A History of Western Society Tenth Edition

CHAPTER 25The West and the World, 1815–1914

Amended by A. PLAZA

Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

John P. McKay ● Bennett D. HillJohn Buckler ● Claire Haru CrowstonMerry E. Wiesner-Hanks ● Joe Perry

I. Industrialization and the World Economy

KQ: What were some of the global consequences of European industrialization between 1815 and 1914?

A. The Rise of Global Inequality

1. Impact of the Industrial Revolution

2. The Income Gap (See next table.)

3. Competing Explanations

A. Positive view of the West:

B. Negative view of the West:

B. The World Market 1. British Exports: primary destinations = _ & _2. British Imports: major imports = _ _ , _ _, & _ _.3. Facilitators of International Trade: a) _b) _c) _ _ (1869) & _ _ (1914)

4. Capital – growth of European foreign investmenta) Where?b) For what?c) Victims?

KQ: How do these docs. provide evidence for increasing international trade?

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

Theodore Roosevelt in Panama

Theodore Roosevelt in Panama

(Construction began in 1904; opened in 1914)

C. The Opening of China

1. Traditional Restrictions

2. The Opium Trade

3. The Opium War (1839-41)

4. The Treaty of Nanking (1842)

Opium War, 1841

D. Japan and the United States

1. Japanese Isolation (1640-1853)

KQ: Motives?

Desire to protect its distinctive civilization since expelling Christian missionaries & foreign traders.

2. Gunboat Diplomacy conducted by the United States

KQ: Why did the US succeed in opening Japanese ports & obtaining favorable trade concessions?

Japanese cities were defenseless against American naval bombardment.

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Outcomes: Opened 2 ports & permitted trade.Over 5 years, more treaties defined the rights & privileges of Western nations & their merchants in Japan.

E. Western Penetration of Egypt

1. Independence: Muhammad Ali (1769–1849)

2. Modernization: of _ by Muhammad Ali & Ismail

3. Foreign Occupation by _ & _ because:

4. Nationalist association (1879):

5. BR. Imperialism (1882):

6. Independence achieved by Egypt in _

7. BR rule had benefited: _ & _

II. The Great Migration KQ: How was massive migration an integral part of Western

expansion?

A.The Pressure of Population (1800-1900)

1. Population Growth 188M to 432M resulted from: a) Declining _ _

b) Improved _ _ _

c) Revolution in _

2. Emigration : 60 million people left Europe bet. 1815-1932

3. Patterns of Emigration – Primary destinations?

B. European Migrants

1. Who Were the Migrants?

2. Repatriation

3. Reasons for Migration: Push Factors vs. Pull Factors?

KQ: How did innovations in transportation impact migration?

KQ2: Where did Europeans migrate?

C. Asian Migrants

1. Statistics

2. Reasons for Migration

3. Discrimination and Great White Walls

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

III. Western Imperialism, 1880–1914 KQ: How and why after 1875 did European nations rush

to build political empires in Africa & Asia?

A. The European Presence in Africa Before 1880

1. European Settlements

2. Trading Posts

3. European Takeovers

B. The Scramble for Africa After 1880

1.The British

2. Berlin Conference (1884–1885)

3. Further British Conquests

III. Western Imperialism, 1880–1914

C. Imperialism in Asia

1. The Dutch East Indies

2. Russia

3. The United States

III. Western Imperialism, 1880–1914

D. Causes of the New Imperialism

1. Economic Motives

2. Political and Diplomatic Motives

3. Social Darwinism and Racial Doctrines

4. Technological Superiority

5. Domestic Policies

6. Special Interest Groups

E. A “Civilizing Mission”

1. The “Civilizing Mission”

2. Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936)

3. The Spread of Christianity

F. Critics of Imperialism

1. J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Imperialism, 1902.

2. Joseph Conrad (1857–1924), Heart of Darkness, 1902.

3. Other Criticisms

• Paradox of liberal democratic states imposing dictatorships abroad.

• Mark Twain belonged to the Anti-Imperialist League

IV. Responding to Western Imperialism KQ: What was the general pattern of non-Western responses

to Western Expansion, and how did India, Japan, and China meet the imperialist challenge?

A.The Pattern of Response

1. A Variety of Initial Responses

2. Imperial Rule relied on support from traditionalists & modernizers

3. Weaknesses of Imperial Rule Western ideas ultimately weakened imperial rule:

a) Human rights

b) Liberalism

c) Self-determination (democratic government)

d) Nationalism

B. Empire in India [Consult PPT, “British in India”]1.The British East India Company arrived in 1600s and ruled indirectly 1848-1857. 2.1857ff. Direct British Rule by Parliamenta)w/ local civil service trained in secondary education system.b)“White women’s burden”c)Irrigation, railroads, plantations developed.d)Created a single state.e)Inequality persisted.3.Rising Nationalism – 1885 birth of Indian National Congress (Hindu majority)1907 demand for independence.

Japan Learns a Lesson!Japan Learns a Lesson!Japan Learns a Lesson!Japan Learns a Lesson!

In 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there. A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai…

The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France.

C. The Example of Japan [Consult PPT, “Imperialist Japan”]

1. The Meiji Restoration (1867) by samurai elite.

2. Meiji Goals to meet foreign threats begun by Commodore Perry (1853)

Strengthen military power & abolish feudalism by replacing it with social equality.

Constructed factories & railroads.

3. Military and Political Goals

a) Built up navy & imposed compulsory military service

b) Invited foreign experts in science, medicine, industry

c) Embarked on imperialist expansion – 1910 Korea annexed.

d) Copied German constitution w/ authoritarian emperor.

MeijiMeijiReforRefor

msms

MeijiMeijiReforRefor

msms

AbolitionAbolitionof the of the

feudal systemfeudal system

AbolitionAbolitionof the of the

feudal systemfeudal system

LandLandRedistributionRedistribution

LandLandRedistributionRedistribution

Human Rights Human Rights & Religious& Religious

FreedomFreedom

Human Rights Human Rights & Religious& Religious

FreedomFreedom

Build aBuild aModern NavyModern Navy

(British)(British)

Build aBuild aModern NavyModern Navy

(British)(British)

WesternizeWesternizethe Schoolthe School

SystemSystem(Fr. & Ger.)(Fr. & Ger.)

WesternizeWesternizethe Schoolthe School

SystemSystem(Fr. & Ger.)(Fr. & Ger.)

Modernize Modernize the Armythe Army(Prussian)(Prussian)

Modernize Modernize the Armythe Army(Prussian)(Prussian)

EmperorEmperorWorshipWorship

IntensifiedIntensified

EmperorEmperorWorshipWorship

IntensifiedIntensified

WrittenWrittenConstitutionConstitution(Germans)(Germans)

WrittenWrittenConstitutionConstitution(Germans)(Germans)

ModernModernBankingBankingSystemSystem

ModernModernBankingBankingSystemSystem

D. Toward Revolution in China

1. The Comeback of the Qing Dynasty (1860–1890)

2. The Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) = severe setback.

3. The Hundred Days of Reform (1898) Young emperor’s Western-style reforms thwarted by a

palace coup led by the empress dowager, Tzu Hsi.

4. The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) anti-foreigner revolt encouraged by Qing to scapegoat foreigners for probs.

a) Boxers killed missionaries & Chinese Christians, then besieged embassies in Beijing.

b) Western armies invaded & plundered Beijing.

c) Indemnity imposed on China.

5. The End of the Qing Dynasty (1912) Antiforeign & antigovernment revolt toppled Qing &

instituted a republic.