a logical japanese grammar - m. satou

8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou

1/44

Formoreinformation,pleasesende-mailto"Mas

hSatou.".

ALo

gicalJapaneseGrammar

Welcometo

my"ALogicalJapaneseGrammar"p

age.IwouldliketointroducewonderfulandlogicalJapanesegrammar.Japanesehasastrangegrammarthatis

quitdifferen

tfrommostEuropeanlanguages.However,youcaneasilyunderstandand

befamiliarwithitafteryouknowthesimpleandlogicalgrammarofJapane

se.

Ithasafewexceptionsanduniformedrules.IhopethisarticlehelpsyoulearnJapanesemoredeeply.

IamsorryIamstillconstructingthesepagesand

columns.Theremightbemanyblank

sbutIwillupdatethemfrequently.Ia

mhappyyoumaycheckthispageon

ce

aweek.

Let'sgotoTableofContents.

Let'sgotoBBS.

Pleasefeelfreetolinkthispage"http://member.nifty.ne.jp/ComWin/".

What'snew.

Thisnewsiteopens(Dec.7/2002)

TableofContents

Pronunciation

Phonemes(Dec.7/2002)

Syllables(Dec.7/2002)

Accents(Dec.7/2002)

Loan

WordsfromEnglish

EnglishPhonemes(Dec.7/2002)

RulestoKanaSyllables(Dec.7/2002)

Samples(Dec.7/2002)

A

ddFavourite

Introduction

PartsofSpeech(Dec.82002)

WordOrders(Dec.82002)

CorrespondenceofPronouns,Case

s,Articles,Interrogatives(Dec.9/200

2)

Nouns,AdjectivalNouns,VerbalNouns

OrdinaryNouns(Dec.10/2002)

AdjectivalNouns(Dec.10/2002)

VerbalNouns(Dec.11/2002)

NumeralsandClassifiers(Dec.11/2002)

Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs

TheVerbalConjugation(Dec.14/20

02)

Polite(Dec.18/2002)

Negative(Dec.18/2002)

Tense(Dec.18/2002)

Mood(Dec.18/2002)

Existence(Dec.28/2002)

Copula(Jan.14/2003)

AdjectivalVerbs(Jan.18/2003)

Voices(Feb.1/2003,Apr.6/2003)

AuxiliaryVerbs(May.23/2003)

MovingandGivingVerbs(May.27/2003)

SupplementalVerbs(Jun.30/2003)

Particles(Jul.14/2003)

CaseParticles(Jul.27/2004)

NominalParticles

TopicalParticles

AdverbialParticles

EndingParticles

ConjunctiveParticles

InterjectiveParticles

Conjunctives,Interjections

Conjunctives

Interjections

Demonstrative

Adno

minal,Adverbs

AdverbstomodifyVerbs

AdnominalTomodifyNouns

Spec

ialTopics

AJapaneseConjugationBuilder(Oct.19/2003,Apr.13/2003)

KanjiCards(Dec.29/2003)

UniformedRegularVerbalConjugationofJapanese(Oct.14/2001)

ColumnsaboutJapaneseStatisticalGrammar(May.15/2004)


2/44

HistoryofUpdating

Jul.27/2004:Aboutcaseparticles

Apr.1

3/2004:BugFixofJavascriptinJapaneseConjugationBuilder.

Feb.14/2004:Changethetermsformimperfect,perfecttopresent,past

Dec.29/2003:OpenKanjicardspage.

Dec.06/2003:AddalinktoFuriganapages.

Nov.03/2003:ProvideaPDFversionofthesepages.

Oct.1

9/2003:Introduceanewconjugation

builder.

Jul.14/2003:AboutparticlesandtoappendKanatables.

Jun.30/2003:Aboutsupplementalverbs

May.27/2003:Aboutmovingandgivingve

rbs

May.23/2003:Aboutauxiliaryverbs

Apr.2

6/2003:Modifynouns,theconjugation,thecopula,voicespage

Apr.0

6/2003:Completethedocumentofv

oices

Mar.28/2003:Rearrangeconjugationtablesandpitchaccents

Feb.01/2003:Starttomakethepageaboutvoices

Jan.18/2003:Aboutcopulasandadjectiva

lverbs

Jan.14/2003:Addasummarytotheverbs

forexistence

Dec.28/2002:Aboutexistence

Dec.18/2002:Abouttensesandsoon

Dec.14/2002:Aboutverbalconjugation

Dec.11/2002:Aboutverbalnouns,classifiers

Dec.10/2002:Aboutnouns,adjectivalnou

ns

Dec.09/2002:Aboutdemonstrativepronouns

Dec.08/2002:Aboutwordorders

Dec.07/2002:Thisnewsitestarts

Gototheoldsite.

SpecialTha

nksto

Japa

neseLanguage(http://japanese.about.com/)

Lang

uageExpress(http://www.langexpress.com/study-japanese-links-new.htm)

Let'sLearnJapanese!(http://www.student.carleton.edu/k/kimt/japanese/)

Japa

nesefortheWesternBrain(http://ww

w.mindspring.com/~kimall/Japanese/index.html)

Gengogaku.com(http://www.waidsoft.com

/gggk_chat/)

Kotobanosanpo-michi(http://homepage1

.nifty.com/forty-sixer/kotoba.htm)

Nihon-go-mono-gatari(http://people.uleth.ca/~uzawa/essay.htm)

Pronunciation

Japaneseh

asaverysimplesyllabicsystemwhichiseasytolearn.Themostsyllablesconsistofsimplecombinationsasaconsonantfollowedbyavowel.Thetotal

numberofthesyllablesareonlyaround150inclu

dingthesyllablesforloanwords.ThesyllablesforJapanesenativewordsarecountedtoaround100.

TablesofPhonemes

Vowels

Consonants

Japaneseh

asthesystemof5stablevowels,whichismostpopularamonglanguagesintheworld,likeSpanish.

Vowels

positionsofatonguefrontcenterback

flatlips/ro

undlipsFRFRFR

hig

h

i

u

middle

e

o

low

a

"a"asinpast

"i"asin

pit

"u"asinput

"e"asinpet

"o"asinpot

Strictlyspeaking,theyareslightlydifferentfromtherealsoundofJapanese.Thebestwaytoconfirmthesesoundsistoliste

ntotherealsoundspronouncedbya

nativespea

kerofJapanese.Inthisarticle,Ihave

nopurposetotellthecorrectsounddeeplysoIdonotmentionmoredetails.

Japaneseh

as22consonantsthatareeasytopronounce.

Consonants

labialalveolarpost-

alveolar pala

talvelarglottal

voicelessplosivesp

t

k

voicedp

losives

b

d

g

voicelessaffricates

ts

ch

"p"asinspace

"b"asinbase

"f"asinfade

withoutupperteeth

"v"asinvase

"m"asinmake

"w"asinwake

"t"asinstay

"z"asinzoo

"n"asinnet

"r"asintermediatesound

betweenlandr

"ch"asinchase

"dj"asinadjust

"sh"asinshake

"j"asinjet


3/44

SpecialTha

nksto

http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html

http://vlc.polyu.edu.hk/Pronunciation/conso

nant/consonan.htm

http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/lingu

istics/lectures/10lct15i.html

TablesofSyllables

IamusingJ

apaneseHiraganaandKatakanafonttodisplaythefollowingtables.YoucangetthemwithoutanyspecialfeefromMicrosoftwebsite,ifyouuse

WindowsOS.

http://www.microsoft.com

Japanesehastwotypesofphoneticscriptswhich

havethesamepronunciationparallelly.

Hiragana

ThisscriptdescribesJapanesenativewordsandloanwordsfromancientChinese.

Katakana

ThisscriptdescribesloanwordsfromforeignlanguagesexceptancientChinese

.

voicedaffricates

dz

dj

voicelessfricativesf

s

sh

h

voicedfr

icatives

v

z

j

nasals

m

n

lateralapproximants

r

approximants

w

y

"d"asindate

"ts"asinboots

"dz"asincards

"s"asinsake

"y"asinyou

"k"asinskate

"g"asingate

"h"asinhead

Theyareslightlydifferentfromtherealsounds.Ifyouknowtheexactsounds,pleaserefertheothersources.Idonotfocusontheexactsoundsaswellasthe

soundsofthevowelsinthisarticle.

StandardSyllables

(ByHiragana)

a

i

u

e

o

B:w

B:w

B:w

B:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:w

B:w

B:w

B:wB:w

B:w

B:w

B:wB:wB:wB:wB:w

k,ky

ka

ki

kukekokyakyu

kyo

B:w

B:w

B:w

B:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wBBF:w

BBF:w

BBF:w

BBF:wBBH

:w

BBH

:w

BBH

:w

BBH

:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w Ja

panesehassyllablesthatareplainlycombinedwithaconsonanta

ndavowel.Thefollowinglistshowsu

s

thestandardphonemes

V1:a,i,u,e,o

V2:a,u,o

V3:a

C1:k,s,t,n,h,m,r,g,z,d,b,p

s,sh

sa

shisusesoshashu

sho

B:w

B:w

B:w


BBF:w

BBF:w

BBF:wBBH

:w

BBH

:w

BBH

:w

BBH

:wBBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

t,ch,tsta

chitsute

to

chachu

cho

B":w

B":w

B":w

B":wB$:w

B$:w

B$:w

B$:wB':wB':wB':wB':wB):wB):wB):wB):wB+:w

B+:w

B+:w

B+:wB$BF:w

B$BF:w

B$BF:w

B$BF:wB$BH

:w

B$BH

:w

B$BH

:w

B$BH

:wB$BJ:w

B$BJ:w

B$BJ:w

B$BJ:w

n,ny

na

ni

nunenonyanyu

nyo

B-:w

B-:w

B-:w

B-:wB.:wB.:wB.:wB.:wB/:wB/:wB/:wB/:wB0:w

B0:w

B0:w

B0:wB1:w

B1:w

B1:w

B1:wB.BF:w

B.BF:w

B.BF:w

B.BF:wB.BH

:w

B.BH

:w

B.BH

:w

B.BH

:wB.BJ:w

B.BJ:w

B.BJ:w

B.BJ:w

h,f,hyha

hi

fu

hehohyahyu

hyo

B2:w

B2:w

B2:w

B2:wB5:w

B5:w

B5:w

B5:wB8:w

B8:w

B8:w

B8:wB;:wB;:wB;:wB;:wB>:w

B>:w

B>:w

B>:wB5BF:w

B5BF:w

B5BF:w

B5BF:wB5BH

:w

B5BH

:w

B5BH

:w

B5BH

:wB5BJ:w

B5BJ:w

B5BJ:w

B5BJ:w

m,mymamimumemomyamyumyo

y

ya

yu

yo

BG:w

BG:w

BG:w

BG:w

BI:wBI:wBI:wBI:w

BK:w

BK:w

BK:w

BK:w

r,ry

ra

ri

ru

re

ro

ryaryu

ryo

BL:w

BL:w

BL:w

BL:wBM:w

BM:w

BM:w

BM:wBN:w

BN:w

BN:w

BN:wBO:w

BO:w

BO:w

BO:wBP:w

BP:w

BP:w

BP:wBMBF:w

BMBF:w

BMBF:w

BMBF:wBMBH:w

BMBH:w

BMBH:w

BMBH:wBMBJ:w

BMBJ:w

BMBJ:w

BMBJ:w

w

wa

BR:w

BR:w

BR:w

BR:w

g,gy

ga

gi

gugegogyagyu

gyo

B:w

B:w

B:w


BBF:w

BBF:w

BBF:wBBH

:w

BBH

:w

BBH

:w

BBH

:wBBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

z,j

za

ji

zuze

zo

ja

ju

jo

B:w

B:w

B:w

B:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB!:wB!:wB!:wB!:wBBF:w

BBF:w

BBF:w

BBF:wBBH

:w

BBH

:w

BBH

:w

BBH

:wBBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

d,dj,dzda

djidzudedodjadju

djo

B#:w

B#:w

B#:w

B#:wB%:w

B%:w

B%:w

B%:wB(:wB(:wB(:wB(:wB*:w

B*:wB*:w

B*:wB,:wB,:wB,:wB,:wB%BF:w

B%BF:w

B%BF:w

B%BF:wB%B

H:w

B%BH:w

B%B

H:w

B%BH:wB%BJ:w

B%BJ:w

B%BJ:w

B%BJ:w

b,by

ba

bi

bubebobyabyu

byo

B3:w

B3:w

B3:w

B3:wB6:w

B6:w

B6:w

B6:wB9:w

B9:w

B9:w

B9:wB"tch,d>"dd,g>"gg,j>"jj,k>"kk,p>"pp,t>"tt,ts>"tts,z>"zz

(*4)If"m"precedes"n","m","p",pronounce"m"andspell"n".

