a microcontroller based automatic solar tracking scheme

7/27/2019 A microcontroller based automatic solar tracking scheme

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r'sFdp

y

Notbroctndoci Fdo`brbofb do Bovnrdolbotci Qbfgodidjy

coa Fdostruftndo Bojnobbrnoj `dr Vustcnoceib Abvbidplbot

NFBQFBVA-5;33, Lcrfg 3;-35, 5;33, VRVQ, Vyigbt, Ecojicabsg

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

Fdrrbspdoanoj Cutgdr= Ar. Boclui Ecsgbr

Blcni= bocluiTecsgbrKbbb.eubt.cf.ea

C LNFUDFDOQUDIIBU ECVBA CRQDLCQNF VDICU QUCFHNOJ

VFGBLBAU. BOCLRI ECVGBU

3, LCU]NC GDSRB QCONC

5coa LA. VCLNRI CICL

5

3Abpcrtlbot d` Bibftrnfci coa Bibftrdonf Bojnobbrnoj, Ecojicabsg Ronvbrsnty d` Bojnobbrnoj

coa Qbfgodidjy, Agchc-3;;;, Ecojicabsg5Ubfbot Jrcauctb, Cgscouiicg Ronvbrsnty d` Vfnbofb coa Qbfgodidjy, Agchc-3532,

Ecojicabsg

CEVQUCFQ

C sdicr bobrjy fdiibftnoj sur`cfb pbr`drls ebst wgbobvbr nt ns `cfba td tgb suo. No tgns

rbsbcrfg, stuanbs gcvb ebbo fcrrnba dut td abvbidp c lnfrdprdfbssdr ecsba cutdlctnf sdicr

trcfhbr idfciiy wntg ibcst fdst. Qgb systbl gcs ebbo prdjrcllba td abtbft tgb notbosnty d`

suoinjgt ey c an``brbotnci crrcojblbot d` twd pgdtdrbsnstdrs coa suesbqubotiy cftuctb tgb

ldtdr td pdsntndo tgb sdicr pcobi wgbrb nt fco rbfbnvb lcxnlul suoinjgt. Qgns pbrlnts tgb

sdicr pcobi ldvnoj `rdl bcst td wbst coa rbturonoj `rdl wbst td tgb bcst, wntgno tgb cojib

rbjuictndo rcojb d` ;-37; `drwcra coa rbvbrsb. Qgb absnjoba systbl fco trcfh tgb ebttbr

suoinjgt pdsntndo wntgno 3 sbf. Qgns lnfrdfdotrdiibr ecsba systbl wntg nts cuxnincrnbs coa

stbppbr ldtdr arnvb crrcojblbot lcab nt notbrcftnvb wntg gnjg abjrbb d` ayoclnf coa stbcay

stctb stceninty.

Hby Zdras=Ubobwceib bobrjy, pgdtdvditcnf, sdicr trcfhnoj systbl, lnfrdfdotrdiibr, stbppbr

ldtdr, lcxnlul pdwbr fcpturb, fidsba-iddp fdotrdi.

3. NOQUDARFQNDO

Bobrjy ns dob d` tgb hby eunianoj eidfhs d` sustcnoceib abvbidplbot. Bvbo tdacy dob tgnra d`

tgb wdria pdpuictndo adbs odt gcvb cffbss td bibftrnfnty coa crb odt fdoobftba td tgb octndoci

jrna. Vdicr, wnoa, coa gyardbibftrnf pdwbr odt doiy prdaufb lnonlci fcredo blnssndos dofb

tgb jbobrctnoj systbls crb no picfb, tgby cisd gbip rbaufb pdvbrty tgrdujg nlprdvba bobrjy

cffbss no uoabrsbrvba crbcs. [gdtdvditcnf ([P) systbl wnii obba td picy c snjon`nfcot rdib no

tgb wdrias bobrjy lnx no 5;2; td gbip cfgnbvb jideci finlctb fgcojb jdcis ct tgb idwbst fdst

X3\. Qgb Notbroctndoci Bobrjy Cjbofy bstnlctbs tgct obcriy 2;% d` jideci bibftrnfnty suppinbs

wnii obba td fdlb `rdl rbobwceib bobrjy sdurfbs no drabr td gcivb fcredo andxnab blnssndosey 5;2; coa lnonlnzb snjon nfcot, nrrbvbrsneib finlctb fgcojb nlpcfts X5\.

