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A Level History

OCR History A H505

Unit Y318. Thematic Study and Interpretations

Russia and its Rulers, 1855-1964

Booklet 4: Russia, Empire, nationalities and satellite states

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Topic Booklet section completed

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The Nature of Government

Autocracy, dictatorship and totalitarianism

Developments in central administration

Methods of repression and enforcement

The extent and impact of reform

The nature, extent and effectiveness of opposition before 1917

The nature, extent and effectiveness of opposition after 1917

Changes in local government

Attitude of the Tsars to political change

Attitude of the provisional government to political change

Attitude of the Communists to political change

The extent of political change

The impact of dictatorial regimes on the economy and society of the Russian Empire and the USSR

Changes to living and working conditions of rural people: impact on the peasants of Emancipation, peasant land banks, famines, the NEP, collectivisation and the Virgin Land scheme.

Changes to living and working conditions of urban people: impact of industrial growth under the Tsars, War communism, NEP and the Five Year Plans on industrial workers; limitations on personal, political and religious freedom; reasons for and extent of economic and social changes.

The impact of war and revolution on the development of the Russian Empire and the USSR

The effects of the Crimean war on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the Japanese war on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the 1905 revolution on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the 1917 Revolutions on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the First World War on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the Second World War on government, society, nationalities and the economy.

The effects of the Cold War on government, society, nationalities and the economy

Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states

The Polish Revolt 1863

Expansion in Asia

Journey Through Russia and its

Rulers, 1855-1964

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Russification

Finland

The Baltic provinces

Impact of the First World War and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russo-Polish War

Communist advance into Eastern and Central Europe after the Second World War

Depth Study 1: Alexander II’s Domestic Reforms

The effects of the Crimean War

The aims of Alexander II’s domestic policies

The nature of his government

Changes in central administration

The extent and impact of domestic reform

The extent and effectiveness of opposition

Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions

Limitations on personal, political and religious freedom

Extent of economic and social change

Depth Study 2: The Provisional Government

Main domestic policies of the Provisional Government

The nature of the government- methods of repression and enforcement; the extent and effectiveness of opposition; limitations on personal, political and religious freedom.

Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions.

Extent of economic and social changes.

The impact of the continuing war.

Reasons for the overthrow of the Provisional government.

Depth Study 3: Khrushchev in Power 1956-1964

The aims of Khrushchev

The nature of his government; opposition, methods and enforcement of repression in Russia and its satellites; the extent and impact of reform.

Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions.

Limitations on personal, political and religious freedom.

Extent of economic and social changes including economic planning and the Virgin Lands Scheme.

The impact of the Cold War

Khrushchev’s fall

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Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states Section 1: Nationalities, Context and Definitions

Task 1: Who were the national minorities in Russia? a) Define these key terms.

Great Russia: Russian peoples: Baltic Germans:

b) True or False? Use page 180 of your textbook to identify whether these statements are true or false. Don’t forget to correct those that are false.

Statement True or False? Correction

The main national minority groups were from Germany, Ireland, South Dakota, Armenia, Jamaica and Wimbledon.

Russian Jews stood out as a unique national minority because they were kept in an artificially created area that went across the boundaries of other groups.

The first Russian census was in 1987, and revealed that minorities made up about 24% of the empire’s population in the Ukraine.

Many national minorities opposed the ruling elites during the tsarist and communist periods. The Poles, Ukrainians and Tatars were a constant problem.

The Finns, the Baltic Germans and Christian Armenians were mostly disloyal also.

Although, the Russian leaders treated all national minorities the same, by giving them cake and ice-cream and making them happy.

The main objective of the opposing national minorities was to get independence.

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Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states Section 2: Russo-Polish Relations

Task 1: Poland under Alexander II (page 182-184) a) Why were the Poles hopeful of gaining more freedoms under Alexander II?

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... b) What were the characteristics of the rise in Polish nationalism?

