a limnological and biological survey of weaver - suny oneonta

A LlMNOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF

WEAVER LAKE, HERKIMER COUNTY NEW YORK

Cynthia A. McArthur

Biological Field Station Cooperstown, New York

Occasional Paper No. 27. August, 1995

Biology Department State University College at Oneonta

THIS MANUSCRIPT IS NOT A FORMAL PUBLICATION

The information contained herein may not be cited or reproduced without permission of the author or

the S.U.N.Y. Oneonta Biology Department.

ABSTRACT

A survey was done on Weaver Lake, Town of Warren, Herkimer County, New York. This

survey included physical and chemical analyses, and a biotic characterization (macrophytes,

plankton, and benthos). Samples were collected from May 23, 1994 until November 29, 1994.

One sample was taken under the ice on March 7, 1995.

The lowest temperature recorded was 2.530C, and the highest was 26.390C. The lake

displayed various days of mixing during the summer months and inverse stratification was evident

during the winter months, when ice cover was present. Secchi disk transparency ranged from

1.9-2.9m.

Dissolved oxygen in the lake ranged from .12mg/I-12.55mg/1. Alkalinity values had an

average of 151.91 mg/1. The pH displayed a range of 6.95-8.48. The total calcium was found to

have an average of 56.60mg/l, with a low of 41.27mg/1 and a high of 65.87mg/1. Conductivity

averaged 275 umho/cm. Phosphorus values ranged from .0068-.0356mg/1 and nitrite/nitrate

values ranged from .02-.14mg/1.

Collection and identification records of the aquatic plants, plankton, and benthos are

included. The most abundant organisms in the phytoplankton included: Eudorina, Asterionella,

Fragi/aria, Dinobryon, and Ceratium. The zooplankton was dominated by the copepods

(suborders Calanoida and Cyc!opoida) and the rotifer, Kerate/la. A list of the fish found in the

lake is also included. The major components of the zoobenthos included: Hya/ella azteca

(Crustacea: Amphipoda), Caecidotea (Crustacea: Isopoda), Halip/us (Coleoptera: Haliplidae),

Pe/todytes (Coleoptera: Haliplidae), Ephemere/la (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), Be/ostoma

(Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), Notonecta (Hemiptera: Notonectidae), Neop/ea (Hemiptera:

Pleidae), Neurocordu/ia (Odonata: Corduliidae), Leucorrhinia (Odonata: Libellulidae), and

Enallagma (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). In the deeper water the molluscs: Pisidium (Bivalvia:

Sphaeriidae), Sphaerium (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae), Physa (Gastropoda: Physidae), He/isoma

campanu/ata (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), Amnico/a (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), and Viviparus

georgianus (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) were dominant.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Abstract .

Table of Contents ii

Introduction , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1

History , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1

Population , 6

Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6

Physical and Chemical Analyses ,.................... 6

Biotic Characterization , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8

Results , , , , ,............. 9

Physical Limnology , 9

Transparency , ,.,................ 9

Chemical Limnology ,." .. , ,.................... 9

Alkalinity, pH, and Major Ions , , , 20

Plant Nutrients , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20

Descriptive Ecology . , , . , " 20

Aquatic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20

Phytoplankton , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20

Zooplankton ,............ 34

Nekton ,...................... 34

Zoobenthos , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34

Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35

Temperature , ,... 35

Transparency ' ,............................... 35

Dissolved Oxygen ,....................................... 42

Alkalinity, pH, and Major Ions , 43

Plant Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44

Aquatic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44

Phytoplankton , , 45

ii

Table of Contents (continued)

PAGE

Zooplankton 46

Nekton 46

Zoobenthos , 46

Conclusion 47

References 48

Appendix A: Field and Laboratory Data 51

Appendix B: Phytoplankton Data , 64

Appendix C: Zooplankton Data 83

Appendix D: Zoobenthos Data , 93

iii

INTRODUCTION

A major thrust of ongoing study at the Biological Field Station is data acquisition concerning

Otsego Lake and its watershed. When studying such an environment, it is imperative to study

all of the other water bodies in its watershed. Weaver and Young Lakes lie in the Otsego Lake

watershed. Weaver Lake is important for the above reasons, but also in its own right as an

unique and diverse ecosystem. The site for access to Weaver Lake is owned by Mr. William

Isaac, who has made arrangements for Biological Field Station (BFS) personnel to use his

property. A BFS boat was kept at the lake for use during the sampling period. A complete

survey was done on Weaver Lake including: physical and chemical analyses, and a biotic

characterization (macrophytes, plankton, and benthos).

Weaver and Young Lakes lie in thick glacial deposits in the southeastern corner of Herkimer

County along State Route 20 in the Town of Warren (Figure 1). Weaver Lake, northwest of

Young Lake, lies partially above the Onondaga Limestone and the Carlisle Center Sandstones

and Esopus Shales. Young Lake lies completely in the Onondaga. A drumlinoid feature

separates the two lakes and is breached by a stream which drains Weaver Lake into Young Lake

(Graham and Gardner, 1992).

Weaver Lake has a maximum depth of 11 feet (3.7m) and a mean depth of 7.1 feet (204m)

(Figure 2). The total volume of the lake is 6.74 x 105m3 (Graham and Gardner, 1992). The lake

is surrounded by a vast area of swamp on the west end. There are also marshlands along the

southern shore, while the northern and eastern shores border agricultural land.

Weaver Lake has three streams draining into it, one located at the northwestern corner and

two in the northeast. Drainage out of the basin is through a small southeasterly flowing stream

emptying into Young Lake (Graham and Gardner, 1992). Cripple Creek is the pathway from

Young Lake to Otsego Lake.

History

Herkimer County was named for General Nicholas Herkimer, a hero of the American

Revolution. It is located in central New York State, approximately between 43 and 44

degrees north latitude and at 75 degrees west longitude. It is 85 miles north to south and 23

miles east to west, and totals, in all, 1442 square miles. It is sixth in size of New York's sixty-two

counties (Herkimer County Historical Society, 1992).

The climate in Herkimer County is highly variable, with temperatures that can be as low as

minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter and as high as 100 degrees in the summer.

Precipitation usually is evenly distributed throughout the year (Herkimer County Historical Society,

, /. ' .( • I

'f' . .' ,I

>//.

Otsego Lake

.-, ~'"",- \ .

. (USGS, 1943).

2

II

.\ B'

Figure 2 Bathymetric map of Weaver Lake. Contour interval 2 feet. (Graham and

Gardner, 1992).

3

1992).

Warren is surrounded by German Flats and Little Falls on the north, Stark and Otsego County

on the east, Otsego County on the south, and Columbia on the west (Beers, 1879).

Warren is the most southerly town in Herkimer County and received its name in honor of

General Joseph Warren, who died in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Warren was incorporated on

February 5, 1796, and included the Town of Columbia until 1812 (Figure 3) (Dept. of Archives and

History, 1954).

The surface of Warren is hilly and several ranges of hills traverse the town in an easterly and

westerly direction. These hills divide the watershed. The streams north discharge through the

Mohawk and Hudson, and the streams south help form the Susquehanna (Beers, 1879).

The land in the town, 23,000 acres, is composed mostly of rich clay loam. The majority of

this land is favorable to cultivation (Dept. of Archives and History, 1954). The formation which

immediately underlies the surface in Warren is limestone. Below the lime is a formation of

sandstone, which is exposed in the northern part of the town. Small quantities of iron ore have

been found in some areas (Beers, 1879). Near the Village of Jordansville is found a large deposit

of limestone that was milled and shipped to distant towns. Young and Weaver Lakes are located

in the southern part of the town. The lakes were named after early settlers and called Waiontha

Lakes (The Twins) by the Indians (Dept. of Archives and History, 1954).

Little is known of the early history of the settlement at "The Twins" lakes. It is known that

there was a Tory settlement there at the time of the Revolution, and that it was called Young's

Settlement. It was at this settlement that Brant and his Indians were entertained

the night before the massacre at Andrustown, and in retaliation the settlement was destroyed by

a party of Whigs under Captain Henry Staring. A man named Weaver lived at the upper lake.

He was taken prisoner by the Indians and Tories, and his property was burned on JUly 18, 1778,

before the attack on Andrustown. The first settlement at ''The Twins" lakes after the Revolution

was in 1784 by John Tunnicliff, Jr., an Englishman, many of whose descendants resided in the

southern part of Warren (Beers, 1879).

In the early years the streams in the town furnished power to run numerous mills and small

factories. The turn of the century found sawmills, grist mills, a tannery, a distillery, and a brewery

within the town limits. Cheese making in the county south of the Mohawk River was begun in

1815 in Warren (Dept. of Archives and History, 1954).

After the Civil War (1861-1865) immigration began from eastern and southern Europe. The

newcomers brought with them their skills, customs, and religious beliefs and practices, all which

helped add to the diversity of the county (Herkimer County Historical Society, 1992).

During the last half of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, evidences of

4

maturing culture began to appear. Libraries began to appear; musical and theatrical

organizations were founded; opera houses and, later, movie palaces were built; and sports and

games became popular (Herkimer County Historical Society, 1992).

Throughout the war-torn twentieth century, Herkimer County's history was similar to that of

most American communities. The men and women served in five wars. Agriculture and

manufacturing were joined by high technology and service industries. Religion exercised an even

more powerful influence on many people than it had in the past (Herkimer County Historical

Society, 1992).

In 1991 Herkimer County's economy continued to be healthily varied. Among its products

were apparel and textiles; building supplies and electrical machinery; agricultural dairy products

and processed foods; firearms and ordnance; lumber, wood products, and paper; and quarried

stone of several types and sizes. Services available in the county included health and education;

banking and finance; machining and plating; publishing and printing; transportation of various

sorts; and, of course the public utilities (Herkimer County Historical Society, 1992).

Population

According to the 1990 Census the population in Warren was 1077. Of this population, there

were 270 families and 353 households. The age groups represented in the population are as

follows:

2 and under 3-9 10-21 22-39 40-59 60-79 over 80

47 112 182 284 225 192 35

The population of Warren has been increasing since 1940. In 1940 the population was 873. In

1970 the population was 978. Before this period the population of Warren was greater. In 1820

it was 2013, in 1850 it was 1756, in 1880 it was 1430, and in 1910 it was 1071 (Herkimer County

Historical Society, 1992).

Materials and Methods

Physical and Chemical Water Analyses

Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were determined on May 31, 1994 and

then weekly starting June 15, 1994 until November 15, 1994. After that period ice cover restricted

sampling, except for one sample taken through the ice on March 7, 1995. Determinations were

done using a portable multiprobe water quality sensor (Hydrolab Environmental Data Systems

Model SVR2-SU Sonde Unit). Presampling calibrations were performed within a week and often

on the day of sampling, according to manufacturers provided protocols (Hydrolab Corporation,

6

1986). Dissolved oxygen was calibrated in an aerated tank, utilizing concurrent results of modified

Winkler titrations (NYSDOH-ELAP Certification Manual, 1994). Transparency of water was also

tested weekly, starting June 15, 1994, using a Secchi disk.

Water samples were collected weekly from May 31, 1994 until July 12, 1994 and than

biweekly until November 15, 1994, after this point ice cover prevented sampling. Samples were

collected using a VanDorn sampler and stored in plastic bottles. The samples were taken at the

deepest portion of the lake; sampling the surface, the bottom, and two depths in between

(usually 1m and 2.5m). Water samples were brought back to the laboratory for analysis, which

included: mg/I alkalinity, mg/I total calcium, mg/I total phosphorus-P, and mg/I Nitrite/Nitrate-N.