(*5)If"ng"precedes"k","g",pronounce"ng"andspell"n".

(*6)Ifsingle"r"appearsatthemiddleofaword,ignoreit.Ifitlocatesattheendofaword,pronounceasalongvowelbefore"a",""orpronounce"a"befor

e

"o:".

Stressedvow

els

EnglishstressedvowelsaregenerallytreatedasvowelswhosepositionisathightolowpitchinJapanese.

apprach>"puruchi(B]BBBaB|:w)

gant>"jianto(BsBB_B]BfiB:w

)

SampleKa

naSpellinggeneratedbytheRu

les

200W

ordsSample

Vowels(LongandDiphthongs)

a

e

i

o

u

yu

: a:

:

i:

o:

u:

yu:

ah'

ah'

ih'

oh'

uh'

yuh'

e

i

u

yu

e

a

ia

ua

yua

i ai

e

i

oi

ai

e

i

oi

u au

ou

au

ou

Introduction

Inordertou

nderstandonelanguagefundamentally,youneedtodigoutthedeepstructurewhichisrulingallovertheactivitiesofthelanguage.However,thisisa

veryboringandtiringprocessatthebeginning.ThischapterintroducesthecorrespondingideaswhichareimportantinEnglish,suchaspronouns,cases,articles,

interrogative

s.Totellthetruth,theseideasareno

tessentialinJapanese.However,Knowingthecorrespondenceoftheseideaisagoodtriggerthatyoustarttole

arn

Japanesewithyourmotivation,becauseyoucancomposesimplesentenceswiththese

ideas.

PartsofSpeech

ThefollowingtableshowsusthepartsofspeechofJapanese.Youdonotunderstanda

ndmemorizethemjustnow.Howeve

r,youmayfigureouttheframeworko

f

Japanesefromthistable.Youmayusethistableforyourreferencelater.

WordOrd

ers

InordertocomposeJapanesesentencescorrectly,youhavetoknowthewordordersw

ell.Theruleoftheordersisverysimple.Youonlyhavetoknowthreeorde

rs.

Elements

V:verbalelements

N:nominalelements

PartsofSpeech

conjugation

independent to

expressaction

s

Verbs

toexpressprope

rties

AdjectivalVerbs

dependent

AuxiliaryVer

bs

noconjuga

tion in

dependent m

odicand

toexpressobjects

Nouns

toexpressactions

VerbalNoun

s

toexpressproperties

AdjectivalNou

ns

nomodicand to

demonstrate

Demonstrative

tomodifyverbs

Adverbs

tomodifynouns

Adnominals

toconnectsentences

Conjunctives

noelementinsentencesInterjections

dependent

Particles


8/44

M:modifier'selements

Operators

f:finaloperators

c:conjunctiveoperators

a:attributiveoperators

WordOrder

s

Vf:verbalelementsfollowedbyfinaloperators

{VorNorM}cV:verbalelementsfo

llowedbyconjunctiveoperators

{VorNorM}aN:nominalelementsfollowedbyattributiveoperators

Correspon

denceofPronouns,Cases,Articles,Interrogative

Pronouns,Cases

Japanesedosenothavethecorrespondenceofpersonalpronounsandcaseinflections

strictly,However,itcanexpressthesameideabycombiningseveralword

s.

Inthischapter,youdonothavetogetserioustou

nderstandthedetails.ThefollowingtableshowsusthesamefunctionswhichpersonalpronounshaveinEnglish

.

Elements

Operators

VNMf

c

a

Verbs

OK

OKOKOK

AdjectivalVerbsOK

OKOKOK

AuxiliaryV

erbsOK

OKOKOK

Nouns

OK

(*1)

VerbalNo

unsOKOK

AdjectivalN

ounsOK(*2)

Demonstrative

OK

OKOK

Adverb

s

(*3)

OK

OK

Adnominal

OK

OK

Conjunctives

OK

OK

Interjections

OK

OK

Particles

(*4)

OKOKOK

(*1)Someofnounshavethepropertyof"Nc"withoutparticles.

(*2)Someofadjectivalnounshavethepropertyof"N".

(*3)Someofadverbshavethepropertyof"V".

(*4)Someofparticleshavethepropertyof"V".

InflectionsofPersonalPronouns

case

(*1)

subjective

possessive

objective

indirect

direct

EI

my

me

(*1)E

:English,J:Japanese,K:JapaneseKana

DemonstrativePronouns

Englishhasademonstrativesystemwhichsepara

tes"neartothespeaker"and"nearto

thehearer".Ontheotherhand,Japa

nesehasademonstrativesystemwh

ich

separates"n

eartothespeaker","neartothehearer",and"farfromboththespeakeran

dthehearer".Japanesedemonstrativ

ewordsmustbefollowedbycase

markerssothatyouusetheminsentences.Howe

ver,youmaynothavetousethepluralformsunlessyouneedtoclearthenumberofobjects.

single

first

Jwtashiga

wtashino

wtashini

wtashi'o

K

K^K.K&KC

KK.K&K=C

K^K.K&K:C

K^K.K&KaC

s

econd

Eyou

you

r

you

Jntaga

n

tano

ntani

nta

'o

K

KK9K.KC

KK9K.K=C

KK9K.K:C

KK9K.KaC

third

masculineEhe

his

him

Jkrega

kreno

kreni

kre'o

K

KK[KC

KK[K=C

KK[K:C

KK[KaC

feminin

Eshe

her

her

Jknojoga

knojono

knojoni

knojo'o

K

KK=K'KVKC

KK=K'KVK=CKK=K'KVK:CK

K=K'KVKaC

neuter

Eit

its

it

Jsrega

sreno

sreni

sre'o

K

K,K[KC

K,K[K=C

K,K[K:C

K,K[KaC

plural

first

Ewe

our

us

Jwtash-tachigawtash-tachinowtash-tachiniwtash-tachi'o

K

K^K.K&K.K0KCK^K.K&K.K0K=CK^K.K&K.K0K:CK^K.K&K.K0KaC

s

econd

Eyou

you

r

you

Jnta-tachigan

ta-tachinonta-tachininta

-tachi'o

K

KK9K.K.K0KCKK9K.K.K0K=CKK9K.K.K0K:CKK9K.K.K0KaC

third

Ethey

their

them

Jkre-raga

kre-rano

kre-rani

kre-

ra'o

K

KK[KXKC

KK[KXK=C

KK[KXK:C

KK[KXKaC

casemarker

Jga

no

ni

'o

K

KC

K=C

K:C

KaC


9/44

(*1)Y

ouusespecialformswhentheyareu

sedasapossessivecase.

Articles

Japanesehasnoarticles,however,youcanusethefollowingwordswhenyouhavetoexpressthemexplicitly.TheybelongtoadnominalsclassifiedbyJapanese

partsofspeech.

DemonstrativePronouns

case

subjectivepossessive

objective

indirect

direct

single

neartothespeaker

Ethis

Jkrega

k

no(*1)kreni

kre'o

K

n

eartothehearer

Ethat

Jsrega

s

no(*1)sreni

sre'o

K

farfromboth

thesp

eakerandthehearer E

that

Jrega

n

o(*1)

reni

re'o

K

plural

neartothespeaker

Ethese

Jkr-ragak

r-ranokr-ranikr-ra'o

K

n

eartothehearer

Ethose

Jsr-ragas

r-ranosr-ranisr-ra'o

K

farfromboth

thesp

eakerandthehearer E

those

Jr-ragar

-ranor-ranir-ra'o

K

Articles

infinitear

ticledefinitearticle

Ea,an

the

Jru

sno

K

Numbers,G

enders

Japanesenounsdonotdistinguishtheformsofth

ewordsfornumbersandgenders.Th

eyuseperfectlythesameform.Furth

ermore,Japaneseverbsdonothave

anyconjugationfornumbersandgenders,althoug

htheyhaverichconjugationsfortenses,aspects,voicesandsoon.

dsuku(BBtBj):Itisonlyoneformtoexpressadesk,desks,thedeskandthed

esks.

Interrogativ

es

Inordertoasksomething,youhavetouseinterrogativewords,otherwise,youcouldno

tcommunicatewithoneanothersmoothly.Englishprovidestypical

interrogative

wordscalled5W1H.Thefollowingtablesshowusthecorrespondenceofthem.MostofJapaneseinterrogativewordsbelongtodemonstrativeclassified

bythepartsofspeech.

QuestionMa

rk

ka(B):Japanesehasanexplicitsim

plequestionmarker.youcanconstru

ctasimpleinterrogativesentencebyadding"ka"totheendofthesentence

ResponseWords

hi(B2B):Whenyouagreewithaquestioner,youuse"hai".

ie(BBB):Whenyoudisagreewith

aquestioner,youuse"iie".

InterrogativePronouns

su

bjectivepossessive

objective

indirectdirect

person Ew

ho

whose

who,whom

Jdregadrenodrenidre'o

K

object Ew

hat

Jnniganninonnininni'o

K

choice Ew

hich

Jdregadno

drenidre'o

K

InterrogativeAdverbs

E

whenwherewhyhow

J

tsudkodenzedu

K


10/44

Nouns,AdjectivalNouns,VerbalNouns

Japaneseha

scommonnouns,collectivenouns,p

ropernouns,materialnounandabstractnounsintheideaaswellasEnglis

h.However,theydonothavetobe

distinguishedasapointofthegrammar,becauseJapanesehasnonumberinflectionofnouns.Onlyasforpropernouns,the

orthographyofJapaneseRomanization

requeststousesacapitalletteratthefirstletterofthemjustaswellasEnglishorthogra

phy.Meanwhile,Japanesehastwoty

pesofnouns,whicharegrammatically

uniquetoordinarynouns.Theyhavetwobehaviorsofpartsofspeech.Onehasadjectivalandnominalbehaviors.ItiscalledAdjectivalNouns.Theotherhasverbal

andnominalbehaviors.ItiscalledVerbalNouns.TheyareusuallyloanwordsfromancientChineseandmodernEnglish.Theysubstituteforverbsandadjectival

Verbs,byac

companyingspecialauxiliaryverbs.