Vdicr pcobis crb jbobrciiy stctnfciiy cinjoba ct icttntuab tnit cojib, tgby gcvb c `nxba pdsntndo

ct tgct fbrtcno cojib tdwcras tgb shy8 tgb tnlb coa notbosnty d` anrbft suoinjgt `ciinoj updo tgb

sdicr pcobi ns jrbctiy rbaufba, nt rbsuits no idw pdwbr dutput `rdl tgb [P fbiis. No drabr td

gcvb lcxnlul pdwbr fcpturb tgrdujgdut tgb acy nt ns obfbsscry tgct tgb pgdtdvditcnf pcobis

fgcojb tgbnr drnbotctndo tgrdujgdut tgb acy `diidwnoj tgb pctg d` tgb suo no tgb shy, tgns ns


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672

pdssneib ey lbcos d` co cutdlctnf sdicr trcfhnoj systbl. C sdicr trcfhbr nlprdvbs tgb

b``nfnbofy d` sdicr bibftrnf dr tgbrlci bobrjy fdovbrsndo systbl X6\. Qgb lcno rbcsdo td usb c

sdicr trcfhbr ns td rbaufb tgb fdst d` tgb bobrjy fcpturba ey tgb sdicr pcobi coa dtgbr frntbrndo

`dr sdicr trcfhbr ns tgb b``nfnbofy. C trcfhbr prdaufbs ldrb pdwbr dvbr c idojbr tnlb tgco c

stctndocry crrcy wntg tgb sclb oulebr d` ldauibs.

@rdl tgb pcst abfcabs, sbvbrci tbfgonqubs coa bxpbrnlbot gcs ebbo abvbidpba `dr sdicrtrcfhnoj abvnfb `dr co citbroctnvb sdurfb d` bobrjy. No tgns wdrh wb prbsbot c snojib cxns

trcfhbr. Nt gbips lcxnlnznoj tgb novbstlbot no c [P systbl. Blebaaba fdotrdiiba sdicr

trcfhbr inhb X1\ obbas stctnstnfci actc dvbr c idoj pbrnda d` tnlb. Fdovbrsbiy prbsbotba

prdtdtypb cvdnas cii tgb fdlpibx fcifuictndos. Qgns sfgblb fco eb bcsniy fdovbrtba td c auci

cxns trcfhbr. Cftuciiy trcfhbrs obba odt pdnot anrbftiy ct tgb suo td eb b``bftnvb, coa n` tgb cnl

ns d`` ey tbo abjrbbs tgb dutput ns stnii >7.2% d` tgb `uii-trcfhnoj lcxnlul. Auci cxns

trcfhnoj ns b``bftnvb doiy `dr sbcsdoci trcfhnoj8 tgbrb`drb snojib cxns trcfhnoj ns su``nfnbot `dr

b``bftnvb bobrjy trcos`drlctndo. Nt gcs ebttbr cffurcfy. Nt gcs ibss abpboabofb no gcrawcrb. Nt

ns ldrb `bcsneib tgco X2, 0\. Nt ns vbry usbr `rnboaiy, bcsniy rbprdjrcllceib coa oulbrdus

`bcturbs fco eb caaba td nt, n` rbqunrba.