Alkalinity determinations were analyzed as soon as possible, usually within 1 hour of

collection. The samples were not filtered, diluted or altered in any way. The colorimetric

indicator procedure was used. It was modified from Standard Methods for the Examination of

Water and Wastewater, 18th edition (1992), according to NYSDOH (ELAP Certification Manual,

1994) and EPA (Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1983). The procedure

required that a 1DDml sample be poured into a cut off volumetric flask. Two tenths of a ml (5

drops) of indicator solution (bromcresol green indicator: 1DDmg bromcresol green in 1DDml

isopropyl alcohol) was added to each sample. The sample was then titrated, using .D2N HCl,

over a white surface to a persistent color change of greenish yellow, characteristic of the

equivalence point. The ml of titrant used was recorded (ml x 1D = mg/I).

Calcium analysis was performed upon return to the laboratory. The method followed, EDTA

Titrimetric Method, can be found in Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes (1983).

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1992) states that either the

murexide (ammonium purpurate) indicator or the eriochrome blue-black R indicator can be used

in this procedure. Murexide indicator changes from pink to purple at the endpoint and

eriochrome blue-black R indicator has a color change from red through purple to bluish purple

to a pure blue with no trace of reddish or purple tint. I used the eriochrome blue-black R

indicator until June 15, 1994 and from that point until November 15, 1994 the murexide indicator

was used. The switch from eriochrome blue-black R indicator to murexide indicator was done

because eriochrome blue-black R was no longer available.

Samples to be used for total phosphorus were preserved for future analysis. Forty ml of

sample was measured using an acid-washed, cut off graduated cylinder. The sample was then

poured into an acid-washed 125ml erlenmeyer flask. Four tenths of a ml of strong acid solution

(H2S04 , which lowers the pH < 1, until digestion occurs) was added and the flask was covered

with tin foil and stored at room temperature, until the digestion procedure was continued. The

persulfate digestion method (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,

7

1992) was used along with the ascorbic acid, single reagent method (Methods for the Chemical

Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1983). The results are in the form: mg/I total phosphorus-Po

Samples for nitrite/nitrate-N were also preserved until the procedure was completed. A 50ml

sample was filtered and placed in an acid-washed erlenmeyer flask and covered with parafilm.

The flask was then refrigerated at 4°C until analysis. The copper cadmium reduction method

(Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992) was used for

determining mg/I N02/N03-N.

Biotic Characterization

Aquatic plants were collected from the lake by wading out 'from shore, raking the bottom of

the lake with a rake where reachable, and by dredging the bottom with the boat anchor. The

samples were then brought back to the Biological Field Station and identified using; Grasses

(Brown, 1979), A Manual of Aquatic Plants (Fassett, 1960), Gray's Manual of Botany (Fernald,

1950), A Key for the Field Identification of the Aquatic Macrophytes of Otsego Lake (Karl, 1980),

A Field Guide to Wildflowers (Peterson and McKenny, 1968), A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs

(Petrides, 1986) and How to know the Aquatic Plants (Prescott, 1980). The plants were then

identified, pressed, dried in an oven, and mounted on herbarium paper. The mounted samples

were used for further identification, when necessary. The final nomenclature was according to

Gray's Manual of Botany (Fernald, 1950).

Phytoplankton and zooplankton were collected on June 6, 1994 and weekly 'from June 22,

1994 until November 15, 1994. Sampling was performed by using a #20 plankton net with an

aperture of .25m. The net was dragged along side the boat at varying depths. The water sample

(2 liters) was placed in a plastic container. The sample was brought back to the laboratory and

filtered through a plankton cup (mesh size = 63 microns). Lugol's iodine solution was added

for preservation and staining. The phytoplankton and zooplankton were observed under a

compound microscope and identified. The phytoplankton were identified using The Blue-green

Algae (Fogg, et ai, 1973), Algae in Water Supplies (Palmer, 1962), Algae of Western Great Lakes

Area (Prescott, 1962), How to know the Fresh-water algae (Prescott, 1964), Freshwater Algae of

the United States (Smith, 1950) and A Guide to the Common Diatoms at Water Pollution

Surveillance System Stations (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1966). The zooplankton were

identified using Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States (Pennak, 1953), Fresh-Water

Invertebrates of the United States; 3rd edition (Pennak, 1989) and A Survey of Planktonic Rotifers

of Otsego Lake (Wigen, 1990).

Fishes of Weaver Lake were collected by field station personnel, on July 13-14, 1993. In

addition, any fish that were found floating on the surface during the study period, were placed

8

in containers and identified using The Inland Fishes of New York State (Smith, 1985).

The zoobenthos of Weaver Lake were collected weekly from May 23, 1994 to June 10, 1994,

collected on June 20, 1994, and weekly from July 6, 1994 until November is, 1994. After

November 15, 1994 ice cover prevented further sampling. The collections were done using a

triangle net and soft forceps. The triangle net was swept in beds of macrophytes and along

shorelines. The collected benthic fauna were placed in baby food jars. In deeper sections of

the lake, an Ekman dredge was used for sampling and the benthic fauna was collected. Upon

return to the laboratory the jars were filled with boiling water to kill all the organisms. The

material was preseNed in vials filled with 70% ETOH. Taxa were identified using a dissecting

scope and the following manuals: the Leeches (Harman, undated), Pictorial Keys to the Aquatic

Mollusks of the Upper Susquehanna (Harman, 1982), Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of

Northeastern North America (Peckarsky, et ai, 1990), Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United

States (Pennak, 1953) and Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States: 3rd edition (Pennak,

1989). All the vials were labeled and stored at room temperature.

Results

Physical Limnology

Figure 4 shows the field data profiles for temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH on each

sample date. Water temperatures throughout Weaver Lake ranged from 2.53 to 26.390C, during

the sample period. Figure 5 illustrates temperature isopleths for the period between May 31 J

1994 and November 29, 1994. On May 31 , 1994 the temperature ranged from 18.14 to 18.920C.

After this point a period of thermal stratification began in early June, but never became well

established due to frequent mixing. This phenomenon (temporary stratification) occurred

throughout the summer when hot, calm days occurred, but stratification never became well

established. The following months showed a gradual decrease in temperature. On November

29, 1994 ice cover restricted further sampling. On March 7, 1995 samples were taken under the

ice. It is on this date that the lowest temperature, 2.530C, was obseNed.

Transparency

Figure 6 is a graph of Secchi disk transparency versus date of sampling. The minimum

transparency, 1.9m, occurred on August 23, 1994 and the maximum transparency, 2.9m, was

reported on August 2, 9, and 16.

Chemical Limnology

Dissolved oxygen profiles are shown in Figure 4. Figure 7 illustrates dissolved oxygen

9

0 5 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.51 ,-.

E- 2.0-E 0ell a

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

i 0 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

'/ I.J ~

May 3l, 1994

1 I

1 I 4

I In

0.0

{l.5

-1.0

E 1.5-.t: Q. -Q) 2.0 Cl

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 June 1S, 1994

o 5 10 15 20 25 30o 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 +--.............,...--"----'----'----i?--'--..., o.0 t----'~'""'"-...........---'-il/----"-------I

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

, 0.5In ! i

1.04

-I .s 1.5 .t:

1 Q. -~ 2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

;

} 1

4.0 '--------__---.J4.0.1....------------' June 30, 1994June 22, 1994

(--e- temp (C) - pH -- D.O.(mgjl) I

Figure 4 Profiles of temperature (0C), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mg/I) in relation to depth (m).

10

0 5 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5I .L: 2.0-C. Q)

0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0 0.0

0.5

1.0

I 1.5

:; a. 2.0 Q} Q

2.5

3.0 Ii

3.5

4.0

July 6, 1994

5

)

10 15 20 25 30 a 5 10 15 20 25 30

I I I

t t I i I ~

I I e

f I

I ~

!

6 m

-.s ..r:.-0.. ell Cl

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0 1I 3.5

4.0

July 12, 1994

010 15 20 25 30 0.0 I i I ! 0.5 ~ I

I !

1.0 m I

I 1.5

I m E

! I J:: 2.01c..9

0 Q)

::Uc I 6

3.5

4.0

5 10 15 20 25 30

I~

j ~

July 19, 1994 July 27, 1994

l-e-- temp (C) - pH -- 1D.D.(mg/l)

Figure 4 (continued) Profi les of temperatu re (oCl, pH, and dissolved oxygen (mg/I) in relation to depth (m).

11

0 5 0,0

0.5

1.0

1.5 .s ~-Q. 2.0 Ql

0

2.5

3.0

1*

~.5

4.0

20 ·25 300 5 10 1510 15 20 25 30

Ii

I III

1 I I

III I

I i

! III

August 2, 1994

0.0 +---"""""'\-l'/>-'---'--""""':...I-----"------i

0.0

0.5

1.0

I 1.5

J:: Q. 2.0 Ql

Cl

2.5 I3.0

J

3.5

4.0 August 9 I 1994

o 5 10 15 20 25 30o 5 10 15 20 25 30 O. 0 +---¥-:---'~---l.--i'"----'---t

0.5

10

1.5 .s -=Q. 2.0

Ql

o 2.5

3.0

3.5

\ 0.5!b

i

I 1.0III

I !

E 1.5 I i ~ g. 2.0~ i oI j

2.56 !

3.0

1 3.5

1

IIII

! r

4.0""----------- 4.0.L----------- August 16, 1994 August 23, 1994

I-e-- temp (C) - pH - D.O.(mg/l) I

Figure 4 (continued) Profiles of temperature (0C), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mgll) in relation to depth (m).

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 0.0

0.5 ( I i

I .r:; 0. QI Cl

1.0

1.5

20

2.5

I

iIn

I a> I I I

I 3.0 I

III

)

3.5 b

4.0 August 30, 1994

'0 '5 20 25 300.0

0.5

1.0

- 1.5.s .c 0- 2.0 QI

Cl

2.5

3.0 I b

3.5

4.0 September 9, 1994

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

I -= c. QI Cl

0.0

0.5

1.0

15

2.0

2.5

! ! $ ! I e

I ~ I I J

3.0

3.5

4.0 "--------------' September 13, 1994

4.0 -'----------_.--J September 20, 1994

l-e- temp (C) pH --- D.O.(mg/l) I Figure 4 (continued) Profiles of temperature (oC), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mgl/) in relation to depth (m).

13

10 15 20 25 30 o 5 10 15 20 25 30o 5 o 0 1----'---,lI-'----'-...,Tl---'---'---j 0.0 .,..---'-..,.--'"..----'------'-----.J..-.---i

0.5

1.0

1.5

I % 2.0 (l)

Cl 2.5

30 ~ 3.5

4.0 -'-

I I

0.5

1.0

1 1.5

1 3.0

3.5

----' 4.0 '-------------'

september 27, 1994 October 4, 1994

5 10 15 20 25 30o o 0 t-----..,.--'"lf---'----'---~---;

5 10 15 20 25 30o 0.0 +------'_.,.-..........-'----'---k-.---;

0.5

05

1.0

E .r:.0. (l)

o

1.0

1.5

2.0

f .:=Q. (l)

o

1.5

2.0

2.5

1

I 2.5

3.0

i I ~

3.0

3.5

3.5

4.0 "-

October 13, 1994 --J

4.0 "'---------------' October 18, 1994

l--e- temp (C) - pH - D.O.(mgjl) ,

Figure 4 (continued) Profiles of temperature (0C), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mgt!) in relation to depth (m).

14

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0

I ! i i ~0.5 II

1.0 ~ !

I

I

m1.5

IIIE m.r:. 2.0

0.. , 0 Q)

[ m2.5 I I

i ~3.0 i 6

3.5

4.0 October 25, 1994

0.0 0 5 10 -

15 20 25 30

11

0.5 i! :! i~

1.0

.;

;; :!:! !~

~ l ::

1.5 :!

