 451, 466

Boerhaave, Herman (1668–1738), Dutchphysician 549, 551

Bohr, Niels (1885–1962), Danish physicist515

Boissier, Gaston (1823–1908), FrenchLatinist 428

708






Name index

Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844–1906), Austrianphysicist 505

Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomtede (1754–1810), French politicalphilosopher and statesman 400

Bonpland, Aime (1773–1858), Frenchbotanist 520

Booth, Charles (1840–1916), Britishsociologist and businessman 486

Bopp, Franz (1791–1867), Germanphilologist 426, 430, 436, 450–2

Bordeu, Theophile de (1722–76), Frenchphysician and philosopher 551

Born, Max (1882–1970), German physicist174, 513

Bossut, Charles (1752–68), Frenchmathematician 596

Bothe, Walther (1891–1957), Germanphysicist 627

Boulanger, Georges (1837–91), Frenchgeneral and politician 97

Bourdieu, Pierre (1930–2002), Frenchsociologist 142, 252

Bousset, Wilhelm (1865–1920), German ev.theologian 412

Boveri, Theodor (1862–1915), Germanzoologist 537

Brandes, Georg (1842–1929), Danishphilosopher 160, 336

Brashman, Nikolai Dmitrievich(1796–1866), Russian mathematician511

Breasted, James Henry (1865–1935),American Egyptologist 171

Brentano, Lujo (1844–1931), Germaneconomist 136

Breul, Karl (1860–1932), GermanGermanist 441

Brockliss, Laurence (b. 1950), Britishhistorian 12

Brongniart, Adolphe (1801–76), Frenchbotanist 522

Brongniart, Alexandre (1770–1847),French mineralogist and geologist 522

Bronn, Heinrich (1800–62), Germanpalaeontologist 531–2

Bronner, Franz Xaver (1758–1850),German-Swiss writer and professor 509

Broussais, Francois Joseph Victor(1772–1838), French physician 550, 552,556

Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan(1881–1966), Dutch mathematician 513

Brown, John (1735–88), British physician551, 552

Brown, John (1800–59), Americanabolitionist 150

Brown, Robert (1773–1858), Britishbotanist 525

Brucke, Ernst von (1819–92), Austrianphysiologist 524

Brugsch, Heinrich (1827–94), GermanEgyptologist 446

Bucheler, Franz (1837–1908), GermanClassicist 425

Buchner, Ludwig (1824–99), Germanphysician and philosopher 455, 563–4,573

Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821–62), Britishhistorian 150, 460–1

Buff, Heinrich (1805–78), Germanphysicist 501

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de(1707–88), French mathematician andnaturalist 149, 522

Buhl, Frants (1850–1932), Danishtheologian and Semitist 445

Bultmann, Rudolf (1884–1976), Germanev. theologian 413

Buniakovskii, Viktor (1804–89), Russianmathematician 498, 510

Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm (1811–99),German chemist 503, 516

Buonaiuti, Ernesto (1881–1946), Italianchurch historian 402

Buonarotti, Filippo (1761–1837),Italian-born French revolutionary278

Burckhardt, Jacob Christoph (1818–97),Swiss historian of art and culture 464,468

Burdach, Karl Friedrich (1776–1847),German physiologist 559

Burdach, Konrad (1859–1936), GermanGermanist 431

Burkitt, Francis Crawford (1864–1935),British Orientalist 413, 443

Bury, John Bagnell (1861–1927), Irishhistorian 472

Butlerov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich(1828–86), Russian chemist 511

Butter eld, Herbert (1900–79), Britishhistorian 472

Buzzetti, Vincenzo (1777–1824), Italiantheologian 402

Byron, George Gordon Noel, Lord (LordByron, 1788–1824), British poet 282

Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges (1757–1808),French physician 545, 548, 561, 567

Caetani, Leone (1869–1935), Italianscholar of Islam 445

Cairnes, John Elliot (1823–75), Irisheconomist 481

709






Name index

Calmette, Albert (1863–1933), Frenchbacteriologist 529

Canestrini, Giovanni (1835–1900), Italianzoologist 535

Cannon, Walter A. (1871–1945),American neurologist and physiologist537

Cantor, Georg (1845–1918), Germanmathematician 512

Carlos III (1716–88), king of Spain 178Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), British

historian and philosopher 469Carnegie, Andrew (1835–1919), American

industrialist and philanthropist 62Carr-Saunders, Alexander Morris

(1886–1966), British sociologist anddemographer 486

Casanova Ciurana, Peregr n (1849–1919),Spanish anatomist 536

Casati, Gabrio (1798–1893), ItalianMinister of Education 96, 118, 562

Cassell, Gustav (1866–1945), Swedisheconomist 483

Cassirer, Ernst (1874–1945), Germanphilosopher 453, 455

Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio (1832–99),Spanish writer and politician 302

Castro y Pajares, Fernando de (1814–74),Spanish philosopher 302

Cattani, Giuseppina (1859–1914), Italianprofessor of medicine 133

Cavaignac, Godefroy (1801–45), Frenchrevolutionary 288

Cavendish, Spencer Compton, 8th Duke ofDevonshire (1833–1908), Britishpolitician 62

Cavendish, William, 7th Duke ofDevonshire (1808–91), British universityMaecenas 507

Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di(1810–61), Italian statesman 29

Chadwick, Edwin (1800–90), Britishphysician and social reformer 547

Challemel-Lacour, Paul Armand (1827–96),French politician and writer 69

Champollion, Jean-Francois (1790–1832),French Egyptologist 444

Chang Po-lin (Zhang Boling, 1876–1951),Chinese university founder 219

Chaptal, Jean Antoine (1756–1832), Frenchchemist 496

Charles X (1757–1836), French King280

Charlier, Carl (1862–1934), Swedishastronomer 517

Chateaubriand, Francois Rene Viscount de(1789–1848), French poet 400

Chebyshev, Pafnuty Lvovich (1821–94),Russian mathematician 510, 513

Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich (1860–1904),Russian poet 132, 157

Chetverikov, Sergei S. (1880–1959),Russian geneticist 539

Chevalier, Michel (1806–79), Frencheconomist 485

Chevalier, Hippolyte Guillaume-Sulpice seeGavarni, Paul

Chevreuil, Michel-Eugene (1786–1889),French chemist 514

Christian, Gerard Joseph (1776–1832),French engineer 607

Christoffel, Erwin Bruno (1829–1900),German mathematician 505

Chulalongkorn, Rama V. (1853–1910),king of Siam 210

Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), Britishstatesman 484, 649

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 BC),Roman writer and politician 428

Clapeyron, Emile (1799–1864), Frenchengineer 601–602

Clark, Austin H. (1880–1954), Americanzoologist 649

Clark, Jonas Gilman (1815–1900),American university founder 170–1

Clausius, Rudolf (1822–88), Germanphysicist 505

Clebsch, Rudolf Friedrich Alfred(1833–72), German mathematician500

Clements, Frederic Edward (1874–1945),American botanist 539

Cobet, Carolus Gabriel (1819–89), DutchHellenist 427–8, 445

Codreanu, Corneliu (1899–1938),Romanian politician 353–4

Coit Gilman, Daniel (1813–1908),American educator and universitypresident 168

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste (1619–83), Frenchstatesman 442

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772–1834),British writer 272

Collingwood, Robin George (1889–1943),British philosopher 473

Comte, Auguste (1798–1857), Frenchphilosopher 455, 461, 484–5, 521, 566

Conant, James B. (1893–1978), Americaneducator and scientist, universitypresident 667

Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de (1715–80),French philosopher 545

Constant, Benjamin (1767–1830), Swisswriter 30

710






Name index

Correns, Carl (1864–1933), Germanbotanist 537

Corvisart, Jean-Nicolas (1755–1821),French physician 549

Cousin, Victor (1792–1867), Frenchphilosopher and politician 8, 98, 99,149, 279, 455

Cowell, Edward (1826–1903), BritishSanskritist 452

Creighton, Mandell (1843–1901), Britishangl. theologian 463, 471

Crelle, August Leopold (1780–1855),German mathematician and engineer500

Cremer, Jacob Jan (1827–80), Dutch writer301–2

Creuzer, Georg Friedrich (1771–1858),German Classicist 414

Cripps, Stafford (1889–1952), Britishpolitician 649–50

Croce, Benedetto (1866–1952), Italianphilosopher 71–2, 440, 453, 455, 473

Cumont, Franz (1868–1947), Belgianarchaeologist and philologist 414

Cunningham, William (1849–1919), Britisheconomist 471

Curie, Marie (1867–1934), Polish-bornFrench physicist 133

Curtius, Ernst Robert (1886–1956),German Romanist 435

Cuvier, Georges Baron (1769–1832),French zoologist and statesman 17, 450,520, 522–4

Czermak, Johann Nepomuk (1828–73),Austrian physician 573

Czihak, Jacob, German scientist 560

d’Hulst, Maurice (1841–96), French Cath.theologian, bishop, university founderand president 404

Dabrowski, Jan Henryk (1755–1818),Polish general 272

Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), Italian poet434

Darmesteter, Arsene (1846–88), Frenchphilologist 463

Darwin, Charles (1809–82), Britishnaturalist 455, 459, 460–1, 530–2,533–5, 536, 537, 539

Daumier, Honore (1808–79), Frenchcaricaturist, painter and sculptor 147

Debye, Peter (1884–1966),Dutch-American physical chemist 505,513

Dekker, Eduard Douwes, see MultatuliDelambre, Jean Baptiste (1749–1822),

French astronomer 509

Delescluze, Charles or Louis Charles(1809–71), French journalist and radicalrepublican 283

Deni e, Heinrich (1844–1905),Austrian-German church historian 399

De Ram, Xavier (1804–65), rector ofLouvain University 121, 401

Descartes, Rene (1596–1650), Frenchphilosopher and scientist 416, 419, 528

Dieffenbach, Johann Friedrich(1795–1847), German surgeon 18

Dietl, Joseph (1804–78), German-Austrianphysician 550, 560

Diez, Friedrich (1794–1875), GermanRomanist 433–4, 436, 452

Dilthey, Wilhelm (1833–1911), Germanphilosopher 417, 451, 455, 465

Dirichlet, Gustav Lejeune (1805–59),French-German mathematician 498, 500

Dobereiner, Johann Wolfgang(1780–1849), German chemist 503

Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1900–75),Russian-American biologist 539

Dodd, Charles Harold (1884–1973),British theologian 413

Dodds, Eric Robertson (1884–1973),British Classicist 422

Dohrn, Anton (1840–1909), Germanzoologist 535

Dollinger, Ignaz von (1799–1890), Germanchurch historian 395–6, 399, 403–4,461

Dreyfus, Alfred (1859–1935), French armyof cer 97, 151

Driesch, Hans (1867–1941), Germanbiologist 538

Droysen, Johann Gustav (1808–84),German historian 467–98

Dubois, Paul-Francois (1793–1874),French philosopher 149

Du Bois-Reymond, Emil (1818–96),German physiologist 524

Dumas, Jean-Baptiste (1800–84), Frenchchemist 498, 514

Duncan, Andrew (1744–1828), Britishmedical reformer 547

Dupuytren, Guillaume (1777–1835),French surgeon and pathologist 549

Durkheim, Emile (1858–1917), Frenchsociologist 414, 453, 485–6

Duruy, Victor (1811–94), French historianand politician 12, 55, 103, 375, 415, 442

Dvo rak, Cenek (1848–1922), Czechphysicist 505

Eckstein, Ferdinand von (1790–1861),Danish writer 400

711






Name index

Eden, Nils (1871–1945), Swedish historianand politician 156

Edison, Thomas A. (1847–1931), Americaninventor 575, 577, 618

Egorov, Dmitrii Fedorovich (1869–1931),Russian mathematician 511, 513

Ehrle, Franz (1845–1934), German Jesuit,cardinal, prefect of Vatican library andmedievalist 399

Eichhorn, Karl Friedrich von (1781–1854),German jurist 460

Einstein, Albert (1879–1955),Swiss-German-American physicist 505,513, 520

Eliot, Charles William (1834–1926),American educator 169, 170

Ellis, Havelock (1859–1939), Britishpsychologist 576

Elton, Charles (1900–91), British biologist539

Ely, Richard Theodore (1854–1943),American political scientist 171

Engels, Friedrich (1820–95), Germanphilosopher 460

Ernout, Alfred (1879–1973), FrenchLatinist 421

Ernst Georg August (1771–1851), king ofHanover 286

Eucken, Rudolf (1846–1926), Germanphilosopher 154

Euclid (c. 365–c. 300 BC), Greekmathematician 506

Euler, Leonhard (1707–83), Swissmathematician 505

Fabrizi, Nicola (1804–85), Italian juristand leader of the Risorgimento 28

Falconer, Robert Alexander (1867–1943),Canadian theologian and Classicist 176

Falloux, Frederic, comte de (1811–86),French Minister of Education 95

Fanti, Manfredo (1806–65), Italian generaland patriot 28

Faure, Edgar (1908–88), French jurist andpolitician 85, 120

Febvre, Lucien (1878–1956), Frenchhistorian 477–9, 484

Fechner, Gustav (1801–87), Germanphysicist and philosopher 498

Federley, Harry (1879–1951), Finnishzoologist 537

Fejer, Lipot (1880–1959), Hungarianmathematician 512

Ferdinand VII (1784–1833), Spanish king284

Fermi, Enrico (1901–54), Italian-born USphysicist 175, 513

Ferstel, Heinrich Freiherr von (1828–82),Austrian architect 104

Feuerbach, Ludwig (1804–72), Germanphilosopher 412, 563–4

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814),German philosopher 8, 22, 24, 25, 48,49, 273, 307, 410, 455

Filippi, Filippo De (1814–67), Italianzoologist 535

Firth, Charles Harding (1857–1936),British historian 474

Fischer, Emil (1852–1919), German chemist642

Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens(1845–1940), British historian 476

Fisher, Ronald Aylmer (1890–1962), Britishstatistician and geneticist 539

Fleischer, Heinrich Leberecht (1801–88),German Orientalist 445

Flexner, Abraham (1866–1959), Americanuniversity reformer 580–1, 582–3, 590

Flourens, Pierre (1794–1867), Frenchphysiologist 528, 534

Follen, Karl (1795–1840), Germanrevolutionary 275, 278

Fontana, Felice (1720–1805), Italianscientist 562

Fontanes, Louis de (1757–1821), Frenchwriter and politician 88

Forel, August (1848–1931), Swissneuroanatomist, psychiatrist andentomologist 576

Fortoul, Hippolyte (1811–56), FrenchMinister 90

Foster, Michael (1836–1907), Britishphysiologist and educator 582

Fourcroy, Antoine-Francois de(1755–1809), French chemist andpolitician 495–8, 548, 600

Fraenkel, Eduard (1881–1970), GermanClassicist 422, 427

Franco, Francisco (1892–1975), Spanishgeneral and statesman 72–3, 98, 355

Francoeur, Louis Benjamin (1773–1849),French mathematician 497

Frank, Hans (1900–46), German jurist657–8

Frank, Johann Peter (1745–1821), Germanphysician 546–7, 559, 562

Frank, Joseph (1771–1842), Germanphysician 559

Franz Ferdinand (1863–1914), archduke ofAustria 337

Franz-Joseph I (1830–1916), emperor ofAustria and king of Hungary 298

Fraunhofer, Joseph (1787–1826), Germanphysicist 516

712






Name index

Frazer, James George (1854–1941), Britishanthropologist, folklorist and Classicist414, 488

Fredericq, Paul (1850–1920), Belgianhistorian and politician 467

Frederick VII (1808–63), king of Denmark290

Frederick William III (1770–1840), king ofPrussia 18

Frederik Wilhelm IV (1795–1861), king ofPrussia 292

Freeman, Edward Augustus (1823–92),British historian 469, 472

Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), Austrianpsychiatrist 479, 487, 524, 576

Fries, Jakob Friedrich (1773–1843),German philosopher 273

Frisch, Ragnar (1895–1973), Norwegianeconomist 484

Fritz, Kurt von (1900–80), GermanClassicist 100

Froude, James Anthony (1818–94), Britishhistorian 469

Fukuzawa, Yukichi (1835–1901), Japanesewriter, educator and publisher 224

Fuss, Nicolaus (1755–1826), Germanmathematician 509

Gabrieli, Francesco (1904–96), ItalianOrientalist 445

Galvani, Luigi (1737–98), Italian physicianand physicist 520

Gandhi, Mahatma (1869–1948), Hindustatesman 205

Garc a, Juan Justo (1752–1830), Spanishmathematician 494

Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807–82), Italianpatriot and politician 29, 150

Gatterer, Johann Christoph (1727–99),German historian 466

Gause, Georgyi Frantsevitch (1910–86),Russian mathematician 539

Gavarni, Paul, pseudonym of HippolyteGuillaume-Sulpice Chevalier (1804–66),French lithographer and painter 147

Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis (1778–1850),French physicist and chemist 150, 497,514

