a. mangroves - university of arizona · pdf filea. mangrove succession to stable community in...
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A. Mangroves
• Or Mangal • from mangue (tree) and grove (stand of
trees)a. Replace salt marsh as the dominant
coastal ecosystem in subtropical and tropical regions
b. Facultative halophytes
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c. Distribution
i. 240,000 km2 worldwideii. 2,700 km2 in Floridaiii. 68 spp worldwideiv. 10 spp in the Americas
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Distribution Continued
v. Found on coastlines between 25° N and 25°S latitude, dependent on temperature
i. Rhizophora - survive 2-4° C for 24 hrsii. Avicennia – survives 2-4° C for several days
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B. Three Main Genera
a. Rhizophora (red mangrove) a. R. mangal and R. racemosa most common
New World sppb. High prop roots and dangling roots are
common (Figure 11-8)c. More cold tolerant
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b. Avicenna (black mangrove)i. A. germanaus most common in New World
• ii. Can tolerate very high salinity (60 ppt) and very anoxic conditions
• iii. Known for having pneumatophores
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c. Lagunicularia (white mangrove)i. L. racemosa most common in New Worldii. Affinity for lower salinity areas
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C. Geomorphological settings
a. need gentle wave/tidal action to bring nutrients
b. salinity allows them to out compete FW species
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D. Hydrodynamic settingsa. Fringe – protected shorelines, some canals,
rivers and lagoonsi. Grow to 13 m tallii. Accumulate organic matteriii. Found in S. Fla, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Texasiv. Avicennia found in salinity to 59 ppt,
Rhizophora to 39 pptv. Overwash islands – one type of fringe
mangrovei. Rhizophora dominatedii. sensitive to ocean pollution
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b. Riverine – along tidal affected rivers
i. Grow to 21 m tallii. Rhizophora dominated, but with few prop
rootsiii. Avicennia and Lagunicularia also presentiv. Salinity 10-20 ppt
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c. Basin- inland depressions, behind fringe, in stagnant water
i. Grow to 9m tallii. Soil conditions: highly anoxic, salineiii. Avicennia and Lagunicularia with many
pneumatophoresiv. If salinity >50ppt: Avicennia, if low:
lagunicularia, 30-40ppt mixed forest
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d. Dwarf – isolated, low productivity, low FW, low nutrients
i. Grow to 2-5m shrubsii. Fringe of everglades, Florida Keysiii. Hammock – one type
i. buildup of peatii. Rhizophora dominated
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E. Understory – lacking due to variety of stressors
a. Mangrove ferns (Acrostichum spp) are common, 3 spp worldwide
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F. Salinity
a. Not required for mangroves b. Much higher in soil than in water
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G. Zonation
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H. Adaptations
a. Salinity – exclusion and excretionb. Prop roots and drop roots – Rhizophorac. Pneumatophores – Avicennia – 20-30 cm above
sediment d. Lenticels found on a & b, let oxygen into plant,
moves through arenchyma to root rhizosphere e. Viviporous seedlings – Rhizophora – seeds
germinate on treei. Hypocotyls (seedling) drops, floats till touches
sediment, roots
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I. Crabs –mangrove maintenance
a. Burrow, oxygenate soil, drag leaves into soil, aid in decomposition
b. Selectively eat dropped hypocotyls
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J. Hurricanes
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Hurricanes Continued
a. mangrove succession to stable community in average time between major hurricanes
b. Wipe out larger mangroves, small trees in gaps survive and act as a seed bank
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K. Mangrove effects on estuaries
a. Net export of organic matter and nutrientsb. Provides nursery areas and food sources
for fisheries
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