19

I ..l::

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2.0

2.5

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11

3.5 n ib

4.0 " ......

November 8, 1994

o 5 10 15 20 25 30 o. 0 +--""---~'t-----'----'----'---j

0.5 I i !

1.0 I ! ~

-.s 1.5

a- 2.0= Q) I0

2.5 l, ,.0 I ---to

V 1 0 3.5

·4.0 "'-- _

November 1, 1994

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0

I,0.5 l

i1.0

1.5E .r:. 0.. al 2.0 0 II2.5

3.0 jI ~i

3.5

4.0

November 15, 1994

J-e- temp (C) pH -- O.O.(mgjl) I Figure 4 (continued) Profiles of temperature (0C), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mg/I) in relation to depth (m).

15

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0

D.5

\ 1.0 ~

\ \ J1.5

I ~

\ I.J::. 2.0

0ell 0 2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 March 7, 1995

l-e- temp (c) - pH r- D.O.(mg/l)

Figure 4 (continued) Profiles of temperature (oC), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mgt!) in relation

to depth (m).

I 16

·.5 · '

,1.5. ioo ,...

E-:c I 0.. 2. ~ w o

2.5... \

3.'> •

June July

I

o o cocoN --

- . . . .• - . August Se-ptember October November\:

Figure 5 Seasonal values of temperature, Weaver Lake, 1994. Isopleths of temperature in DC. (May 31 - November 15).

17

0.0.....-----------------------------,

0.5

>... u c:: Q) ..... 1.0cc Q. C/)

c:: CC..... I- 1.5 ~ C/)

a J:: 2.0u u Q)

Cf)

2.5

3.0-+---.,-----r-----r----r----T"'"""""---,..--....,..----r----r-------j OS/26 07/05 08/14 09/23 11/02 12/12

06/15 07/25 09/03 10/13 11/22

1994

Figure 6 Secchi disk transparency (m), Weaver Lake, 1994. (May 31 - November 15).

18

8

.s

8 6 6 10 12

NovemberOctober

8

September

2

4

AugustJuly

Figure 7 Seasonal values of dissolved oxygen, Weaver Lake, 1994. Isopleths in mg/liter dissolved oxygen. Depth in meters, along y axis. (May 31 - November 15). (On November 1, the 4 and 2 mg/I labels were left out due to congestion).

19

I

isopleths for the period between May 31, 1994 and November 29, 1994. Dissolved oxygen in

Weaver Lake ranged from .12mg/l to 12.55mg/1. Due to its shallowness, Weaver Lake displays

several periods of mixing, as seen in Figure 7.

Alkalinity, pH, and Major Ions

The alkalinity of the lake waters ranged from 113-179mg/l, with an average of 151.91 mg/1.

pH values ranged from 6.95 to 8.48. Figure 4 illustrates the profile of pH for each sample date.

Figure 8 illustrates the isopleths for pH values for the period between May 31, 1994 and

November 29, 1994.

Calcium values ranged from 41.27-65.87mg/l, with an average of 56.60mg/1. Figure 9 is a

graph of the profile of total calcium for each sample date. There was little variation from surface

to bottom on each date.

Conductivity values ranged from 204-400umho/cm, with an average of 275umho/cm, during

the period between May 31, 1994 and November 29, 1994. On March 7, 1995 conductivity

values ranged from 361-422 umho/cm, these conditions occurred under ice.

Plant Nutrients

Figure 10 illustrates the profile for total phosphorus. Phosphorus values ranged from .0068

.0356mg/1. On September 9, 1994 values ranging from .0031-.0052mg/1 were found, but due to

the fact that there was a problem with sampling and preservation of the water sample on this

date, this data will not be included in the discussion.

Nitrite/Nitrate values ranged from .02-.14mg/1. Most of the values were found to be less than

.05mg/1.

All values for field data and laboratory data are listed in Appendix A.

Descriptive Ecology

Aquatic Plants

The aquatic plants collected during sampling period are listed in Table 1. Although zonation

patterns weren't identified, it was evident that Typha spp. (cattail), Nuphar variegatum (yellow

water lily), and Nymphaea odorata (water lily) were the dominant species along the shoreline and

in the shallower waters. In the deeper waters, species of Potamogeton were the most abundant.

Phytoplankton

A comprehensive list of phytoplankton is presented in Table 2. A list of organisms present

on each sample date is listed in Appendix B. The most abundant organisms present from June

20

.5

1

1.5

,-...

E....., 2

V.;:J ...

.1f1 &I')

, ee ClC co ~

CC i

&I')In In

" ~ ,...

"'" .

.~

In ~,

l

·.i ~ r

In

"

~ i .~

I . . • • I •

June July August September October November

Figure 8 Seasonal values of pH, Weaver Lake, 1994. (May 31 - November 15), Isopleths in ,5 intervals (greater than 7 and less than 8.5).

21

2.5

3

3.5

0.0 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.0

0.5 0.5

1.0 1.0

1.5

- 1.5 .s E _ 2.0 :: :; 2.00.. (1) 0..

Q)O 2 .5 o 2.5

3.0 3.0

3.5 3.5

4.0.l...- ---' 4.0.l...------- --J

May 31, 1994 June 15, 1994

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.00.0

0.50.5

1.01.0

_ 1.51.5 .s.S ..s=Q. 2.0f; 2.0 (1)0..

Ql o o 2.52.5

3.03.0

3.53.5

4. C.L-. --' 4.0.l...------- --J

June 22, 1994 June 30, 1994

Figure 9 Profiles of total calcium (mg/I), Weaver Lake, 1994. (May 31 - November 15).

22

70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 O. 0 +--_.lo.-----''--~-----'-----'--_;

0.5

1.0

, 1.5

E £: 2.0 0Q)

o 2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0.l...-----------.....J July 6, 1994

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 o 0 t----.lo.-----'----L---T----'--....,

0.5

1.0

1.5 -.SoC 2.0 0. Q)

o 2.5

30

3.5

4.0.l...-----------.....J July 27, 1994

40 45 50 55 60 65 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5-.SoC- 2.0 0Q)

0 2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 July 12, 1994

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5 -E ~- 2.0 Q. Q)

0 2.5

3.0

3.5

4,0 August 9, 1994

Figure 9 (continued) Profiles of total calcium (mgll)

23

A.O A.5 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.0 0.0

0.5 0.5

1.0 1.0

1.5 - 1.5

E- §. .s:: a. w

0

2.0 =: 0CIl 0

2.0

2.5 2.5

3.0 3.0

3.5 3.5 /

A..O 4.0 August 23, 1994 September 9, 1994

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

I £ 0CI>

0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0.5

1.0

-§. £ 0W

0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

September 20, 1994

4.0 October 4, 1994

Figure 9 (continued) Profiles of total calcium (mgll)

24

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.0o.0 +---'-----'-----'---i-'-----'----1

0.5

1.0

1.5

.s ~- 2.0 Q. CIl o

2.5

3.0

3.5

D.5

1.0

1.5

I ~- 2.0 Q. CIl

0 2.5

·3.0

3.5

4.04.0.1....------------' October 18, 1994 November 1, 1994

40 45 50 55 60 65 70

O.O~\~

0.5

1.0

1.5

.s '§. 2.0 CIl o

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 .L- -'

November 15, 1994

Figure 9 (continued) Profiles of total calcium (mg/I)

25

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

I .r:: 2.0 a. QI Cl

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 May 31, 1994

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

-E.r:: 2.0-a. QI

Cl 2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

June 15, 1994

0.00 001 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05o.0 +-----'-----'-----'---'----'---r"--''--'''----"---\

0.5

1.0

1.5

I £; 2.0 c.. QI Cl

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 1-1

June 22,

0.0

0.5

1.0 \ 1.5-

~ .r::- 2.0 a. Ql Cl

2.5

3.0

3.5

---'

40 1994

June 30, 1994

Figure 10 Profiles of total phosphorus (mgt!), Weaver Lake.

26

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.0

0.5

1.0

_1.5 .s ..c:a. 2.0 C1l 0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 July 6,

0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

1994

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

E :; 2.0 Q.

C1l 0 2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

July 12, 1994

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.050.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0

0.5 \ 1.0

1.5-.s =2.0a. C1l 0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

I ..c: 2.0 a.

C1l 0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

August 9, 1994July 27, 1994

Figure 10 (continued) Profiles of total phosphorus (mg/I), Weaver Lake.

27

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.0100

0.5 \1.0

1.5 -.s .r:. 2.0 a. Q)

0 2.5

3.0

3.5

40

August 23, 1994

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 00

0.5

10

, .5 -.s .r:. 2.0a. Q)

0 2.5

30

3.5

4.0

I

October 4, 1994

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

I .r:.- 2.0 a-Q)

o 2.5

3.0

3.5

·4.0

September 20, 1994

0.00 0.0

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

0.5

1.0

-E .r:. a. Q)

Cl

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 October 18, 1994

Figure 10 (continued) Profiles of total phosphorus (mg!l), Weaver Lake.

28

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

-.s 2.0.s::

Q. <ll 0 -

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

\ 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

I £ 2.0 Q. <ll 0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 November 1, 1994

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0

0.5

1.0

- 1.5

.s

.J:: 2.0C. Ql 0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

November 15, 1994

March 7, 1995

Figure 10 (continued) Profiles of total phosphorus (mgll), Weaver Lake.

29

Table 1 Comprehensive List of Aquatic Plants

Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Class Charaphyceae

Order Charaphyceae Family Characeae Chara vulgaris (stonewort) Nitella spp. (stonewort)

Phylum (=Division) Spermatophyta (flowering plants) Subphylum (=subdivision) Angiospermae

Class Monocotyledoneae Family Alismaceae

Sagittaria latifolia (arrowhead) Family Anacharis

Elodea canadensis (waterweed) Family Cyperaceae

Carex spp. (sedge) Carex crinita (sedge) Carex lurida (sedge) Eleocharis spp. Scirpus spp. (bulrush) Scirpus validus (bulrush)

Family Gramineae Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass)

Family Lemnaceae Lemna minor (lesser duckweed) Spirodela polyrhiza (greater duckweed)

Family Najadaceae Najas f1exilis (bushy pondweed) Potamogeton amplifolius (big leaf pondweed) Potamogeton crispus (curly pondweed) Potamogeton i1!inoensis (Illinois pondweed) Potamogeton natans (floating leaf pondweed) Potamogeton pectinatus (grassy pondweed) Potamogeton praelongus (whitestem pondweed) Potamogeton pusil!us (slender pondweed) Potamogeton zosteriformis (flatstem pondweed)

Family Pontederiaceae Heteranthera dubia (water-stargrass)

Family Sparganiaceae Sparganium spp. (burreed) Sparganium angustifolium (narrow leaved burreed) Sparganium chlorocarpum (green-fruited burreed)

Family Typhaceae Typha spp. (cattail)

Class Dicotyledoneae Family Asclepiadaceae

Asclepias incarnata (swamp milkweed) Family Balsaminaceae

Impatiens capensis (spotted-touch-me-not)

30

Table 1 (continued)

Family Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum

Family Compositae Eupatorium purpureum Megalodonta beckii

Family Cornaceae Comus amomum

Family Guttiferae Hypericum virginicum

Family Haloragidaceae Myriophyllum exalbescens

Family Leguminosae Melilotus officinalis

Family Lentibulariaceae Utricularia inflata Utricularia vulgaris

Family Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria

Family Myricaceae Myrica gale

Family Nymphaeceae Nuphar variegatum Nymphaea odorata

Family Plantaginaceae Galium boreale

Family Polygonaceae Polygonum spp. Rumex crispus

Family Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis

Family Scrophulariaceae Mimulus ringens

Family Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara

Family Verbenaceae Verbena hastata

(coontail)