Gegenbaur, Carl (1826–1903), Germananatomist 532

Geijer, Erik Gustaf (1783–1847), Swedishhistorian 145, 148

Gentile, Giovanni (1875–1944), Italianphilosopher and politician 71, 118, 455

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne(1772–1844), French naturalist 17, 521,522

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore (1805–61),French zoologist 522

Gervinus, Georg Gottfried (1805–71),German literary historian 431, 464, 468

Gessner, Conrad (1516–65), Swissphysician and naturalist 449

Geyl, Pieter (1887–1966), Dutch historian477

Gibb, Hamilton (1895–1971), BritishOrientalist 445

Gilbert, Ludwig Wilhelm (1769–1824),German physicist and chemist 502

Gilbert, William Schwenck (1836–1911),British playwright 147

Giles, Herbert Allen (1845–1935), BritishSinologist 447

Gioberti, Vincenzo (1801–52), Italianphilosopher and politician 153

Gmelin, Leopold (1788–1853), Germanchemist 498, 503

Goeje, Michael Jan de (1836–1909), DutchOrientalist 445

Goercke, Johannes (1750–1822), Germanmilitary physician 556

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), German poet 23, 466, 503, 521

Goldziher, Ignaz (1850–1921), HungarianOrientalist 445

Golgi, Camillo (1843–1926), Italianphysician and cytologist 527

Gordon, Charles George (1833–85), Britishgeneral 192–3

Goring, Hermann (1893–1946), Germanpolitician 662, 663

Gorres, Joseph von (1776–1848),German historian 399–400, 404, 430

Grabmann, Martin (1875–1949), GermanCath. theologian 399

Green, John Richard (1837–83), Britishhistorian 472, 476

Gregory XVI (1765–1846), pope 398Grimm, Jacob (1785–1863), German

Germanist 426, 430, 433, 436, 449, 450,452

Grimm, Wilhelm (1786–1859), GermanGermanist 430, 433, 436, 449, 452

Gronbech, Vilhelm Peter (1873–1918),Danish historian 414

Groot, Jan Jacob Maria de (1854–1921),German Sinologist 447

Groves, Leslie (1896–1970), Americangeneral 668

Guesde, Jules (1845–1922), Frenchpolitician 317

Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume(1787–1874), French historian andpolitician 97, 149

713






Name index

Gunkel, Hermann (1862–1932), Germanev. theologian 412

Gustavus II Adolphus (1594–1632), king ofSweden 84

Haar, Alfred (1885–1933), Hungarianmathematician 512

Haber, Fritz (1868–1934), German chemist643

Hachette, Jean Nicole Pierre (1769–1834),French engineer 607

Haeckel, Ernst (1834–1919), Germanzoologist and philosopher 143, 159, 455,532–6, 538

Hagen, Friedrich von der (1780–1856),German Germanist 430

Hahn, Otto (1879–1968), German chemist663, 665

Hahnemann, Samuel (1755–1893), Germanphysician 552

Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson(1892–1964), British-American geneticistand physiologist 539, 582

Halevy, Elie (1870–1937), Frenchphilosopher and historian 476

Hall, Granville Stanley (1844–1924),American university president 168–9,170–1

Haller, Albrecht von (1708–77), Swissbiologist 524

Halphen, Louis (1880–1950), Frenchhistorian 477

Hardenberg, Karl August, Furst von(1750–1822), Prussian statesman andadministrator 22

Hardy, Godfrey Harold (1877–1947),British mathematician 539

Hare, David (1775–1842), British-bornHindu watch-maker and silversmith,founder of colleges in India 198, 199

Harnack, Adolf von (1851–1930),German ev. theologian 61, 408, 412,413, 642

Harper, William Rainey (1856–1906),American university president 169, 171,228

Hase, Karl Benedikt (1780–1864), GermanClassicist 426

Haupt, Moritz (1808–74), GermanClassicist and Germanist 431

Haushofer, Karl (1869–1946), Germanarmy of cer and political geographer483

Hauy, Rene Just (1743–1822), Frenchmineralogist 496

Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899–1992),Austrian-born British economist 484

Hefele, Karl Joseph von (1809–83),German Cath. theologian 399

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich(1770–1831), German philosopher 30,130, 398, 412, 419, 426, 451, 455, 462,468, 473

Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976), Germanphilosopher 455

Heiler, Friedrich (1892–1967), Germanscholar of religious studies 414

Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), Germanwriter 282

Heinroth, Johann Christian August(1773–1843), German physician 551

Heisenberg, Werner (1903–76), Germanphysicist 174

Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821–94),German physicist and physiologist 19,503, 508, 524, 627

Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm (1802–69),German ev. theologian 411

Henle, Jakob (1809–85), Germanpathologist 526

Henslow, John (1796–1861), Britishbotanist 530

Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744–1893),German theologian and philosopher 411

Herge, pseudonym of Georges Remi(1908–75), Belgian comic-strip artist 148

Herlez, Charles de (1832–99), BelgianSanskritist 447

Hermann, Gottfried (1772–1848), GermanClassicist 424, 431

Hermes, Georg (1775–1831),German Cath. theologian andphilosopher 398

Herriot, Edouard (1872–1957), Frenchstatesman 89

Hess, Rudolf (1894–1987), Germanpolitician 348

Hesse, Ludwig Otto (1811–74), Germanmathematician 500

Hettner, Hermann (1821–82), Germanhistorian of literature and art 432, 451

Hewins, William Albert Samuel(1865–1931), British mathematician andpolitician, director of the London Schoolof Economics 481

Hilbert, David (1862–1943), Germanmathematician 500

Hildebrandt, Georg Friedrich (1764–1816),German physician 503

Himmler, Heinrich (1900–45), Germanpolitician 658, 665

Hindenburg, Paul von (1847–1934),German eld marshal and president ofthe Weimar Republic 348

714






Name index

Hintze, Otto (1861–1940), Germanhistorian 465

Hippocrates (c. 460–c. 370 BC), Greekphysician 550, 567

Hirschfeld, Magnus (1867–1935), Germansexologist 576

Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), Germanpolitician 89–91, 94, 98, 100, 175, 348,349, 357, 358, 359, 477, 487, 513, 656,657, 660, 662, 665

Hobhouse, Leonard Trelawney(1864–1929), British sociologist andphilosopher 486

Hodgkin, Thomas (1798–1866), Britishphysician 589

Hod za, Milan (1878–1944), Czechpolitician 323

Hoff, Jacobus van ’t (1852–1911), Dutchphysical chemist 514

Høffding, Harald (1843–1931), Danishphilosopher 336

Hofmann, August Wilhelm von (1818–92),German chemist 503–4, 508

Holmes, Arthur (1890–1965), Britishgeologist 541

Holmgren, Frithiof (1831–97), Swedishphysiologist 524

Holmquist, Per Johan (1886–1946),Swedish mineralogist 540

Homer ( . 850 BC), Greek poet 430Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1817–1911),

British botanist 531Hooker, William Jackson (1785–1865),

British botanist 531Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973), German

philosopher and sociologist 487Hort, Fenton John Anthony (1828–92),

British angl. theologian 413Huet, Francois (1814–69), French-born

Belgian jurist 292Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm (1762–1836),

German physician 16, 552Huggins, William (1824–1910), British

astronomer 516Hugo, Gustav (1764–1844), German jurist

460Hugo, Victor (1802–85), French writer

150–1, 282Humboldt, Alexander von (1769–1859),

German scientist and explorer 5, 17, 18,149, 426, 503, 520–1

Humboldt, Wilhelm von(1767–1835), German philologist,philosopher, politician and educationalreformer 45, 67, 72, 75, 88, 152, 163,250, 287, 410, 424, 426, 430, 455, 456,495, 527, 558, 589, 639, 658, 659

Husserl, Edmund (1859–1939), Germanphilosopher 453, 455

Hutton, James (1726–97), British geologist520, 530

Huxley, Julian (1887–1975), Britishbiologist 536

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–95), Britishzoologist 218, 531, 534

Hyrtl, Joseph (1811–94), Austriananatomist 561

Isabel II (1830–1904), queen of Spain302

Jackson, Thomas Graham (1835–1924),British architect 104

Jacob, Edgar Pierre (1904–87), Belgiancomic-strip artist 147

Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob (1804–51),German mathematician 499–500

Jacoby, Felix (1876–1959), GermanClassicist 427

Jagic, Vratoslav (1838–1923), Croat Slavist436

Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig (1778–1852),German pedagogue 273, 275

Janiszewski, Zygmunt (1888–1920), Polishmathematician 513

Jaures, Jean (1859–1914), Frenchphilosopher and politician 317

Jenner, Edward (1749–1823), Britishphysician 547

Jennings, Ivor (1903–65), British jurist208

Jevons, William Stanley (1835–82), Britisheconomist 483–4

Jeze, Gaston (1869–1953), French jurist100

Joan of Arc (c.1412–31), French nationalheroine 328

Johannsen, Wilhelm (1857–1927), Danishbotanist 537

John Paul II (b. 1920), pope 403Jolly, Julius E. (1849–1932), German

Indologist 205Jones, William (1746–94), British

Orientalist and jurist 443, 445, 450Jorga, Nicolae (1870–1940), Romanian

politician 94Joseph II (1741–90), emperor of Austria

556Jussieu, Antoine (1686–1758), French

botanist 522Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1748–1836),

French botanist 522Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob (1717–71),

German cameralist 546

715






Name index

Kaelble, Hartmut (b. 1940), Germanhistorian 257

Kahn-Freund, Otto (1900–79), Germanjurist 486

Kamerling Onnes, Heike (1853–1926),Dutch physicist 514

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), Germanphilosopher 8, 22, 48, 148, 394, 453, 639

Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius (1851–1922),Dutch astronomer 516

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich(1766–1826), Russian historian 146

Carl August (1757–1828), duke of Weimar503

Karsten, Gustav (1820–1900), Germanphysicist 502

Kastner, Abraham Gotthelf (1719–1800),German mathematician and writer 494

Keats, John (1795–1821), British poet 272Kekkonen, Urho (1900–86), Finnish

politician 344Keller, Adalbert von (1812–83), German

philologist 433, 434Kennedy, Alexander Blackie William

(1847–1928), British engineer 619Kerner, Anton, Ritter von Marilaun

(1831–1908), Austrian botanist 537Keynes, John Maynard (1883–1946),

British economist 481Khinchin, Aleksandr Jakowlewitsch

(1894–1959), Russian mathematician513

Kingsley, Charles (1819–75), British writerand historian 469

Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert (1824–87),German physicist 499, 502–3, 508, 516

Kjellen, Rudolph (1864–1922), Swedishpolitical scientist and politician 483

Klaproth, Martin Heinrich (1743–1817),German chemist 504

Klein, Felix (Christian Felix, 1849–1925),German mathematician 174, 500, 642

Klugmann, James (Norman John,1912–77), British Communist politicianand writer 358

Knies, Karl (1821–98), German economist480

Kogalniceanu, Mikael (1817–91),Romanian politician and historian 560

Kolliker, Albert (1817–1905),Swiss-German embryologist 526, 572

Kolmogorov, Andrey Nikolayevich(1903–87), Russian mathematician 285,513

Kol�tsov, Nikolai Konstantinovich(1872–1940), Russian biologist andgeneticist 585, 587

Kos’ciuszko, Tadeusz (1746–1817), Polisharmy of cer and statesman 24, 272

Kossuth, Lajos (1802–94), Hungarianpolitician 293

Kotzebue, August von (1761–1819),German writer 275, 409

Kowalewsky, Sonia (1850–91), Russianmathematician 133

Krafft-Ebing, Richard Freiherr von(1840–1902), German neuropsychiatrist576

Kraus, Karl Christian Friedrich(1781–1832), German philosopher302

Kronecker, Leopold (1823–91), Germanmathematician 500

Krzyzanowski, Adrian (1788–1852),Russian astronomer 498

Kuhn, Thomas S. (1922–96), Americanhistorian of science 638

Kume, Kunitake (1839–1931), Japanesehistorian 226

Kummer, Ernst Eduard (1810–93), Germanmathematician 500

La Caille, Nicolas Louis de (1713–62),French mathematician 494

Lachmann, Karl (1793–1851), GermanClassicist 394, 421, 430

Lacroix, Sylvestre Francois (1765–1843),French mathematician 497–8, 506–7,509

Laennec, Rene Theophile (1781–1826),French physician 549

La tte, Jacques (1767–1844), Frenchrevolutionary 288

Lagrange, Albert (1855–1938), FrenchCath. theologian 401

Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736–1813),French mathematician 17, 496–8, 506,600

Lalande, Joseph Jerome de (1732–1807),French astronomer 496

Lallemand, Nicolas (d. 1820), Frenchrevolutionary 279

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1744–1829),French biologist 519, 522, 534–5

Lame, Gabriel (1795–1870), Frenchmathematician and physicist 601–602

Lamennais, Felicite Robert de(1782–1861), French Cath. theologianand writer 400, 401

La Mettrie, Julien Offray de (Lamettrie,1709–51), French physician andphilosopher 150

Lamprecht, Karl (1856–1915), Germanhistorian 143, 464

716






Name index

Lanson, Gustave (1857–1934), Frenchhistorian of literature 416, 442

Laplace, Pierre Simon Marquis de(1749–1827), French mathematician andastronomer 17, 498, 506–7, 509

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, FrancoisAlexandre Frederic Duc de (1747–1827),French educator and social reformer608

Laski, Harold (1893–1950), Britishpolitical scientist, educator and politician482

Laue, Max von (1879–1960), Germanphysicist 174, 505

Laval de Montmorency, Francois Xavier de(1623–1708), Canadian bishop 177

Lazarus, Moritz (1824–1903), Germanphilosopher and psychologist 453

Leclerc, Georges-Louis see Buffon, comtede

Lefebvre, Georges (1874–1959), Frenchhistorian 476

Legendre, Adrien Marie (1752–1833),French mathematician 509

Legge, James (1815–97), British missionaryand Sinologist 447

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716),German philosopher and mathematician522

Lejeune-Dirichlet, see DirichletLelewel, Joachim (1786–1861), Polish

historian 150, 287Lenz, Heinrich Friedrich Emil (1804–65),

Baltic physicist 510Leo XIII (1810–1903), pope 189, 396,

402–4Lepsius, Richard (1810–84), German

Egyptologist 446Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729–81),

German poet and critic 430Lessing, Theodor (1872–1933), German

writer and philosopher 348Lessona, Michele (1823–94), Italian

biologist 535Leubuscher, Rudolf (1821–61), German

psychologist 565Lexis, Wilhelm (1837–1914), German

economist and social scientist 378Leydig, Franz von (1821–1908), German

physiologist 526Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (1742–99),

German physicist and writer 501Liebig, Justus von (1802–73), German

chemist 50, 498, 502–4, 508, 511, 514,525, 566, 568, 606

Lightfoot, James Barber (1829–89), BritishAngl. theologian 413

Linde, Carl von (1842–1934), Germanengineer 619

Lindelof, Lorenz (1827–1908), Finnishmathematician 155

Lindemann, Cherwell Frederick AlexanderLindemann, 1st Viscount (1886–1957),German-British physicist 649

Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linne,1707–78), Swedish botanist and explorer450, 538, 568

Lippmann, Gabriel (1845–1921), Frenchphysicist 514

Li Shu-hua (Li Shuhua, 1889–1979),Chinese politician 218

Lister, Joseph (1827–1912), British surgeon570, 589

Li Teng-hui (Li Denghui, 1873–1947),Chinese university president 220

Littre, Emile (1801–81), Frenchlexicographer and philosopher 412

Littrow, Joseph (1781–1840), Russianastronomer 509

Lobachevskii, Nikolai (1792–1856),Russian mathematician 509

Lodge, Richard (1855–1936), Britishhistorian 475–6

Loescher, Hermann (1831–92),German-Italian publisher 428

Lofstedt jr., Einar (1880–1955), SwedishLatinist 421

Lofstedt sr., Einar (1831–84), Swedishhistorian 420

Loisy, Alfred (1857–1940), French Cath.theologian 401

Lonnrot, Elias (1802–84), Finnish writer,folklorist and philologist 148

Lopez, Jose Severo (1754–1807), Spanishsurgeon 561

Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1853–1928),Dutch physicist 514

Lot, Ferdinand (1866–1952), Frenchhistorian 92

Lotka, Alfred James (1880–1949),Austrian-American mathematician539

Lou Chia-lun (Lou Jialun, 1896–1969),Chinese university president 218

Loudon, James (1841–1916), Canadianuniversity president 176

Louis Philippe of Orleans (1773–1850),French king 281, 284, 522

Loven, Sven (1809–95), Swedish zoologist534

Lubac, Henri de (1896–1991), FrenchCath. theologian 403

Ludwig I of Hessen (1753–30), GrandDuke of Hessen-Darmstadt 503

717






Name index

Ludwig II of Bayern (1845–86), King ofBayern 396

Ludwig, Karl (1816–92), Germanphysiologist 524, 583

Luther, Martin (1483–1546), Germantheologian and reformer 26, 66

Lutzow, Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von(1782–1834), Prussian major general 273

