a metropolitan area level analysis of internal migration ... · vancouver, bc 2.1 1.1 rest of...
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A Metropolitan Area Level Analysis of Internal Migration of Canadian Immigrants, 1993-2004:
A Comparison of Pre-Migration and Post-Migration Characteristics
Karen M. King, SEDAP Postdoctoral Fellow
K. Bruce Newbold, Professor
School of Geography and Earth SciencesMcMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Canada’s immigrant population is rapidly growing and is geographically concentrated in metropolitan gateways.
Facing an aging population, attempts have been made to encourage immigrant settlement outside of the three major immigrant destinations.
Introduction
Purpose
• Describes the migration and distribution patterns of the foreign-born across Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs).
• Examines the pre- and post- migration characteristics of the foreign-born in Canada who undertake an internal migration – change in region of residence.
Data SourceSurvey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) Master files (1993, 1996 and 1999 six-year panels)
Geography27 Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) and 10 Rest of Province
Mobility DataAnnual Place of Residence
Socio-economic and Demographic CharacteristicsHousehold, income, labour force status, occupation, education, age, martial status, number of parents, number of children, household size, year of immigration to Canada, region of birth
Sample Description
Individuals born outside of Canada
Aged 20 to 59 at the start of each panel
Resident in Canada through the entire six years of each panel
Magnitude of Immigrants6,994, 999 immigrants in the 1993/1996/1999 panels of SLID
465, 567 (6.7 percent) immigrants who made at least one move
196, 196 (42.1 percent) from the 1993 panel 137, 604 (29.5 percent) from the 1996 panel 131,767 (28.3 percent) from the 1999 panel.
93,962 (20.1 percent of movers) made multiple migrations.
Distribution of Foreign-Born: Origins
1.12.1Vancouver, BC
9.55.1Rest of British Columbia
10.76.5Edmonton, AB
5.49.3Montreal, QC
9.911.9Rest of Ontario (including Windsor)
5.829.0Toronto, ON
Percentage of Foreign-Born in
the Region
Percentage of ALL Migrants
in CanadaRegion of Residence
Origin of Foreign-Born Migrants in Year 1
Distribution of Foreign-Born: Destinations
3.05.2Montreal, QC
12.25.9Hamilton, ON12.26.3Calgary, AB3.66.9Vancouver, BC3.115.3Toronto, ON
17.022.1Rest of Ontario(including Windsor)
Percentage of Foreign-Born in
the Region
Percentage of ALL Migrants in
CanadaRegion of Residence
Destination of Foreign-Born in Year 6
Number of Parents
Number of Parents Residing with Migrants
88.25
3.068.69
96.27
2.02 1.710
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2
Percent
Year 1Year 6
Number of Children
Number of Children Residing with Migrants
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 plus
Percent
Year 1
Year 6
Household Size
Household Size of Migrants
05
101520253035404550
2 3 4 to 5 6 plus
Percent
Year 1
Year 6
Education
Highest Level of Education Attainment of Migrants
05
10152025303540
High School orLess
SomeUniversity
Non-universityCertificate
Bachelor'sDegree
Above BA
Percent
Year 1Year 6
Labour Force Status
Labour Force Status of Migrants
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Full-time Part-time Unemployed Not in LabourForce
Not stated
Year 1
Year 6
Percent
Total Income
Total Income of Migrants
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 to 25K 25 to 50K 50 to 75K 75 to 100k 100 to 150K 150 plus
Percent
Year 1
Year 6
Year of ImmigrationYear of Immigration to Canada
0
5
10
15
20
25
before1956
1956 to1960
1961 to1965
1966 to1970
1971 to1975
1976 to1980
1981 to1985
1986 to1990
1991 to1996
1996 to1998
Percent
Region of Birth
Selected Region of Birth of Migrants
02468
101214161820
United Kingdom Southeast Asia Western Europe South Asia United States
Percent
Logistic Analyses
Five models: DemographicSocio-economicResidential ImmigrationFull
Each model examines the odds of the foreign-born in Canada making an internal migration during the six year period captured in the SLID panels.
Full Model
Demographic: females and unmarried are more likely to migrate while individuals in households with parents or children are less likely to migrate.
Socioeconomic: bachelor’s degree or higher and employed full time are more likely to make an internal migration.
Full Model
Residential: Individuals residing in Toronto and Montreal in Year 1 are much more likely to make an internal migration than their Vancouver counterparts
Immigration: suggests two streams of internal migrants, long-term residents and recent arrivals
Demographic Model: Household Size
Demographic Model: Household Size
Size 1
Size 2-3
Size 4-5
Size 6 or greater
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Odds Ratio
Year 6Year 1
Economic Model: Education
Economic Model: Education
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
High School or Less
Some Post-secondary
Bachelor's Degree
Above BA
Odds Ratio
Year 6
Year 1
Residential Model: Gateway Cities
Residential Model: Gateway Cities
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Vancouver
Montreal
Toronto
Odds Ratio
Year 6
Year 1
ConclusionsForeign-born who undertake an internal migration are young, married, in small households and employed.
The year of immigration and region of birth results suggests that there are two distinct streams of internal migrants.
The sub-provincial distribution and migration patterns of internal migrants suggests that when the foreign-born move, they are primarily choosing one of the three immigrant gateway cities.