(sweet Joe-pye-weed) (water marigold)

(silky dogwood)

(Marsh St. Johnswort)

(water milfoil)

(yellow sweet clover)

(bladderwort) (bladderwort)

(purple loosestrife)

(sweet gale)

(yellow water lily) (water lily)

(bedstraw)

(smartweed) (curly dock)

(buttonbush)

(square stemmed monkey flower)

(bittersweet nightshade)

(blue vervain)

31

Table 2 Comprehensive List of Phytoplankton

Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae

Order Chlorococcales Family Coelastraceae

Coelastrum Family Hydrodictyaceae

Pediastrum Family Oocystaceae

Ankistrodesmus Cerasterias Closteriopsis Dictyosphaerium

Order Ulotrichales Family Ulotrichaceae

Ulothrix Order Volvocales

Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox

Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae

Closterium Cosmarium Staurastrum Xanthidium

Family Mesotaeniaceae Netrium

Family Zygnemataceae Spirogyra

Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae

Order Pennales Family Cymbellaceae

Cymbella Family Eunotiaceae

Actinella

32

Table 2 (continued)

Family Fragilariaceae Asterionel/a Asterionel/a formosa Fragilaria Synedra

Family Tabellariaceae Tabel/aria

Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales

Family Mallomonadaceae Mal/omonas

Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon

Family Synuraceae Synura

Phylum (= Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae

Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae

Merismopedia Microcystis

Order Hormogonales Family Nostocaceae

Anabaena Family Oscillatoriaceae

Lyngbya Oscillatoria

Family Rivulariaceae Gleotrichia Gleotrichia ectinulata

Phylum (=Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae

Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae

Ceratium Family Glenodiniaceae

Glenodinium

33

6, 1994 until July 6, 1994 were Eudorina, Fragilaria, and Ceratium. From July 6, 1994 until August

2, 1994 Dinobryon dominated. From August 2, 1994 until August 16, 1994 Fragilaria was the

dominant organism. Dinobryon was the most available organism present from August 30, 1994

until November 1, 1994. From November 1, 1994 until November 15, 1994 the most abundant

organisms present were Asterionella, Fragi/aria, and Dinobryon.

Zooplankton

The zooplankton community in Weaver Lake is dominated by the brachionid rotifer Keratella

and by the copepods (suborders Calanoida and Cyclopoida). Table 3 is a comprehensive list

of the zooplankters. A list of zooplankters found on each individual sample date can be found

in Appendix C.

Nekton

Table 4 includes a list of the fish collected in Weaver Lake on July 13-14, 1993. On this

sample date the most dominant species collected were letalurus nebulosus (brown bullheads)

and Catostomus eommersoni (white suckers). On May 31, 1994 one Creek Chubsucker

(Erimyzon ob/ongus) was found. On June 10, 1994 one Yellow Perch (Perea flaveseens) was

found. On June 30, 1994 a pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) was found.

Zoobenthos

A comprehensive list of the zoobenthos collected is presented in Table 5. A list of the

organisms present on each sample date is found in Appendix D. When comparing the data on

each sample date, it was found that Caeeidotea, Celina, Chrysops, Leptoeerus amerieanus,

Polyeentropus, Helisoma aneeps, and Amnieola limosa were not present on the first date

sampled, but were found on May 25, 1994. On June 6, 1994, Nephelopsis obseura, Pentaneura,

and Tipu/a were first seen. Dineutus, Pe/todytes, Tropisternus larvae, Mesovelia, Physa, Physa

integra, and Amnieola integra were first observed on June 20, 1994. G/ossiphonia, Lyneeus

braehyurus, Callibaetis, Sigara, and Sympetrum were first collected on July 6, 1994.

Pa/aemonetes pa/udosus and Notoneeta were found on July 7, 1994. Gammarus, Gerris,

Merragata, Anax, and Ce/ithemis were present on July 12, 1994. Laeeophilus and Belostoma

were observed on July 20, 1994. Mooreobdella fervida, Batraeobdella phalera, Stenelmis,

Peltodytes larvae, and Chauliodes were collected on July 26, 1994. Donaeia and Merragata were

first seen on August 3, 1994. Helobdella, Donaeia larvae, and Ranatra were found on August 10,

1994. Tramea was seen on August 16, 1994. Daphnia, Agabetes larvae, and Lymnaea columella

were first collected on August 23, 1994. Agabetes, Tropisternus, Anopheles, and Lymnaea spp.

34

were first found on August 30, 1994. Anodonta cataracta was collected on September 13, 1994.

Orconectes was present on September 20, 1994. Haliplus larvae and Centroptilum were found

on September 27, 1994. A Laccophilus adult was first seen on October 18, 1994. Plathemis was

collected on November 8, 1994. On November 15, 1994 a caddis fly in the Family Hydroptilidae

was found, but could not be keyed any further. All other organisms were found on earlier dates,

starting with May 23, 1994. A comprehensive list was

comprised of all organisms present in Weaver Lake from May 23, 1994 until November 15, 1994.

The list of organisms found includes dates of first observation.

Discussion

Physical Limnology:

Temperature

Depth and wind exposure appeared to have an important influence on the thermal conditions

in Weaver Lake. The lake is relatively shallow, never reaching a depth of greater than 3.7m. The

prevailing winds that occurred during study period were capable of mixing the lake during much

of the time. Thus, except for extended periods of hot, calm weather, holomixis persists and water

temperatures are essentially the same from the surface to the bottom. On June 15, 1994 the lake

displayed its first sign of stratification, however by the next sample date, June 22, 1994, loss of

stratification occurred due to the strong winds on this date. The next period of stratification

occurred on July 6, 1994, but was also lost due to frequent mixing. Due to the fact that the

stratification never becomes well established, it can be concluded that summer stratification is

not evident in Weaver Lake.

Temperatures gradually decrease from August 9, 1994 until the lowest temperature, 2.530C,

was recorded on March 7, 1995. On November 29, 1994 ice cover was present. The presence

of ice on Weaver Lake indicates that winter stratification is occurring. Therefore, it can be

concluded that Weaver Lake is a winter stratified monomictic lake. This is a lake that has only

one period of mixing each year because it is very shallow in relation to its size, and is completely

exposed to winds. These lakes continue to circulate throughout the summer. These lakes are

stratification is evident in Weaver Lake on March 7, 1995, when values of 2.530C occur in the

surface waters and the bottom waters have a value of 4.70oC.

Transparency

Secchi disk transparency ranged from 1.9 - 2.9m. Reschke (1990) states that the

characteristic features of a eutrophic lake include the following: yellow, green, or brownish-green

water that is murky with low transparency (Secchi disk depths less than 2.5m). Weaver Lake is

35

Table 3 Comprehensive List of Zooplankton

Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)

Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera

Family Bosminidae Bosmina Bosmina longirostris

Family Daphnidae Daphnia

Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)

Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta

Order Flosculariacea Conochilus Filinia

Order Ploima Asplanchna Kellicottia Keratella Keratella quadrata Monostyla Synchaeta Trichocerca

36

Table 4 Comprehensive List of Fishes of Weaver Lake (July 1993)

Family and Scientific Name

Catostomidae Catostomus eommersoni Erimyzon ob/ongus

Centrarchidae Amb/oplites rupestris Lepomis gibbosus Lepomis maeroehirus

Cyprinidae Notemigonus eryso/eueas

Escocidae Esox niger

Ictaluridae /eta/urus nebu/osus

Percidae Perea flaveseens

Common Name

Suckers White sucker Creek chubsucker

Sunfishes Rock bass

Pumpkinseed Bluegill

Minnows Golden shiner

Pikes Chain pickerel

Bullhead catfish Brown bullhead

Perches Yellow perch

37

Table 5 Comprehensive List of Zoobenthos

Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea (leeches)

Order Arhynchobdellida Family Erpobdellidae

Mooreobdella feNida Nephelopsis obscura

Order Rhynchobdellida Family Glossiphoniidae

Batracobdella phalera G/ossiphonia Helobdella

Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnoidea

Order Hydrachnidia (water mites) Superfamily Pionae

Family Limnesiidae Limnesia

Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Eubranchiopoda

Order Conchostraca (clam shrimps) Family Lynceidae

Lynceus brachyurus Division Oligobranchiopoda

Order Cladocera (water fleas) Family Chydoridae

Eurycercus Family Daphnidae

Daphnia Family Sididae

Sida crystallina Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida

Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Gammaridae

Gammarus Family Talitridae

Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)

Family Asellidae Caecidotea

Division Eucarida Order Decapoda (fresh-water shrimps, crayfish)

Family Cambaridae Orconectes

Family Palaemonidae Palaemonetes paludosus

38

Table 5 (continued)

Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)

Family Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Donacia (larvae and adult)

Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Agabetes (larvae and adults) Celina Hydroporus Laccophilus (larvae and adults)

Family Elmidae Stenelmis

Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus

Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus (larvae and adults) Peltodytes (larvae and adults)

Family Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Tropisternus (larvae and adults)

Order Diptera Suborder Brachycera Infraorder Orthorrhapha Family Tabanidae (horseflies)

Chrysops Suborder Nematocera

Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)

SUbfamily Chironominae Chironomus (pupae)

Subfamily Tanypodinae Pentaneura

Family Culicidae (mosquitoes) Anopheles

Family Tipulidae (true crane flies) Tipula

Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Baetidae

Ca/libaetis Centroptilum

Family Ephemerellidae Ephemerella

Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs)

Belostoma Family Corixidae (water boatmen)

Sigara Family Gerridae (water striders, pond skaters)

Gerris Family Hebridae (velvet water bugs)

Merragata

39

Table 5 (continued)

Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders) Mesovelia

Family Nepidae (water scorpions) Ranatra

Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta

Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea

Family Veliidae (broad-shouldered water strider) Microvelia

Order Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) Family Corydalidae

Chauliodes (fishfly larvae) Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)

Family Aeshnidae Anax

Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia

Family Libellulidae Celithemis Leucorrhinia Plathemis Sympetrum Tramea

Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae

Enallagma Order Trichoptera

Family Hydroptilidae Family Leptoceridae

Leptocerus americanus Family Phryganeidae

Phryganea Family Polycentropodidae

Polycentropus

Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)

Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium

Family Unionidae Anodonta cataracta

Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)

Family Lymnaeidae Lymnaea Lymnaea columella

40

Table 5 (continued)

Family Physidae Physa Physa integra

Family Planorbidae Gyraulus Gyraulus parvus Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata Menetus dilatatus Promenetus exacuous

Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae

Amnicola Amnicola integra Amnicola limosa

Family Valvatidae Valvata Valvata tricarinata

Family Viviparidae Viviparus Viviparus georgianus

41

a shallow, marly, eutrophic lake. The ability of light to penetrate the water is limited by the high

amount of suspended material in the water (Graham and Gardner, 1992). The lowest

transparency of 1.9m occurred on August 23, 1994. Due to the high amounts of rainfall, the

maximum depth of 3.7m also occurred on August 23, 1994. The decreased Secchi depth may

be due to the increased inflow of material due to rainwater runoff. The maximum Secchi depth

of 2.9m was reported on August 2, 9, and 16, 1994. During the rest of the study period Secchi

depths varied little (2.1 ~ 2.7m).