Luzin, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1883–1950),Russian mathematician 511, 513

Lyapunov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich(1857–1918), Russian mathematician513

Lyell, Charles (1797–1875), Britishgeologist 530–1, 532–3

Lysenko, Tro m (1898–1976), Russianbiologist and agronomist 92, 541, 586

Ma Chien-chiung (Ma Jianzhong,1844–1900), Chinese university founder219

Ma Hsiang-po (Ma Xiangbo,1840–1939), Chinese university founder219

Maas, Paul (1880–1964), GermanClassicist 427

Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–59),British historian 199, 463, 469, 472

Mach, Ernst (1838–1916), Austrianphysicist 505

Mackinder, Halford John (1861–1947),British political geographer 483

Maklin, Fredrik Vilhelm (1821–83),Finnish zoologist 534

Magendie, Francois (1783–1855), Frenchphysiologist 528, 550

Magnes, Judah Leon (1877–1948), Israelistatesman and rabbi 191

Male, Emile (1852–1964), French arthistorian 477

Malinowski, Branislaw (1882–1942),British anthropologist 488–9

Mann, Thomas (1875–1955), Germanwriter 576

Mannheim, Herman (1889–1969), Germanjurist 486

Mannheim, Karl (1893–1947), Germansociologist 486

Manning, Henry Edward (1808–92),British Cath. theologian 404

Marheineke, Philipp (1780–1846), Germanev. theologian 407

Maria Theresia (1717–80), empress ofAustria 559

Marie, Joseph Francois (1738–1801),French mathematician 494

Mariette, Auguste Edouard (1821–81),French Egyptologist 444, 446

Maritain, Jacques (1882–1973), Frenchphilosopher 352, 403

Markov, Andrey Andreevich(1856–1922), Russian mathematician510, 513

Markowski, Jozef (1758–1829), Polishchemist 498

Marouzeau, Jules (1878–1964), FrenchLatinist 421

Marshall, Alfred (1842–1924), Britisheconomist 481

Marx, Karl (1818–83), Germanphilosopher and politician 363, 412, 455,460–1

Masaryk, Toma s Garrigue (1850–1937),Czech philosopher and rst President ofCzechoslovakia 155, 322

Mascagni, Paolo (1755–1815), Italiananatomist 562

Maspero, Gaston (1846–1916), FrenchEgyptologist 444, 446

Maspero, Henri (1882–1945), FrenchSinologist 446

Massignon, Louis (1883–1962), FrenchOrientalist 445

Mateos, Mariano Lopez (1800–63),Spanish physician 527

Matteucci, Carlo (1811–68), ItalianMinister of Education 37, 118

Maurras, Charles (1868–1952), Frenchwriter 100, 338

Mauss, Marcel (1882–1950), Frenchsociologist and anthropologist 414

Maxwell, James Clerk (1831–79), Britishphysicist 507

Mazurkiewicz, Stefan (1888–1945), Polishmathematician 513

Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–72), Italianpropagandist and revolutionary 29–31,150

McMillan, Conway (1867–1929),American botanist 539

Mechelin, Leopold von (1839–1914),Finnish jurist 155

Medici, Lorenzo de’ (1449–92), Florentinestatesman 27

Meillet, Antoine (1866–1936), Frenchlinguist 451

Meinecke, Friedrich (1862–1954), Germanhistorian 479

Mendel, Gregor (1822–84), Austrianbotanist 536–7

Mendeleev, Dmitrii Ivanovich (1834–1907),Russian chemist 511

718






Name index

Menger, Carl (1840–1921), Austrianeconomist 483

Menshikov, Aleksander Sergeievich(1787–1869), commander of the Russianforces 153

Mercier, Desire (1851–1926), Belgian Cath.theologian 327

Metternich, Klemens Wenzel Furst von(1773–1859), Austrian statesman 24, 27,50, 152, 153, 275, 280, 288, 293, 409,561

Meyer, Paul (1840–1917), FrenchRomanist 442

Meynert, Theodor (1833–92), Germanpsychiatrist 569

Michelet, Jules (1798–1874), Frenchhistorian 30, 99, 149, 289, 290, 476

Michel-Levy, Auguste (1844–1911), Frenchgeologist 540

Michelson, Albert Abraham (1852–1931),American physicist 171

Mickiewicz, Adam (1798–1855), Polishwriter 149, 277, 289

Mignet, Auguste (1796–1884), Frenchhistorian 280

Miklosich, Franz von (1813–91), SlovenianSlavist 436, 452

Miljukov, Pavel Nikolaievich (1859–1943),Russian historian and politician 155

Mill, John Stuart (1806–73), Britisheconomist 218, 455, 479, 588

Minkowski, Hermann (1864–1909),German mathematician 500

Mises, Richard von (1883–1953), Austrianmathematician and engineer 501, 513

Mitscherlich, Eilhard (1794–1863),German chemist 504, 511

Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur(1876–1925), German writer 347

Moleschott, Jacob (1822–93), Dutchphysiologist 563–4, 573

Mommsen, Theodor (1817–1903),German historian 61, 69, 425, 428, 466

Monge, Gaspard (1746–1818), Frenchmathematician 496–8, 507, 596, 599,600

Monod, Gabriel (1844–1912), Frenchhistorian 463, 476, 477

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baronde La Brede et de (1689–1755), Frenchpolitical philosopher 218

Montgomery Watt, William (b. 1909),British scholar of Islam 445

Mookerjee, Ashutosh (1864–1924), Hindulawyer, mathematician, educator andauthor 204

Morgagni, Giovanni Battista (1682–1771),Italian anatomist and pathologist 548,563

Morgan, Thomas Hunt (1866–1945),American zoologist and geneticist 537

Mosca, Gaetano (1858–1941), Italian juristand political theorist 482

Mosley, Oswald (1896–1980), Britishpolitician 340

Moyano Samaniego, Claudio(1809–90), Spanish Minister ofEducation 118, 302

Mudrov, Matvej Jakovlevic (1772–1831),Russian physician 559

Mulder, Gerardus Johannes (1802–80),Dutch chemist 568

Muller, Detlef K. (b. 1942), Germanhistorian of education 255

Muller, Johannes (1801–58), Germanphysiologist 17–19, 523–6, 532, 549,552–3, 563–4, 579

Muller, Karl Otfried (1797–1840), Germanclassical historian 466

Muller, Max (1823–1900), German linguist414, 427, 489

Multatuli, pseudonym of Dekker, EduardDouwes (1820–87), Dutch writer 301–2

Munzenberg, Willi (1889–1940), Germanpolitician and publicist 358

Murray, Gilbert (1866–1957), BritishClassicist 422

Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), Italianstatesman 37, 89, 98, 100, 341, 355, 482,513

Myrdal, Gunnar (1898–1987), Swedisheconomist and politician 484

Nageli, Karl von (1817–91), Swiss-Germanbotanist 526, 537

Namier, Lewis (1888–1960), Britishhistorian 475

Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte1769–1821), French emperor 25, 149,240, 272, 300, 307, 381, 396, 444, 466,477, 485, 495, 497, 522, 544, 588, 597,602, 652 – on education and universities3, 31, 39, 44–5, 52, 55, 61, 72, 74, 93,97, 108, 120, 124, 129, 139, 159, 178,186, 251, 454, 560

Napoleon III (Charles Louis NapoleonBonaparte 1808–73), French emperor69, 296, 300, 529

Neander, August (1789–1850), German ev.theologian 407

Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889–1964), Hindustatesman 205

719






Name index

Nenot, Henri-Paul (1845–1934), Frencharchitect 104

Nernst, Walther Hermann (1864–1941),German physicist 174

Neumann, Carl (1832–1925), Germanmathematician 505

Neumann, Franz (1798–1895), Germanphysicist and mineralogist 499–500, 502,505, 515

Neumann, Salomon (1819–1908),German physician and politician 565

Neve, Felix (1816–93), French Orientalist452

Newman, John Henry (1801–90), BritishAngl., later Cath. theologian 93,404

Newton, Isaac (1643–1727), Britishmathematician, physicist and astronomer493, 506

Nicholas I (1796–1855), Russian emperor152, 303, 509, 573

Nicholas II (1868–1918), Russian emperor154

Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776–1831),German historian 15, 465, 466

Niemczewski, Zachariasz (1766–1820),Polish mathematician 498

Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900),German philosopher and Classicist 455,468

Nilsson, Martin Persson (1874–1967),Swedish Classicist and historian 414,420–1

Nilsson-Ehle, Herman (1873–1949),Swedish botanist 537

Nobel, Alfred (1833–96), Swedish chemist,engineer and industrialist 575

Noldeke, Theodor (1832–1930), GermanOrientalist 445

Norden, Eduard (1868–1941), GermanClassicist 425, 429

Oken, Lorenz (1779–1851), Germanscientist 521, 523

Ono, Azusa (1852–86), Japanese statesmanand university founder 226

Orioli, Francesco (1785–1856), Italianphilosopher 27

Ørsted, Anders Sandøe (1778–1860),Danish jurist and politician 154

Ørsted, Hans Christian (1777–1852),Danish physicist 154

Ortega y Gasset, Jose (1883–1955), Spanishphilosopher of culture 354

Oscar I (1799–1859), king of Sweden andNorway 290

Osenberg, Werner (1900–72), Germanengineer 664

Osipovskii, Timofei (1765–1832), Russianmathematician 509

Osler, William (1849–1919), Canadianphysician 582

Ostrogradskii, Mikhail Vasilevich(1801–62), Ukrainian mathematician498, 510

Ostwald, Wilhelm (1853–1932), Germanchemist 514

Otto I (1815–67), king of Greece 43Otto, Rudolf (1869–1937), German ev.

theologian, philosopher and historian414

Owen, Richard (1804–92), Britishanatomist and palaeontologist 531

Painleve, Paul (1863–1933), Frenchmathematician and statesman 156, 629

Palmen, Johan Axel (1845–1919), Finnishzoologist 534

Pareto, Vilfredo (1848–1923), Italianeconomist and sociologist 486

Paris, Alexis Paulin (1800–81), Frenchliterary historian 442

Paris, Gaston (1839–1903), FrenchRomanist 442

Park, Robert (1864–1944), Americansociologist 171

Parrot, Georg Friedrich (1767–1852),Estonian physicist 509, 510

Pasha Artini, Yacoub, see Artin PashaYacoub

Pasquali, Giorgio (1885–1952), Italianphilologist 428

Pasteur, Louis (1822–95), French chemistand microbiologist 13, 18, 92, 151, 525,528–9, 534, 577, 579

Pattison, Mark (1813–1884), Britisheducational reformer 168, 427

Pauli, Wolfgang (1900–58),Swiss-American physicist 505

Paulsen, Friedrich (1846–1908), Germanphilosopher 20, 454, 457

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovi c (1849–1936), Russianphysiologist 573, 585

Pearson, Karl (1857–1936), Britishmathematician 513

Pedro II (1825–91), emperor of Brazil182

Percival, John Thomas (1803–76), Britishphysician 575

Perkin, Harold, British historian 369Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1746–1827),

Swiss educational reformer 22

720






Name index

Petrarca, Francesco (1304–74), Italian poet29, 434

Pfeiffer, Rudolf (1889–1979), GermanClassicist 427

P eiderer , Otto (1839–1908), German ev.theologian 414

Pigou, Arthur Cecil (1877–1959), Britisheconomist 481

Pilsudski, Josef Klemens (1867–1935),Polish statesman 352

Pinel, Philippe (1745–1826), Frenchphysician 545, 549–51

Piper, Ferdinand (1811–89), German ev.theologian and archaeologist 409

Pirogov, Nikolai (1810–81), Russiansurgeon and anatomist 573

Pius IX (1792–1878), pope 396, 398, 401,402, 403

Pius X (1835–1914), pope 317, 396, 401Pius XI (1857–1939), pope 338, 356Pius XII (1876–1958), pope 403Planck, Max (1858–1947), German

physicist 503, 627–8, 642Plato (c. 427–c. 347 BC), Greek

philosopher 395, 422, 451Plekhanov, Georgiy Valentinovitch

(1856–1918), Russian historian 473Poggendorf, Johann Christian

(1796–1877), German physicist 502Poincare, Henri (1854–1912), French

mathematician 516Poinsot, Louis (1777–1859), French

mathematician 150Poisson, Simeon Denis (1781–1840),

French mathematician and physicist497–8, 507

Pollard, Albert Frederick (1860–1948),British historian 474

Pompe van Meerdervoort, Johan LidiusCatharinus (1829–1908), Dutch navalsurgeon in Japan 556, 572

Popper, Karl (1902–94), Austrian-bornBritish philosopher 478

Powicke, Frederick Maurice (1879–1963),British historian 475

Prichard, James Cowles (1786–1848),British physician and ethnologist 551

Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Miguel(1870–1930), Spanish general andstatesman 72–3, 354

Princip, Gavrilo (1895–1918), Serbiannationalist 293

Prothero, George Walter (1848–1922),British historian 471–2, 475

Proust, Marcel (1871–1922), French writer157, 416

Puschkin (Pushkin), Aleksandr Sergeevich(1799–1837), Russian poet 275

Quinet, Edgar (1803–75), French historian99, 149, 289

Rabelais, Francois (1494–1553), Frenchwriter 147

Rade, Martin (1857–1940), German ev.theologian 414

Rait, Robert Sangster (1874–1936), Britishhistorian 475–6

Ram, (Pierre Francois) Xavier de(1804–65), Belgian historian anduniversity rector 401

Ramon y Cajal, Santiago (1852–1934),Spanish histologist 527

Ranke, Leopold von (1795–1886),German historian 174, 463–5, 466–9,477

Rankine, William John Macquorn(1820–72), British engineer 618

Rashdall, Hastings (1858–1924), Britishhistorian 462

Ratzel, Friedrich (1844–1904), Germangeographer and ethnographer 483

Rayleigh, John William Strutt, thirdbaron (1841–1919), British physicist507

Reinisch, Leo (1832–1919), AustrianEgyptologist and Africanist 446

Reitzenstein, Richard (1861–1931),German Classicist 395

Remak, Robert (1815–65), Germanphysician 526–7

Remsen, Ira (1846–1927), Americanchemist 171

Renan, Ernest (1823–92), French historian93, 151, 399–400, 412, 415, 417–18,424, 443

Renner, Kaspar-Fridrich Fedorovic(1780–1816), Russian mathematician509

Reuleaux, Franz (1829–1905), Germanengineer 618

Ribera y Tarrago, Julian (1858–1934),Spanish scholar of Islam 444

Ricardo, David (1772–1823), Britisheconomist and banker 460, 481

Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, duc de(1585–1642), French statesman andcardinal 102

Riesz, Frigyes (1880–1956), Hungarianmathematician 512

Ritschl, Albrecht (1822–89), German ev.theologian 412

721






Name index

Robert de Sorbon (1201–74), Frenchtheologian 107

Robespierre, Maximilien de (1758–94),French revolutionary and statesman 34,284

Rodo, Jose Enrique (1871–1917),Uruguayan philosopher, educator andessayist 182

Rokitansky, Carl Freiherr von (1804–78),Austrian physician 568, 569

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945),president of the USA 668

Roscher, Wilhelm (1817–94), Germaneconomist 480

Roschlaub, Andreas (1768–1835), Germanphysician 552

Rose, Heinrich (1795–1864), Germanchemist 504

Rosenberg, Alfred (1893–1946), Germanpolitician 659

Rosenbusch, Karl Harry Ferdinand(1836–1914), German geologist540

Rosmini-Servati, Antonio (1797–1855),Italian Cath. theologian 402–3

Rossi, Giovanni Battista de (1822–94),Italian art historian 403

Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78),Swiss-French philosopher 4, 546

Roux, Emile (1853–1933), Frenchbacteriologist 529

Roux, Wilhelm (1850–1924), Germanzoologist 538

Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm(1871–1954), British sociologist andphilanthropist 486

Roy, Rammohun (1772–1833), Hindureligious, social and educationalreformer 199

Rudolphi, Carl Asmund (1771–1832),German anatomist 18, 523

Ruge, Arnold (1802–80), Germanphilosopher 455

Rumovskii, Stepan (1734–1812), Russianmathematician 509

Runeberg, Johan Vilhelm (1804–81),Finnish professor of rhetoric 148

Russell, William (1741–93), Britishhistorian 199

Rutherford, Ernest (1871–1937), Britishphysicist 508, 514–15

Rydberg, Viktor (1828–95), Swedish writerand journalist 126

Sacy, Antoine Isaac Silvestre de(1758–1835), French Orientalist 443,445, 450

Sagnac, Philippe (1868–1954), Frenchhistorian 477

Saint-Amand Bazard (1791–1832), Frenchrevolutionary 279

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy,comte de (1760–1825), Frenchphilosopher and social theorist 30, 484