OrdinaryNouns

OrdinarynounsareJapanesetypicalnouns.Theyhavenoinflectionofnumbers.Theycanperformasubjectoranobjectina

sentence.Theycanalsoperforma

possessivepart.

Dsuku,kybinettoareordinarynounsinthefollowingtables.

(*1)E

:English,J:Japanese,K:JapaneseK

ana

(*2)Ifstrictexpressionsarereallynecessary,youmightsayasfollows.

adesk,desks>"rudsuku(BBN:wBBtBj:w

)

thedesk>"snodsuku(BB1:wBBtBj:w)

thedesks>"sr-ranodsuku(BB

OBLB1:wBBtBj:w

)

AdjectivalNouns

Adjectivalno

unsarethenearestpartofspeechtoEnglishadjectives,excepttheyneedaparticletomodifynouns.Indeed,ifanadjectivalnounisaloanwordform

English,theoriginalEnglishwordisalsoanadjectivegenerally.Thedifferencebetween

adjectivalnounsandordinarynounsisthatadjectivalnounsarenotmodified

bynounswithparticle"no".Theydonotmodifyno

unswithparticle"no",either.Theyuseparticle"na"tomodifynouns.Ofcourseafewofadjectivalnounshavean

exceptionalbehaviorsthattheycanmodifiednoun

sandbemodifiedbynounswith"no".

Priveito,pburikkuareadjectivalnounsinthefollowingtables.

Particle"no"isapossessivemarkertoconnectnouns.

E(*1)ades

kdesksthedeskthedesksmydes

kmydeskshisdesk'scabinetaca

binetofhisdesk

J(*1)dsuku(*2)

watash

inodsukukrenodsukunoky

binetto

K(*1)

(*1)"Wtashinopburikkunadkyumento"isdividedintotwoparts.Oneis"wtashinodkyumento",theotheris"pburikkunadkyumento"."Wtashino"

doesnotmodify"pburikku"directlybut"d

kyumento".

IfyouknowJapanesenativewordscorresp

ondingtoloanwordsfromEnglish,yo

ushoulduseJapanesenativewords,becauseloanwordsasadjectivalnouns

arestrangerthanloanwordsasnouns.

Indee

d,particle"na"isanadjectivalinflectionofacopulaverb.

VerbalNo

uns

Verbalnounsgenerallyexpressactionsandmotio

ns.andhavethesamecharactersasordinarynouns.Theymodifynounsw

ithparticle"no",theyaremodifiedwith

particle"no".Besidesthesecharacteristics,verbalnounshavethepartsofcharacteristicswhichverbshave,althoughtheydo

nohaveanyconjugationasverbs

have.Theybehavelikeverbs,followedbyverb"suru".Thischapterintroducestwobehaviorsofverbalnouns.althoughthose

mayberegardedasadvancedusages

forbeginners.Thoseareveryuniquebehaviorswhichnounsandverbsdonothave.

Priisave

rbalnouninthefollowingtables.

Particle"na"isana

ttributivemarkertomodifynouns.

Eaprivatedocument

apublicdocument

mypublicdocumentthepublicdocumentofmine

Jpriveit

onadkyumentopburikkunadkyumentowtashinopburikkunadkyumento(*1)

K

V

erbalNounsasOrdinaryNouns

Eplayofte

nnisourplayoftennis

Jtnisuno

priwtash-tachinotnisunop

ri

K

Verba

lNounswithanobjectivemarker"'o"

before Ebe

foreplayoftennisbeforeplayingtennis

Jtnisunoprei-metnisu'oprei-me

K

during Edu

ringplayoftennisduringplayingtennis

Jtnisunoprei-chuutnisu'oprei-chuu

K

afterEafterplayoftennisafterplayingtennis

Jtnisunoprei-g

tnisu'oprei-g

K


11/44

Youcannev

ersay"wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei"itselfinthecorrectgrammar.Howe

ver,youcansay

Wtash-tachigatnisu'opri-suru.(W

eplaytennis.)

Wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-me,(B

eforeourplayingtennis,)

Wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-chuu,(Duringourplayingtennis,)

Wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-g,(Afterourplayingtennis,)

Ontheother

hand,youcanneversay"wtash-tachinotnisunoprei-suru"inthecorrectgrammar.However,youcansay

wtash-tachinotnisunopri(ourpla

yoftennis)

wtash-tachinotnisunoprei-me(beforeourplayoftennis)

wtash-tachinotnisunoprei-chuu(duringourplayoftennis)

wtash-tachinotnisunoprei-g(afterourplayoftennis)

NumeralsandClassifiers

Japaneseha

verichcombinationsofnumeralsand

classifiers.ThiscorrectusagesometimesbothersevennativespeakersofJapanese.Inmyopinionthisrich

combinationsaresometimesharmfulandfruitless,whiletherichcombinationsofverbalconjugationarefruitfultoexpresssubtleideas.Usingclassifiersproperlyis

a

measureofculturalknowledgeamongJapanese,althoughitcontainsmanymeaningles

sexpressionstoinformaneventcorrectly.soabeginnerofJapanesedoes

nothavetod

oitcorrectly.Thischapterintroducestheminimuminformationaboutnume

ralsandclassifiers.IfIhaveachancetoarrangethem,Imaywritean

additionaldo

cumentabouttheminfuture.

BaseNumb

ers

VerbalNounswithasubjectivemarker"ga"

before Ebe

foreourplayoftennis

beforeourplayingtennis

Jwtash-tachinotnisunoprei-me

wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-m

e

K

during Edu

ringourplayoftennis

duringourplayingtennis

Jwtash-tachinotnisunoprei-chuuwtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-chuu

K

afterEafterourplayoftennis

afterourplayingtennis

Jwtash-tachinotnisunoprei-g

wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-g

K

Basenumbe

rsconsistoflogicalandplaincombinationsexceptafewsoundchanges.Thereisnospecialnamefor11,12,20

asinEnglishorinFrench.All

combinationsfollowthedecimalcounterperfectly.Ofcourse,thereareotherwaystoco

untnumbers.However,thesewaysarenotingeneralbutidiomaticusages.

(*1)W

henyoucountupnumbersfromonetotensequentially,4,7,9aresometimescalled"shi","shchi","ku".butthe

sesoundsaresimilarwithother

numbers.youdonotusethesesoundsinin

dividualusagestoavoidmisundersta

ndings.

(*2)Thesenumberschangetheirsoundsin

specialcombinations.

300:sn+hyaku>"sn-byaku(BBVB6BFB:w

)

600:rku+hyaku>"rp-pyaku(BPB&B7BFB:w

)

800:hchi+hyaku>"hp-pyaku(B2B&B7BFB:w

)

3,000:sn+sn>"sn-zen(BBVBBV:w)

8,000:hchi+sn>"hs-sn(B2B

&BBV:w)

1,000,000,000,000:chi+chu>"t-chou(BB&B$BJB:w

)

8,000,000,000,000:hchi+chu>"ht-chou(B2B&B$BJB:w

)

10,000,000,000,000:ju+chu>"jt-chou(BB&B$BJB:w

)

CountingRu

le1

Group

ingunitsoffourcolumns

2,222,222,222,222,222={2,222,}{222,2}{22,22}{2,222}iscalled

BaseNumbers

English

JapaneseKanaComment

0

zero

ri

K[KC

1

one

chi

KK0C(*2)

2

two

n

K:C

3

three

sn

K$KbC(*2)

4

four

yn

KWKbC(*1)

5

five

g

K#C

6

six

rku

K\KC(*2)

7

seven

nna

K9K9C(*1)

8

eight

hchi

K>K0C(*2)

9

nine

kyu

KKTKC(*1)

10

ten

ju

K'KTKC(*2)

100

onehundred

hyk

KAKRKC

(*2)

1,000

onethousand

sn

K*KbC(*2)

10,000

tenthousand

chi-mn

100,000,000

onehundredmillionch-oku

KK0KKC

1,000,000,000,000onetrillion

t-chou

(*2)


12/44

n-snn-hyakun-juun-chu

n-snn-hyakun-juun-ku

n-snn-hyakun-juun-mn

n-snn-hyakun-juun.

CountingRule2

Skippingsound"chi"before"ju","hyku"and"sn"

1,111,111,111,111,111={1,111,}{111,1}{11,11}{1,111}iscalled

snh

ykujut-chou

snh

ykujuch-oku

snh

ykujuchi-mn

snh

ykujuch.

CountingRule3

Skippingcolumnsvaluedwith0

2,220iscalledn-snn-hyakun-juu.

2,202iscalledn-snn-hyakun.

2,022iscalledn-snn-juun.

Classifiers

ClassifiersareoneofthemostannoyingfeaturesofJapanese.Youhavetorememberthousandsofcombinationswithcountedthingsandcountingclassifiers

idiomatically.Thereisnootherwaybutmemorizin

gmorethanonehundredclassifiersinordertocomposeJapaneseexpressionsrelatedtonumbersexactly.This

wayisimpos

sibleevenfornativespeakersofJapanesetoperformperfectly,totellthetruth.Thechapterpicksup3classifiers.Ihopethese3classifierscovermore

than90%expressionsconvenientlyinordertocou

ntobjects.

people

animateobjects

inanimateobjects,things

Japanese

Kana

Japanese

Kana

Japanese

Kana

1

ch-nin(*1)

KK0K:KbCp-piki

KK2KCKCk-ko

KK2K"C

2

n-nin(*1)

K:K:KbCn-hiki

K:KAKCn-ko

K:K"C

3

sn-nn

K$KbK:KbC

sn-biki

K$KbKBKC

sn-ko

K$KbK"C

4

y-nn

KWK:KbCyn-hiki

KWKbKAKC

yn-ko

KWKbK"C

5

g-nn

K#K:KbCg-hiki

K#KAKCg-ko

K#K"C

6

rk-nin

K\KK:KbCrp-piki

K\K2KCKCrk-ko

K\K2K"C

7

nn

-nin

K9K9K:KbCnn-hiki

K

9K9KAKCnn-ko

K9K9K"C

8

hch

-nin

K>K0K:KbChp-piki

K>K2KCKC

hk-ko

K>K2K"C

9

kyu

-nin

KKTKK:KbC

kyu-hiki

K

KTKKAKC

kyu-ko

KKTKK"C

10ju-n

in

K'KTKK:KbC

jp-piki

K'K2KCKCjk-ko

K'K2K"C

100hyk

-nin

KAKRKK:KbC

hyp-piki

K

AKRK2KCKC

hyk-ko

KAKRK2K"C

1,000sn-nin

K*KbK:KbCsn-biki

K

*KbKBKCsn-ko

K*KbK"C

(*1)Thesewordsaregenerallyusedforcombinedusagesas"ju-ich-nin".Inuncombinedusages,Youuse"htri"foraperson,"ftar"fortwopeople.

OrdinalNum

bers

Inordertoexpressordinalnumbers,youhaveonlytoaddsuffix"-me"afterclassifiers.

sn-n

nnodrivah'(threedrivers)>"sn-nin-menodrivah'(thethirddriver)

n-hik

inomusu(twomise)>"n-hiki-menomuse(thesecondmouse)

yn-k

onornji(fouroranges)>"yn-ko-menoornji(theforthorange)

Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs

TheVerba

lConjugation

Japaneseha

sarichconjugationsystem,comparingEnglish.(ButitisnotasrichasRo

mancelanguages.)Thischapterintro

duceswholeconjugationtablesof

Japaneseve

rbs.Tounderstandallisunnecessary

forbeginnersofJapanese.However,toknowtheoutlineisveryusefulforthem,sinceyoucanimaginewhat

Japaneseca

nexpressbythesetable.