Chemical Limnology:

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen of Weaver Lake showed various periods of mixing (Figure 4). A period of

oxygen stratification is seen on June 15, 1994. This period corresponds with that of temperature

(Figure 5). A period of mixing occurred after this point. This may be due to the fact that the wind

is strong enough to mix the entire lake. The next period of stratification appeared on June 30,

1994. But frequent mixing caused the oxygen levels to become distributed throughout the water

column. On August 23, 1994 another period of stratification appeared to begin, but was

disrupted by August 30, 1994. The following sample dates showed low oxygen levels in the

deeper water and relatively similar levels throughout the rest of the water column. Ice formation

occurred on November 29, 1994. As the temperature increased in the summer months, the levels

of dissolved oxygen decreased. This is due to the fact that the solubility of oxygen in water

decreases as temperature increases (Wetzel, 1983). Therefore, colder waters can hold more

oxygen. The highest levels of dissolved oxygen found in Weaver Lake, 12.55 mg/l, correspond

with the lowest temperatures. However, during the period when ice cover was present the levels

of dissolved oxygen dropped to a range of 3.75 mg/l at the bottom and 7.05 mg/l at the surface.

Ice cover prevented the mixing of waters and the oxygen present when ice formation began is

what is available to the organisms.

The loading of organic matter to the hypolimnion (or in our case, the deeper waters of the

lake) and sediments of productive eutrophic lakes increases the consumption of dissolved

oxygen. As a result, the oxygen content of the hypolimnion is reduced progressively during the

period of summer stratification (Wetzel, 1983). This explains why the oxygen levels drop at the

deepest portions of Weaver Lake during periods when mixing does not occur (Figure 4).

Oxygen saturation at existing water temperatures returns to all water strata during fall

circulation. Exchange of oxygen with the atmosphere ceases for all practical purposes with the

advent of ice formation. The oxygen content and saturation levels are reduced at lower depths

in productive lakes, but not to the extent observed during summer stratification, because of the

42

prevailing colder water temperatures (Wetzel, 1983).

Alkalinity, pH, and Major Ions

At typical pH levels of 6 to 8, bicarbonate is the most abundant of the carbon fractions

(Goldman and Horne, 1983). The hydrogen-ion concentration of Weaver Lake varied from pH

6.95 to 8.48, hence, total alkalinity was usually equal to bicarbonate alkalinity. There was little

difference between the alkalinity values from top to bottom, during the sample period.

The calcium concentration of hard-water lakes can undergo marked seasonal fluctuations.

This is due to the fact that calcium is a dynamic ion, whose concentrations can be influenced

strongly by metabolism (Wetzel, 1983). The calcium levels in Weaver Lake ranged between 41.27

- 65.87 mg/1. The levels of calcium varied little from top to bottom, but variations did occur

between sample dates. On May 31, 1994 levels ranged between 55.15 - 56.34 mg/1. The next

sample date, June 15, 1994, the levels decreased to 41 .86 - 42.30 mg/1. This decrease also

corresponded with a decrease in alkalinity. The decrease in both the levels of calcium and

bicarbonate may be the result of the precipitation of CaC03. CaC03 is precipitated by algae and

macrophytic vegetation, during photosynthetic removal of CO2 (Wetzel, 1983). Levels remained

in the lower 40's until June 30, 1994 when they increased to 49.995 mg/1. These levels continued

to increase until July 27, 1994. After this period the levels decreased until August 23, 1994.

From August 23, 1994 until September 9, 1994 calcium levels began to rise again, reaching its

maximum of 65.867 mg/I on September 9, 1994. Levels decreased on September 20, 1994 and

remained relatively stable until November 1, 1994. Levels slightly increased from November 1,

1994 until final sample date, November 15, 1994.

The specific conductance of lake water is a measure of the resistance of a solution to

electrical flow. The resistance of an aqueous solution to electrical current or electron flow

declines with increasing ion content (Wetzel, 1983). Specific conductance varied from date to

date during sample period in Weaver Lake. However, when compared with alkalinity and

calcium, a similar pattern was observed. On May 31 , 1994 conductivity values averaged 258.625

umho/cm. These values decreased to 214.625 umho/cm, on June 15, 1994. This decrease

corresponds to decreases in alkalinity and calcium. A slight increase on June 22, 1994 was

observed in all three parameters. These increases and decreases continue to follow the patterns

of alkalinity and calcium, during the sample period. Wetzel (1983) states that the specific

conductance of the common bicarbonate-type of lake water is closely proportional to

concentrations of the major ions. Once the concentrations of major ions are known, changes

in specific conductance reflect proportional changes in ionic concentrations.

43

Plant Nutrients

Generally, phosphorus levels were lower in the surface waters than in deeper waters.

Phosphorus levels showed an increase on each sample date, from May 31, 1994 - July 12, 1994.

On JUly 27, 1994 the levels began to decrease. Levels slightly increased on August 9, 1994 and

August 23, 1994. The increase displayed on these dates corresponds with periods of rainfall.

The levels decreased on September 20, 1994 and remained relatively constant until November

15, 1994. On March 7, 1995 phosphorus levels were .026 mg/I at the surface and .014 mg/I at

the bottom. This may have been due to the fact that no circulation was occurring because of the

presence of ice.

Wetzel (1983) states that phosphorus in the upper levels of the lake fluctuates widely with

oscillations in plankton populations. Phosphorus in deeper waters varies with sedimentation of

plankton, depth-dependent rates of decomposition, and the development of deep-living

populations of bacterial and other plankton. Although there was undoubtedly an addition of

phosphorus from decomposition of submerged vegetation, this material may also have been

introduced into the lake from land runoff and flowing waters, which may be caused by periods

of rainfall (Prophet, 1966). This is supported by the fact that Weaver Lake has three streams

draining into it, one located at the northwestern corner and two in the northeast. These streams

transport sediment and possibly high nutrient loads into the lake from adjacent farms (Graham

and Gardner, 1992).

The nitrite/nitrate levels displayed little variation between surface and bottom waters. The

only significant variation was found on June 22, 1994. Levels increased in deeper waters on

June 22, from < .05mg/1 in surface waters to .13mg/1 in bottom waters. All other sample dates

remained relatively constant in levels of nitrite/nitrate, with most levels being less than .05mg/1.

The nitrite/nitrate component of available nitrogen in the lake was considered for this study.

Therefore it is assumed because these levels are so low, that nitrogen is probably the limiting

element in Weaver Lake. Downing and McCauley (1992) state that Nand P limitation has been

demonstrated in many lakes, but N limitation appears to be the rule in lakes with TN:TP < 14,

especially if TP is high. The P and nitrite/nitrate ratios in Weaver Lake are approximately 1:1,

therefore it is assumed that the TN:TP levels are less than 14 and that nitrogen is limiting.

Descriptive Ecology:

Aquatic Plants

The density of the vegetation in Weaver Lake indicates that there are potentially high levels

of nutrients available to the lake. Streams flowing into Weaver Lake drain agricultural areas

including tilled fields and barn yards. The streams would act as excellent transportation vehicles

44

for dissolved nutrient loads (Graham and Gardner, 1992).

Large plants may dominate in shallow lakes and streams. Most aquatic macrophytes are

flowering plants (angiosperms), but aquatic ferns, mosses, liverworts, and even the large algae

of the Charaphyceae group may be abundant in particular habitats (Goldman and Horne, 1983).

The vegetation in Weaver Lake is typical of a shallow lake; including predominantly angiosperms

and a few of the large algae (Class Charaphyceae).

Four groups of macrophytes occur in Weaver Lake. These include the emergent, floating

leaved, submersed and freely floating macrophytes. They follow the distribution patterns of a

typical lake system.

Phytoplankton

Shallow habitats may have extensive growth of higher aquatic plants, but algae dominate

primary production in most aquatic ecosystems (Goldman and Horne, 1983). The major groups

of algae represented in Weaver Lake are the blue-green algae (Cyanophyta), green algae

(Chlorophyta), golden-brown algae (Chrysophyceae), diatoms (Baccillariophyceae), and the

dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae of the Pyrrophyta).

Throughout the sample period, the major groups of phytoplankton are represented. However,

during certain periods some organisms were more abundant than others. Eudorina, Fragilaria,

and Ceratium were the most abundant from June 6, 1994 until July 6, 1994. Goldman and Horne

(1983) state that Fragilaria dominate the spring bloom in many productive lakes because they

grow faster than competing algae. Ceratium generally grows best in summer and succeed

because they can actively swim to positions of favorable light and nutrients. From July 6, 1994

until August 2, 1994 the most abundant organism present was Dinobryon. Dinobryon is widely

distributed and may become a major component of the phytoplankton under certain

environmental conditions. The conspicuous development of populations of certain species of

Dinobryon in lakes of very low phosphorus concentrations may be due to their ability to

effectively take up phosphate at extremely low ambient concentrations. In contrast, other species

of Dinobryon and Synura have high phosphorus requirements (Wetzel, 1983). Fragilaria gained

dominance from August 2, 1994 until August 16, 1994. This may have been due to its ability to

grow faster than competing algae. Dinobryon dominated from August 30, 1994 until November

1, 1994. From November 1, 1994 until November 15, 1994 the most abundant organisms present

were Asterione/la, Fragilaria, and Dinobryon. Goldman and Horne (1983) state that holoplankton,

which are always in the plankton, include algae such as the diatoms Asterione/la, Fragilaria, or

Tabel/aria. They tend to dominate many productive lakes because they grow faster than

competing algae. Dinobryon is also widely distributed and a major component of the

45

phytoplankton in some cases.

These changes in dominance during the sample period may be due to the fluctuating nutrient

levels found within the lake.

Zooplankton

Truly planktonic animals are dominated by three major groups: the rotifers, and two

subclasses of the crustacea, the cladocera and copepoda (Wetzel, 1983). These three major

groups are well represented in Weaver Lake. Many of the crustacean zooplankters were nauplii,

therefore were not identified. The copepods dominated the zooplankton along with the rotifer

Keratella.

Zooplankton were not quantitatively sampled, but from the collections it was seen that the

cyclopoid copepods were more abundant than the calanoid copepods. Bosmina was the more

dominant cladoceran present. The most dominant retifer present was Keratella.

Therefore it can be concluded that the zooplankters present in Weaver Lake are characteristic

of a typical lake environment.

Nekton

Although a study of the fish of Weaver Lake was not conducted during this sample period,

a brief study was done previously. On July 13-14, 1993 nine species of fish were collected. The

fish that were collected during this study are species that were previously found. As would be

expected from this type of water body, all fishes present are warm water and cool water

assemblages.

Zoobenthos

The widest diversity of the zoobenthos collected were found within beds of macrophytes. ·In

these areas the major organisms found included: Hya/ella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda),

Caecidotea (Crustacea: Isopoda), Halip/us (Coleoptera: Haliplidae), Pe/todytes (Coleoptera:

Haliplidae), Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), Be/ostoma (Hemiptera:

Belostomatidae), Notanecta (Hemiptera: Notonectidae), Neap/ea (Hemiptera: Pleidae),

Neurocardulia (Odonata: Corduliidae), Leucarrhinia (Odonata: Libellulidae), and Enallagma

(Odonata: Coenagrionidae). These areas were generally shallow water. In the deeper waters,

the organisms were dominantly molluscs. The dominant molluscs found were the fingernail

clams (Pisidium and Sphaerium) , Physa, Helisama campanu/ata, Amnica/a, and Viviparus

georgianus. Also in the deeper waters were the midges (Family Chironomidae).

The wide diversity of organisms found within Weaver Lake is typical of a lake environment.

46

Table 5 is a comprehensive list of the zoobenthos collected in Weaver Lake.

Conclusion

Weaver Lake is one of the water bodies in the Otsego Lake watershed, however it is also an

unique ecosystem. This study was done to get a generalized overview of Weaver Lake and the

characteristic qualities it possesses. It was found that Weaver Lake is a winter stratified

monomictic lake which displays characteristics similar to less productive eutrophic lakes.