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Task 2: The Polish Revolt of 1863 a) This is a picture of Marquis Aleksander Wielopolski. Annotate him with the following information.

i. What his role was in the Polish government ii. What the Polish people thought of him

iii. What his relationship was like with Russia. b) Polish nationalism started to rise further. Opposition from nationalists to the notion of compromise with Russia had started to mount from the middle of 1861. How did the situation escalate?

i

ii

iii

the situation is bad

the situation is worse

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b) The course of the Rebellion- complete the table below to create your notes on the outcome of the revolt.

The tactics of the Polish rebellion The support of the Polish rebellion

Support from within Russia Support from the population

How the rebellion was put down

The mixed reaction from the authorities Interior and Foreign Minister Gorchakov: War minister, Milyutin:

c) Wielopolski fled the country and direct control of Poland was placed in the hands of Milyutin. Annotate Milyutin with his plan: d) Highlight which of those terms gave the Polish freedoms.

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e) What were the consequences for the Polish people?

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... f) What evidence was there that it was the start of the process of Russification? Highlight the evidence above. g) Why was Poland so important to Russia throughout the 1880s and 1890s? Write the reasons in the box below. Task 3: The rule of Lenin and Russo-Polish relations (page 184-185) Annotate the Lenins with the impact of these conflicts on Russo-Polish relations.

What was the

impact of WWI

on Russo-Polish

relations?

What was the

impact of the Russo-Polish

War on Russo-Polish

relations?

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Task 4: The Second World War and Russo-Polish Relations a) Complete the table using pages 185-186 to create your notes.

What indications were there that Poland was in danger from German invasion?

How did tensions grow between Russia and Germany?

What did the Russian leadership do, and how did it affect their relationship with Poland? The Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact (August 1939)

1 September 1939

Stalin’s main concern

b) Explain what happened to Russo-Polish relations during the Second World War. (pages 186-187)

i. The Polish government decided to flee to London- how did this make relations between Russia and Poland worse?

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ii. 4231 Polish officers corpses found in a mass grave in a forest at Katyn near Smolensk. How did this make relations between Russia and Poland worse?

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iii. Summer, 1944, the Russians launched a massive offensive against German forces. How did this make relations between Russia and Poland worse?

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iv. The Russians learning that they had the momentum in driving out the Nazis. How would this make relations between Russia and Poland worse?

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Task 5: The Wartime conferences: Yalta, Potsdam and the Polish Question a) In nice, big, attractive letters, what was the Polish Question? b) What was the answer, according to the Yalta conference? c) How had that answer changed, according to the Potsdam conference?

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d) How did Poland become dominated by the Soviet Union? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Task 6: Khrushchev and Poland. a) How did de-Stalinisation affect Poland?

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Conclusion Task: How did relations between Russia and Poland change? Plot on the graph how Russia and Poland’s relationship changed according to the major events.

Good relations

Bad relations

Au

tocr

acy/

To

talit

aria

nis

m

Dem

ocracy/ Free

do

m

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Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states Section 3: Russification

Task 1: What is Russification? a) Read page 190 to develop a detailed definition of Russification, including all the aspects of Russian life that it is applied to.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... CHALLENGE: How does Russification link to the other themes? Can it be linked to Nature of Government, economy and society, or the war/ revolution?

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Task 2: Timeline Task Use pages 190-196 to create a timeline of Russification and how it applied to different groups. You can collect a blank timeline or create your own in whatever manner you prefer.

Task 3: Conclusions about Russification a) How successful was Russification?

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... b) How far were the Tsars more interested in Russification than the Communists?

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Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states Section 4: The impact of the First World War and the Treaty

of Brest-Litovsk

Task 1: The Origins of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Use pages 196-197 to complete the table on the origins of the treaty with what happened on each of the dates.

What happened on the 23rd October 1917? ... and why?