10,000chi-man-nin

chi-man-biki

chi-man-ko

TheV

erbalSystem

verb

adjectivalverbcopulapoliteverbpolitecopula

weakverbstr

ongverb

Inflection

p

resent

indicative-ru

-u

-i

da

-masu

desu

enumeration

nari

conditional-reba

-eba

-kereba

nara

imperative-ro

-e

-mase

(*3)

subjunctive-you

-ou

-karou(*2)

darou-mash

ou

deshou

participle[usestem]

-i

-ku

ni

past

indicative-ta

-katta

datta-mash

ita

deshita

participle-te

-kute

de

-mash

ite(*3)deshite(*3)


13/44

Japan

esehas6typesofconjugationexclud

ingirregulartypes.Theyareweakverbsforverbswhosestemsendwithavowel,strongverbsforverbswhose

stems

endwithaconsonant,adjectivalverb

s,thecopula,politeverbswhichcons

istofverbsfollowedbyapoliteauxiliaryverbandthepolitecopulawhichis

thepo

litecorrespondenceofthecopula.

Japan

esehas3layersintheverbalsystem.Theupperlayerclassifiestheinflectionsandthederivatives.Thesecondlayerclassifiesthepastandthepresent.

Thelo

werlayerhas6forms.Thenithason

etraceforthenegativepresentbyhis

toricalreasons.

Japan

eseverbshave4derivativeverbs.Th

eyarenegativeverbswhichisconjug

atedasanadjectivalverb,causativeverbs,passiveverbsandpotential

verbs.Allofthelast3derivativeverbsarec

onjugatedasweakverbs.

Japan

esehas2tenseswhicharetheprese

ntandthepast.Thepresentincludesnotonlytheliteralmeaningbutalsothefuture,thehabitualaction,thenatu

re

rulesandthehistoricalpresent.Thepastalsoincludesvariousmeaningsaswellastheliteralmeaning.Itincludestheperfectandtheconfirmation.Thesetw

o

tenseshaveaninfluenceonsubordinateclauses.

Japan

esehas6formsinthelowerlayers.T

heyare3predicativeformsand3conjunctiveforms.3predicativeformsar

e3moods,theindicative,theimperative

andth

esubjunctive,while3conjunctiveformsaretheenumeration,thecondition

alandtheparticiple.InclassicJapanese,ithadalmostcompletesetof6

formsforthepastandthenegativeaswellasthepresent.However,theyaresim

plifiedandisolatedtoanotherwords,sothetotalnumberoftheinflectionsis

9,whichare6forthepresent,2forthepast,1forthenegativeinmodernJapane

se.Whenyouexpressallsetsofform

sforthepastandthenegative,youu

se

inflectionalparticles,whichcomeformtheinflectionsofthecopulas,withanotherformsandanotherderivativeverbscorrespondingly.

(*1)Thepotentialderivativeverbsofweakverbssometimesomittheirsoundfrom

"-rareru"to"-reru"incolloquialconversation.Itiscalled"ra-nuki(ra-

omission)"inJapanese.

(*2)Thesubjunctiveinflectionofadjectivalverbsisusuallyreplacedwith"-idarou

",whichisthepresentinflectionfollow

edbythesubjunctiveofthecopula.For

politecontexts,"-ideshou"isused.

(*3)Theseinflectionsarenotusedgenerally.Theyaremainlyusedinclassicdoc

uments,formaldocumentsoridiomaticexpressions,whenyoucomeacros

s

them.

(*4)Thenegativeformofthepoliteverbisn

otaderivativebutaninflection.

negativeparticiple-zu

-az

u

Derivative

negativeverb

-na-i

-an

a-i

-mase

n(*4)

causativeverb

-sase-ru

-as

e-ru

passiveverb

-rare-ru

-ar

e-ru

potentialverb

-(ra)re-ru(*1)-e-ru

InflectionalParticles

particle

verb

adjectivalverb

copula

politeverb

politecopula

weakverbstrongverb

present

enumerationnari

-runari-unari

-inari

nari

-masunari

desunari

conditionalnara

-runara-unara

-inara

nara

-masunara

desunara

subjunctivedarou

-rudarou-udarou-idarou

darou

enumerationnari(*1)-tanari

-tari

-kattanari

-kattari

dattanari

dattari

-mashitanari

-mashitari

deshitanari

deshitari

Inflectionalparticlesarenotincludedinpartsofspeech.Theyfillthelostformsoftheverbalsystem,suchasthepastenumerationassoon.

(*1)Thepastenumerationusuallydrops"na"in"nari".Sothepopularformsare"

-tari","-kattari","-dattari"andsoon.

(*2)Thepastconditionalusuallydrops"na"in"nara".Sothepopularformsare"-tara","-kattara","-dattara"andsoon.

(*3)Thepastsubjectivedoesnotusuallydrop"da"in"darou".

(*4)Thenegativesubjectiveusuallydrops"ru"in"-rumai",whenitfollowsweekverbs.

Inflectionalpoliteparticlesaddpolitemeaningstoinflections.Theycomeformtheinflectionsofthepolitecopula.

past

conditionalnara(*2)-tanara

-tara

-kattanara

-kattara

dattanara

dattara

-mashitanara

-mashitara

deshitanara

deshitara

subjunctivedarou(*3) -tadarou

-tarou

-kattadarou

-kattarou

dattadarou

dattarou

negative

imperativena

-runa

-una

subjunctivemai(*4)-(ru)mai-umai

-masumai

negativepastparticiplede

-na-ide-ana-ide

InflectionalPoliteParticles

particle

verb

adjectivalverb

copula

politeverbpolitecopula

weakverbstrongve

rb

presentindicativedesu

-idesu

desu

subjunctivedeshou-rudeshou-udesho

u-ideshou

deshou

past

indicativedesu

-kattadesu

dattadesu

subjunctivedeshou-tadeshou

-kattadeshoudattadeshou

SoundChangesofStrongVerbs

Combin

ation

Stem+Inflection

RealForms

K-k+t->">">">"-it-

kak+t->">">">"kait-

kita,kite,kitara,kitari

R-r+t->">">">"-tt-

kar+t->">">">"katt-

ktta,ktte,kttra,kttri

S-s+t->">">">"-shit-kas+t->">">">"kashit-kshita,kshite,kshitra,kshitri

A

Dictionary

JapaneseKanaEnglish

kku

KKCtowrite

kru

KKZCtocut

ksu

KK(Ctolend


14/44

Strongverbswhosestemsendwithaconsonanthavesomesoundchagensmainlyfortheirpastandpastparticiple,becauseJapanese,whichisanopen

syllabiclanguage,needsspecialconsiderationswhenthelastconsonantofaverbalstemisfollowedbytheinflections.

Thefirst11patternsarecausedbydoubleconsonants,thelast7patternsarecausedbypalatalizationoromission.

T-t+t->">">">"-tt-

kat+t->">">">"katt-

ktta,ktte,kttara,kttari

W-w+t->">">">"-tt-kaw+t->">">">"katt-

ktta,ktte,kttra,kttri

B-b+t->">">">"-nd-ukab+t->">">">"ukand-kanda,kande,kandra,kandri

G-g+t->">">">"-id-kag+t->">">">"kaid-

kida,k

ide,kidra,kidri

M-m+t->

"

>

"

>

"

>

"-nd-kam+t->">">">"kand-knda,knde,kndara,kndari

N-n+t->">">">"-nd-shin+t->">">">"shind-shnda,s

hnde,shndra,shndri

S-s+i>">">">"-shikas+i>">">">"kashi

kshi

T-t+i>">">">"-chi

kat+i>">">">"kachi

kchi

T-t+u>">">">"-tsukat+u>">">">"katsu

ktsu

W-w+i>">">">"-i

kaw+i>">">">"kai

ki

W-w+u>">">">"-u

kaw+u>">">">"kau

ku

W-w+e->

"

>

"

>

"

>

"-e-kaw+e->">">">"kae-

ke,kba,keru

W-w+ou>">">">"-oukaw+ou>">">">"kaouku

ktsu

KK3Ctowin

ku

KKCtobuy

kabu

tofloat

kgu

KKCtosmell

kmu

KKOCtobite

shnu

K&K;Ctodie

IrregularVerbs

ModernS

Cla

ssicS

ClassicZ

K

Inflection

present

indicative-suru

-zuru

kru

conditional-sureba

-zureba

kreba

imperative-shiro

-jiro

ki

subjunctive-shiyou

-jiyou

kyu

participle-shi

-ji

k

past

finite

-shita

-jita

kta

participle-shite

-jite

kte

n

egativeparticiple-sezu

-zezu

kzu

Derivative

negativeverb

-shina-i

-jina-i

kna-i

causativeverb

-sase-ru

-sesase-ru-zesase-ruksas-ru

passiveverb

-sare-ru

-serare-ru-zerare-rukrar-ru

ADictionary

JapaneseKana

English

sru

K(KZCtodo

dkruK6KKZCtobeable

kru

KKZCtocome

isu

KKK(Ctolove

nssuK">">">"

n

+-msu>">">">"n-msu

Imru

mi>">">">"

m

+-msu>">">">"m-msu

StrongVer

bKkku

kik+i>">">">"

kki

+-msu>">">">"kki-msu

Rnru

nar+i>">">">"

nri

+-msu>">">">"nri-msu

Sdsu

das+i>">">">"

dshi+-msu>">">">"dshi-msu

Tmtsu

mat+i>">">">"

mch

i+-msu>">">">"mchi-msu

Wu

iw+i>">">">"

i

+-msu>">">">"i-msu

ADictionary

Japanese

KanaEnglish

nru

K">">">"

ybi

+-msu>">">">"ybi-msu

Gngu

nug+i>">">">"

ngi

+-msu>">">">"ngi-msu

Mnmu

nom+i>">">">"

nmi+-msu>">">">"nmi-msu

Nshnu

shin+i>">">">"

shni+-msu>">">">"shni-msu

IrregularVe

rb Kkru

k

+i>">">">"

k

+-msu>">">">"k-msu

Ssru

s

+i>">">">"

shi

+-msu>">">">"sh-msu

ybu

KWKECtocall

ngu

K;KCtotakeoff

nmu

K=KOCtodrink

shnu

K&K;Ctodie

Negative


17/44

Howtousenegativepolitepresentforms

Case1a

(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK

K|KKK&KMK*Kb

J

:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chi-shi-masen.

(E):Mariadoesnotresearchesthemarcket.

Case1b


K|KKK&KMK(K

J

K>KJK&KMK(JKKKJK&KMK*Kb

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-masuka?Hai,shi-masu.Iie,sh

i-masen.

(E):DoesMariaresearchesthemarcket?Yes,shedoes.No,shedoes

n't.

Case2a

(K):KKfiKKCKzKKKaCK;KKM

K*Kb

J:w

(J):Jongakoh'to'onugi-masen.

(E):Johndoesnottakeoffhiscoat.