Future studies need to be conducted to get a full understanding of Weaver Lake's influence

on Otsego Lake and the surrounding landscape's effect on Weaver Lake. Such studies could

include additional work on the chemical analysis, including parameters such as chloride and

magnesium analysis. Other aspects of the lake work could include counts of planktonic

organisms and benthic life. Chlorophylla analysis could be performed to get a better

understanding of the lake environment. Distribution and abundance of the macrophytes and fish

could be studied in more detail. Finally, the streams entering and leaving the lake could all be

monitored to give a more inclusive knowledge of the surrounding watershed.

47

REFERENCES

Beers, F.W. 1879. History of Herkimer County, N.Y. F.W. Beers & Co., 36 Vesey Street. 289p.

Brown, Lauren. 1979. Grasses: an identification guide. Houghton Miffiin Company. Boston. 240p.

Department of Archives and History. 1954. Herkimer County Commemorative Brochure. Herkimer, New York. 47p.

Downing, John A. and Edward McCauley. 1992. Tile nitrogen:phosphorus relationship in lakes. In. Limnol. Oceanogr., 19(5), 767-772.

Environmental Protection Agency. 1983. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio. 430p.

Fassett, Norman C.1960. A manual of aquatic plants. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison. 405p.

Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 19S0. Gray's manual of botany: eighth edition. American Book Company. New York. 1632p.

Fogg, G.E., W.D.P. Stewart, P. Fay and AE. Walsby. 1973. The blue-green algae. Academic Press. London and New York. 459p.

Goldman, Charles R. and Alexander ,J. Home. 1983. Limnology. McGraw-Hili Book Company. New York. 464p.

Graham, Scott L. and Judith A. Gardner. 1992. The origin, geochemistry and morphology of Weaver and Young Lakes, Herkimer County, N.Y.. In. "Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 1992". State University of New York College at Oneonta BioI. Field Stn., SUNY, Oneonta. 226p.

Greenberg, Arnold E., Lenore S. Clesceri, and Andrew D. Eaton (editors). 1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: 18th edition. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation. 10137p.

Harman, W.N. undated. Biology 394 (Aquatic Biology). The leeches (unpublished hand-out). State University of New York College at Oneonta. Oneonta, New York. 1p.

Harman, W.N. 1982. Pictorial keys to the aquatic mollusks of the upper Susquehanna. Occas. Pap. No.9, State University of New York College at Oneonta BioI. Field Stn., SUNY, Oneonta. 15p.

Herkimer County Historical Society. 1992. Herkimer County at 200. 400 North Main Street. Herkimer, New York 13350.

Hydrolab Corporation. 1986. Procedures for use of the Hydrolab Surveyor II. Hydrolab Corp.. Austin, Texas.

48

Karl, John. 1980. A key for the field identification of the aquatic macrophytes of Otsego Lake. In. unpublished 13th Annual Report. Biological Field Station., State University of New York College at Oneonta. Oneonta, New York. 74p.

New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH). 1994. Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP) Certification Manual. Albany, New York.

Palmer, C. Mervin. 1962. Algae in water supplies. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Washington, D.C. 88p.

Peckarsky, Barbara L., Pierre R, Fraissinet, Majory A. Penton and Dan J. Conklin, Jr. 1990. Freshwater macroinvertebrates of northeastern North America. Comstock Publishing Associates: a division of Cornell University Press. Ithaca and London. 442p.

Pennak, Robert W. 1989. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States: protozoa to mollusca: 3rd edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. 628p.

Pennak, Robert W. 1953. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States. The Ronald Press Company. New York. 769p.

Peterson, Roger Tory and Margaret McKenney. 1968. A field guide to wildflowers: northeastern and northcentral North America. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston. 420p.

Petrides, George A. 1986. A field guide to trees and shrubs: northeastern and northcentral United States and southeastern and southcentral Canada. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston. 428p.

Prescott, Gerald Webber. 1980. How to know the aquatic plants: 2nd edition. Wn. C. Brown Company Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa. 158p.

Prescott, Gerald Webber. 1964. How to know the fresh-water algae. W.C. Brown Co. Dubuque, Iowa. 272p.

Prescott, Gerald Webber. 1962. Algae of the western Great Lakes area, with an illustrated key to the genera of desmids and freshwater diatoms: rev. edition. W.C. Brown Co. Dubuque, Iowa. 977p.

Prophet, Carl W. 1966. Limnology of John Redmond Reservoir, Kansas. The Emporia State Research Studies. volume "tN. number 2. Emporia, Kansas. 27p.

Reschke, Carol. 1990. Ecological communities of New York State. New York Natural Heritage Program. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Latham, N.Y. 96p.

Smith, Gilbert M. 1950. The fresh-water algae of the United States: 2nd edition. McGraw-Hili Book Company, Inc. New York. 719p.

Smith, Lavett C. 1985. The inland fishes of New York State. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 522p.

[ nited States Department of the Interior. 1966. A guide to the common diatoms at water

pollution surveillance system stations. Cincinnati, Ohio. 101 p.

49

United States Geological Survey. 1943. Washington, D.C. 20242.

Wetzel, Robert G. 1983. Limnology: 2nd edition. Saunders College Publishing. Fort Worth. 767p.

Wigen, Jeanne D. 1990. A survey of planktonic rotifers of Otsego Lake. In. unpublished 23rd Annual Report. Biological Field Station, State University of New York College at Oneonta. Oneonta, New York. 196p.

50

Appendix A: Field and Laboratory Data: May 31, 1994 - March 7, 1995

May 31,1994

depth (m)

temp DC pH D.O. mg/l

eond umhol em

alk. mg/l

total Ca mg/l

total P mg/l

N021 N03 mg/l

0.0 18.92 8.11 8.98 255 143 56.34 .0068 <.05

0.5 18.91 8.12 9.03 255

1.0 18.88 8.12 9.07 255

1.5 18.86 8.12 9.06 255

2.0 18.79 8.12 9.04 256 144 55.15 .0154 <.05

2.5 18.51 8.12 9.15 256

3.0 18.48 8.12 8.99 256

3.4 18.14 7.71 7.29 281 143 55.94 .0226 <.05

June 15, 1994

depth (m)


eond umhol em

alk. mg/l

total Ca mg/l

total P mg/l

N021 N03 mg/l

0.0 24.94 8.33 9.22 207 114 42.06 .0195 .05

0.5 25.30 8.33 9.31 207

1.0 25.07 8.32 9.28 207 115 41.86 .0185 <.05

1.5 24.35 8.34 9.72 204

2.0 22.76 8.21 8.56 211

2.5 22.00 7.97 6.95 214 113 42.30 .0192 <.05

3.0 21.59 7.75 5.27 229

3.4 21.65 7.69 0.12 238 114 42.06 .0233 <.05

Seeehi depth = 2.7m

51

June 22, 1994

depth (m)

temp DC pH D.O. mg/I

cond umho/ em

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

N02/ N03 mg/I

0.0 23.12 7.88 6.89 216 120.0 41.27 .0281 <.05

0.5 23,10 7.88 6,75 216

1.0 23.07 7.88 6.71 216 120.0 42.06 .0292 .14

1.5 23.00 7.88 6.64 216

2.0 22.96 7.87 6.33 216 120,5 42.06 .0285 .13

2.5 - - - - - - - -

3.0 - - - - - - - -

3.4 - - - - - - - -

Secchi depth = 2.0m (due to wind conditions, samples not taken at deepest point in the lake)

June 30, 1994

depth (m)


cond umho/ cm

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

N02/ N03 mg/I

0.0 21.67 7.78 6.15 229 133 46.03 .0227 <.05

0.5 21.64 7.75 6.07 230

1.0 21.62 7.75 6.09 230 133 46.03 .0261 .09

1.5 21.58 7.74 6.10 231

2.0 21.46 7.74 6.08 233

2.5 20.63 7.58 4.80 245 138 49.99 .0285 <.05

3.0 20.40 7.40 2.53 250

3.2 20.28 7.42 1.76 258 138 49.59 .0349 .06

Secchi depth = 2.6m

52

July 6, 1994

depth (m)

temp °c pH D.O. mg/I

eond umho/ em

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

N02/ N03 mg/I

0.0 24.33 7.98 7.23 270 150 54.76 .0261 .07

0.5 24.26 7.94 7.35 274

1.0 24.03 7.96 7.31 275 154 54.76 .0254 .07

1.5 23.86 7.95 6.95 276

2.0 22.48 7.38 2.30 286

2.5 21.16 7.22 .45 284 158 55.55 .0227 <.05

3.0 20.81 7.19 .24 286

3.2 20.73 7.20 .21 293 159 57.14 .0349 <.05

Seeehi depth = 2.5m

July 12, 1994

depth (m)


eond umho/ em

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

N02/ N03 mg/I

0.0 23.97 7.79 6.52 297 167 60.31 .0312 <.05

0.5 24.02 7.77 6.49 300

1.0 24.05 7.78 6.49 300 167 60.31 .0325 <.05

1.5 24.03 7.78 6.50 300

2.0 24.01 7.77 6.48 300

2.5 23.28 7,57 3.98 306 168 61.11 .0315 <.05

3,0 23.01 7.40 2.82 300

3.2 22.58 7.24 .16 313 169 61.89 .0315 <.05

Seeehi depth = 2.1 m

53

July 19, 1994

depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/l

cond umho/cm

0.0 25.19 7.87 6.88 305

0.5 25.12 7.88 6.96 305

1.0 25.07 7.89 7.01 304

1.5 24.46 7.87 7.42 304

2.0 23.56 7.65 6.68 305

2.5 22.76 7.24 1.64 322

3.0 22.77 7.24 1.09 330

3.2 22.74 7.23 .75 329

Secchi depth = 2.1 m From this point on, biweekly samples were collected for laboratory analysis.

July 27, 1994

depth (m)


cond umhol cm

alk. mg/l

total Ca mg/l

total P mg/l

N021 N03 mg/l

0.0 26.39 7.97 6.48 280 163 59.72 .0207 <.05

0.5 25.95 7.95 6.48 280

1.0 25.44 7.95 6.58 278 165 59.52 .0234 <.05

1.5 24.77 7.84 6.07 272

2.0 24.55 7.89 6.07 279

2.5 24.36 7.82 5.29 280 165 57.93 .0241 <.05

3.0 24.25 7.71 4.14 295

3.1 24.25 7.69 .08 311 164 57.93 .0210 <.05

Secchi depth = 2.6m

54

August 2, 1994

depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/I condo umho/cm

0.0 24.22 7.95 7.39 271

0.5 24.14 7.93 7.33 272

1.0 24.09 7.92 7.25 272

1.5 23.78 7.90 7.14 271

2.0 23.52 7.73 6.36 273

2.5 23.01 7.23 1.44 286

3.0 22.69 7.22 .72 298

3.3 22.73 7.23 .39 313

Secchi depth = 2.9m

August 9, 1994

depth (m)


eond umho/ em

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

N02/ N03 mg/I

0.0 22.76 8.04 7.71 266 159 54.76 .0220 <.05

0.5 22.75 8.04 7.79 267

1.0 22.71 8.04 7.87 267 159 54.76 .0197 <.05

1.5 22.61 8.01 7.53 267

2.0 22.39 7.90 6.75 267

2.5 21.82 7.61 5.52 275 160 55.35 .0231 <.05

3.0 21.58 7.42 1.83 313

3.3 21.60 7.26 1.72 313 160 55.55 .0356 <.05

Seeehi depth = 2.9m

55

August 16, 1994

depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/I

eond umho/em

0.0 18.39 7.26 8.59 400

0.5 18.70 7.86 7.16 256

1.0 18.69 7.86 7.17 255

1.5 18.64 7.86 7.22 256

2.0 18.60 7.86 7.23 256

2.5 18.49 7.82 7.09 256

3.0 18.17 7.72 6.51 258

3.3 18.21 7.69 6.26 259

Seeehi depth = 2.9m

August 23, 1994

depth (m)