Saintsbury, George (1845–1933), Britishliterary historian 415

Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira (1889–1970),Portuguese politician 91, 156, 341, 648–9

Salimbeni, Leonardo (1830–89), Italianteacher of natural history 535

Sambuc, Jules Theophile (1804–34), Frenchrevolutionary 281, 283

Sanctis, Francesco De (1817–83), Italianliterary critic 69

Sand, Karl Ludwig (1795–1820), Germantheology student 275, 409

Sangnier, Marc (1873–1950), French writer317

Sanz del R o, Julian (1814–69), Spanishscholar of law 302

Sapalski, Franciszek (1791–1838), Polishmathematician 498

Sarraut, Albert (1872–1962), Frenchpolitician 211

Saussure, Ferdinand de (1857–1913), Swisslinguist 452

Savigny, Friedrich Karl von (1779–1861),German jurist 14–15, 426, 430, 450,460, 466

Say, Jean Baptiste (1767–1832), Frencheconomist 484–5

Sbert, Antonio Maria (1901–80), Spanishstudent leader 354

Scaliger, Joseph Justus (1540–1609),French-Dutch Classicist 449

Scelle, Georges Auguste Jean Joseph(1878–1961), French universityprofessor 89, 100

Schaumann, Eugen (1875–1904), Finnishnationalist 336

Scheler, Max (1874–1928), Germanphilosopher 365

Schelling, Friedrich W. J. von (1755–1854),German philosopher 398–9, 455, 501–2,552

Schiller, Friedrich von (1795–1805),German writer 148, 297–8, 477–8

Schimper, Andreas Franz Wilhelm(1856–1901), German botanist 538–9

Schirach, Baldur von (1907–74), Germanpolitician 349

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von(1767–1845), German literary historian430, 452

722






Name index

Schlegel, Friedrich von (1772–1829),German writer and critic 430, 450

Schlegel, Gustav (1840–1903), DutchSinologist 447

Schleiden, Matthias (1804–81), Germanbotanist 521, 525, 526

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel(1768–1834), German ev. theologian andphilosopher 24, 25, 395, 414, 422, 453,455 – reformer of the University of Berlin5, 48, 49, 152, 163, 406, 639

Schlozer, August Ludwig von (1735–1809),German historian and philologist 148

Schmidlin, Joseph (1878–1944), GermanCath. theologian 399

Schmidt, Georg Gottlieb (1768–1837),German mathematician 501

Schmoller, Gustav von (1838–1912),German economist 480

Schonlein, Johann Lukas (1793–1864),German physician 17

Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860),German philosopher 455

Schrodinger, Erwin (1887–1961), Austrianphysicist 174, 505, 513

Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1853–1950),Austrian social scientist 480, 484

Schwann, Theodor (1810–82), Germanphysiologist 521, 567–8

Schwarzschild, Karl (1873–1948), Germanastronomer 517

Scott, Walter (1771–1832), British writer282

Secchi, Angelo (1818–78), Italian physicist516

Sechenov, Ivan M. (1839–1905), Russianphysiologist 573

Sederholm, Jakob Johannes (1863–1934),Finnish geologist 540

Sedgwick, Adam (1785–1873), Britishgeologist 530

Seeley, John Robert (1834–95), Britishhistorian 469–70, 482

Seeliger, Hugo von (1849–1924), Germanastronomer 517

Semmelweis, Ignaz (1818–1865),German-Hungarian physician 569, 589

Semper, Gottfried (1803–79), Germanarchitect 104

Serturner, Friedrich Wilhelm (1783–1841),German pharmacist 578

Seyss-Inquart, Arthur (1892–1946),Austrian politician 654

Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), Britishplaywright 199, 452

Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950), Irishwriter 576

Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft (1797–1851),British writer 147

Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), Britishwriter 272

Siebold, Karl von (1804–85), Germanphysician and zoologist 526

Siemens, Werner von (1816–92), Germanengineer 19, 627

Sierpinski, Wacl�aw Franciszek(1882–1969), Polish mathematician 513

Simmel, Georg (1858–1918), Germansociologist and philosopher 487

Simon, Jules (1814–96), French politicianand philosopher 99

Simpson, George Gaylord (1902–84),American palaeontologist 539

Skoda, Joseph (1805–81), Austrianphysician 562

Skrodzki, Karol (Jurgen Karl, 1787–1832),Polish physicist and universityrector 498

Small, Albion Woodbury (1854–1926),American sociologist 171

Smith, Adam (1723–90), British economist11, 148, 484

Smith, Arthur Lionel (1850–1924), Britishhistorian 474, 475

Snellen, Herman (1834–1908), Dutchophthalmologist 579

Snellman, Johan Vilhelm (1806–81),Finnish philosopher and statesman 148,336

Snouck Hurgronje, Christiaan(1879–1936), Dutch scholar of Islam445

Soderblom, Nathan (1866–1931), Swedishev. theologian and historian 414

Sombart, Werner (1863–1941), Germansociologist 136, 480, 487

Sonnenschein, Carl (1876–1929), GermanCath. theologian 320

Sorby, Henry Clifton (1826–1908), Britishgeologist 540

Spartacus (d. 71 BC), Roman slave andrevolutionary 150

Speer, Albert (1905–81), German politicianand architect 665

Spemann, Hans (1869–1941), Germanzoologist 538

Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), Britishphilosopher 218, 316, 456

Spengel, Johann Wilhelm (1852–1921),German zoologist 534

Speransky, Mihail Mihajlovi c count(1772–1839), Russian statesman 125

Stael, Madame de (1766–1817), Frenchwriter 452

723






Name index

St ahlberg, Kaarlo (1862–1952), Finnishjurist and statesman 155

Staiger, Emil (1908–87), Swiss Germanist432

Stalin, Joseph (1878–1953), Soviet dictator92, 586

Stas, Jean Servais (1813–91), Belgianchemist 498

Stein, (Heinrich Friedrich) Karl,Reichsfreiherr vom und zum(1757–1831), German statesman 22

Stein, Mark Aurel (1862–1943), Britisharchaeologist and geographer 205

Steinthal, Hajim (1823–99), Germanlinguist 452

Stendhal (pseudonym of Marie HenriBeyle) (1783–1842), French writer 29

Stephen, James (1789–1859), Britishcolonial administrator; historian470

Stokes, George Gabriel (1819–1903),British mathematician 506

Stoll, Maximilian (1742–88), Germanphysician 561

Strasburger, Eduard (1844–1912), Germanplant cytologist 538

Strauss, David Friedrich(1808–74), German ev. theologian 30,411–12

Strindberg, August (1849–1912), Swedishwriter 150

Stromeyer, Friedrich (1776–1835), Germanchemist 504

Strouhal, Cen ek (1850–1922), Czechphysicist 505

Strutt, John William see RayleighStubbs, William (1825–1901), British

historian 473–4 Stur, Ludov t (L’udov t, 1812–56), Slovak

student leader, linguist, politician andwriter 288

Suess, Eduard (1831–1914), Austriangeologist and palaeontologist 540

Sullivan, Arthur Seymour (1841–1900),British composer 147

Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), Chinesestatesman 223

Susini, Clemente Michelangelo F.(1754–1814), Italian sculptor 562

Suslova, Nadezhda (1843–1918), Russianphysician 585

Sutton, Walter Stanborough (1877–1916),American biologist 537

Swieten, Gerard van (1700–72),Dutch-Austrian 556, 559

Sybel, Heinrich von (1817–95), Germanhistorian 463, 471

Tagore, Rabindranath (1861–1941), Hinduwriter and philosopher 207

Taine, Hippolyte (1828–93), Frenchphilosopher and historian 151

Tait, James (1863–1944), British historian475

Takata, Sanai (1860–1938), Japanesepolitical scientist and university founder226

Tanaka Fujimaro (1845–1909), Japanesepolitician 224, 228

Tansley, Arthur G. (1871–1955), Britishbotanist 539

Tarde, Gabriel de (1843–1904), Frenchsociologist 485–6

Tawney, Richard Henry (1880–1962),British economic historian 473, 482,488

Tegner, Esaias (1782–1846), Swedishbishop 148, 159

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1881–1955),French theologian and palaeontologist221, 403

Tenon, Jacques (1724–1816), Frenchphysician 545

Thalamas, Francois (1867–1953), Frenchhistorian 328

Thenard, Louis Jacques (1777–1857),French chemist 496, 497–8

Thibaudet, Antoine (1874–1936), Frenchliterary historian 134, 157

Thibert, Felix, French producer of arti cialmedical models 572

Thierry, Augustin (1795–1856), Frenchhistorian 460

Thiers, Adolphe (1797–1877), Frenchhistorian 280

Thomas Aquinas (1224/1225–74),Italian-French theologian andphilosopher 402

Thomson, Joseph John (1856–1940),British physicist 508

Thomson, William, Lord Kelvin of Largs(1824–1907), British physicist 156, 508,515

Thun und Hohenstein, Count Leo von(1811–88), Austrian statesman 51

Tigerstedt, Robert (1853–1923), Finnishphysiologist 524

Tiso, Jozef (1887–1947), Slovakianpolitician 353

Tisserand, Francois Felix (1845–96),French astronomer 516

Tissot, Simon Andre (1728–97), Swissphysician 550

Tobler, Adolf (1835–1910), Swiss Romanist434

724






Name index

Toller, Ernst (1893–1939), German writer346

Tolstoy, Leo (1828–1910), Russian writer333

Tonnies, Ferdinand (1848–1923), Germansociologist 486

Topelius, Zacharias (1818–98),Finnish-Swedish historian 146

Tout, Thomas Frederick (1855–1929),British historian 475

Traube, Ludwig (1818–76), Germanphysician 429, 565

Traugutt, Romuald (1826–64), Polishrevolutionary 306

Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834–96),German historian 307, 468–9, 478,482

Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1876–1962),British historian 472

Treviranus, Gottfried Reinhold(1776–1864), German physician 519,523

Troelstraa, Pieter Jelles (1860–1930),Dutch writer 341

Troeltsch, Ernst (1865–1923), German ev.theologian 395, 412

Trousseau, Armand (1801–67), Frenchphysician 589

Trubetskoi, Sergei Nikolaievich(1802–1905), Russian university rector155

Trubetzkoy, Nikolai Sergejewich(1890–1938), Russian linguist 452

Ts’ai, Yuan-P’ei (1867–1940) 218Tschermak, Erich, Edler von Seysenegg

von (1871–1962), Austrian botanist 537Tuke, Samuel (1784–1857), British

psychiatrist 551Tuke, William (1732–1822), British

psychiatrist 551Tullberg, Tycho (1842–1920), Swedish

zoologist 534Turck, Ludwig (1810–68), Austrian

physician 573Tyler, Edward Burnett (1832–1917), British

anthropologist 414Tytler, Alexander Fraser (1747–1813),

British historian 199

Ubaghs, Gerhard (1800–75), Belgianphilosopher and theologian 401

Ulyanov, Alexander (1866–1887),Russian revolutionary and brother ofLenin 324

Ulyanov, Vladimir Iljisch see LeninUsener, Hermann (1834–1905), German

Classicist 425

Valenciennes, Achille (1791–1864), Frenchzoologist 522

Vallejo, Jose Mariano (1779–1846),Spanish mathematician 498

Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas (1763–1829),French chemist 495–6

Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1887–1943),Russian plant geneticist 541

Verdi, Giuseppe (1813–1901), Italiancomposer 30

Vico, Giambattisto (1668–1744), Italianphilosopher and jurist 418, 451

Victoria (1819–1901), queen of GreatBritain and Ireland 192, 197

Vidal de la Blache, Paul (1845–1918),French geographer 477

Villemain, Abel-Francois (1790–1870),French literary historian 149, 236

Virchow, Rudolf (1821–1902), Germanphysician 19–20, 489, 526, 532, 533,564–6, 568–9, 572, 579

Vogel, Hermann Karl (1841–1907),German astronomer 516

Vogt, Karl (1817–95), German geologist69, 563–4

Volta, Alessandro (1745–1827), Italianphysicist 520

Volterra, Vito (1860–1940), Italianmathematician and physicist 539

Voronoff, Serge (1866–1959),Russian-French physiologist 577

Voskresenskii, Aleksandr A. (1809–80),Russian chemist 511

Vrchovsky, Alexander Boleslav n(1812–43), Slovak student 287–8

Vries, Hugo de (1848–1935), Dutchbotanist and geneticist 537

Waals, Johannes Diderik van der(1837–1923), Dutch physicist 514

Wach, Joachim (1898–1955),German-American theologian414

Wachler, Johann Ludwig Friedrich(1767–1838), German historian 462

Wade, Thomas (1818–95), BritishSinologist 447

Waentig, Karl Heinrich (1843–1917),German university of cer 136

Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823–1913), Britishzoologist 530

Walras, Marie Esprit Leon (1834–1910),French economist 483–4, 486

Walter von der Vogelweide(c. 1170–c. 1230), German poet 430

Walzer, Richard (1900–75), GermanHellenist and Arabist 427

725






Name index

Ward, Adolphus William (1837–1924),British historian, linguist 475

Warming, Eugen (1841–1924), Danishbotanist 538–9

Waterhouse, Alfred (1830–1905), Britisharchitect 104

Watt, James (1735–1848), British engineerand inventor 595

Webb, Beatrice (1858–1943), Britishhistorian and social reformer482

Webb, Sidney (1859–1947), Britishpolitician 482

Weber, Max (1864–1920), Germansociologist and economist 60,127, 136–7, 252, 465, 466, 480,487–8

Wegener, Alfred (1880–1930), Germanmeteorologist and geophysicist 540–1

Weierstrass, Karl (1815–97), Germanmathematician 500

Weinberg, Wilhelm (1861–1937), Germangeneticist 539

Weismann, August (1834–1914), Germanzoologist 536

Wellhausen, Julius (1844–1918), Germanev. theologian 395, 443

Wennerberg, Gunnar (1817–1901),Swedish writer 125

Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1750–1817),German geologist 520

Westcott, Brooke Foss (1825–1901), Britishtheologian 413

Westermann, Dietrich H. (1875–1956),German Africanist 448–9

Wette, Wilhelm Martin Leberecht, De(1780–1849), German ev. theologian 99,407, 409

Whewell, William (1794–1866), Britishphilosopher 498

Wicksell, Knut (1851–1926), Swedisheconomist 483

Wieger, Leon (1856–1933), FrenchSinologist 221

Wien, Wilhelm (1864–1928), Germanphysicist 627

Wiesengrund, see AdornoWilamowitz-Moellendorf, Ulrich von

(1848–1931), German Classicist 413,425, 435, 642

Wilberforce, Samuel (1805–73), Britishbishop 531

Wilberforce, William (1759–1833),British politician and philanthropist150

Willem of Oranje-Nassau (1840–79),prince of the Netherlands 302

William I (1772–1843), king of theNetherlands 39, 497

Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924), Americanstatesman, president of the USA 155,184

Windelband, Wilhelm (1848–1915),German philosopher 171

Windischgratz, Alfred Prince zu(1787–1862), Austrian eld marshal294

Wit-Dorring, Johann von (1800–63),German student leader 278

Wohler, Friedrich (1800–82), Germanchemist 503–4, 525, 566

Wolf, Friedrich August (1759–1824),German Classicist 394, 418, 420, 422,424, 466

Wolff, Christian (1679–1754), Germanphilosopher 494

Wood, Charles (1800–85), Britishstatesman and entrepreneur 200

Wordsworth, William (1770–1850), Britishwriter 272

Wright, Sewall (1889–1988), Americangeneticist 539

Wulf, Maurice de (1867–1947), Belgianphilosopher and historian 399

Wunderlich, Carl Reinhold August(1815–77), German internist 557, 573

Wundt, Wilhelm (1832–1920), Germanphysiologist and psychologist 453,488

Wurtz, Adolphe (1817–84), French chemist105

Wysocki, Piotr (1797–1874), Polishrevolutionary 283

Xaver of Saxony, Prince (1730–1806),German university founder 598

Yarrow, Alfred F. (1842–1932), British shipengineer 628

Yen, Fu (1853–1921), Chinese universitypresident 217

Yersin, Alexandre (1863–1943), Swiss-bornFrench bacteriologist 529

Zarata, Antonio Gil de(1793–1861), Spanish universityreformer 118

Zateplinskiy, P. A. (1794–1834), Russianastronomer 510

Zeeman, Pieter (1865–1943), Dutchphysicist 514

Zeiss, Carl (1816–88), Germanmathematician, physicist andentrepreneur 577

726






Name index

Zeller, Carl (1842–98), Austrian operacomposer 147

Zeller, Eduard (1814–1908), German ev.theologian and philosopher 395

Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (1806–56), GermanCelticist 452

Zielinski, Tadeus (1859–1944), PolishClassicist 428

Zinin, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1812–80),Russian chemist 511