Case2b

(K):KKfiKKCKzKKKaCK;KKM

K(K

JK>KJK;KKMK(JKKKJK;KKMK*KbJ:w

(J):Jongakoh'to'onugi-masuka?

Hai,nugi-masu.Iie,nugi-masen.

(E):DoesJohntakeoffhiscoat?Y

es,hedoes.No,hedoesn't.

TheTense

Japanesehastwotypesofbasictenses,theprese

ntandthepast.Asgeneralusages,thesetypearealmostcorrespondtothepresentandthepast.However,the

presentcontainsthefutureandthepastcontainstheperfect.Ofcourse,Japanesehasm

anyexpressiontodistinguishslighttensesbyusingauxiliaryverbsand

helpingverbs

.However,thesetwotypesaremostessentialtocomposeJapanesesente

nces.

Howtousepolitepastforms

Case1a


K|KKK&KMK&K.

J:w

affirmative

inflection

negative

sh-msus

h-mas+en>">">">"sh-masn

Tenses

present

inflection

past

affirmatives

h-msushi-mas+i+ta

sh-mshita

negatives

h-masnshi-masen+deshitash-masndeshita

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashita.

(E):Mariaresearchedthemarcket.

Case1b

(K):K/K[KCKKKxKKKaCKK|KKK&KMK&K.K

JKKKiKCK&KMK&K.

J:w

(J):Daregamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashitaka?Mariagashi-mashita.

(E):Whoresearchedthemarcket?Mariadid.

Case1c

(K):KKKiKCK9K:KaCKK|KKK&KMK&K.K

JK

KKxKKKaCKK|KKK&KMK&K

.

J:w

(J):Mariaganani'orisah'chishi-m

ashitaka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashita.

(E):WhatdidMariaresearch?Sheresearchedthemarcket.

Case1d


K|KKK&KMK*KbK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-masendeshita.

(E):Mariadidnotresearchthemarcket.

Case1e


K|KKK&KMK&K.K

JK>KJK&KMK&K.

JKKKJK&KMK*KbK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashitaka?Hai,shi-mashita.Iie,shi-masendeshita.

(E):DidMariaresearchthemarcke

t?Yes,shedid.No,shedidn't.

Case2a

(K):KKK}KKCKKKKKjKKv

KaCKKKMK&K.

J:w

(J):Suh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-mashita.

(E):Susanlistenedtomusic.

Case2b

(K):K/K[KCKKKKKjKKvKaCKKKMK&K.K

JK

KK}KKCKKKMK&K.

J:w

(J):Daregamyuh'zikku'okiki-mas

hitaka?Suh'zangakiki-mashita.

(E):Wholistenedtomusic?Susan

did.

Case2c

(K):KKK}KKCK9K:KaCKKKM

K&K.K

JKKKKKjKKvKaCKKKMK&K.

J:w

(J):Suh'zanganani'okiki-mashita

ka?Myuh'zikku'okiki-mashita.

(E):WhatdidSusanlistento?Shelistenedtomusic.

Case2d


KaCKKKMK*KbK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Suh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-masendeshita.

(E):Susandidnotlistentomusic.

Case2e


KaCKKKMK&K.K

JK>KJKKKMK&K.

JKKKJKKKMK*KbK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Suh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-mashitaka?Hai,kiki-mashita.Iie,kiki-masendeshita.

(E):DidSusanlistentomusic?Yes,shedid.No,shedidn't.

TheMood


18/44

ThissectionintroducesthreemoodsofJapanese.Thefirstistheindicativemoodwhichhasbeenalreadyintroducedabove.T

hesecondistheimperativemood.Th

e

lastisthesubjunctivemood.However,thesubjunc

tivemoodisnotsameasEnglish.Itshouldbecalled"theintentmood"and"theprobablemood".Anditisdivided

into2parts,"

theintent"and"theprobable".

Howtomaketheimperativemoodwithpoliteness

affirmative:pastparticiple+"kudasai"

negative:pastparticiple+"kudasai"

Howtomaketheintentmoodwithpoliteness

affirmative:presentparticiple+"-mas

hou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepoliteverb.

negative:presentparticiple+"-masumai"whichisthepresentformofthepoliteverbfollowedby"mai".

Howtomaketheprobablemoodwithpoliteness

affirmativepresent:presentform+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolitecopula.

affirmativepast:pastform+"deshou

"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolitecopula.

negativepresent:negativepresent+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolitecopula.

negativepast:negativepast+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofth

epolitecopula.

Inordertoco

nstructthesentencesofthesemoods

,youneedtoknowthefiveformsfirst.Theyarethepastformandthepastparticipleformoftheaffirmative,the

presentform,thepastformandthepastparticipleofthenegative.

HowToMakePastForms

dictionary

past

steminflection

>#>#>#>#

WeakVer

bEnru

ne

+ta>">">">"

nta

Imru

mi

+ta>">">">"

mta

StrongVerb

Kkku

kik+ta>">">">"

kita

Rnru

nar+ta>">">">"

ntta

Sdsu

das+ta>">">">"

dshita

Tmtsu

mat+ta>">">">"

mtta

Wu

iw

+ta>">">">"

tta

Bybu

yob+ta>">">">"

ynda

Gngu

nug+ta>">">">"

nida

Mnmu

nom+ta>">">">"

nnda

HowToMakeNegativeForms

dictionary

negative

stemderivative

>#>#>#>#

WeakVerbEnru

ne+na-i>">">">"

nna-i

Imru

mi+na-i>">">">"

mna-i

StrongVerb

Kkku

kik+a+na-i>">">">"kkana-i

Rnru

nar+a+na-i>">">">"nrna-i

Sdsu

das+a+na-i>">">">"dsna-i

Tmtsu

mat+a+na-i>">">">"mtna-i

Wu

iw+a+na-i>">">">"wana-i

Bybu

yob+a+na-i>">">">"ybana-i

Gngu

nug+a+na-i>">">">"ngna-i

Mnmu

nom+a+na-i>">">">"nmna-i

Thefollowing

tableshowsyouhowtomaketheimperative,subjunctivemoods.

Howtousepoliteimperativeforms

Case1a

(K):KKKiK$Kb

JKKKxKKKaCKK

|KKK&K5CKK/K$K

J:w

(J):Maria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishitekudasai.

(E):Ms.Maria,pleaseresearchthemarcket.

Case1b

(K):KKKiK$Kb

JKKKxKKKaCKK

|KKK&K9KK6CKK/K$K

J:w

(J):Maria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishina-idekudasai.

(E):Ms.Maria,pleasedon'tresearc

hthemarcket.

Case2a

(K):KKnKkKKK$Kb

JKKkKKaCK=KbK6CKK/K$K

J:w

(J):Jeimuzu-san,wain'onondeku

dasai.

(E):Mr.James,pleasedrinkwine.

Case2b

(K):KKnKkKKK$Kb

JKKkKKaCK=KM

K9KK6CKK/K$K

J:w

(J):Jeimuzu-san,wain'onomana-idekudasai.

Nshnu

shin+ta>">">">"

shnda

IrregularVerbKkru

k

+i+ta>">">">"kta

Ssru

s

+i+ta>">">">"shta

pastparticiple:changetheendingofthep

astform

-ta>"-te

-da>"-de

Nshnu

shin+a+na-i>">">">"shnana-i

IrregularVerb Kkru

k

+o+na-i>">">">"kna-i

Ssru

s

+i+na-i>">">">"shna-i

past:changetheending

-na-i>"-na-katta

pastparticiple:changetheending

-na-i>"-na-ide

M

oods[KanaTable]

imperat

ive

affirmative

shite

(pastparticiple)

+kuda

sai>">">">"

shtekudasi

negative

shina-ide(negativepastparticiple)+kuda

sai>">">">"

shn-idekudasai

subjunctive

intent

affirmative

shi

(presentparticiple)

+-mas

hou>">">">"

sh-mashu

negative

shi

(presentparticiple)

+-mas

u+mai>">">">"sh-masumi

p

robable affirm

ative presentsuru

(present)

+desh

ou>">">">"

srudeshu

pastshita

(past)

+desh

ou>">">">"

shtdeshou

negativepresentshina-i

(negativepresent)

+desh

ou>">">">"

shn-ideshou

pastshina-katta(negativepast)

+desh

ou>">">">"

shn-kattadeshou


19/44

(E):Mr.James,pleasedon'tdrinkw

ine.

Howtousepo

litesubjunctive(intent)forms

Case1a

(K):KKKiK$Kb

JKKKxKKKaCKK

|KKK&KMK&KVK

J:w

(J):Maria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashou.

(E):Ms.Maria,let'sresearchthemarcket.

Case1b

(K):KKKiK$Kb

JKaCKK|KKK&KM

K&KVKK

JK

KKxKKKaCKK|KKK&KMK&

KVK

J:w

(J):Maria-san,nani'orisah'chishi-mashouka?mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashou.

(E):Ms.Maria,whatshallweresearch.Let'sresearchthemarcket.

Case1c

(K):KKKiK$Kb

JKKKxKKKaCKK

|KKK&KMK(KMK

J:w

(J):Maria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-masumai.

(E):Ms.Maria,let'snotresearchth

emarcket.

Case1d

(K):KKKiK$Kb

JKKKxKKKaCKK

|KKK&KMK&KVKK

JK>KJK&KMK&KVK

JKKKJK&KMK(KM

K

J:w

(J):Maria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashouka?Hai,shi-mashou

.Iie,shi-masumai.

(E):Ms.Maria,shallweresearchth

emarcket?Yes,let's.No,let'snot.

Case2a

(K):KKvKKK:CK9KYKMK&KVK

J:w

(J):Dokutah'ninari-mashou.

(E):Iwillbecomeadoctor.

Case2b

(K):K9K:K:CK9KYKMK&KVKK

JKKvKKK:K

9KYKMK&KVK

J:w

(J):Nanininari-mashouka?Dokut

ah'ninari-mashou.

(E):Whatshallwebecome.Wewillbecomedoctors.

Case2c

(K):KKvKKK:CK9KYKMK(KMK

J:w

(J):Dokutah'ninari-masumai.

(E):Iwillnotbeadoctor.

Case2d

(K):KKvKKK:CK9KYKMK&KVKK

JK>KJK9KYKMK&KVK

JKKKJK9KYKMK(KMK

J:w

(J):Dokutah'ninari-mashouka?Hai,nari-mashou.Iie,nari-masumai.

(E):Shallwebecomedoctors?Yes

,let's.No,let'snot.

Howtousepo

litesubjunctive(probablepresent)forms

Case1a


K|KKK(KZK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshou.

(E):Mariawillprobablyresearchth

emarcket.

Case1b

(K):K/K[KCKKKxKKKaCKK|KKK(KZK6K&KVKK

JKKKiKCK(KZK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Daregamah'ketto'orisah'chis

urudeshouka?Mariagasurudeshou.

(E):Whowillresearchthemarcket?Mariawillprobably.

Case1c

(K):KKKiKCK9K:KaCKK|KKK(KZK6K&KVKK

J

KKKxKKKaCKK|KKK(KZK6

K&KVK

J:w

(J):Mariaganani'orisah'chisurudeshouka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chis

urudeshou.

(E):WhatwillMariaresearch?Shewillprobablyresearchthemarcket

.

Case1d


K|KKK&K9KK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishina-ideshou.

(E):Mariawillnotprobablyresearc

hthemarcket.