5. VDICU QUCFHBUV

C Vdicr trcfhbr ns c abvnfb `dr drnbotnoj c sdicr pgdtdvditcnf pcobi dr fdofbotrctnoj sdicr

rb`ibftdr dr ibos tdwcra tgb suo. Qgb suo's pdsntndo no tgb shy vcrnbs edtg wntg tgb sbcsdos

(bibvctndo) coa tnlb d` acy cs tgb suo ldvbs cfrdss tgb shy. Vdicr pdwbrba bqunplbot wdrhs

ebst wgbo pdnotba ct dr obcr tgb suo, sd c sdicr trcfhbr fco nofrbcsb tgb b``bftnvbobss d` sufg

bqunplbot dvbr coy `nxba pdsntndo, ct tgb fdst d` caantndoci systbl fdlpibxnty. Qgb

caantndoci dutput dr jcno fco eb qucotn`nba cs c pbrfbotcjb d` tgb dutput d` tgb stctndocry

crrcy. Jcno vcrnbs snjon`nfcotiy wntg ictntuab, finlctb, coa tgb typb d` trcfhbr dob fgddsbs- cs

wbii cs tgb drnbotctndo d` c stctndocry nostciictndo no tgb sclb idfctndo. (Qgb bobrjy rbqunrbatd ldvb tgb trcfhbr ns nosnjon`nfcot no tgbsb fcifuictndos.)

Finlctb ns tgb ldst nlpdrtcot `cftdr. Qgb ldrb suo coa ibss fiduas, ldnsturb, gczb, aust, coa

sldj, tgb jrbctbr tgb jcno prdvnaba ey trcfhbrs. Ct gnjgbr ictntuabs jcno wnii eb nofrbcsba aub

td tgb idoj crf d` tgb sullbr suo. No tgb fiduanbst, gcznbst idfctndos tgb jcno no coouci dutput

`rdl trcfhbrs fco eb no tgb idw 5; pbrfbot rcojb. No c jnvbo crbc tgb coouci jcno do coy jnvbo

acy lcy vcry `rdl cildst zbrd td obcriy 3;; pbrfbot. No jbobrci, c trcfhbr caas ldst td

dutput aurnoj tgb gdurs wgbo c stctndocry crrcy prdaufbs tgb ibcst pdwbr.

Qgbrb crb sbvbrci typbs d` ficssn`nfctndo d` sdicr trcfhbr. Fdosnabrnoj ldvblbot fcpceninty,

tgrbb lcno typbs d` suo trcfhbrs fco eb `duoa-`nxba sur`cfbs X:\, dob cxns trcfhbrs X7\ coa twd

cxbs trcfhbrs X>\.Qgb clduot bobrjy tgby prdaufb ns vcrnba aub td tgb ceninty d` rbaufnoj tgb

pdnotnoj brrdr, nofrbcsnoj tgb acniy nrrcanctndo tgct tgb sdicr fbiis rbfbnvb. An``brbot stuanbs

gcvb ebbo lcab td ad c fdlpcrctnvb stuay ebtwbbo tgb bobrjy cvcniceib td c twd cxbs

trcfhbr, co bcstwbst trcfhbr coa c `nxba sur`cfb X3;\.


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670

@nj 3= Dob coa twd cxns trcfhnoj [P crrcy X1, 33\

Cs lcno rbsuits, nt fdofiuaba tgct tgb coouci bobrjy cvcniceib td tgb nabci trcfhbr ns gnjgbr ey

23;% coa 2;% tgco tgb bcstwbst trcfhbr coa tgb `nxba sur`cfb, rbspbftnvbiy. Codtgbr

ficssn`nfctndo fco eb lcab rbjcranoj fdotrdi uonts, tgb lcmdr typbs d` sdicr trcfhbrs crb X35\=

pcssnvb, lnfrdprdfbssdr coa bibftrd-dptnfci fdotrdiiba uonts. No tgb `nrst dob tgbrb ns odbibftrdonf fdotrdi dr ldtdr X36\. Qgb sbfdoa dobs usb lctgblctnfci `drluicb td prbanft tgb

suos ldvblbot coa obba odt sbosb tgb suoinjgt. Co bxclpib d` tgns hnoa d` uont fco eb

`duoa no X>\. Coa no tgb icst dob, tgb bibftrd-dptnfci fdotrdiiba uonts tgct usb tgb sbosnoj

no`drlctndo `rdl sbosdr inhb cuxnincry en`cfnci sdicr fbii pcobi, pyrgbindlbtbr td bstnlctb tgb

suos rbci pdsntndo coa usb no tgb fdotrdi cijdrntgl X7, 31\.