eond umho/ em

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

N02/ N03 mg/I

0.0 19.24 7.52 5.33 267 149 58.73 .0288 <.05

0.5 19.21 7.52 5.31 267

1.0 18.98 7.51 5.27 266 149 58.73 .0337 <.05

1.5 18.89 7,49 4.97 265

2.0 18.69 7.41 4.19 266

2.5 18.35 7.24 1.74 256 149 57.14 .0337 <.05

3.0 18.10 7.21 .71 246

3.5 18.03 7.18 .50 276

3.7 18.07 7.14 .35 276 147.5 56.34 .0334 <.05

Seeehi depth = 1.9m

56

August 30, 1994


eond umho/em

0.0 19.22 7.91 7.08 296

0.5 19.21 7.90 7.06 297

1.0 19.20 7.90 7.06 297

1.5 19.20 7.90 7.06 296

2.0 19.20 7.89 7.06 296

2.5 19.16 7.88 7.05 296

3.0 19.14 7.83 6.94 295

3.5 19.08 7.61 3.73 302

Seeehi depth = 2.3m

September 9, 1994

depth (m)


eond umho/ em

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

N02/ N03 mg/I

0.0 17.32 8.18 8.93 304 179 65.07 .005? .02

0.5 17.34 8.18 8.99 307

1.0 17.36 8.18 9.02 307 177 65.87 .005? .03

1.5 17.36 8.18 9.02 307

2.0 17.36 8.18 9.02 307

2.5 17.36 8.18 9.03 307 179 65.87 .003? .02

3.0 17.36 8.17 9.02 308

3.3 17.35 8.17 8.76 308 170 65.87 .004? .03

Seeehi depth = 2.5m

57

September 13, 1994

depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/l

eond urnho/em

0.0 16.74 8.35 9.59 301

0.5 16.73 8.35 9.64 301

1.0 16.71 8.35 9.64 301

1.5 16.69 8.34 9.62 300

2.0 16.66 8.34 9.59 300

2.5 16.65 8.34 9.58 301

3.0 16.61 8.34 9.43 301

3.3 16.68 8.26 5.50 307

Seeehi depth = 2.3m

September 20, 1994

depth (m)


eond umhol em

alk. mg/l

total Ca mg/l

total P mg/l

N021 N03 mg/l

0.0 17.70 8.39 9.30 291 165 60.31 .0158 .02

0.5 17.67 8.39 9.20 291

1.0 17.51 8.39 9.28 291 165 60.51 .0155 .03

1.5 16.97 8.39 9.27 290

2.0 16.83 8.37 9.18 290

2.5 16.70 8.27 8.31 291 165 60.31 .0193 .02

3.0 16.70 8.27 8.28 292

3.4 16.81 7.95 7.98 302 164 60.91 .0158 .02

Seeehi depth = 2.1 m

58

September 27, 1994


cond umho/cm

0.0 17.38 8.39 8.93 284

0.5 17.37 8.39 8.98 284

1.0 17.37 8.39 8.98 284

1.5 17.37 8.38 8.95 284

2.0 17.35 8.38 8.88 284

2.5 17.34 8.36 8.70 284

3.0 17.05 7.96 5.32 293

3.3 17.10 7.54 1.07 319

Secchi depth = 2.1 m

October 4, 1994

depth (m)


cond umho/ cm

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

1\J02/ N03 mg/I

0.0 11.13 8.37 11.03 280 156 61.23 .0227 .05

0.5 11.08 8.38 10.94 280

1.0 11.06 8.37 10.81 280 156 61.23 .0186 .05

1.5 11.03 8.37 10.72 280

2.0 11.03 8.37 10.72 280

2.5 11.05 8.38 10.58 280 158 60.42 .0179 .04

3.0 11.05 8.38 10.52 281

3.3 11.08 8.38 10.53 281 158 60.42 .0168 .04

Secchi depth = 2.3m The dissolved oxygen data for October 4, 1994 may not be accurate, the Hydrolab unit was not calibrated on date used. When calibrations were done it was found that dissolved oxygen was off by 4.77mg/1. Therefore the results listed above have been adjusted.

59

October 13, 1994

depth(m) temp °c pH D.O. mg/I

cond umho/cm

0.0 11.02 8.44 10.81 273

0.5 10.98 8.42 10.83 274

1.0 10.91 8.42 10.91 273

1.5 10.70 8.44 10.95 273

2.0 10.66 8.44 10.95 272

2.5 10.55 8.43 11.21 271

3.0 10.37 8.40 11.21 271

3.3 10.45 8.42 4.63 279

Secchi depth = 2.7m

October 18, 1994

depth (m)


cond umho/ cm

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

N02/

N03 mg/I

0.0 11.26 8.35 11.44 275 154 59.02 .0193 .05

0.5 11.09 8.36 11.41 274

1.0 10.62 8.35 11.59 274 154 59.02 .0210 .05

1.5 10.45 8.31 11.43 274

2.0 10.36 8.28 11.21 274

2.5 10.31 8.29 11.01 274 155 59.62 .0193 .05

2.7 10.35 8.30 9.59 276

Secchi depth = 2.7m

60

October 25, 1994


cond umho/cm

0.0 11.68 8.41 10.13 260

0.5 11.80 8.37 10.15 261

1.0 11.83 8.37 10.14 260

1.5 11.83 8.37 10.14 260

2.0 11.83 8.38 10.13 260

2.5 11.83 8.38 10.13 260

3.0 11.74 8.37 10.02 260

3.3 11.74 8.38 9.76 260

Secchi depth = 204m

November 1, 1994

depth (m)


cond umho/ em

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

N02/ N03 mg/I

0.0 10.47 8.29 10.36 260 149 53.17 .0186 .07

0.5 10.35 8.29 10.40 260

1.0 10.33 8.28 10.37 260 151 53.97 .0206 .06

1.5 10.30 8.28 10.34 260

2.0 10.31 8.28 10.30 259

2.5 10.22 8.28 10.14 259 151 53.97 .0223 .06

3.0 10.20 8.26 9.86 259

3.3 10.28 8.21 .41 262 151 53.97 .0172 .06

Secchi depth = 2.5m

61

November 8, 1994


cond umho/cm

0.0 8.98 8.40 10.90 266

0.5 8.98 8.39 10.89 266

1.0 8.99 8.39 10.93 266

1.5 9.00 8.39 10.94 266

2.0 8.99 8.39 10.93 266

2.5 8.99 8.39 10.91 266

3.0 8.89 8.39 10.90 266

3.5 8.93 8.38 10.75 267

Secchi depth = 2.5m

November 15, 1994

depth (m)


cond umho/ cm

alk. mg/I

total Ca mg/I

total P mg/I

N02/

N03 mg/I

0.0 7.44 8.47 12.38 270 156 54.76 .0173 .06

0.5 7.45 8.46 12.48 271

1.0 7.47 8.46 12.48 271 156 56.34 .0187 .06

1.5 7.48 8.47 12.47 270

2.0 7.51 8.47 12.51 270

2.5 7.52 8.47 12.50 270 156 56.34 .0194 .06

3.0 7.52 8.48 12.55 270

3.4 7.70 8.45 11.87 270 156 56.34 .0312 .06

Secchi depth = 2.6m

Ice cover on November 29, 1994 restricted further sampling.

62

March 7, 1995

depth(m) temp °c pH D.O. mg/I

cond umho/cm

total P mg/I

0.0 2.53 7.02 7.05 361 .0260

1.0 3.09 6.97 6.20 402

1.5 3.96 6.96 5.58 411

2.0 4.42 6.96 4.85 416

2.5 4.59 6.96 4.27 419

3.0 4.70 6.95 3.75 422 .0140

These samples were taken under ice cover.

63

Appendix B: Phytoplankton data for each sample date

June 6,1994

Phylum (== Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae

Order Chlorococcales Family Hydrodictyaceae

Pediastrum Order Volvocales



Closterium Staurastrum Xanthidium

Family Mesotaeniaceae Netrium



Order Pennales Family Cymbellaceae

Cymbel/a Family Fragilariaceae

Asterionel/a formosa Fragilaria Synedra




Phylum (== Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae

Order Chroococcales

Family Chroococcaceae Merismopedia Microcystis


Anabaena

Phylum (== Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae

64


Ceratium

June 22, 1994

Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae





Order Pennales Family Eunotiaceae

Actinel/a Family Fragilariaceae

Fragilaria Synedra

Family Tabellariaceae rabel/aria



Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae


Microcystis Order Hormogonales

Family Nostocaceae Anabaena



Ceratium

June 30, 1994


65



Ankistrodesmus Cerasterias Dictyosphaerium


Ulothrix Order Volvocales



Closterium Staurastrum


Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae

Fragilaria Subdivision Chrysophyceae

Order Chrysomonadales Family Ochromonadaceae

Dinobryon





Family Rivulariaceae Gleotrichia ectinulata

Phylum (= Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae



Glenodinium

July 6, 1994

Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta

66

Subdivision Chlorophyceae Order Chlorococcales

Family Hydrodictyaceae Pediastrum


U10thrix Order Volvocales



Cosmarium Staurastrum




Asterionella Fragilaria





Anabaena Family Oscillatoriaceae

Lyngbya



Ceratium

July 13, 1994


Order Volvocales Family Volvocaceae

Eudorina

67


Closterium Family Zygnemataceae

Spirogyra





Dinobryon



Microcystis



Ceratium

July 19, 1994



Coelastrum Family Oocystaceae

Ankistrodesmus Order Volvocales



Cosmarium



Fragilaria

68







July 26, 1994



Volvox Order Zygnematales (Conjugales)

Family Desmidiaceae C/osterium Xanthidium





Dinobryon


Order Hormogonales





Glenodinium

69

August 2, 1994




Family Volvocaceae Volvox


Staurastrum

Phylum (= Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae




Dinobryon

Phylum (= Division) Cyanophyta SUbdivision Myxophyceae


Anabaena



Ceratium

August 9, 1994





Family Volvocaceae Eudorina

Order Zygnematales (Conjugales)

70

Family Desmidiaceae Staurastrum Xanthidium





Dinobryon Family Synuraceae

Synura


Order Chroococcates Family Chroococcaceae






Glenodinium

August 16, 1994




Pediastrum Family Oocystaceae Ankistrodesmus Closteriopsis


Eudorina Volvox


71

Family Desmidiaceae Closterium Cosmarium Staurastrum Xanthidium




Order Chrysomonadales Family Mallomonadaceae

Mallomonas Family Ochromonadaceae


Synura





Family Rivulariaceae Gleotrichia




Glenodinium

August 23, 1994


Family Hydrodictyaceae Pediastrum

Family Oocystaceae Ankistrodesmus


Eudorina Order Zygnematales (Conjugales)

72

Family Desmidiaceae Staurastrum Xanthidium




AsterioneJla Fragilaria


Family Mallomonadaceae MaJlomonas







Family Oscillatoriaceae Oscillatoria




Glenodinium

August 30, 1994


Order Chlorococcales Family Oocystaceae


73



Closterium Staurastrum Xanthidium







Synura








Glenodinium

September 9, 1994


Order Chlorococcales Family Oocystaceae Ankistrodesmus Cerasterias

74


Eudorina Volvox


Staurastrum Xanthidium





Dinobryon



Merismopedia Order Hormogonales





Glenodinium

September 13, 1994



Eudorina Volvox


Closterium


Order Pennales

75

Family Fragilariaceae Fragilaria










Ceratium

September 20, 1994



Volvox Order Zygnematales (Conjugales)

