a mea that works - eeaa.gov.eg...the ozone layer: a mea that works by : abdulelah al-wadaee -...

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me

Regional Office for West Asia – Compliance Assistance Programme (CAP)

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete

the Ozone Layer:

A MEA that WorksBy : Abdulelah Al-Wadaee - Regional Network Coordinator

Workshop on the Implementation of Stockholm Convention and Synergies with other Chemical related MEAs

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


An MEA that Works

“Perhaps the single most successful international environmental agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol, in which states accepted the need to phase out the use of ozone-depleting substances”

Kofi Annan, 2000, “We the Peoples: the Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century”, pg 56

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


Prague Declaration

Seek alliance with other multilateral instruments like the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm conventions to contribute to an effective strategic approach to international chemicals managementDeclare the willingness of the Parties assembled in this City of Bridges to contribute to building bridges between the relevant multilateral environmental agreements and to help them draw inspiration from the success of the Montreal Protocol while, in turn, drawing inspiration from them in meeting future challenges

Prague Declaration, The sixtneenth Meeting of Parties to the Montreal Protocol at Prague, Czech Republic Prague, 26 November 2004, 8 p.m.

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


How do we know it works:Atmospheric CFC-11 (ODS)

First published in Nature 364,783-786 (1993) and updated by

NOAA

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


How do we know it works:Alternatives

Published by Montzka et al., [1999] (Nature, 398,690-94, 1999)

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


How we know it works: CFC consumption

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1986

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Non-Article 5 countries Article 5 countries

OD

P to

nnes

Source: Ozone Secretariat, Article 7 data

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


How we know it works: CFC production

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1986

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Non-Article 5 countries Article 5 countries

OD

P to

nnes

Source: Ozone Secretariat, Article 7 data

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


How we know it works: Ratification

020406080

100120140160180200

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

191 countries representing more than 99% of the global population

Source: Ozone Secretariat

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


How we know it works: Multilateral Fund

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

US

$ (b

illio

ns)

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


Why it works: International level

Precautionary approach based on the scienceCommon but differentiated responsibilities Democratic structures & operations“Polluter pays” principleMinimal economic effects on developing countriesProgressive phase out of ODSPolicy decisions informed & guided by science“Help, not punish” culture (e.g. Implementation Committee)Financial mechanism including technical & financial assistance from Multilateral Fund, bilateral support, Clearinghouse function

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


Compliance with what? Enforcement of what?

Compliance with…• Reduction targets for different ODS• Data reporting requirements• Establishment of licensing system• Other monitoring & reporting

requirementsEnforcement of…• National policies, regulations &

directives related to the Montreal Protocol & Amendments

• Customs control & prevention of illegal trade

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


• As Refrigerant in Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning

• As Propellant in Aerosol industry

• As Blowing Agent in Foam Industries

• As Solvent or Cleaning Agent in many industries

• As Fire Fighting Substance (Halon)

• As pesticide soil for many agricultural corps and grain storage fumigant (MeBr)

ODS, Use in what?

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


What are compliance targets?

--

--

2005

--

--

--

30%

--

--

2010

--

--

--

70% 100%75%50%Freeze

2040----2016HCFCs

2010------Carbon tetrachloride

2015----20031,1,1-trichloro ethane

2015----2002Methyl bromide

2010--20052002Halons

2010200720051999CFCs

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


Keys to Compliance

Ultimately, implementation and compliance, and thus the effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, depend primarily on the existence and effectiveness of the corresponding national legislation, institutions and policies, including those that ensure access to judicial and administrative fora, national capacity and political will.

UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook 2000, pg. 203

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


NationalOzoneUnit

Montreal Protocol Institutions

Government Industry NGOs Public

Parties to the Montreal ProtocolMeeting of Parties (MOP)

Open-ended Working Group (OEWG)Technology & Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP)

Implementation CommitteeOzone Secretariat (Nairobi) Multilateral Fund

Executive Committee (ExCom)Multilateral Fund Secretariat (Montreal)Implementing Agencies (UNDP, UNEP,

UNIDO, World Bank)

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


National capacity:Institutional Strengthening

Dedicated, capable & effective focal point is essential for success of MEAFocal point must be empoweredNational Ozone Unit (NOU) • Supported by Multilateral Fund• National focal point that coordinates all

international assistance related to this MEA• Responsible for implementation &

compliance• Also: data collection, establish licensing

system, training, awareness raising

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


UNEP-assisted IS

821

3041

5368 73 76 80

98 103

5203550658095

110125

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Num

bers

Cumulative. Includes GEF

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


Country Programme

National implementation & compliance strategyExpresses the commitment of the country to phase out ODS as per the Montreal ProtocolRequired for assistance from Multilateral FundProvides baseline data on consumption of ODS, identifies stakeholders & projectsSupports the development and implementation of a national ODS phase-out strategy

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


UNEP-assisted CPs

0 2

12

23

34

49

60

7380 81 82

94101

0

20

40

60

80

100

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003Year

Num

bers

* Cumulative completed projects. Includes GEF

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


UNEP Role as Implementing Agency

Information Exchange

Networks

Policy Compliance Workshops

GlobalGlobal

Country Programme Training

Institutional Strengthening Refrigerant Management Plans

RegionalRegional

NationalNational

CAP

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


UNEP Compliance Assistance Programme (CAP)

Direct MEA assistance to countries• Specific technical & policy expertise• Team of 45 experts (85% from developing

countries), most based in UNEP Regional Offices

• Biggest team of its kind directly implementing an MEA

Support/backstopping for NOU Increased collaboration with other Implementing Agencies & Secretariats

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


What is CAP(Compliance Assistance Programme)…?

CAP - ParisCAP - Regions

ROA, ROAP, ROLAC, ROWA

CAP at the regions

Major Roles:Coordination, policy-setting, Business Planning, monitoring, interfacing with

ExCom, clearinghouse

Major Roles:Project implementation, reporting,

assessing country needs, feedback on CAP implementation

UNEP DTIE OzonAction Programme

Article 5 countriesNOU NOU NOU NOU NOU NOU NOU

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


Policy assistanceTechnical expertiseCompliance assistanceRatification assistanceTraining & capacity buildingProject preparationSpecial assistance (country visits, correspondence to decision-makers, etc.)MonitoringAssistance in data reporting

• Early warning & trend analysis

• Networking• Clearinghouse• Ad hoc assistance• National compliance plans• Coordination with IAs &

bilaterals• Backing up Ozone Officers

where needed

Example of CAP Services

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


UNEP’s Regional Networks

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


Information Clearinghouse

Clearinghouse function part of treaty (Article 10) Information clearinghouse (UNEP) operational in 1991Assist countries with making good decisions about technologies & policies needed to comply with MEAInvestigate integration of work with other MEA clearinghouses & initiatives

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


Ozone: An Existing Infrastructure that Works

National:• Institutional Strengthening/NOUs• Country Programmes• Training

International/Regional:• Global: Information Clearinghouse• Region: Regional CAP Teams• Regional Networks

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


Opportunities for Synergies with other MEAs

Ozone = atmospheric & chemical issueSome NOUs = focal points for several conventions (climate change, POPs, PICs) & issues (National Cleaner Production Centres)Training of customs officersEnergy efficiency & ozone protection (e.g. chillers)Methyl bromide• SAP: “Phase-out of the ozone-depleting chemical, methyl

bromide, may lead to increased use and numbers of other pesticides which may lead to additional health risks”

Disposal & destruction of waste chemicalsAwareness & information

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Env

iron

men

t Pro

gram

me


Conclusions

Montreal Protocol is an MEA that is succeeding• Treaty goals are being met• Compliance is being achieved• Ozone layer is on path to recovery

Other MEAs may benefit from Protocol’s considerable implementation experienceWe are looking to learn from innovation of other MEAsAll might benefit from synergies between MEAsParties can influence change• Bottom up: Integration of MEAs at national level• Top down: Decision on better coordination could be

introduced at COPs/MOPs (e.g. 16th MOP, Prague)

a mea that works - eeaa.gov.eg...the ozone layer: a mea that works by : abdulelah al-wadaee -...

Documents