Zola, Emile (1840–1902), French writer302, 328, 528

727






S U B J E C T I N D E X

Aachen (Germany), technical school, 625,university , 58

Aarhus (Denmark), university ,110–26

Aberdeen (United Kingdom),university , 36

Aberystwyth (United Kingdom),university , 36

Åbo, see Turkuacademic freedom, 94–8, 169–70Academies, Academie des Inscriptions et

des Belles Lettres, 642, Academie desSciences in Paris, 17, 522, 529, 642,Academy of Mining in Slovakia, 495,Academy of Sciences in Berlin, 16,Academy of Sciences in Poland, 657,Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg,541, 586, Bergakademie of Schemnitz,597, Berlin Academy, 642, BritishAcademy, 642, Export Academy inVienna, 41, International Academy ofScience, 643, Leopoldina, 522, MedicalAcademy in Moscow, 556, MedicalAcademy in St Petersburg, 556, 559, 573,Medical Academy in Vilnius, 556,Oriental Academy in Vienna, 442, SovietAcademy of Sciences, 666

academies and learned societies, 16–17,156, 447, 594–5, see also specializedschools

accommodation: board and lodging, 102,halls of residence, 104, 105–7, studenthouses, 107, 110

Adelaide (Australia), university ,214

admission of students, admission rates,235–7, requirements for admission,

116–17, 377–8, university access, 130–1,238, 242, 244, 254–7

aesthetics, 439Africa, French colonies, 193–6,

universit ies , 191–8African Studies, 448–9Agram (Zagreb) (Croatia), student

movements, 337, university , 41,languages, 64–5

agriculture, 72, 188, 512, AgriculturalResearch Committee, 646

Aix-en-Provence (France), university ,buildings, 102, nance, 111

Alcala (Spain), 37Alexandria (Egypt), university (Faruk

the First University), 192algebra, see mathematicsAlgeria, 195Algiers (Algeria), university , 195Allahabad University, 200American, 436Amsterdam (Netherlands), university ,

38, mathematics, 513, physics, 514anatomy, 18, 493, 520, 581, anatomical

collections, 557, 571–2, chairs, 557, 572,morbid anatomy, 571, neuroanatomy,569, textbooks, 568

Angers (France), Catholic Institute, 91, 397Anglican colleges, 54, 202, 215Ankara (Turkey), university , 44anthropology, 460, 488–9, 526antiquity, 11, 419–20, 421, 422–5Antwerp (Belgium), medicine, 554apprenticeships, 607Arabic Studies, 186–91, 443Arabic world, 443archaeology, 414, 526

729






Subject index

archaeology, Christian, 409Argentina, 183, universit ies , 179arts, 17, 34, 66, 93, 366, 454, artes

liberales, 393, theology and, 393–5Aslib, 648assistants and amanuenses, 144astronomy, 107, 493, 498, 499, 510astrophysics, 516Athens (Greece), university , 43, 561,

nance, 87atomic weapons, 668Auckland (New Zealand), university ,

215Austro-Prussian War (1866), 300Australia, universit ies , models, 163Austria, careers, 383, Catholicism, 299,

323, 330–1, 350, gymnasien and colleges,51, human rights, 313, Jews, 313, 320–1,350, languages, 330, nationalism, 313,322–3, 350–1, students, 51,universit ies , autonomy, 51,buildings, 104, engineering, 41,enrolments, 245, nance, 86–7,foundations, 41, mining, 41, models,51–2, philosophy, 19, 51, women, 248

Austria-Hungary, 287–8, 292–5, 350,languages, 64–5, mining schools, 598,student movements, 298–9,universit ies , 118, faculties, 454, nance, 86–7, medicine, 559, models,64–5, theology, 397–9

Ayn Warak, rst college in the Lebanon,187

Baghdad (Iraq) institutions of higherlearning, 186–7

Balkan countries, careers, 384Baltic states, universit ies , buildings,

103Baltimore (United States), 580–1,

university (The Johns HopkinsUniversity), 168, 170, 171

Bamberg (Germany), university ,medicine, 552

Bangor (United Kingdom), university ,36

Banska Stiavinca (Schemnitz) (Slovakia),Bergakademie, 597–8

Barcelona (Spain), 610, engineering, 617,specialist schools, 72, university , 37

Bari (Italy), specialist schools, 71,university , 37

Basle (Switzerland), university , 38,astronomy, 516, mathematics, 505

Bavaria, universit ies , faculties, 454Beijing (China), 220–1, institutions,

218–19, university , 217–18, 222

Beirut (Lebanon), 187, university(American University of Beirut), 187–8

Belfast (United Kingdom), PresbyterianCollege, 85, university (Queen’sUniversity), engineering, 613

Belgium, careers, 383, Catholicism, 310,327, 341, CIE, 357, First World War,642, languages, 24–5, 39, 65, 301, 316,318, 319, 327, 340–1, mining school,599, revolution, 282, Second World War,653, social emancipation, 318–19,specialized schools, 604–5, studentassociations, 316, 341, studentmovements, 291–2, 301, 310, 327–8,655, students, 310, technical schools,604–5, 621, universit ies , admission,254, arts, 454, Catholic universities, 91,enrolments, 245, medicine, 553–4,mobility, 65–6, models, 65–6, of cials,121, reforms, 39–40, 65–6, research,656, theology, 397

Belgrade (Serbia), student movements,337

Bengal (India), colleges, 207Berkeley (United States), university ,

668Berlin (Germany), 16, 411, Bergakademie,

598, Institute for Oriental Studies, 447,Institute for Physics, 514, Kapp Putsch,346, seminars and institutes, 60, 408–9,505, student associations, 297, 329,student movements, 273, 274, 292, 307,319, 320, technical institute, 505,universit ies , medicine, 556,university , 7, 12, 14, 16, 20, 34, 58,124, 149, chemistry, 503, 504, nance,60, 86, 111, German studies, 430,history, 465, humanities, 418, languages,435, 436, 444, mathematics, 500–1,medicine, 558, 564, 587, mobility, 67,models, 21, 33, 47–53, 57–61, 74, 171,philology, 420, 425, philosophy, 453,physics, 501, 502, 505, physiology,523–4, professors, 49, 137, research,523, state control, 99, theology, 405,406–8, see also Helmholtz, Hermannvon; Humboldt, August von; Humboldt,Wilhelm von; Muller, Johannes;Schleiermacher, Friedrich; Schwann,Theodor; Virchow, Rudolf

Bern (Berne) (Switzerland), 395,university , 38, 247, professors, 69

Besancon (France), university ,buildings, 102, nance, 111

Bilbao (Spain), 611, 617biology, 343, 519–20, 528–9, cell theory,

19, 525–7, genetics, 536–8, 539, positive

730






Subject index

biology, 566, research, 521–3, 585,see also botany

Birmingham (United Kingdom),university , 36, nance, 85

Bohemia (Czech Republic), 353Bolivia, 183Bologna (Italy), university , 133,

dissolution of, 27, freedom, 20–1, status,27, student movements, 27

Bombay (India), 199, 202, medical school,557, university , 200–1

Bonn (Germany), student associations,297, university , astronomy, 516,chemistry, 504, languages, 433,mathematics, 501, philology, 425,see also Strasburger, Eduard

books, 142–3, availability, 106, see alsolibraries; textbooks

Bordeaux (France, Gironde), SocietePhilomatique, 615, university ,astronomy, 516, theology, 396

Bosnia, nationalism, 337botany, botanical gardens, 17, 35, 107,

522, chair of, 557Bratislava (Poszony) (Slovakia), 287, 288,

student movements, 352, university ,41, buildings, 103, languages, 64

Braunschweig, see BrunswickBrazil, universit ies , 181–2Breslau (Wroclaw) (Poland), student

associations, 329, university ,astronomy, 516, languages, 437,mathematics, 501, physics, 505

Bristol (United Kingdom), university ,36

Brno (Czech Republic), 287, 656,student movements, 293, 321, 352,university , 41

Brunswick (Braunschweig) (Germany), 58,student movements, 306

Brussels (Belgium), social emancipation,318, 319, student movements, 301, 341,university , 40, 282, 655

Bucharest (Romania), university , 42,560

Buda, see BudapestBudapest (Hungary), 293, student

movements, 322, university , 41,astronomy, 516, nance, 84, 87, 111,languages, 64, mathematics, 512,medicine, 559

Buenos Aires (Argentina),universit ies , 183

buildings and other properties, 102–5,149–50, ‘Cathedrals of Science’, 104, nance, 110, 117, medical, 570, see alsolaboratories

Bulgaria, specialist schools, 43–4,universit ies , foundations, 42,43–4

bureaucratization, 6–9Burma, universit ies , 208–9business schools, see specialized schools

Caen (France), university , buildings,103

Cairo (Egypt), museums, 444,universit ies , Al Azhar University,164, 191, American University of Cairo,192

Calcutta (India), 202, 443, colleges, 198–9,medical schools, 557, university ,200–1, 204, 205

California, University of, see BerkeleyCalvinism, universit ies , 39Cambodia, universit ies , 210–11Cambridge (United Kingdom), 127,

Cavendish Laboratory, 507, 508, studentmovements, 272, 325, 326, 339,university , 11, 125, access, 244,admission, 92, 116, 243–5, 247, 250,264–5, astronomy, 516, buildings, 102,colleges, 139, degrees, 247, engineering,614, examinations, 54, ExtensionProgramme, 309, nance, 62, 64, 84,111–12, 117, foreign students, 205,history, 469–74, humanism, 54, income,108, languages, 443, 444, 447,mathematics, 506, medicine, 582, MML,441, natural sciences, 507, 515, 530,of cials, 97, 118–19, physics, 514,515–16, physiology, 582, privileges, 95,professors, 139, 151, 155, reforms,61–4, 308, research, 11–12, 62, sciences,531, social sciences, 481, 482, statecontrol, 95, students, 264–5, theology,413

Cambridge (United States), university(Harvard University), 166, 169, 172

cameralism, 546Canada, colleges, 176–7, universit ies ,

175–7, models, 163Cape of Good Hope (South Africa),

university , 196, 197Cape Town (South Africa), university ,

196, 197Cardiff (United Kingdom), university ,

36Carlsbad conference (1819), 152Casablanca (Morocco), 196Catholic associations, 315, 319, 323,

student associations, 297, 330–1,357

Catholic countries and states, 50–1

731






Subject index

Catholic universities, 39, 91, 92, 113, 121,299, 310–11, 379, 397, 403, colleges,202, Darwinism, 535–6, institutes, 91,397, 404

Catholicism, 131, 299, 323, 330–1, 350,modernism and, 401–5, ReformedCatholicism, 399, student associations,297, 330–1, 357, theology, 395–400

Central America, universit ies , models,163

Cernowitz, see CzernowitzCeylon, 207–8chair of, aesthetics, 439, anatomy, 557, 572,

Arabic, 393, botany, 557, chemistry, 495,496, 497, 503, 504, 557, economics, 480,Egyptology, 445, 446, engineering, 613,English studies, 435, Greek, 134, 393,Hebrew, 393, Latin, 134, 421, linguistics,453, materia medica, 557, mathematics,506, medicine, 579–80, metallurgy, 495,mineralogy, 495, 497, obstetrics, 557,ophthalmology, 562, oriental languages,393, 443, 444, oriental studies, 442,pathology, 572, pharmacy, 557,philology, 421, 422, 433, 438–40,philosophy, 420, 457, physics, 496, 502,515, poetry, 134, practical medicine,557, rhetoric, 134, Romance Studies, 433,Sanskrit, 452, Sinology, 447, SlavonicStudies, 436–7, sociology, 486, surgery,557, theoretical medicine (Institutiones),557, veterinary medicine, 562

chairs or professorships, 71, 89–90, 119,128–30, 172, see also professors

chancellor, 97, 119Charkov (Ukraine), university , 35,

nance, 87chemistry, 379, 494–5, 497–8, 499, 501,

502, 503–4, 510, 514, 571, 578,agricultural chemistry, 512,bio-chemistry, 514, chair of, 495, 496,497, 503, 504, 557, industrial, 606–7,Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute, 643,laboratories, 504, 507, organicchemistry, 566, physical chemistry,514, Royal College of Chemistry, 508,613

Chicago (United States), university ,166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 668

Chile, 183, universit ies , 180China, ‘Boxer Indemnity’, 222, colleges,

218, foreign languages, 216–17, FudanCollege, 220, languages, 221, missionarycolleges, 220–1, private institutions,219–20, research, 221–2,universit ies , 216–23, autonomy,222–3

Christiania, see OsloChristianity, 410–11, 412–13civil engineering, 599–600Clark University, see WorcesterClarte movement, 338, 343Classicism, 276Clermont-Ferrand (France), university ,

630clinical schools, 554Cluj, see KolozsvarCoimbra (Portugal), university , 181,

buildings, 102, medicine, 562colleges, 3–4, 7–8, 9, 10, 11, 20, 36, 43, 51,

54, 62, 63, 85, 139, 155, 164–77, 192–3,197, 198–9, 200, 201–3, 207, 215, 218,247, 308, 315, 380, 505, 507, 508, 513,531, 614

colleges, national, 99Cologne (Germany), university , 19,

61Colombia, universit ies , 179communications studies, 487Communism, 87, 98, 100, 131, 338–9, 352,

357–8Congress of Europe (1818), 152congresses, 130Copenhagen (Denmark), university ,

40, 66, 265, astronomy, 516, nance, 84,medicine, 558, see also Warming,Eugen

Cordoba (Argentina), university , 182Cordoba (Spain), specialist schools, 72corporatism, 325–37councils, academic, 119–20, 129, 130,

647Cracow (Poland), 657, student movements,

283, 290, 298, 305, 334, 351, students,314, university , 41, 42, 657,astronomy, 516, languages, 64,mathematics, 498, medicine, 560,theology, 398

Croatia, 293, languages, 64–5, studentmovements, 322, 337, universit ies ,41

Czech Republic, Catholicism, 331, Fascism,352–3, Jews, 321, languages, 299, 330,nationalism, 313, 322–3, 331, studentmovements, 293, 294–5, 321, 352,technical schools, 41, 603–4, 625,universit ies , 41, 287, 352, 656, nance, 87, languages, 65, medicine,559, physics, 505

Czechoslovakia, CIE, 357, nationalism,356, parliament, 156, Second World War,656, universit ies , buildings, 103

Czernowitz (Bukowina), university ,41, 330

732






Subject index

Dakar (Senegal), 196Damascus (Syria), 186–7Danzig, see GdanskDarmstadt (Germany), technical university,

58Darwinism, 530–6Debrecen (Hungary), university , 41,

languages, 64degrees, 38–9, 46, 95, 120, 241–2degrees: bachelor (baccalaureate), 7–8,

190, 241, 366, doctor, doctorate, 8,137–8, 366, 625–6, engineering science,622, honorary degrees, 158, master ofarts, 366, Master of Surgery, 582,medical degrees, 582

Delft (Netherlands), student movements,302, 655

demography, 460Denmark, constitutionalism, 154, public

education ministries, 88, SecondWorld War, 658, students, 266,universit ies , 40, 66, 265,admission, 265, astronomy, 516, nance,84, medicine, 558

dialectical materialism, 460dialectics, 393Dijon (France), university , nance,

111dissertations or theses, 8, 13, 370, 424,

441documentation, 648Dominican institutions, 212Dorpat, see TartuDresden (Germany), technical university,

58dress, 132, 159, 281, 285, 286,

324Dublin (Ireland), Medical School, 589,

Royal College of Physicians, 555,university (Trinity College), 11, 36,mathematics, 507, physics, 505,professors, 155

Durham (United Kingdom), university ,36, engineering, 606

ecology, 538–9econometrics, 484economics, 459, 460, 479, 480–2, chair of,

480, specialized schools, 62, 205, 339,481–2, 486

Edinburgh (United Kingdom), RoyalCollege of Physicians, 555,university , 36, chemistry, 514,medicine, 549, models, 175, philology,415, reforms, 11, state control, 95

education, costs of, 250–4, history of, 462,phases of, 257, pre-university, 239–40,

242–3, 246, 247–8, 255–6, 650, 669,progressiveness, 257, public educationministries, 88–90, 96, 109

Egypt, universit ies , 191–2,Egyptian University (Fuad the First),191–2

Egyptology, 444electro-technology, 512engineering, 41, 71, 602, 606, 613, 614,

615, 617, 623, 625–6, chair of, 613, civilengineering, 599–600, electricalengineering, 618, Engineering AdvisoryCommittee, 650, engineering science,622, industrial engineering, 611, marine,44, textbooks, 607

England, careers, 374, Church of England,166, education, 243, 255, 256, costs, 251,students, 264–5, theology, 413,universit ies , 127, access, 244,admission, 243, chairs, 89, Dissenters,99, 166, dress, 132, enrolments, 245, nance, 118, foreign students, 205,languages, 447, oriental studies, 444,professors, 130–1