What happened on the 16th November 1917? What were the Soviets hoping would happen? What happened at the meeting of the Central Committee of the new Russian government on 11 January 1918?

What did the Germans do on the 9th February 1918? and then on the 18th February 1918? And then on the 23rd February 1918?

What happened on the 3rd March 1918?

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Task 2: What impact did the treaty have on Russia? (page 198-199) a) What Russian territories were lost in the treaty (and therefore, ceded to Germany)?

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b) How did it affect the Bolsheviks?

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c) How did it affect Lenin?

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d) Overall, how significant an impact did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk have on Russia?

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Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states Section 5: Expansion in Asia

Task 1: Why were the Russians expanding in Asia? (pages 200-201)

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Task 2: How the Tsars and Communists handled Asian expansion Read pages 201-202 to create your notes on what the different leaders did to these different groups.

What happened in Central Asia? Russification The Steppe Statute of 1891 Stolypin’s actions in 1910 Treatment of Muslims Involvement in World War I Actions of the Soviet Regimes in general Khrushchev’s decree in 1957

Examp

les of ch

ange an

d co

ntin

uity w

ith h

ow

Tsars and

Co

mm

un

ists treated th

ose in

central A

sia

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Task 2: Russian involvement in the Far East (pages 203)- mostly under the Tsars. a) What largely governed Russian influence in the Far East?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ b) How did Russia gain a foothold as far as the Amur basin?

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... c) How did Russia end with a rival in the Far East?

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d) How did the Russian government get an opportunity to consolidate their presence in Manchuria?

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... e) What effect did this have on Russia?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ f) How did war affect Russia’s interests in the Far East?

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Task 4: China a) Use pages 203-205 to complete this table of relations between China and Communist Russia.

Lenin, Stalin and the Kuomintang (KMT) 1917-1927

Mao Zedong: 1930-1934. Relations between the KMT and the CCP (Chinese Communist Party)

The CCP and the KMT united to fight the Japanese.

Creation of the People’s Republic of China and relationship with the Soviet Union

1960s changes

Task 5: Manchuria (Communist relations with the Far East) a) What happened to Soviet influence in Manchuria?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Task 6: Korea (Communist relations with the Far East) a) What happened to Korea after the defeat of Japan in WW2?

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b) What happened in Korea in 1950?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................c) What did Truman think about the Soviet involvement in Korea?

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Task 6: Sinkiang, Tanu Tuva and Mongolia Use pages 205 to complete these tables.

Sinkiang Tanu Tuva Mongolia

Under the Tsars

Under the Communists

Task 7: Conclusions How significant were Soviet actions in Asia? Create a spider diagram that summarises this in the space below.

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The Baltic States

Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states Section 6: Communist advances into Europe after the

Second World War

Task 1: The End of the Second World War (page 206) a) The traditional view of the USSR’s actions post World War II is that the Soviets were expansionist in their actions in Eastern Europe. However, what impact would these two statements have on how Russia dealt with Eastern Europe? b) By July 1945, Russian troops effectively controlled the Baltic States, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania. How did this cause problems between the USA and Germany?

Events at the Potsdam Conference (July 1945) and disagreements over Germany:

Stalin following through the agreements reached at Yalta:

Stalin’s interference in how a number of Eastern European countries were governed (make sure we add some specific examples):

Stalin’s speechmaking

Russia had been

invaded twice in

the 20th Century

The Red Army

had suffered

heavy losses in

driving Germany

out of Russia

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c) How did the Western Powers react to Stalin’s actions? (Pages 206-209)

George Kennan (look at the source below) Winston Churchill

Truman’s Actions

d) How did Stalin view Truman’s actions?