Family Desmidiaceae Closterium





Dinobryon


Order Hormogonales

76




Ceratium

September 27, 1994






Staurastrum


Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae Asterionella Fragilaria









Ceratium

77

October 4, 1994






Cosmarium



Fragilaria Synedra










Ceratium

October 13, 1994



Eudorina Volvox

78


Family Desmidiaceae Staurastrum



Asterionella Fragilaria Synedra


Family Mallomonadaceae Mallomonas




Anabaena

October 18, 1994





Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacil1ariophyceae

Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae Asterionella Fragilaria Synedra




Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta

79

Subdivision Myxophyceae Order Hormogonales




Ceratium

October 25, 1994






Order Pennales Family Fragllariaceae






l\Jovember 1, 1994




Ankistrodesmus Cerasterias

Order Volvocales

80




Asterionel/a Fragilaria







Ceratium

November 8, 1994


Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae Asterionel/a Fragilaria



Family Mallomonadaceae Mal/omonas



November 15, 1994


81











Order Hormogonales Family Oscillatoriaceae

Osciliatoria

82

Appendix C: Zooplankton data for each sample date

June 6,1994



Family Bosminidae Bosmina longirostris


Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)


Order Ploima Kerate/la Kerate/la quadrata

June 22, 1994







Order Ploima Kellicottia Kerate/la

June 30, 1994


83






Order Flosculariacea Filinia

Order Ploima Asplanchna Keratella

july 6, 1994






Order Ploima Keratella

July 13, 1994



Family Bosminidae Bosmina



84


July 19, 1994








july 26, 1994








August 2, 1994

Phylum Arthropoda

85

Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii) Subclass Branchiopoda

Order Cladocera Family Bosminidae

Bosmina Subclass Copepoda

Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)


Order Flosculariacea Conochilus Filinia


August 9, 1994




Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida



Order Ploima Keratella Trichocerca

August 16, 1994




Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida

86

Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)



Order Ploima KeratelJa

August 23, 1994

Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii) Subclass Copepoda

Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)


Order Ploima KeratelJa

August 30, 1994






Order Ploima KeratelJa Monostyla

September 9, 1994


Subclass Branchiopoda

87

Order Cladocera





September 13, 1994







September 20, 1994




Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and naupliJ)



88

September 27, 1994







October 4, 1994







October 13, 1994





89



October 18, 1994






Order Ploima Keratella Synchaeta

October 25, 1994







November 1, 1994

Phylum Arthropoda

90

Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii) Subclass Branchiopoda

Order Cladocera Family Bosminidae

Bosmina Subclass Copepoda

Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)


Order Ploima Keratella Synchaeta

November 8, 1994






Order Ploima Keratella Trichocerca

November 15, 1994






91


92

Appendix D: Zoobenthos collected on each sample date

May 23, 1994 .




Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Oligobranchiopoda


Eurycercus Family Sididae


Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae

Hyale/la azteca Class Insecta

Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles)

Haliplus (larvae and adults) Order Diptera

Suborder Nematocera Family Chironomidae (midges)

Genus species (unknowns) Subfamily Chironominae Chironomus (pupae)

Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae

Ephemere/la Order Hemiptera (true bugs)


Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)


Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia



Family Phryganeidae Phryganea

93

Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (c1ams,mussels)



Family Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus Helisoma campanulata Metietus dilatatus Promenetus exacuous

Order Mesogastropoda Family Valvatidae

Valvata tricarinata Family Viviparidae

Viviparus georgianus

May 25,1994

Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida


Hyale/la azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)



Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Celina




Subfamily Chironominae Chironomus (pupae)




94





Ena/lagma Order Trichoptera

Family Leptoceridae Leptocerus americanus

Family Polycentropodidae Polycentropus

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda (snails)

Order Limnophila (pulmonates) Family Planorbidae

Gyraulus parvus Helisoma anceps

Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae Amnicola limosa

Family Viviparidae Viviparus georgianus

May 30,1994

Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta

Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies)

Family Coenagrionidae Ena/lagma

Order Trichoptera Family Leptoceridae

Leptocerus Family Polycentropodidae

Polycentropus


Order Mesogastropoda Family Viviparidae


June 6, 1994

95



Nephelopsis obscura

Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta



Family Chironomidae (midges)

Subfamily Tanypodinae Pentaneura

Family Tipulidae (true crane flies) Tipula

June 10, 1994

Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Oligobranchiopoda


Eurycercus Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida


Hyalella azteca Class Insecta


Haliplus Order Diptera



Ephemerella



Helisoma campanulata

96


Amnicola limosa Family Valvatidae

Valvata

Family Viviparidae Viviparus Viviparus georgianus

June 20, 1994







Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus Peltodytes

Family Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Tropisternus (larvae)

Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera



Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)






Enallagma

97




Family Physidae Physa Physa integra

Family Planorbidae Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata Promenetus exacuous


Amnicola Amnicola integra


July 6,1994



Glossiphonia

Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Eubranchiopoda

Order Conchostraca (clam shrimps) Family Lynceidae

Lynceus brachyurus Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida







98




Callibaetis Family Ephemerellidae


Family Corixidae (water boatmen) Sigara




Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia Sympetrum




Family Planorbidae Gyraulus Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata Promenetus exacuous


Amnicola Family Viviparidae


July 7,1994



Hyalella azteca

99


Family Palaemonidae Pa/aemonetes paludosus


Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus








Family Sphaeriidae Sphaerium


Family Physidae Physa

Family Planorbidae Gyraulus Helisoma campanulata

July 12, 1994



Gammarus Class Insecta


Haliplus Family Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles)

Tropisternus (larvae) Order Diptera

Suborder Nematocera

100





Family Gerridae (water striders, pond skaters) Gerris

Family Hebridae (velvet water bugs) Merragata






Family Libellulidae Celithemis Sympetrum


Ena/lagma





Family Planorbidae Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata Promenetus exacuous




July 20, 1994

Phylum Arthropoda

101

Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca . Division Peracarida



Hya/ella azteca Class Insecta

Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles)

Laccophilus (larvae) Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles)

Halip/us Order Diptera


Genus species (unknowns) Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)



Be/ostoma Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders)

Mesove/ia Family Notonectidae (back swimmers)

Notonecta Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers)

Neop/ea Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)

Family Corduliidae Neurocordu/ia




Family Polycentropodidae Po/ycentropus




102


Family Planorbidae Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata

Order Mesogastropoda Family Viviparidae


July 22, 1994



Gammarus Class Insecta








Helisoma anceps Order Mesogastropoda


July 26, 1994



Mooreobdella fervida Order Rhynchobdeliida

Family Glossiphoniidae Batracobdella phalera

Phylum Arthropoda

103

Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida



Hyalella azteca Order isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)



Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Laccophilus (larvae)

Family Elmidae Stenelmis

Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus Peltodytes (larvae and adults)







Family Veliidae (broad-shouldered water strider) Microvelia

Order Megaloptera (alderflles, dobsonflies, fishflies) Family Corydalidae




Family Libellulidae Sympetrum



104

Family Polycentropodidae Polycentropus


Order Limnophila (pulmonates) Family Physidae

Physa Family Planorbidae

Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata




August 3, 1994



Hyale/la azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)

Family Asellidae Caeeidotea


Family Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Donaeia (IaNae and adult)

Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Peltodytes



Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) Belostoma

Family Hebridae (velvet water bugs) Merragata

Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notoneeta


Family Libellulidae Leueorrhinia Sympetrum

Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies)

105

Family Coenagrionidae Enallagma


Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium



Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata Menetus dilatatus


Amnicola

August 10, 1994



Helobdella







Family Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Donacia (larvae)



Family Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Tropisternus (larvae)

Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

106


Order Hemiptera (true bugs)



Family Nepidae (water scorpions) Ranatra






Enallagma





Family Planorbidae Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata




August 16, 1994



Helobdella

Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca

107

Division Peracarida Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers)

Family Talitridae Hyalella azteca












Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia Tramea


Enallagma


Order Limnophila (pulmonates) Family Physidae

Physa

Family Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus Helisoma campanulata




108

August 23, 1994




Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Oligobranchiopoda

Order Cladocera (water fleas) Family Daphnidae

Daphnia Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida


Hyalella azteca Class Insecta

Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Dytiscidae- (predaceous diving beetles)

Agabetes (larvae) Hydroporus





Order Ephemeroptera (mayilies) Family Baetidae

Callibaetis Order Hemiptera (true bugs)








Chauliodes (fishfly larvae)

109




Enallagma





Family Lymnaeidae Lymnaea columella




Amnico/a Family Viviparidae


August 30, 1994





Class Insecta . Order Coleoptera (beetles)

Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Agabetes Laccophilus (larvae)



110

Family Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Tropisternus (larvae and adults)


Family Culicidae (mosquitoes) Anopheles


Cal/ibaetis Family Ephemerellidae

Ephemerefla Order Hemiptera (true bugs)

Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) Belostoma (immature and adult)










Family Lymnaeidae Lymnaea


Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata




September 9, 1994

Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca

111

Division Peracarida Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers)

Family Talitridae Hya/ella azteca

Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)




Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Halip/us Pe/todytes







Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neop/ea





Enallagma





Family Planorbidae Gyrau/us Helisoma campanu/ata

112


Amnico/a


September 13, 1994



He/obdella



Hya/ella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)




Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Ha/ip/us Pe/todytes


Be/ostoma Family Gerridae (water striders, pond skaters)

Gerris Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders)

Mesove/ia


Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselmes) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)



Enallagma

Phylum Mollusca

113

Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels) Family Sphaeriidae

Pisidium Sphaerium





Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata




September 20, 1994



Glossiphonia











114










Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Famiiy Coenagrionidae

Enallagma







Amnico/a Family Viviparidae


September 27, 1994




115




Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Halip/us (larvae and adults)


Centroptilum Family Ephemerellidae








Family Phryganeidae Phryganea





Family Planorbidae He/isoma campanu/ata Menetus di/atatus


Amnico/a

October 4, 1994

Phylum Annelida

116

Class Hirudinea (leeches) Order Rhynchobdellida

Family Glossiphoniidae G/ossiphonia


Order Cladocera (water fleas) Family Sididae






Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Ha/ip/us


Be/ostoma Family Notonectidae (back swimmers)

Notonecta Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers)

Neop/ea Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)



Enallagma





Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanu/ata Menetus di/atatus

Order Mesogastropoda

117

Family Hydrobiidae Amnicola


October 13, 1994






Family Cambaridae Grconectes


Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Hydroporus


Order Ephemeroptera (mayl'lies) Family Ephemerellidae






Suborder Zygoptera (damselmes)





118



Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanuJata


AmnicoJa

October 18, 1994



HyaJelJa aztsca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)





Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Hydroporus LaccophiJus

Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) HalipJus PeJtodytes




EphemereJla Order Hemiptera (true bugs)





119


Enallagma






Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata Menetus dilatatus Promenetus exacuous




October 25, 1994






Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Hydroporus Laccophilus






120



Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies)







Family Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus Helisoma campanulata

November 1, 1994






Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Laccophilus


Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Notonectidae (back swimmers)

Notonecta Order Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)

Family Corydalidae Chauliodes (fishfly laNae)

Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)

121

Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies) Family Libellulidae

Leucorrhinia Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies)








Amnico/a

November 8, 1994












122

Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Notonectidae (back swimmers)

Notonecta Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)

Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia PIathemis


Enallagma





Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata Promenetus exacuous


Amnicola

November 15, 1994


Order Cladocera (water "l'Ieas) Family Chydoridae







123




Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Corixidae (water boatmen)

Sigara Family Notonectidae (back swimmers)

Notonecta Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)




Family Hydroptilidae





Family Planorbidae Gyraulus paNus Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata




124

a limnological and biological survey of weaver - suny oneonta

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