English studies, 435Enlightenment, 411, 544enrolments, 245Erasmus University, see RotterdamErlangen (Germany), university , 34,

chemistry, 503, natural sciences, 501,theology, 411

ethnopsychology, 453European models, 4–15, 53–5, 163–4,

see also Humboldtian model;Napoleonic model

evolutionism, 459, see also Darwinismexaminations, 22, 54, 140, 142, 366–7,

370, 373

faculties, faculty of arts, 123, 248,393–4, 454, 493, faculty of humanities,145, faculty of law, 50, 124, 129, 132,145, 248, 262, letters, 129, mathematics,133, 454, medicine, 50, 124, 129, 145,158, 262, 494, 557–8, 570–5, 579–80,missionary studies, 399, philosophy, 48,50, 51, 132, 248, 262, 453, 493, 511,physics, 133, science, 123, 129, 454,497, theology, 50, 113, 123, 129, 145,158, 248, 262, 393, 396, 405–9

Fascism, 94, 341, 343, 351–2,358–9

nance, 11, 46, 56, 62, 64, 115, educationcosts, 250–4, expenditure, 107–10, fees,45, 52, 68, 116, 118, nancialdependence, 84–8, gifts, 56, 112, sourcesof, 111–14, 117–18, state and, 74

733






Subject index

Finland, Darwinism, 534, languages, 335,336, 337, 343–5, nobility, 159,parliament, 155, Second World War, 659,student associations, 344, studentmovements, 276, 289, 295–6, 335–7,344–5, students, 24, universit ies ,40, 123, 284, buildings, 104, enrolments,245, law, 303, of cials, 159, professors,154, 155, 158

First World War (1914–18), 337, 638,641–5, 652, 669, research institutions,628–9

Florence (Italy), university , 27, 37,physics, 515

Fort Hare (South Africa), university ,198

France, academies and specialized schools,34–5, 57, 159, 240, 596–7, 598,599–600, 615–16, 623, 630, aristocracy,157, arts, 34, baccalaureate, 240, 244,buildings, 103–4, careers, 45, 127, 374,375–6, 381, Catholicism, 95, 401,College de France, 99, 288, 455, 496,567, colleges, 34–5, 240, colonies, 179,193–6, 211, Communism, 338–9,Darwinism, 534–5, ecoles des arts etmetiers, 496, Edgar Faure Act (1968), 5,education, 152, 240, 242–3, 252, 255–6,costs, 251, examinations, 373, FrenchRevolution, 24, 34, 240, 280, 476–7,495, July, 281, parliament, 156, politics,151, 153, public education ministries, 88,89–90, research, 629, 652–3,Restoration, 86, scholarships, 251,sciences, 34, 495–9, Second World War,651–3, 669, seminaries, 399–400, socialemancipation, 317–18, studentassociations, 338–9, student movements,278–80, 288–9, 296, 300–1, 328,students, 262–4, Third Republic, 307–8,Universite Saint-Joseph, 188–9,universit ies , 4–5, 114, 118, access,242, 244, admission, 116, 240–3, 246,247, arts, 56, 93, 248, 454, autonomy,83, 85, biology, 521–2, buildings, 102,Catholic faculties, 57, Catholicuniversities, 91, colleges, 7–8, 10,Communism, 98, degrees, 7–8, 46, 95,120, 241–2, dress, 132, engineering, 626,examination, 140, 142, faculties, 186,249, 262–4, 497, nance, 45, 46, 56,85–6, 115, halls of residence, 105–7,historiography, 476–9, income, 108,Jews, 98, languages, 441–2, law, 34, 248,249, 262, letters, 249, mathematics,495–9, medicine, 18–19, 34–5, 249,545–6, 553, 574, 581–2, mobility, 205,

498–9, models, 4–6, 44–7, naturalsciences, 16–17, of cials, 57, 85, 121,philology, 416–17, 421, 425–6, politicaldependence, 93, professors, 7–8, 46,56–7, 116, 139–40, 142, 153, 156–7, 288,reforms, 34–5, 55–7, 307–8, 669,religious discrimination, 93,replacements, 3, research, 12, 91–2, 522,resistance, 99, Romance philology, 12,scholarships, 109, sciences, 57, 113, 249,social sciences, 484–6, state control, 95,97, statutes and decrees, 93, 97, studentmovements, 24, 93, 100, studentnumbers, 101, students, 56, teachers,108, theology, 6, 396, women, 248,women, 247

Franco-Prussian War (1870), 300, 306–7,616, 652

Franeker (Netherlands), university ,39

Frankfurt-am-Main (Germany), 285, 292,university , 61, Jews, mathematics,19, natural sciences, 19

Fredericton, see New BrunswickFreiberg (Germany), mining school,

597–8Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany), student

associations, 297, university , 34,397, buildings, 104, theology, 399

Freiburg/Fribourg (Switzerland),university , 38

Galicia (Austria), 42, 314, 334Gdansk (Poland), 58genetics, 536–8, 539Geneva (Switzerland), specialist schools,

69, university , 38, 69, 70,professors, 69, sciences, 497

Genoa (Italy), medicine, 562, specialistschools, 71

geography, 460, 477, 479, 483, plantgeography, 520

geology, 493, 520, 530–1, 532–3, 539–41geopolitics, 483Georgia (United States), university ,

165Germany, academies and specialized

schools, 58, 238–9, 243, 262, 608–9,611–12, 621, 623, 625, 631, careers, 374,375–7, 381–2, Catholicism, 312, 329,commercial colleges, 380, Darwinism,533, education, 22–3, 242–3, 255–6,German Student Day, 347, Jews, 275,312, 313, 320, 347, 349, 587, journals,431, laboratories, 504, museums, 488,nationalism, 24, 94, 273, 297–8, 311,312–13, 328–30, 345–51, 478, 513–14,

734






Subject index

587–8, 641–2, parliaments, 153,Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt,627, princes, 50, protest movements, 99,Protestantism, 312, public educationministries, 88, research, 541, 627–8,661–5, Restoration, 152, 153,Romanticism, 275, schools, 22–3, 120,seminaries, 397, social emancipation,319–21, student associations, 296–8,311–12, 345, student movements, 272–6,285–7, 292–3, 295, 306–7, 311–13,students, 168, 258, 261–2, uni cation,285, universit ies , 5–6, 7, 114, 118,124, access, 238, 242, admission,235–40, 246, 247, 254, 257–62, 377,autonomy, 59, 292–3, biology, 522–3,buildings, 103, 104, business, 61,disappearance, 3, engineering, 613,faculties, 249, 261–2, 454–5, nance, 60,86, 115, German studies, 430, 432, Greekstudies, 23, humanism, 59, humanities,249, 417–20, laboratories, 105,languages, 429–30, law, 129, 249, 262,394, mathematics, 19, 494, 499,medicine, 17–18, 22, 129, 249, 262, 546,570, 587–8, mobility, 205, 526, models,4–6, 21, 33, 47–53, 57–61, 167–75, 228,natural sciences, 17, 19, non-professorialstaff, 59–60, of cials, 50, 97, philology,415, 421–8, philosophy, 19, 129, 248,262, 499, physics, 515, physiology,563–5, professors, 8–9, 49, 59–60, 89,116, 119, 128–9, 131, 134–9, 152, 153,157–8, reforms, 33–4, research, 60, 292,resistance, 100, sciences, 113, 249,499–505, 659–61, social sciences,479–80, 486–7, state control, 91, 94, 96,98, student movements, 24, 26, 94,students, 57, teaching, 128, theology,129, 248, 249, 262, 394, 395–6, 397–9,430, women, 248, Weimar Republic, 94,women, 247

Ghent (Belgium), languages, 341, 655,social emancipation, 318, studentmovements, 301, 327, technical school,604–5, university , 39, 65, 282, 655,mathematics, 497, sciences, 497

Giessen (Germany), university , 34, 50,chemistry, 498, 501, 503–4, 606,mathematics, 500, 501, natural sciences,501, theology, 399

Gijon (Spain), 610Glasgow (United Kingdom), 11,

university , 36, astronomy, 516,engineering, 613, history, 475, Latin,421, physics, 508, sciences, 595, socialcomposition, 63

Gothenburg (Sweden), ChalmersInstitution, 609, university , 40

Gottingen (Germany), 394, aristocracy,429, student associations, 297, studentmovements, 274, university , 34, 94,123, buildings, 103, chemistry, 503, 504,history, 466, mathematics, 500, 512, 513,natural sciences, 501, professors, 52, 152,286, 468, state control, 99, theology,412

graduates, 117, 119, 363–5, 371–2, 387,numbers of, 234–5, overproduction of,59, 235, 254, 256, 376–9, 384

Grahamstown (South Africa),university (Rhodes UniversityCollege), 197

Granada (Spain), university , 37grants, 64, 96, 118, 646, 651Graz (Austria), Catholicism, 331,

nationalism, 313, 323, 331, 350, studentmovements, 295, 299, technical school,351, university , 19, 41, 351,buildings, 105, engineering, 41, geology,541, physics, 505

Greece, careers, 383, student movements,277, universit ies , 43, 114, nance,87, foundations, 42, medicine, 560

Greek, 23, 134Greifswald (Germany), student

associations, 297, university , 34, nance, 86, mathematics, 501

Grenoble (France), Institut Electronique,616, university , buildings,103

Groningen (Netherlands), university ,39, astronomy, 516, sciences, 497

Haifa (Israel), 191Halifax (Canada), university

(Dalhousie University), 175Halle (Germany), 34, 411, student

associations, 297, student movements,274, 306, university , 34, 466,buildings, 103, chemistry, 503, naturalsciences, 501, theology, 405

halls of residence, see accommodationHamburg (Germany), 447, university ,

61, physics, 505Hanover (Germany), technical university,

58, 348Hanoi (North Vietnam), university ,

211Harderwijk (Netherlands), university ,

39Harvard University, see Cambridge (United

States)Hebrew universities, 190

735






Subject index

Heidelberg (Germany), studentassociations, 297, student movements,307, university , 34, buildings, 103,chemistry, 503, 504, nance, 86,mathematics, 19, 500, natural sciences,19, physics, 500, 501, 502

Helsinki (Helsingfors) (Finland), 40, 285,languages, 289, philanthropy, 146,student movements, 303, university ,66–8, 125, 126, 276, 289, buildings, 104,privileges, 125, professors, 152, 158, 336

Hermesianism, 400Higher Polytechnical Schools, 10Hindu institutions, 198–9history, authenticity, 463–76, critical

history, 459–63, historiography, 14,476–9, historicism, 477–9, journals,462–3, literary history, 431–2

honorary titles, 159Hong Kong (East Asia), university , 216hospitals, 545, 548, 549, 589humanism, 54, 59, 393, 394, 416, 429,

449, 571humanities, 145, 249, 417–20, 441, 670Humboldtian model, 4–6, 21, 33, 47–53,

57–61, 64–70, 74, 171, 456Hungary, careers, 65, Janos Bolyau

Institute, 512, Jews, 41, 65, nationalism,313, public education ministries, 90,student movements, 293–4, students, 51,323, Treaty of Trianon, 65, women, 65,universit ies , administration, 90,buildings, 103, nance, 86–7,foundations, 41, languages, 65, 439, law,51, 65, mathematics, 512, models, 51–2,64–5, state control, 94, 98, see alsoAustria-Hungary

Iasi (Romania), university , 42, 560ideological discrimination, 92–3Imperial Physical-Technical Institute in

Berlin, 60inclusiveness, 235–46India, colleges, 201–3, languages, 199–200,

206, medical schools, 557, mobility,205–6, research, 204–5,universit ies , 198–207, 227, models,163, teachers, 205, 206, women, 207

Indo-China, universit ies , 210–11,models, 163

Indonesia, universit ies , 211–12industrial engineering, 611industries, 493, 615, 616, 618, 663,

medicine and, 576–8Innsbruck (Austria), 300, languages, 330,

nationalism, 313, 350, university ,41, theology, 398

insignia, 26, 273institutes, see seminars and institutesinternationalism, 642, 645Iraq, universit ies , 186Ireland (Hibernia), universit ies , 11,

36, nance, 85, mathematics, 507,medicine, 85, 555, 589, models, 214,physics, 505, professors, 155

Islam, 44, 442, 444, 445, Islamicinstitutions, 199

Istanbul (Turkey), mathematics, 513,medicine, 561, university , 44

Italy, Casati Law, Legge Casati, 70, 96,Catholicism, 70, 355–6, 402, Darwinism,535, engineering, 617, Fascism, 94,355–6, graduates, 560, languages, 300,public education ministries, 88, researchinstitutions, 629, schools of commerce,71, Second World War, 659, secretsocieties, 278, seminaries, 397, technicalschools, 602–3, 622, universit ies ,10, 114, 118, 119, admission, 248,autonomy, 47, 70, 71, buildings, 102,decrees, 96, distribution, 70, enrolments,245, nance, 87, income, 108,mathematics, 512, medicine, 562,models, 13, of cials, 121, orientalstudies, 444, philology, 415, 427–8,political dependence, 94, professors, 71,140, reforms, 36–7, 47, 70–2, resistance,100, sciences, 497, social sciences, 482,486, state control, 96, 98, status, 56,student movements, 26–31, students, 70,71, 72, theology, 70, 397, women,248

Japan, languages, 225, private universities,226, universit ies , 223–6, 227,models, 163

Jena (Germany), 577, Catholicism, 329,student associations, 297, studentmovements, 273, 274–5, university ,34, 125, chemistry, 503, mathematics,501, see also Haeckel, Ernst

Jerusalem (Palestine), university ,189–91

Jesuits, 113, 179, 188–9, 202, 213, 559Jews, 19, 65, 67, 126, 320–1, 350, 352, 379,

663, access, 131, 333, 349, 527,associations, 312, 330, exclusions, 275,313, 320, 347, 587, numerus clausus, 41,65, 349, purges, 98, students, 41, 42,275, support for, 654

Johannesburg (South Africa),university (Witwatersrand), 197

Johns Hopkins University, see Baltimorejournalism, 148

736






Subject index

journals, 11, 338, 441, Asiatic studies, 443,445, chemistry, 514, ethnopsychology,453, history, 462–3, 478, mathematics,500, 512, 513, medicine, 547, philology,425, philosophy, 149, 431, 456, physics,502, research, 172, Slavonic studies,436

Kaliningrad, see KonigsbergKarlsruhe (Germany), technical university,

502, university , buildings, 103Kazan (Russia), 35, 513, student

movements, 304, 324, university ,52, astronomy, 516, of cials, 98,sciences, 509

Kharkov (Russia), university ,astronomy, 510, mathematics, 509

Khartoum (Sudan), universit ies ,Gordon College, 192–3, KitchenerSchool of Medicine, 193

Kiel (Germany), university , 19, 34, 50,274, 502

Kiev (Ukraine), academies, 36, students, 52,304, 305

knowledge, international identity, 130,professions and, 365–9

Kolozsvar (Romania), university , 41,languages, 64

Konigsberg (Kaliningrad) (Russia), studentassociations, 297, university , 34,mathematics, 499–500, natural sciences,501, physics, 499–500, 502

Korea, 225Krakow, see Cracow

laboratories, 18, 104–5, 144, 514,astronomy, 516, chemistry, 504, 507,physics, 507, 508, 514, 628, 646,physiology, 571, technology,619–20

laboratory exercises, 502, 503laicization, 6–9Landshut (Germany), 34languages, 24–5, Arabic, 187, 191, 443,

Chinese, 444, 446–8, Croatian, 65,Czech, 64–5, Dutch, 319, 341, English,435–6, 439, Finnish, 289, 335, 336, 337,343–5, Flemish, 24, 39, 65, 301, 316,318, 341, French, 439, German, 439,Hungarian, 64–5, Italian, 300, Japanese,447, Latin, 428, 571, Manchurian, 444,Medieval and Modern Languages(MML), 441, modern, 438–42, Nordic,439, oriental, 35, 413, 430, 442–53,Persian, 443, Polish, 64–5, Romance,438, 439, Sanskrit, 414, 444, 452,sciences of, 393, semitic, 413, 442, 443,

Slavonic, 436–8, Tartar, 444, Turkish,443

Latin, 421, 571Latin America, 4, academies and

institutions, 179–80, positivism, 178,180, private universities, 180, studentmovements, 182–5, universit ies ,177–85, reforms, 182–5

Lausanne (Switzerland), university , 38,70

law, 65, 187, 480, national standards,90

law, jurisprudence, 460, 480law, Roman law, 14–15League of Nations, 339, 342, 357Lebanon, Jesuits, 188, universit ies ,

186, 187–9, Universite Saint-Joseph,188–9

lectures, 50, 138, 467–8Leeds (United Kingdom), 315,

university , 36legal guarantees, 94–8Leiden (Netherlands), student associations,

315, university , 39, 292, languages,443, oriental studies, 447, physics, 514,sciences, 497

Leipzig (Germany), student associations,297, 329, student movements, 307, 319,university , 34, astronomy, 516,buildings, 103, nance, 86, mathematics,501, natural sciences, 501, orientalstudies, 445, physics, 503, professors, 49,theology, 405