Case1e


K|KKK(KZK6K&KVKK

JK>KJK(KZK6K&KVK

JKKKJK&K9KK

6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshouka?Hai,surudeshou.Iie,shina-ideshou.

(E):WillMariaresearchthemarcke

t?Yes,shewillprobably.No,shew

on'tprobably.

Case2a

(K):KrKKKCKKKKjKKaCKNKZK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Karengamuh'vih''omirudesh

ou.

(E):Karenwillprobablyseeamovie.

Case2b

(K):K/K[KCKKKKjKKaCKNK

ZK6K&KVKK

JKrKKKCKNKZK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Daregamuh'vih''omirudesho

uka?Karengamirudeshou.

(E):Whowillseeamovie?Karenw

illprobably.

Case2c

(K):KrKKKCK9K:KaCKNKZK6K&KVKK

JKKKKjKKaCKNKZK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Karenganani'omirudeshouk

a?Muh'vih''omirudeshou.

(E):WhatwillKarensee?Shewillprobablyseeamovie.

Case2d

(K):KrKKKCKKKKjKKaCKNK9KK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Karengamuh'vih''omina-ides

hou.

(E):Karenwillnotprobablyseeam

ovie.

Case2e

(K):KrKKKCKKKKjKKaCKNKZK6K&KVKK

JK

>KJKNKZK6K&KVK

JKKKJKNK9KK6K&K

VK

J:w

(J):Karengamuh'vih''omirudesh

ouka?Hai,mirudeshou.Iiemina-ideshou.

(E):WillKarenseeamovie?Yes,s

hewillprobably.No,shewon'tprobably.

Howtousepo

litesubjunctive(probablepast)forms

Case1a


K|KKK&K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishitadeshou.

(E):Mariawouldprobablyresearch

themarcket.

Case1b

(K):K/K[KCKKKxKKKaCKK|KKK&K.K6K&KVKK

JKKKiKCK&K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Daregamah'ketto'orisah'chis

hitadeshouka?Mariagashitades

hou.


20/44

(E):Whowouldresearchthemarck

et?Mariawouldprobably.

Case1

c

(K):KKKiKCK9K:KaCKK|KKK&K.K6K&KVKK

JKKKxKKKaCKK|KKK&K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Mariaganani'orisah'chishitadeshouka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chis

hitadeshou.

(E):WhatwouldMariaresearch?Shewouldprobablyresearchthema

rcket.

Case1

d


K|KKK&K9KK2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishina-kattadeshou.

(E):Mariawouldnotprobablyresearchthemarcket.

Case1

e


K|KKK&K.K6K&KVKK

JK>KJK&K.K6K&KVK

JKKKJK&K9KK2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishitadeshouka?Hai,shitadeshou

.Iie,shina-kattadeshou.

(E):WouldMariaresearchthemarcket?Yes,shewouldprobably.No,shewouldn'tprobably.

Case2

a

(K):KKKKKCKKKaCKMK

2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Robah'togabasu'omattadesh

ou.

(E):Robertwouldprobablywaitforthebus.

Case2

b

(K):K/K[KCKKKaCKMK2K.K6K&KVKK

JKKKKKCKMK2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Daregabasu'omattadeshouka?Robah'togamattadeshou.

(E):Whowouldwaitforthebus?R

obertwouldprobably.

Case2

c

(K):KKKKKCK9K:KaCKMK2K.K6K&KVKK

JK

KKaCKMK2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Robah'toganani'omattadesh

ouka?Basu'omattadeshou.

(E):WhatwouldRobertwaitfor?Hewouldprobablywaitforthebus.

Case2

d

(K):KKKKKCKKKaCKMK

.K9KK2K.K6K&KVK

J

:w

(J):Robah'togabasu'omatana-kattadeshou.

(E):Robertwouldnotprobablywaitforthebus.

Case2

e

(K):KKKKKCKKKaCKMK

2K.K6K&KVKK

JK>KJKMK2K.K6K&KVK

JKKKJKMK.K9KK2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Robah'togabasu'omattadesh

ouka?Hai,mattadeshou.Iie,matana-kattadeshou.

(E):WouldRobertwaitforthebus?

Yes,hewouldprobably.No,hewouldn'tprobably.

Future

Japanesedoesnothaveanyspecialinflentiontoexpressfutureevents.Itusesthepresentformforacertainfutureevent,theprobablepresentformforanuncertain

futureevent.Indeed,therealmeaningofthepresentformisthepresent,thefutureandthehabitualformwhichcontainsfutureeventsaswellaspresentevents.

Howtoexpressfuturetenses

Case1

a(acertainevent)


K|KKK&KMK(

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-masu.

(E):Mariawillresearchthemarcket.

Case1

b(auncertainevent)


K|KKK(KZK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshou.

(E):Mariawillprobablyresearchth

emarcket.

ASummary

Thefollowingtableshowsyouachartofthetenses

.

Achartofthetensesof"suru"[KanaTable]

tenses

moods

English

JapanesePolite

Ref.JapanesePlain

A

F

FI

R

M

A

T

IV

E p

resent in

dicativecertaindo

sh-msu

sru

uncertaindoprobably

srudeshu

srudaru

subjunctive

woulddo

intent

let'sdo

sh-mashu

shyu

imperative

Do

shtekudasi

shro

pastindicativecertaindid

sh-mshita

shtdesu(*)

shta

uncertaindidprobably

shtdeshou

shtdarou

subjunctive

wouldhavedone

futureindicativecertainwilldo

sh-msu

sru

uncertainwilldoprobably

srudeshu

srudaru

N

E

G

A

T

IV p

resent in

dicativecertaindonotdo

sh-masn

shn-idesu(*)

shn-i

uncertaindonotdoprobablysh

na-ideshu

shna-idar

u

subjunctive

wouldnotdo

intent

let'snotdo

sh-masumi

srumi

imperative

Don'tdo

shn-idekudasaisrna

pastindicativecertaindidnotdo

sh-masndeshita

shn-kattadesu(*) shn-katta

uncertaindidnotdoprobably


21/44

(*)colloquialvariants(notusedinformalconversations)

Verbs,A

djectivalVerbs,Auxilia

ryVerbs

ThispageintroducesJapaneseverbsofexistence.Tounderstandverbsofexistenceisveryimportantinordertounderstandthecopulasandadjectivalverbs.

Existence

Japanesehastwotypesofverbsinordertoexpres

sexistence.Oneis"aru",whichiscla

ssifiedintostrongverbs,formotionlessobjectstheotheris"iru",whichis

classifiedinto

weakverbs,formotionalobjectsincludinghumanbeings.Thenegationof"aru"isreplacedwith"na-i",whichisclassifiedintoadjectivalverbs.Onthe

otherhand,th

enegationof"iru"isderivedinto"ina-i",whichisthenegativederivativeverb.However,"na-i"and"ina-i"aremainlyusedasbasicforms.Somepolite

negationform

sareexpressedbytheinflectionsofthepoliteverb"-masu".

ThePolitePresent

Howtousethepolitepresentforms

Case1

a

(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK(

J:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masu.

E

subjunctive

wouldnothavedo

neshn-kattadeshoushn-kattadarou

futureindicativecertainwillnotdo

sh-masn

shn-idesu(*)

shn-i

uncertainwillnotdoprobablyshna-ideshu

shna-idar

u

HowtoMakeThePolitePresent

dictionary presentparticiple

politeverb

politepresent

steminflection

affirmativenegative

motionless

aru

ar+i>">">">"

ari+masu>">">">"

ari-masuari-masen

motional

iru

i

>">">">"

i+masu>">">">"

i-masu

i-masen

(E):Aknifeisinthekitchen.

Case1

b

(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK*Kb

J:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masen.

(E):Aknifeisnotinthekitchen.

Case1

c

(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK(K

JK>KJK

KYKMK(JKKKJKKYKMK*Kb

J:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masuka?

Hi,ari-masu.Iie,ari-masen.

(E):Isaknifeinthekitchen?Yes,itis.No,itisn't.

Case1

d

(K):K9K:KCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK(K

JKKkK

KCKKYKMK(

J:w

(J):Nanigakitchinniari-masuka?Naifugaari-masu.

(E):Whatisinthekitchen?Aknifeis.

Case1

e

(K):KKkKKCK8K"K:CKKYKMK

(K

JKtKKK

K:CKKYKMK(

J:w

(J):Naifugadokoniari-masuka?Kitchinniari-masu.

(E):Whereisaknife?Itisinthekitchen.

Case2

a

(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK(

J:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mas

u.

(E):Lisaisinthelivingroom.

Case2

b

(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK*Kb

J:w


en.

(E):Lisaisnotinthelivingroom.

Case2

c

(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK(K

JK>

KJKKMK(JKKKJKKMK*KbJ:w


uka?Hi,i-masu.Iie,i-masen.

(E):IsLisainthelivingroom?Yes,sheis.No,sheisn't.

Case2

d

(K):K/K[KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK(K

JKK|KCKKMK(

J:w

(J):Daregarivingu-ruh'munii-mas

uka?Risagai-masu.

(E):Whoisinthelivingroom?Lisa

is.

Case2

e

(K):KK|KCK8K"K:CKKMK(K

JKKKjKKw

KKKK:CKKMK(

J:w

(J):Risagadokonii-masuka?Rivingu-ruh'munii-masu.

(E):WhereisLisa?Sheisintheliv

ingroom.

ThePolitePast

HowtoMakeThePo

litePast


22/44

Howtousethepolitepastforms

Case1

a

(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK&K.

J:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-mashita.

(E):Aknifewasinthekitchen.

Case1

b

(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK*KbK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masende

shita.

(E):Aknifewasnotinthekitchen.

Case1

c

(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK&K.K

JK>KJ

KKYKMK&K.

JKKKJKKYKMK*KbK6K&K

.

J:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-mashitak

a?Hi,ari-mashita.Iie,ari-masendeshita.

(E):Wasaknifeinthekitchen?Yes

,itwas.No,itwasn't.

Case1

d

(K):K9K:KCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK&K.K

JKKkK

KCKKYKMK&K.

J:w

(J):Nanigakitchinniari-mashitaka?Naifugaari-mashita.

(E):Whatwasinthekitchen?Aknifewas.

Case1

e

(K):KKkKKCK8K"K:CKKYKMK

&K.K

JKtKKK

K:CKKYKMK&K.

J:w

(J):Naifugadokoniari-mashitaka?Kitchinniari-mashita.

(E):Wherewasaknife?Itwasinth

ekitchen.

Case2

a

(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK&K.

J:w


hita.

(E):Lisawasinthelivingroom.

Case2

b

(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK*KbK6K&K.

J:w


endeshita.

(E):Lisawasnotinthelivingroom.

Case2

c

(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK&K.K

JK

>KJKKMK&K.JKKKJKKMK*KbK6K&K.

J:w


hitaka?Hi,i-mashita.Iie,i-masendeshita.

(E):WasLisainthelivingroom?Yes,shewas.No,shewasn't.

Case2

d

(K):K/K[KCKKKjKKwKKKK:C

KKMK&K.K

JK

K|KCKKMK&K.

J:w

dictionary presentparticiplep

oliteverb(past)

politepast

steminflection

affirmative

negative

motionless

aru

ar+i>">">">"

ari+mashita>">">">"

ari-mashitaari-masendeshita

motional

iru

i

>">">">"

i+mashita>">">">"

i-mashitai-masendeshita

(J):Daregarivingu-ruh'munii-mas

hitaka?Risagai-mashita.