Source 1: Text from the Kennan “Long Telegram” The USSR still lives in antagonistic "capitalist encirclement" with which in the long run there can be no permanent peaceful coexistence… Soviet leaders are driven [by?] necessities of their own past and present position to put forward which [apparent omission] outside world as evil, hostile and menacing, but as bearing within itself germs of creeping disease and destined to be wracked with growing internal convulsions until it is finally killed by rising power of socialism and yields to new and better world. This thesis provides justification for that increase of military and police power of Russian state, for that isolation of Russian population from outside world, and for that fluid and constant pressure to extend limits of Russian police power which are together the natural and instinctive urges of Russian rulers. [A prophecy from the Long Telegram] (a) Internal policy devoted to increasing in every way strength and prestige of Soviet state: intensive military-industrialization; maximum development of armed forces; great displays to impress outsiders; continued secretiveness about internal matters, designed to conceal weaknesses and to keep opponents in dark. (b) Wherever it is considered timely and promising, efforts will be made to advance official limits of Soviet power. … (c) Russians will participate officially in international organizations where they see opportunity of extending Soviet power or of inhibiting or diluting power of others. Moscow sees in UNO not the mechanism for a permanent and stable world society founded on mutual interest and aims of all nations, but an arena in which aims just mentioned can be favorably pursued. … (d) Toward colonial areas and backward or dependent peoples, Soviet policy will be directed toward weakening of power and influence and contacts of Western nations.

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e) How did Stalin “tighten his grip” on these Eastern European countries? Bullet point your responses in this box. f) Who is to blame for the deterioration in relations between the USSR and the West?

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Task 2: The Case of Yugoslavia (pages 209-210) a) What were the circumstances Yugoslavia found itself in at the end of the Second World War?

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b) Complete the mind map with information about Marshall Tito, (leader of the newly installed communist government in 1945) and his actions in Yugoslavia.

Tito’s views on Stalinist Communism

How that affected Tito’s actions in Yugoslavia

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The reaction of the West to Tito’s actions

The Yugoslavians’ view of Tito

The reaction of Stalin/ USSR to Tito’s actions

Tito’s relationship with Khrushchev

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Task 3: The case of Czechoslovakia (pages 210-212) a) What were the similarities and differences between Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia in terms of how they were governed and the makeup of those countries 1920-23?

Similarities Differences

b) How stable was the leadership of Czechoslovakia before the Second World War?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ c) Create a spider diagram below of Czechoslovakian relationships with other countries before the Second World War? d) Complete the following list of events to explain how Czechoslovakia became a Communist countries.

Free elections held in Czechoslovakia, 1946.

New government’s economic policies.

May 1948: Communist military coup and the reasons for it.

The reaction of the West to the coup

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Task 4: the Case of Hungary (pages 212-214) a) What was the situation of Hungary after the First World War?

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b) What happened to the government in Hungary after WWI?

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c) After the end of the Second World War, what evidence was there that Stalin influenced the setting up of a new Communist dominated government in Hungary?

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d) How did Ràkosi (Stalinist leader in Hungary) govern Russia? How did he get on with Nagy- the more moderate head of government that followed him?

..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... e) How did Khrushchev deal with Ràkosi?

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f) What feeling did this lead to in Hungary?

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... g) The Hungarian Uprising in 1956 Complete the table with information about what happened during the Hungarian uprising of 1956.

23rd October

30th October

Nagy takes advantage

The Suez Crisis

4th November

h) What were the results for Khrushchev of the Hungarian uprising? They were threefold.

Soviet tanks in Hungary during the uprising.

Result number 1. Result number 2.

Result number 3.

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Task 5: The Case of Germany (214-215) You should know the case of what happened in Germany reasonably well- as the content is the same as the end of the Germany unit! So: see how much of this table you can complete without the textbook. Then use the textbook to complete your notes.

Post WWII agreements at the conferences Post WWII disagreements/ problems at the conferences

The Creation of Bizonia

The Creation of the Deutschmark and the Ostmark

Berlin Blockade and airlift

Task 6: Other Eastern European states (pages 216) What happened to the other Eastern European states?

Romania

Bulgaria

Albania

Greece