Lemberg (Lvov) (Ukraine), studentmovements, 334, students, 314,university , 41, 42, 657, engineering,41, languages, 64

Leoben (Austria), nationalism, 313,university , 41

Leon (Spain), specialist schools, 72libraries, 105, 144, 173–4, book

availability, 106Liege (Belgium), student movements, 301,

technical school, 604–5, university ,39, 282, mathematics, 497, sciences, 497

Lille (France), Catholic Institute, 91, 397,Institut Industriel, 616, Societe desSciences, 615

linguistics, 452, 453literacy, 462literary history, 429literature, literary history, 431–2Liverpool (United Kingdom), 315,

university , 36, social sciences, 486Ljubljana (Laibach) (Slovenia), 330,

nationalism, 314, 322logic, 479

737






Subject index

Lombardy (Italy), universit ies ,engineering, 602

London (United Kingdom), CentralTechnical College, 62, City and Guilds,614, colleges, 54, Geological Society, 530,Guy’s Hospital, 589, Imperial College,62, 614, Inns of Court, 205, King’sCollege, 54, 200, 508, Linnean Society,530, London School of Economics, 62,205, 339, 481–2, 486, Royal College ofChemistry, 508, 613, Royal College ofPhysicians and Surgeons, 555, 582, RoyalCollege of Science, 62, Royal College ofSurgeons, 531, Royal EngineeringCollege, 614, Royal GeographicalSociety, 530, Royal School of Mines, 62,599, 613, Royal Society of London, 530,student movements, 339, technicalinstitutes, 614–15, university , 36, 54,126, 127, 202, 203, engineering, 606,625–6, foreign students, 205, history,474, languages, 441, 444, medicine, 555,574, models, 165, 198, 200–1, 214,physics, 508, statistics, 513, UniversityCollege, 54, 200, 508, 513

Louvain (Belgium), languages, 341, socialemancipation, 318, student movements,301, 310, 327–8, students, 291,university , 39, 282, 397, 655,mathematics, 497, of cials, 97, orientalstudies, 447, sciences, 497, theology,401–2

Lublin (Poland), university , 657Lund (Sweden), university , 40, 66,

125, buildings, 103, economics, 483, nance, 84, 87, philology, 420, stellarstatistics, 517

Lutheran universities, 132Lutheranism, 158, 407Lvov (Lwow), see LembergLyon (France), Catholic Institute, 91, 397,

university , buildings, 103, theology,396

Madras (India), medical school, 557,university , 200

Madrid (Spain), specialist schools, 72,student movements, 354, technicalschool, 601, university , 37, 73, 302,354, buildings, 103, halls of residence,107, medicine, 561, theology, 396

Mainz (Germany), seminary, 397,399

Malaya, universit ies , 209Malines (Belgium), 39Manchester (United Kingdom),

university , 36, chemistry, 514,

engineering, 614, 615, nance, 85,history, 475, physics, 508, 514, 515

Manila (Philippines), universit ies ,212–13

Mannheim (Germany), university , 61manufacturing industries, 618Marburg (Germany), student movements,

346, university , 19, 34, 50,buildings, 104, philology, 421,professors, 34

Marieberg (Sweden), military school, 597materialism, 563–4mathematical sciences, 393mathematics, 19, 495–501, 505, 506–7,

508, 510, algebra, 494, applied, 494,arithmetic, 494, calculus, 494, classicalanalysis, 512, faculty of mathematics,133, 454, functional analysis, 512,geometry, 494, logic, 513, mathematicalanalysis, 497, nationalism and, 513–14,probability, 513, research, 512–14, settheory, 512, 513, teaching, 494, topology,513

Maynooth (Ireland), Royal CatholicCollege, 85

mechanics, 510, 605, 607–8medicine, Brownianism, 551–2, 563, chairs,

557, chemistry, 578, degrees, 582,dermatology, 569, faculty expansion,570–5, histology, 572, homeopathy, 552,577, insane asylums, 550–1, medicaleducation, 543–4, 553–63, medicalinstruments, 577–8, Medical ResearchCommittee, 646, medical schools, 34–5,220, 585, 586–7, medical students,587–8, military surgeons, 555–7,modernization, 579–85, morbidanatomy, 569, 571, national standards,90, pathology, 567–70, physiology,563–70, practical medicine, 557, 573–5,professionalization, 588, ReformMovements, 565–6, Romanticism and,544–53, specialization, 575–9, 583,vivisection, 576, see also Flexner, A.

Medieval and Modern Languages (MML),441

Melbourne (Australia), 214,university , 214

metallurgy, 495Mexico, 181, universit ies , 179Michigan (United States), university ,

167, 174Middle East, universit ies , 186–91Milan (Italy), university , 37,

engineering, 71, 617, 623military schools, 595–7military service, 583–4

738






Subject index

military technology, 493, 596–7, 662mineralogy, 493, 495, 497mining schools, 10, 62, 495, 597–8, 599,

600, 613missionary colleges, 186, 201–2, 220–1missionary studies, 399mobility, 65–6, 67, 69–70, 74–5, 205–6,

526, foreign students, 74–5, 205, 278,498–9, 510, 584–5

Modena (Italy), university , 27–9modernism, Catholicism and, 401–5monographs, 172, 540Mons (Belgium), 599Montpellier (France), medical schools, 34,

553, see also Bordeu, Theophile deMontreal (Canada), university (McGill

University), 175, 176Moravia, 321–2, 353Morocco, 195–6Moscow (Russia), Medical Academy, 556,

student movements, 304, 305, 332,students, 324, university , 35,buildings, 102, languages, 444,mathematics, 513, mechanics, 511,sciences, 509, statutes, 305, students,52

Mulhouse (France), Societe Industrielle,615

Munich (Germany), student movements,346, university , 34, 126, buildings,103, mathematics, 501, physics, 505,theology, 399

Munster (Germany), student associations,297, university , theology, 398, 399

museums, 17, 35, 144, 444, 531, 557music, 145

Nagasaki (Japan), 557Nagyszombat (Trnava) (Slovakia),

university , 41Nancy (France), Institut Electronique, 616,

student associations, 308Nankai (China), university , 219, 222Naples (Italy), specialist schools, 71,

university , 37, 70Napoleonic model, 4–5, 6, 44–7, 55, 74,

83, 124, 497nation states, growth of, 40–4nationalism, 24, 75, 273, 289–90, 297–98,

307–15, 322–3, 328–30, 331, 337, 342,345–51, 356, 478, 641–2, 670

nations, rise of, 20natural sciences, 16–17, 19, 130, 454, 501,

507, 515, 530, 539, 541, idealism, 501–2,research, 511–17, status, 669

Neo-Hellenism, 418Neo-Malthusian movement, 576

Netherlands, careers, 383, Catholicism,342, colonies, 211–12, nationalism, 342,revolution, 281, Second World War, 653,social emancipation, 318, socialism,326–7, student associations, 315–16,326–7, 341–3, student movements,282–3, 301–2, 654, students, 292,309–10, universit ies , 114, 118, arts,66, 454, autonomy, 66, degrees, 38–9,enrolments, 245, foundations, 39,models, 66, philology, 427, physics, 514,reforms, 38–9, women, 248

Neuchatel (Switzerland), university , 38New Brunswick (Canada), university ,

175New Haven (United States), university

(Yale University), 166, 167, 172New Scholasticism, 399, 402New Zealand, universit ies , 214–15Nijmegen (Netherlands), university , 39Nobel Prizes, 171, 484, 527, 538, 575,

640–1North Africa, universit ies , models,

163North America, colonies, colleges

and universit ies , models, 164–77North Carolina (United States),

university , 165Norway, Second World War, 658,

universit ies , 40, 66, 658,enrolments, 245, medicine, 558

Nottingham (United Kingdom),university , 36

numbers, of graduates, 234–5, of students,57, 58, 74, 101–2, 128, 233–5, 630, 646,of universities, 3

observatories, 516, 517obstetrics, 557Odessa (Ukraine), student movements, 332,

university , 36ophthalmology, 562oriental studies, 442–53Oslo (Christiana) (Norway), medicine, 558,

university , 66, 658Otago (New Zealand), university , 215Oviedo (Spain), university , 37, 72Oxbridge (= Oxford and Cambridge), 63,

careers, 375, models, 164–7, socialcomposition, 63, see Cambridge, Oxford

Oxford (United Kingdom), ‘OxfordPledge’, 339, socialism, 326, studentmovements, 326, 339, students, 264–5,university , 11, 116, 127, access, 244,admission, 116, 243–5, 246, 247, 250,264–5, admission requirements, 92, 99,antiquities, 11, buildings, 102, 104,

739






Subject index

Oxford (United Kingdom) (cont.)colleges, 139, degrees, 247, ecology, 539,engineering, 614, Extension Programme,309, nance, 64, 84, 85, 111–12, 117,foreign students, 205, history, 469–74,humanism, 54, income, 108, languages,441, 443, 444, 447, mathematics, 506,medicine, 582, of cials, 97, 118–19,Oxford Movement, 11, 93, philology,426–7, physics, 508, privileges, 95,professors, 139, 151, 155, reforms, 61–4,308, research, 11–12, scholarships, 109,sciences, 531, social sciences, 481, statecontrol, 95, theology, 413

paci sm, 339Padua (Italy), university , 27, 300,

engineering, 602Palestine, universit ies , 186,

189–91Palma (Spain), specialist schools, 72Paris (France), academies and specialized

schools, 16–17, 529, BureauUniversitaire de Statistique, 117,Catholic Institute, 91, 397, 404, Collegede France, 443, Ecole Centrale, 609–10,Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, 599, Ecolepolytechnique, 496–7, 599–600,hospitals, 545, 589, Institut National desSciences et des Arts, 17, medical schools,34, 528–9, 548, 549, 553, museums, 35,444, 495, Physique et de ChemieIndustrielles, 616, schools (colleges), 34,55, 56, 86, social emancipation, 317–18,student associations, 308, studentmovements, 148, 281, 283–4, 290–1,Universite Imperiale, 6, 45, 83, 124, 497,university , arts, 34, buildings, 104,chemistry, 497–8, 514, nance, 56, 85–6,111, foreign students, 498–9, 510, hallsof residence, 107, law, 34, mathematics,494, 497–8, medicine, 34, 528–9, 548,549, 553, 556, mobility, 67, monopoly,95, of cials, 88, 93, oriental studies, 443,philology, 426, sciences, 497, Sorbonne,92, 97, 99, 103, 133, 421, 499, 514, 567,student numbers, 101, theology, 34,396

Pasteur Institutes, 529pathology, 567–70, 572patronage, 127Pavia (Italy), hospital, 550, university ,

27, 29–31, 300, engineering, 602,medicine, 562, see also Golgi, Camillo

Pecs (Hungary), university , 41Peking, see BeijingPersian language, 443

Peru, 183, universit ies , 179Pest, see Budapestpharmacology, 550pharmacy, 43, 503, 557, 579philanthropy, 146philhellenism, 282Philippines, universit ies ,

212–13philology, 12, 50, 394, 414, 415–20,

breakthrough of, 420–8, comparativephilology, 449–53, diffusion of, 438–42,oriental studies, 442–53, origins ofmodern, 438, seminars, 440–1

philosophy, 19, 20, 51, 129, 248, 262, 393,429, 453, 460, 499, ancients, study of,419–20, faculty of philosophy, 48, 50,51, 132, 262, 453, 454–5, 493, 511,journals, 149, 456, medicine and, 545–6,metaphysics, 394, 401, 521, naturalphilosophy, 19–20, 493, 520–1, 563,philosophe, 148–9, stages of, 566, status,48, textbooks, 566, theology and,453–7

phonology, 452photography, 516physics, 516, 571, Cavendish Laboratory,

507, 508, chair of, 496, 502, 515,experimental physics, 495–511, 515,faculty of physics, 133, Institute forPhysics, 514, journals, 502, mathematicalphysics, 497, 507, 515, nationalism and,513, research, 514–17, theoreticalphysics, 515

physiology, 493, 523–4, 571, 582,textbooks, 563

Piedmont (Italy), universit ies ,engineering, 602

Pietermaritzburg (South Africa),university , 197

Pietism, 410, 411Pisa (Italy), university , 27,

mathematics, 512poetry, 134, 415Poland, Catholicism, 351, CIE, 357,

Communism, 352, Fascism, 351–2,general strike, 334, gentry, 277–8, Jews,42, 352, languages, 64–5, mobility, 334,rebellion, 150, Romanticism, 277,Sanacja, 352, Second World War, 656–8,student movements, 23, 272, 277–8,305–6, 314, technical universities, 58,universit ies , Catholic universities,91, medicine, 559–60, state control, 91,94

political science, 481–4politics, 151–6, 479politics, political dependence, 93–4

740






Subject index

Portugal, parliament, 156, Second WorldWar, 648, 659, universit ies ,admission, 246, enrolments, 245, nance, 87, medicine, 562, state control,91, 98

positivism, 178, 180, 455, 460Poszony, see BratislavaPotsdam (Germany), 517Prague (Czech Republic), Catholicism, 331,

Fascism, 352–3, Jews, 321, languages,299, 330, nationalism, 313, 322–3, 331,student movements, 294–5, technicalschools, 41, 603–4, 625, university ,41, 352, 656, nance, 87, languages, 65,medicine, 559, physics, 505

Presbyterian colleges, 85, 202Presbyterian universities, 187, 215Pressburg, see BratislavaPretoria (South Africa), university ,

197Pribram (Czech Republic), university ,

41printing, 142private universities, 110, 126, 180, 191,

219–20, 226professional schools, 34–5professionalization, 127–8, 384–7, 547,

588, 629–31, national variations, 384,process of, 369–73, scienti c research,511–17

professions, 91, 117, 139, expansion of,374–80, 493, knowledge and, 365–9,384, semi-professions, 372,386

professions, academic, 130–4, 259, 369–71,see also professors

professions, civil, 45, 57, 65, 127, 151, 251,256, 262, 343, 373, 375, engineering, 10,593, 594–606, in royal or state service,125, social workers, 372

professions, commercial, 375professions, ecclesiastical, 370, 374, 394,

453professions, educational, 374,

school-teachers, 372professions, legal, 131, 251, 262, 370, 374,

381, 382, 453professions, medical, 131, 251, 262, 370,

374, 382, 384, dentistry, 553, 579,military surgeons, 555–7, nurses, 372,pharmacists, 372, 553, 582, pharmacy,43, 503, 557, 579, veterinarians,372

professions, scienti c, 256professorial typology, assistant professor

(adjunctus), 140, associate professors,119, chairholders, 119, 129,

extraordinary professor(extraordinarius), 138, 141, ordinaryprofessor (ordinarius), 129, 131, 138,141

professors, appointment and requirements,49, 50, 89–90, 115, 126, 130, 134,172–3, appointment procedures, 134–40,bureaucratization, 127–8, control of,115–16, education of, 50, honorary titles,159, income, 49–50, 108, income andlifestyle, 140–7, laicization, 123–7,mobility, 74–5, nepotism, 131, 370,numbers of, 108, political role, 151–6,public image, 147–8, resignations andexile, 99–100, role of, 21–2, 147–51,self-consciousness, 124, 159, socialstatus, 59, 124, 132–3, 147–60, 670

professorship, see chairsProtestant academies and universities, 131,

188, 213, 394, 398Protestant associations, 297, 315, 319Protestantism, 286Prussia (Germany), 272, careers, 256, 374,

education, 239–40, 255, 462, militaryschools, 597, public educationministries, 88, quali cations, 251,reforms, 22–3, seminars and institutes,60, students, 266, universit ies ,admission, 237, 239–40, nance, 250,models, 47–53, professors, 131, 134–5,141–2, reforms, 34

psychiatry, 551, 576psycho-analysis, 576psychology, 452, 460, 479public authorities, 14public education ministries, 88–90, 96,

109public lectures, 149publishing, 130, 172, 427, 648

Quebec (Canada), university , 177Queensland (Australia), university ,

214

Rabat (Morocco), 196radioactivity, 508Rangoon (Burma), university ,

208–9Rationalism, 410Reading (United Kingdom), university ,

36rector/vice-chancellor, 52, 57, 96, 120, 124,

rector magni cus , 97religion, ideological discrimination, 92–3,

scienti c study of, 413–14Rennes (France), university , buildings,

103

741






Subject index

research, 47, 105, 170–1, 368–9, 585, nance, 91–2, professionalization,511–17, research institutions, 60, 172,626–9, 646, 647, 662, scienti c spirit,13–15, seminars, 440–1, state control,92, technology, 623–6, wars, 646, 652–3,wartime, 649–51

resistance, 98–100rhetoric, 134, 393Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), university , 182Rockefeller Foundation, 221Roman law, 14–15Romance Studies, 12, 432–5, 438, 439,

chair of, 433Romania, Fascism, 353–4, Jorga Law, 94,

medicine, 560, universit ies , 10, 41,chemistry, 498, foundations, 42–3,mathematics, 498, physics, 498, statecontrol, 94, 96, 98