(E):Whowasinthelivingroom?Lisawas.

Case2

e

(K):KK|KCK8K"K:CKKMK&K.K

JKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK&K.

J:w

(J):Risagadokonii-mashitaka?R

ivingu-ruh'munii-mashita.

(E):WherewasLisa?Shewasinth

elivingroom.

ThePoliteSubjunctivePresent

Howtousethepolitesubjectivepresentforms

Case1

a

(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKZK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniarudeshou.

(E):Aknifeisprobablyinthekitchen.

Case1

b

(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CK9KK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Naifugakitchinnina-ideshou.

(E):Aknifeisnotprobablyinthekitchen.

Case2

a

(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKZK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'muniirude

shou.

(E):Lisaisprobablyinthelivingro

om.

Case2

b

(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKK9KK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'muniina-ideshou.

(E):Lisaisnotprobablyinthelivin

groom.

Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesenten

ceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becau

setheyarenotsimplecorrespondenc

etotheindicativesentences.They

containcourteousnuance.

HowtoMakeThePoliteSubjunctivePresent

dictionary

present

politesubjectivepresent

steminflection

affirmative

negative

affirmative m

otionless

aru

ar+u>">">">"

aruarudeshou

m

otional

iru

i

+ru>">">">"iru

irudeshou

negativem

otionless

na-i

na+i>">">">"

na

-i

na-ideshou

m

otional

ina-i

ina+i>">">">"

ina-i

ina-ideshou


23/44

ThePoliteSubjunctivePast

Howtousethepolitesubjectivepastforms

Case1

a

(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKK2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniattadeshou.

(E):Aknifewasprobablyinthekitc

hen.

Case1

b

(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CK9KK2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Naifugakitchinnina-kattadeshou.

(E):Aknifewasnotprobablyinthe

kitchen.

Case2

a

(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKK.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'muniitade

shou.

(E):Lisawasprobablyinthelivingroom.

Case2

b

(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKK9KK2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'muniina-kattadeshou.

(E):Lisawasnotprobablyintheliv

ingroom.

Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becau

setheyarenotsimplecorrespondenc

etotheindicativesentences.They

containcourte

ousnuance.

ThePoliteIm

perativeandIntentMood

Motionalobjectshavetheirownwill.Theycanhave

imperativeandintentmoods.

HowtoMakeThePoliteSubjunctivePast

dictionary

past

politesubjectivepast

steminflection

>#>#>#>#

affirmative

negative

affirmative m

otionless

aru

ar+ta>">">">"

atta

attadeshou

m

otional

iru

i

+ta>">">">"

ita

itadeshou

negativem

otionless

na-i

na+katta>">">">"na-katta

na-kattadesho

u

m

otional

ina-i

ina+katta>">">">"in

a-katta

ina-kattadeshou

HowtoMakeThePoliteImpe

rativeMood

dictionary

presentparticiple

politeimperativemood

Howtousethepoliteimperativeforms

Case1

a

(K):KK|K$KbJKKKjKKwKKKK:CKK5CKK/K$K

J:w

(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'muniitekudasai.

(E):Lisa,pleasestayinthelivingroom.

Case1

b

(K):KK|K$KbJKKKjKKwKKKK:CKK9KK6CKK/K$K

J:w

(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'muniina-idekudasai.

(E):Lisa,pleasedonotstayinthelivingroom.

Howtousethepoliteintentforms

Case1

a

(K):KK|K$KbJKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK&KVK

J:w

(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'munii-mashou.

(E):Lisa,let'sstayinthelivingroom.

Case1

b

(K):KK|K$KbJKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK(KMK

J:w

(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'munii-masu-mai.

(E):Lisa,let'snotstayinthelivingroom.

ASummary

Thefollowingtableshowsyouachartofthetenses

.

steminflection

affirmative

negative

affirmativem

otional

iru

i

+te>">">">"ite

itekudasai

negativem

otional

ina-i

ina+ide>">">">"ina-ide

ina-idekudasai

HowtoMakeThePoliteIn

tentMood

dictionary presentparticiplep

oliteverb(subjunctive)

politeintentmood

steminflection

affirmativenegative

motional

iru

i

>">">">"

i+mashou>">">">"

i-mashoui-masu-mai

Achartofthetensesof"aru"(astrongverb)[KanaTable]


24/44


tenses

moods

English

JapanesePoliteRef.JapanesePlain

A

F

FI

R

M

A

T

IV

E p

resent ind

icativecertainam/are/is

ri-msu

ru

uncertainam/are/isprobably

rudeshou

rudarou

subjunctive

wouldbe

pastind

icativecertainwas/were

ri-mshita

ttadesu(*)

tta

uncertainwas/wereprobably

ttadeshou

ttadarou

subjunctive

wouldhavebeen

futureind

icativecertainwillbe

ri-msu

ru

uncertainwillbeprobably

rudeshou

rudarou

N

E

G

A

T

IV

E p

resent ind

icativecertainam/are/isnot

ri-masn

n-idesu(*)

n-i

uncertainam/are/isnotprobablyn

-ideshou

n-idarou

subjunctive

wouldnotbe

pastind

icativecertainwas/werenot

ri-masndeshita

n-kattadesu(*)n-katta

uncertainwas/werenotprobablyn

-kattadeshoun-kattadarou

subjunctive

wouldnothavebeen

futureind

icativecertainwillnotbe

ri-masn

n-idesu(*)

n-i

uncertainwillnotbeprobablyn-ideshou

n-idarou

Achartofthetensesof"iru"(aweakverb)[KanaTable]

tenses

moods

English

JapanesePoliteRef.JapanesePlain

A

F

FI

R

M

A p

resent in

d


-msu

r


rdeshou

rdarou

subjunctive

wouldbe

intent

let'sbe

-mashu

yu

imperative

Be

tekudasi

r

certainwas/were

-mshita

t


Verbs,A

djectivalVerbs,Auxilia

ryVerbs

Copula

Japanesehas

copulaswhichplaythemostimportantpartinthislanguageaswellasmostotherlanguages.Japanesecopulas

providethesimilarideaswiththe

verbsofexistence,whichareintroducedintheprev

iouschapter.Thecopulasexpresseq

ualityinmostcases.Japaneseprepa

restwotypesofcopulas,oneisthe

plaincopula,theotheristhepolitecopula.Firstly,thischapterintroduceswholethetensesofthepolitecopula,whichprovides

theuniqueformsinordertoexpress

theaffirmative

,whileituses"de"(*1),whichisthep

astparticipleofthecopula,followedbythenegativeoftheverbsofexisten

ceinordertoexpressthenegative.

T

IV

E

pastind

icative

tdesu(*)


tdeshou

tdarou

subjunctive

wouldhavebeen

futureind


-msu

r


rdeshou

rdarou

N

E

G

A

T

IV

E p

resent in

d


-masn

n-idesu(*)

n-i

uncertainam/are/isnotprobablyn

-ideshou

n-idarou

subjunctive

wouldnotbe

intent

let'snotbe

-masumi

rumi

imperative

Don'tbe

n-idekudasairna

pastind


-masndeshita

n-kattadesu(*) n-katta

uncertainwas/werenotprobablyn

-kattadeshoun-kattadarou

subjunctive

wouldnothavebeen

futureind


-masn

n-idesu(*)

n-i

uncertainwillnotbeprobablyn-ideshou

n-idarou


25/44

(*1)"De"isusuallyaddedto"-'wa"orreplace

dby"ja",whichisacontractionof"de-'wa",toexpressthenegative,howev

er,Ipickuponly"de"herebecause

"de"isgramaticallyessentialanditiseasyto

explaintherelationbetweenexistenceverbs,thecopula,adjectivalverbs.


Particle"'wa"

Beforeintrodu

cingsentenceswhicharecomposited

withcopulas,thischapterintroduceparticle"'wa".Particle"'wa"hasmanyfeaturesasyoureaditfrommany

Achartofthetensesofthepolitecopula[KanaTable]

tenses

moods

English

JapanesePolite

Ref.Japa

nesePlain

A

F

FI

R

M

A

T

IV

E p

resent ind


dsu

d


deshu

daru

subjunctive

wouldbe

pastind

icativecertainwas/were

dshita

dttadesu(*)

dtta


dttadeshou

dttadarou

subjunctive

wouldhavebeen

futureind


dsu

d


deshu

daru

N

E

G

A

T

IV

E p

resent ind


deari-masn

den-idesu(*)

den-i

uncertainam/are/isnotprobablyd

en-ideshou

den-id

arou

subjunctive

wouldnotbe

pastind


deari-masndeshita

den-kattadeshou(*) den-ka

tta

uncertainwas/werenotprobablyd

en-kattadeshouden-ka

ttadarou

subjunctive

wouldnothavebeen

futureind


deari-masn

den-idesu(*)

den-i

uncertainwillnotbeprobablyden-ideshou

den-id

arou

Japanesegrammarbooks.Especially,thisparticleisfamousforthecontraryof"ga"and"'wa".Inthischapter,Idefineparticle"'wa"asasubjectmarkertoexplain

sentenceseasily,althoughIredefineitinthelaterc

hapters.Youcanuse"ga"aswellas"'wa",however,particle"'wa"isgenerallyusedasasubjectmarkerin

sentenceswiththecopulas.Particle"ga"givesastrongnuancetosentenceswhenitisusedwiththecopulas.

ThePolitePr

esent

Howtousethepolitepresentforms

Case1

a

(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6K(

J:w

(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'desu.

(E):Williamisadoctor.

Case1

b

(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6C

KKYKMK*Kb

J:w

(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'deari-masen.

(E):Williamisnotadoctor.

Case1

c(*1)

(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6K(K

JK>KJK,KK6K(JKKKJK,KK6CKKYKMK*Kb

J:w

(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'desuka?Hai,soudesu.Iie,soudeari-masen.

(E):IsWilliamadoctor?Yes,heis.No,heisn't.

Case1

d(*2)

(K):K/K[KCKKvKKK6K(K

JKmKjKKiKKCK,KK6K(

J:w

(J):Daregadokutah'desuka?Wiriamugasoudesu.

(E):Whoisadoctor?Williamis.

Case1

e(*3)

(K):K"K[K>CK9K:K6K(K

JK,K[K>CKKK6K(

J:w

(J):Kore'wananidesuka?Sore'wapendesu.

(E):Whatisthis?Itisapen.

(*1)"Sou"isademonstrativenoun.Inmostcases,Japanesecanomitapronounwhenitisimaginableinacontext.However,ademonstrativenouncannot

beomittedbeforethecopulas.

(*2)Whenthesubjectofsentencesisainterrogativenoun,"ga"mustbeusedasasubjectmarker.becauseainterroga

tivenounisalwaysthemostimportan

t

wordin

sentences.theyshouldbemarkedstrongly.

(*3)Youmustnotuse"(X)Anata'wananidesuka?"inJapanese,aswellas"(X)Whatareyou?"inEnglish,becausethisdirectexpressiontoaskhuman

attributesgivesthelistenerarudenuance.Y

ouuseotherindirectexpressions,forexample,"Anata'wanani'oshitei-

masuka?"inJapanese,aswellas

"Whatdoyoudo?"inEnglish.

ThePolitePa

st

Howtousethepolitepastforms

Case1

a


26/44

(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'deshita.

