A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Definition

“Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how it can be done effectively, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish the shared objectives” (Yukl, 2002, p.7)

Management and leadership

Some have distinguished leadership from management.

Not all leaders are managers nor are all managers identified as leaders.

In recent years, the concept of leadership has been used in terms of inspiring followers toward achieving common vision and goals and coping with change.

On the other hand, management has been used when studying some formal activities such as organizing, monitoring and controlling.

Managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right things (Bennis & Nanus, 1985, p.21)

Leadership and management

Organizational phenomena at different levels

Level 4 Organizational level Organizational performance, Organizational culture, Strategies, structure, Organizational vision, Organizational leadership. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Level 3 Group level Group performance, Cooperation, Group learning, Cohesiveness, Shared beliefs, Group vision, Group leadership.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Level 2 Dyadic level Dyadic leadership, trust, interpersonal relationship.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Level 1 Individual level Individual performance, personality, beliefs, attitudes, motivation, emotions, Individual vision, self-leadership.

Leadership process

Leader

Leadership process leadership

effectiveness

Context Followers

Cognitive, behavioral, and

affective phenomena

Leadership effectiveness

Common approaches: Performance and goal attainment Attitude of followers toward the job

and their leader

Immediate and Delayed outcomes

Immediate and delayed outcomes

Immediate outcomes (Mediator variables):Followers’ commitment, satisfaction,

psychological empowerment, respect toward their leader, group cohesiveness.

Delayed outcomes (outcome variables):Profit, sales increase, market share, return

on investment.

Types of leadership theories Trait theories Behavioral theories Contingency theories Integrative approach