Romanticism, 275, 276, 277, 282, 398,410, 430, 502, 520–1, 543,Enlightenment and, 544–53

Rome (Italy), specialist schools, 71,university , 91, engineering, 602,mathematics, 512, physics, 515, studentnumbers, 101, university(Gregoriana), 403

Rostock (Germany), university , 34,natural sciences, 501, professors, 34

Rotterdam (Netherlands), university(Erasmus University), 39, see alsoErasmus

Rouen (France), university , theology,396

Russia, academies, 35–6, 586, aristocracy,52–3, 157, careers, 376, 382–3,Communism, 87, education, 374, Jews,333, parliament, 155, public educationministries, 88, Revolution (1905), 67,333, Revolution (1917), 68, 585, studentmovements, 25, 303–6, 314–15, 323–4,331–4, universit ies , 10–11, 40, 114,118, 125, arts, 454, autonomy, 333, dress,52, nance, 52, 68, 87, Jews, 67,languages, 444, mathematics, 498,medicine, 67, 558–9, 573, mobility, 67,models, 52–3, 66–8, natural sciences,541, nobility, 67, of cials, 52, orientalstudies, 447, professors, 52, 157, 305,reforms, 35–6, 68, sciences, 508–11, statecontrol, 95, 97–8, statutes, 67, 68, 333,students, 66–7, women, 67, 333, see alsoUSSR

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 332

St Andrews (United Kingdom),university , 36

St Gallen (Switzerland), university , 38St Petersburg (Russia), 35, Academy of

Sciences, 541, 586, ‘Bloody Sunday’, 332,Institute of Engineers, 601, MedicalAcademy, 556, 559, 573, museums, 444,student movements, 303, 304, 324,university , chemistry, 511, nance,87, languages, 447, mathematics, 510,of cials, 98, physics, 510–11, professors,152, students, 52

Salamanca (Spain), university , 37,buildings, 102, medicine, 561

Salzburg (Austria), university , 41sanctions, 97–8Sanskrit, 414, 444, 452Santiago de Chile (Chile), university ,

180Santiago de Compostela (Spain), specialist

schools, 72, university , 37, theology,397

Saragossa, see ZaragozaSarajevo (Bosnia), student movements, 337Saratov (Russia), university , 36Scandinavia, careers, 383,

Scandinavianism, 289–90,universit ies , 118, foundations, 66,mobility, 527, models, 66, reforms, 40

Schemnitz (Banska Stiavnica) (Slovakia),Bergakademie, 597–8

scholarships, 108–9, 250, 251Scotland, students, 62, 646,

universit ies , 36, 53–4, 645,admission, 246, councils, 99,engineering, 613, nance, 11, 62, 118,mathematics, 506, medicine, 555,models, 165, of cials, 97, reforms, 63,scholarships, 109, social composition,62–3, state control, 95

Second World War, 638, sciences and,649–51

Second World War (1939-45), 359,647–71

secondary schooling, costs of, 250–4secret societies, 278, 284, 287, 298secularization, see laicizationseminaries, 113, 396, 397, 399seminars and institutes, 50, 60, 172, 408–9,

505, agricultural institutes, 646, Catholicinstitutes, 91, 188, 397, 404, City andGuilds, 614, Dominican institutes, 212,engineering, 617, Experimental Biology,585, Experimental Medicine, 585, Hinduinstitutes, 198–9, Imperial Physical-Technical Institute in Berlin, 60, Institutefor Physics, 514, Institut Electronique,616, Institut Industriel, 616, InstitutNational des Sciences et des Arts, 17,

742






Subject index

Institute of Engineers, 601, Janos BolyauInstitute, 512, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute,505, 643, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society, 33, 60,Karolinska Institute, 40, 558, languages,440, mathematics, 513, Max-PlanckInstitutes, 541, Pasteur Institutes, 529,Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt,627, technical institutes, 238–9, 243,262, 505, 608–9

service staff, 115set theory, 512Seville (Spain), 610, university , 37,

theology, 397Shanghai (China), 221, university ,

219–20, 221Shef eld (United Kingdom),

university , 36Silesia, 321, 351Singapore, 209Sinology, 446–8Slavonic studies, 436–8Slovakia, 353, Academy of Mining, 495,

student movements, 287–8,universit ies , 41

Slovenia, Catholicism, 330–1, nationalism,313, 331

social class, bourgeoisie, 263, lower-middleclass, 259, 264, middle class, 258, 259,264, 379, 386, upper-middle class, 259

social sciences, 394, 417, 459, 461, 484–6,rise of, 479–9

sociology, 460, 461, 479, 484–8So a (Bulgaria), university , 43–4South Africa, universit ies , 196–8,

models, 163South America, universit ies , 46–7,

models, 163Southampton (United Kingdom), 36Spain, Catholicism, 354, Civil War, 340,

341, 355, colonies, 46–7, Fascism, 354–5,public education ministries, 88, SecondWorld War, 659, specialist schools, 72,student movements, 276, 302–3, 310–11,328, 354–5, technical schools, 601–2,610–11, universit ies , 3, 114, 284,administration, 90, arts, 454, attendance,72, autonomy, 46–7, 72, 118, biology,527, buildings, 103, Catholicuniversities, 91, engineering, 617,enrolments, 245, nance, 87, graduates,72, income, 108, languages, 73,mathematics, 494, medicine, 561–2,models, 72, oriental studies, 444,privileges, 95, professors, 72, 89, 108,reforms, 37–8, 72–3, 90, 302, sciences,498, state control, 95, 98, status, 56,theology, 6, 396–7, women, 248

Spanish America, universit ies ,179

specialization, 6–9, 623–6, medicine,575–9

specialized schools, 57–9, 101,administration, 57, agriculture, 72, 512,buildings, 103–4, business, 38, 39, 44,57, 71, 72, chemistry, 508, commerce,71, 380, economics, 62, 205, 339, 481–2,486, languages, 35, medical, 34–5, 193,528–9, 548, 549, 553–63, 586–7, 589,military, 496, 595–7, mining, 62, 495,597–600, 613, natural history, 495,oriental studies, 444–5, veterinarymedicine, 72, 562, see also technicalschools

sport, 107, 309, 325state control, academic freedom, 94–100statistics, 513Stellenbosch (South Africa), university ,

197Stockholm (Sweden), Jews, 126,

Karolinska Institute, 558, technicalinstitutes, 609, university , 40, 126,133, medicine, 558, physics, 514

Strasbourg (France), Catholic TheologyFaculty, 91, medical schools, 553,professional schools, 34, university ,astronomy, 516, history, 477–8,mathematics, 19, natural sciences, 19

student houses, 107, 110student movements, 23–31, 100, 148, 153,

269–71, consolidation andanti-liberalism, 307–15, ‘Corps’, 286,296, ghting for freedom, 271–80,integration, 296–307, international,356–9, nationalism, 345–51, Philomaths,277–8, revolution and restoration,281–8, social and national emancipation,315–24, students in revolt, 288–96,world politics and corporatism, 325–37

students, 114, 115, 166, attendance, 116,behaviour, 309, 311–12, distribution of,248–50, dress, 52, female students,584–5, nancial assistance, 108–9,mobility, 74–5, 205, 278, 498–9, 510,584–5, numbers of, 57, 58, 74, 101–2,128, 233–5, 630, 646, preparation of,246–54, responsibilities of, social origins,257–66, student associations, 20–1,296–8, 308, 310–14, 316, 320, 329, 341,344, 345, women, 59, 67, 69, 207,247–8, 326, 333, 379, 584–5

Stuttgart (Germany), technical university,58, university , 34, physics, 505

Sudan, universit ies , 192–3surgery, 557, 582

743






Subject index

Sweden, 597, careers, 343, ChalmersInstitution, 609, Darwinism, 534,Fascism, 343, Jews, 126, KarolinskaInstitute, 558, medical institutes, 40,military schools, 597, parliament, 155,Scandinavianism, 289–90, Second WorldWar, 659, socialism, 326, studentmovements, 295, 316, students, 266,316–17, 343, technical institutes, 609,universit ies , 40, 66, 125, 126, 133,316, 326, 534, admission, 265,astronomy, 516, buildings, 103, 160,chemistry, 495, economics, 483,enrolments, 245, faculties, 454, nance,84, 87, medicine, 558, models, 66,philology, 420, 421, physics, 514,professors, 150, 155, racial biology, 343,reforms, 289, social sciences, 483, stellarstatistics, 517, theology, 405, women,248

Switzerland, careers, 70, Second WorldWar, 659, secret societies, 278, technicalschools, 611, universit ies ,admission, 247, chemistry, 504–5,enrolments, 245, faculties, 454,mathematics, 504–5, mobility, 67,69–70, models, 68–70, women, 248,women, 69

Sydney (Australia), university , 214Syria, universit ies , 186–7, models, 163Szeged (Hungary), university , 41,

mathematics, 512

Taiwan, university , 225Tananarive (Madagascar), 196Tartu (Dorpat) (Estonia), university ,

35, 123, 510, astronomy, 516, medicine,558, physics, 509

Tashkent (Russia), medical school, 586Tasmania (Australia), university ,

214teachers, assistants and amanuenses, 144,

language, 430teaching appointments, 89–90teaching hospitals, 548, 549, 589teaching, private, 49, 50, 128, 137–8, 141,

172–3technical schools, 10, 68, 351, 505, 512,

593–4, 595–600, 615–16, 621, 622,certi cates and diplomas, 629–31,diversi cation, 623–6, doctorates,625–6, engineering, 599–600, industrialengineering, 611, models, 600–6,syllabuses, 618–19

technical universities, 58technology, for public servants, 594–600,

status, 617–23

textbooks, 526, 527, anatomy, 568,chemistry, 497–8, 502, engineering, 607,materialism, 564, mathematics, 494,497–8, medicine, 546, 548, 552, 566,567, natural sciences, 509, 539,philosophy, 566, physics, 502,physiology, 563, technology, 617

Thailand, universit ies , 209–10theology, academic theology, 6, 34, 70,

129, 248, 249, 262, 430, archaeology,409, arts and, 393–5, Catholic, 91,395–402, dogmatics, 398, 399, 407,faculty of theology, 50, 113, 123, 129,145, 158, 248, 262, 393, 396, 405–9,liberalism, 410–14, Lutheran, 407,mediation, 411–12, philosophy and,453–7, 460, Protestant, 398, 399, 405–9,Thomism, 402

theology, biblical exegesis, 398, 407thermodynamics, 512Tiblisi (Russia), medical school, 586Tilburg (Netherlands), university , 39Tokyo (Japan), universit ies , 224–5,

226, professors, 226Tomsk (Siberia), university , 36Toronto (Canada), university

(University College), 176–7Toulouse (France), Catholic Institute, 91,

250, 397Transylvania, 293Trinity College, Dublin, see DublinTrnava, see NagyszombatTubingen (Germany), student associations,

297, university , 34, mathematics,19, 501, 505, natural sciences, 19,physics, 503, professors, 34, theology,398, 405, 411, 412

Tunisia, 195–6Turin (Italy), specialist schools, 71, 617,

university , engineering, 602,mathematics, 512, physics, 515,professors, 133, 153

Turkey, universit ies , foundations, 44Turkish language, 443Turku (Åbo) (Finland), 40, 66, student

movements, 24, 276, university ,125

Turnau, see Nagyszombat

Ukraine, universit ies , 35, 36, 41, 42ultramontanism, 395–400, 402United Kingdom, careers, 61, 245, 376,

381, Chemical Society, 642, civiccolleges, 308, 315, Civil EngineersInstitutes, 605, education, 55, 246,Education Act (1944), 650, 669,examinations, 373, Inns of Court, 380,

744






Subject index

learned societies, 156, Mechanics’Institutes, 605, 607, medical schools,554–5, museums, 531, National PhysicalLaboratory, 628, 646, parliament, 155,Royal College of Physicians, 380, RoyalSociety of London, 456, 642, schools,127, Second World War, 645–51, socialemancipation, 318, students, 306, 325–6,339–40, 646, technical schools, 605–6,University Grants Committee, 64, 96,118, 646, 651, wars, 645–51,universit ies , 11–12, 114, access,130–1, admission, 243–5, arts, 366,buildings, 103, 104, Catholics, 131,chairs, 89, civic universities, 55, 62,colleges, 63, councils, 98, engineering,613–15, 625–6, 630–1, nance, 62, 85,115, 118, foundations, 36, income, 108,Jews, 131, medicine, 547, 572, 574, 576,582, models, 53–5, 164–7, 193, naturalsciences, 17, of cials, 96, 121, physics,515–16, privileges, 95, professors, 156,reforms, 61–4, 380, religiousdiscrimination, 92, research, 627, 628,646, sciences, 506–8, social composition,62–3, social sciences, 482, 486, sport,309, 325, state control, 95, women,248

United States, academic institutes, 172,atomic weapons, 668, libraries, 173–4,politics, 155, Rockefeller Foundation,174, Second World War, 665, 667–8,universit ies , 164–7, 227, academicfreedom, 169–70, Egyptian university,192, foreign students, 205, medicine,580–1, 585, mobility, 168, models, 163,192, 221, professors, 169, research,170–2, 665, social sciences, 487,students, 166

universitates, 20–1university administration, 115–21, 144,

councils, 98–9, education, 90–4, staff,107–8, state control, 88–94

university autonomy, 13–14, 46–7, 51, 59,66, 70, 71, 72, 83–4, 85, 90–100,117–21, 222–3, 292–3, 333

university models, 4–13, 15, 21, 33, 166,175, 200–1, 214, 227–9, see alsoCambridge; European models;Humboldtian model; Napoleonic model;North America; Oxford

university of cials, bursar, 85, commissar,50, curator, 50, 97, Grand Master, 88,93, inspector general, 96, secretary, 115,visitor, 97, see also chancellor;rector/vice-chancellor

university presses, 172, 427

university reforms, 7–8, 11, 33–40, 47, 54,57, 61–4, 65–6, 68, 70–3, 90, 182–5,302, 307–8, 380, 669

university typology, 4, private universities,110, 126, 180, 191, 219–20, 226, studentmovements, 295, 316, university , 40,125, 534, astronomy, 516, buildings, 103,160, chemistry, 495, nance, 84, 87,models, 66, philology, 420, professors,150, racial biology, 343, reforms, 289,social sciences, 483, theology, 405

Uruguay, 183, university , 180USSR, 10, Communism, 100, Marxism,

585–7, medical schools, 586–7,non-Communists, 358, public educationministries, 88, Second World War,666–7, universit ies , buildings, 103,resistance, 100, state control, 91, 94, 98

utilitarianism, 588Utrecht (Netherlands), student movements,

302, university , 39, 553, medicine,554, 556, teachers, 108

Valencia (Spain), 610, university , 37,536

Valladolid (Spain), university , 37Varna (Bulgaria), 44Vergara (Spain), 610veterinary medicine, 72, 562Victoria (Canada), colleges, 176Victoria (New Zealand), 215Vienna (Austria), 19, Catholicism, 323,

331, Export Academy, 41, Jews, 320–1,languages, 330, nationalism, 313, 323,350, 351, student movements, 51, 287–8,293–4, 295, 298–9, 337, technicalschool, 603–4, university , 41,astronomy, 516, buildings, 102, 104,105, engineering, 41, nance, 87,languages, 436, 442, law, 51, medicine,549, 556, 562, 574, physics, 505,students, 42, see also Rokitansky, Carl

Vietnam, universit ies , 210–11Vilnius (Vilna) (Lithuania), Medical

Academy, 556, student movements, 277,university , 35, 283, 657,mathematics, 498, medicine, 559, physicsand mathematics, 509, professors, 152

Vistulaland (Poland), 334vitalism, 521, 551–3, 563

Wales, colleges, 308, universit ies , 36Warsaw (Poland), 305, 357, revolution,

305–6, student movements, 283, 314,university , 42, 306, astronomy, 498,mathematics, 512, medicine, 560,physics, 498

745






Subject index

Wellington (South Africa), university ,197

West Africa, universit ies , models,163

Western Australia, university , 214Windsor (Canada), university (King’s

College), 175women, 59, 67, 69, 207, 247–8, 326, 333,

379, female professors, 65, 126, 133,philanthropy, 146

Worcester (United States), university(Clark University), 169, 170, 171

Wurzburg (Germany), student associations,297, university , 34, chemistry, 504,mathematics, 501, medicine, 564, naturalsciences, 501, physics, 503

Yale University, see New Haven (UnitedStates)

Yugoslavia, universit ies , buildings,103

Zagreb, see AgramZaragoza (Saragossa) (Spain),

university , 37, 73, theology, 397Zionism, 330zoological parks, 107Zurich (Switzerland), Federal

Polytechnical, 68, 504–5, 611, 625,university , 38, buildings, 104,chemistry, 504, mathematics, 504,medicine, 584, physics, 505, professors,69, theology, 412

746






a history of the university in...

Documents