(E):Williamwasadoctor.

Case1

b

(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6CKKYKMK*KbK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'deari-masendeshita.

(E):Williamwasnotadoctor.

Case1

c(*1)

(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6K&K.K

JK>KJK,KK6K&K.

JKKKJK,KK6CKKYKMK*Kb

K6K&K.

J:w

(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'deshitaka?Hai,soudeshita.Iie,soudeari-m

asendeshita.

(E):WasWilliamadoctor?Yes,hewas.No,hewasn't.

Case1

d(*2)

(K):K/K[KCKKvKKK6K&K.K

JKmKjKKiKKCK,KK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Daregadokutah'deshitaka?W

iriamugasoudeshita.

(E):Whowasadoctor?Williamwas.

Case1

e(*3)

(K):K"K[K>CK9K:K6K&K.K

JK,K[K>CKKK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Kore'wananideshitaka?Sore'wapendeshita.

(E):Whatwasthis?Itwasapen.

(*1),(*2

),(*3)Pleaserefertheabovelist.

ThePoliteSu

bjunctivePresent

Howtousethepolitesubjectivepresentforms

Case1

a

(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'deshou.

(E):Williamisprobablyadoctor.

Case1

b

(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6CK9KK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'dena-ide

shou.

(E):Williamisnotprobablyadoctor.

Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becausetheyarenotsimplecorrespondencetotheindicativesentences.They

containcourte

ousnuance.

ThePoliteSu

bjunctivePast

Howtousethepolitesubjectivepastforms

Case1

a

(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK/K2

K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'dattadeshou.

(E):Williamwasprobablyadoctor.

Case1

b

(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6CK9KK2K.K6K&KVK

J

:w

(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'dena-kattadeshou.

(E):Williamwasnotprobablyadoc

tor.


containcourte

ousnuance.

ThePoliteIm


Thecopulasd

onothavethesetypesofinflections,althoughthesubjectofasentenceisamotionalobjectwhichhaswillslikehumanbeings,animalsandsoon.

Whenyouexp

ressthesemoods,youuseordinaryverbs"naru"whichmeans"tobecome

","suru"whichmeans"todo",andsoon.

AdjectivalV

erb

AdjectivalverbisauniquepartofspeechinJapane

se.ThereisnocounterpartinEnglish

.Adjectivalverbisregardedas"tobe

"+adjectiveinEnglish.Ithasthe

tenseformsin

theinflections.Firstly,thischapterintroduceswholethetensesoftheadjectivalverbswhichprovidetheuniqueformsfortheaffirmative,whiletheyus

e

"-ku"+thenegativeoftheverbsofexistenceforthe

negative.Next,theadjectivalverbsp

rovideadjectivalusagesandadverbialusageswiththeirinflections.

However,Iskipexplanationaboutthem.Iwillexplaintheminlaterchapters.

Achartofthetensesoftheadjectivalverbs[KanaTable]

tenses

moods

English

JapanesePolite

Ref.JapanesePlain

A

F

FI

R

M

A

T

IV

E p

resent ind

icativecertainam/are/isbright

kar-idesu

kar-i

uncertainam/are/isbrightprobably

kar-ideshou

kar-idarou

subjunctive

wouldbebright

pastind

icativecertainwas/werebright

kar-kattadesu

kar-katta

uncertainwas/werebrightprobably

kar-kattadeshou

kar-kattadarou

subjunctive

wouldhavebeenb

right

futureind

icativecertainwillbebright

kar-idesu

kar-i

uncertainwillbebrightprobably

kar-ideshou

kar-idarou

N p

resentind

icativecertainam/are/isnotbrigh

t

karu-kuari-masn

karu-kun-idesu(*)

karu-kun-i

uncertainam/are/isnotbrigh

tprobably


27/44

(*)collo

quialvariants(notusedinformalcon

versations)

ThePolitePresent

Howtousethe

politepresentforms

Case1a

(K):KKKKCKKKZKK6K(

J:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-idesu.

(E):Thelampisbright.

Case1b

(K):KKKKCKKKZKCKKYKMK

*Kb

J:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuarimasen.

(E):Thelampisnotbright.

Case1c

(K):KKKKCKKKZKK6K(K

JK>KJKKKZ

KK6K(JKKKJKKKZKCKKYKMK*K

b

J:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-idesuka?Hai,akaru-idesu.Iie,akaru-kuarimasen.

(E):Isthelampbright?Yes,itis.No

,itisn't.

Case1d

(K):K9K:KCKKKZKK6K(K

JKKKKCK

KKZKK6K(

J:w

(J):Nanigaakaru-idesuka?Ranpu

gaakaru-idesu.

(E):Whatisbright?Thelampis.

Case1e

(K):KKKK>CK8KK6K(K

JKKKZKK6K(J:w

(J):Ranpu'wadoudesuka?Akaru-idesu.

(E):Howisthelump.Itisbright.

E

G

A

T

IV

E

subjunctive

wouldnotbebrigh

t

karu-kun-ideshou

karu-kun-idarou

pastind

icativecertainwas/werenotbrigh

t

karu-kuari-masndeshita

karu-kun-kattadesu(*)karu-kun-katta

uncertainwas/werenotbrigh

tprobablykaru

-kun-kattadesho

ukaru-kun-kattadarou

subjunctive

wouldnothavebeenbright

futureind

icativecertainwillnotbebright

karu-kuari-masn

karu-kun-idesu(*)

karu-kun-i

uncertainwillnotbebrightprobably

karu-kun-ideshou

karu-kun-idarou

ThePolitePa

st

Howtousethe

politepastforms

Case1a

(K):KKKKCKKKZKK2K.K6K(

J:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadesu.

(E):Thelampwasbright.

Case1b

(K):KKKKCKKKZKCKKYKMK

*KbCK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuarimasende

shita.

(E):Thelampwasnotbright.

Case1c

(K):KKKKCKKKZKK2K.K6K(K

JK>KJKK

KZKK2K.K6K(

JKKKJKKKZKCKKYK

MK*KbCK6K&K.

J:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadesuka?Hai,akaru-kattadesu.Iie,akaru-kuarimasendeshita.

(E):Wasthelampbright?Yes,itwa

s.No,itwasn't.

Case1d

(K):K9K:KCKKKZKK2K.K6K(K

JKKKKCKKKZKK2K.K6K(

J:w

(J):Nanigaakaru-katadesuka?Ra

npugaakaru-kattadesu.

(E):Whatwasbright?Thelampwas.

Case1e

(K):KKKK>CK8KK6K&K.K

JKKKZKK2K.K6K(

J:w

(J):Ranpu'wadoudeshitaka?Akaru-kattadesu.

(E):Howwasthelump.Itwasbright.

ThePoliteSu

bjunctivePresent

Howtousethe

politesubjectivepresentforms

Case1a

(K):KKKKCKKKZKK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-ideshou.

(E):Thelampisprobablybright.

Case1b

(K):KKKKCKKKZKCK9KK6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuna-ideshou.

(E):Thelampisnotprobablybright.


containcourte

ousnuance.

ThePoliteSu

bjunctivePast


28/44

Howtousethe

politesubjectivepastforms

Case1a

(K):KKKKCKKKZKK2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadeshou.

(E):Thelampwasprobablybright.

Case1b

(K):KKKKCKKKZKCK9KK2K.K6K&KVK

J:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuna-kattades

hou.

(E):Thelampwasnotprobablybrig

ht.


containcourte

ousnuance.

ThePoliteIm


Theadjectivalverbsdonothavethesetypesofinfle

ctions,althoughthesubjectofasentenceisamotionalobjectwhichhaswillslikehumanbeings,animalsandso

on.Whenyouexpressthesemoods,youuseordina

ryverbs"naru"whichmeans"tobeco

me","suru"whichmeans"todo",and

soon.

Arelationb

etweenexistenceverbs,thecopu

laandadjectivalverbs[KanaTa

ble]

English

theexistence

th

ecopula

adjectivalverbs

polite affirm

ativepast

certainwas/were

ari-mashita

deshita

-kattadesu

uncertainwas/wereprob

ably

attadeshou

dattade

shou

-kattadeshou

presentcertainam/are/is

ari-masu

desu

-idesu


arudeshou

deshou

-ideshou

negative

past

certainwas/werenot

ari-masendeshitadeari-m

asendeshita-kuari-masendeshita

uncertainwas/werenotp

robablyna-kattadeshoudena-kattadeshou-kuna-kattadeshou

presentcertainam/are/isnot

ari-masen

deari-m

asen

-kuari-masen

uncertainam/are/isnotp

robablyna-ideshou

dena-ideshou

-kuna-ideshou

plain affirm

ativepast

certainwas/were

atta

datta

-katta

uncertainwas/wereprob

ably

attadarou

dattada

rou

-kattadarou

presentcertainam/are/is

aru

da

-i


arudarou

darou

-idarou

negative

past

certainwas/werenot

na-katta

dena-katta

-kuna-katta

uncertainwas/werenotp

robablyna-kattadarou

dena-kattadarou

-kuna-kattadarou

presentcertainam/are/isnot

na-i

dena-i

-kuna-i

uncertainam/are/isnotp

robablyna-idarou

dena-idarou

-kuna-idarou

Verbs,A

djectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs

Voices

ThischapterintroducesJapanesevoices.Japanese

havethreevoices,thecausativevoice,thepassivevoice,thepotentialvoice.Althoughthecausativeandthe

potentialaren

otmembersofvoicesaccordingtoastrictdefinition,LogicalJapaneseGrammardefinethemasmembersofvoices,becausethesethreevoiceare

derivedfromo

rdinaryverbsregularly.Thenthesederivativeverbschangetherulesofparticlesforcases.thesubjectivemarker"ga",theobjectmarker"ni","o",

comparingwiththeoriginalverbs,whileexpressionsforthepoliteandthetensesdonotc

hangetherulesofparticlesforcases.Thederivativeverbsareuniquetoth

e

verbs.Theadjectivalverbsandthecopuladonothavethesederivations.Allthederivativ

everbsareclassifiedintotheweakverbs.

HowToMakeCausativeForms

dictionary

causativeverbs

meaning

stem

derivative

>#>#>#>#

WeakVerb

Eneru

ne+s+aseru>">">">"nesaserutoletsomebodysleep

Imiru

mi+s+aseru>">">">"misaserutoletsomebodysee

StrongVerb

Kkiku

kik+aseru>">">">"

kikaserutoletsomebodyhear

Rnaru

nar+aseru>">">">"

naraserutoletsomebodybecome

Sdasu

das+aseru>">">">"

dasaserutoletsomebodyputout

Tmatsu

mat+aseru>">">">"

mataserutoletsomebodywait

Wiu

iw+aseru>">">">"

iwaserutoletsomebodysay

Byobu

yob+aseru>">">">"

yobaserutoletsomebodycall

Gnugu

nug+aseru>">">">"

nugaserutoletsomebodyundress

Mnomu

nom+aseru>">">">"

nomaserutoletsomebodydrink

Nshinu

shin+aseru>">">">"

shinaserutoletsomebodydie

IrregularVerb Kkuru

k

+os+aseru>">">">"kosaserutoletsomebodycome

Ssuru

s

+aseru>">">">"

saseru

toletsomebodydo

HowT

oMakePassiveForms

dictionary

passiveverbs

meaning

stem

derivative

&

a logical japanese grammar - m. satou

Documents