5.3 Fidsba-iddp typbs d` suo trcfhnoj systbls

Fidsba-iddp typbs d` suo trcfhnoj systbls crb ecsba do `bbaecfh fdotrdi prnofnpibs. No tgbsb

systbls, c oulebr d` noputs crb trcos`brrba td c fdotrdiibr `rdl sbosdrs wgnfg abtbft rbibvcot

pcrclbtbrs noaufba ey tgb suo, lconpuictba no tgb fdotrdiibr coa tgbo ynbia dutputs (n.b.sbosdr-ecsba). @rdl pbr`drlcofb tbst d` suo-trcfhnoj systbls X32\ jcno no bobrjy prdauftndo

fdlpcrnoj wntg c odo-trcfhnoj systbls coa brrdr ns fdlpcrba ebtwbbo dpbo-iddp coa fidsb-

iddp fdotrdi suo-trcfhbrs. Rsnoj dpbo-iddp fdotrdi suo trcfhbr lcxnlul 13% jcno gcs ebbo

cfgnbvba tgco tgb odo-trcfhnoj ldauibs. Bobrjy prdauftndo jcno fco eb 3;-:2% `dr an``brbot

typb fidsb-iddp fdotrdi suo trcfhbrs.

6. @UCLBZDUH D@ QGB VDICU QUCFHBU [UDQDQ^[B

Qgb absnjo wb prbsbot ns ecsba do tgb `diidwnoj frntbrndos-

Vnlpinfnty

Idw fdst

Bcsy td fdostruft

Lnonlul lcnotbocofb

Ubinceninty

Ibss stbcay stctb brrdr

Ayoclnf dutput

Gnjg Fdovbrjbofb Vpbba

Cvcniceninty d` fdlpdobots

Noabpboabot d` [P fgcrcftbrnstnfs

6.3 Zdrhnoj lbtgdadidjy d` absnjoba sdicr trcfhbr

Qgns absnjo ns abvbidpba coa nlpiblbotba usnoj c snlpin`nba gdrnzdotci-cxns coa cftnvb

trcfhbr lbtgda `nttba td c sdicr pcobi. Nt ns ceib td ocvnjctb td tgb ebst cojib d` bxpdsurb d`


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@nj 5= Vuo pctg

@nj 6= Vfgblctnf ancjrcl d` snojib cxns gnjg prbfnsndo sdicr trcfhbr fnrfunt

injgt, botcninoj fdotrdi d` dob cojib. Qgns trcfhbr nlpinbs trcfhnoj doiy no pctg 3 eut odt [ctg

5 (@nj 5)8 td fdlprnsb trcfhnoj no pctg-5 `cfnintctndo td fdotrdi tgb cznlutg coa ictntuab cojib

ns obfbsscry.

Qgb bybs d` tgb Vdicr Qrcfhbr crb tchbo fcrb ey tgb pgdtd rbsnstdr. Qgb pgdtd rbsnstdrs crb

nlpbrctnvb td abtbft tgb clduot d` niiulnoctndo8 twd Fcalnul Vuipgnab (FaV) injgt sbosdrs

crb usba cs fdlpcrctdr d` injgt notbosnty. Zgbo dob d` tgb sbosdrs gcs gnjgbr notbosnty d`

injgt, tgb pdsntndo d` tgb suo ns do tgb snab d` tgct injgt sbosdr. No tgns prdtdtypb, tgb twdpgdtdfbiis gcvb ebbo pdsntndoba do c slcii strcnjgt pnbfb d` picstnf8 co caantndoci slcii pnbfb

gcs ebbo picfba pbrpboanfuicr td tgb strcnjgt pnbfb td anvnab edtg tgb sbosdrs. Qgb purpdsb d`

adnoj sd ns tgct- n` edtg tgb pgdtdfbiis crb bquciiy niiulnoctba ey tgb suo, tgbnr rbsnstcofb

ibvbi wnii eb sclb8 n` dob d` tgb sbosdrs fdlbs uoabr sgcadw, tgbo tgb fdotrdiibr d` tgb

trcfhnoj systbl wnii sbosb tgb abvnctndo d` snjoci coa nt wnii jbobrctb cftuctnoj snjocis `dr

arnvbrs td fdrrbft lnscinjolbot ebtwbbo suos rcy coa tgb sur`cfb odrlci. Qgb

lnfrdfdotrdiibr ns prdjrcllba sd tgct nt fco cttcno snjoci `rdl tgb twd injgt abpboabot


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677

rbsnstdrs (IAU) coa td ldvb ldtdr bntgbr fidfh wnsb dr cotn fidfh wnsb abpboanoj do wgnfg

IAU ns uoabr sgcadw, td c pdsntndo wgbrb bquci injgt ns ebnoj niiulnoctba do edtg d` tgbl.

Devndusiy no rbci wdria sdicr trcfhbrs crb odt sd snlpib. C sdicr trcfhbr lust eb ceib td rbsbt

ntsbi` ct suosbt sd nt ns rbcay `dr suornsb.@dr tgns twd inlnt swntfgbs crb picfba ct edtg snabs d`

tgb stcoa. Zgbo tgb trcfhnoj ns jdnoj do tgbo tgb ldtdr wnii rdtctb no dob anrbftndo coa wgbo

tgb suo jdbs sbt tgb stbppbr ldtdr wnii rdtctb no rbvbrsb anrbftndo cs dob d` tgb inlnt swntfgwnii eb tdufgba. Qgns ns adob `dr trcfhnoj tgb suo `dr obxt acy ldronoj. Qgb dtgbr inlnt

swntfg ns usba td jnvb snjoci wgbo tgb pcobi tdufgbs nt sd tgct tgb lnfrdfdotrdiibr fco

jbobrctb c puisb td gcits rdtctndo uotni obxt suornsb ns sbosba ey tgb injgt sbosdrs.

@nj 1= Vbosdr ldauib @nj 2= Dpbrctndo d` sbosdr ldauib dofb co

IAU fdlbs uoabr sgcadw

@nj 0= Vystbl nlpiblbotctndo `idwfgcrt


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67>

@nj := [rdpdsba sdicr trcfhbr prdtdtypb

6.5 Dvbrcii absnjo fdosnabrctndos

No tbrls d` dptnlci `uoftndocinty, tgb ecrrnbr ebtwbbo twd IAUs sgduia eb camustba ecsba do

tgb idfctndo wgbrb td nlpiblbot. Qd prdtbft tgb pgdtdvditcnf crrcy `rdl aclcjb, prdtbftndo

andabs wbrb usba. Qwd ibca cfna ecttbry ecohs lcy eb utninzba- doiy dob ecttbry ecoh wnii eb

fgcrjba ct c tnlb, tgb dtgbr lcy eb blpidyba td ruo dtgbr fdlpdobots d` tgb fnrfuntry. No

drabr td tnfhib fgcrjb tgb ecttbrnbs, c vditcjb wntgno fut d`` pdnots lust eb `ba td tgb ecoh.

Pditcjb rbjuictdrs lcy obba c prdpbr gbct snoh td dpbrctb slddtgiy.

1. ABVFUN[QNDO D@ LCMDU FDL[DOBOQV

1.3 CQlbjc65 crfgntbfturb abtcni

Qgb CQlbjc65 X30\ ns c idw-pdwbr FLDV 7-ent lnfrdfdotrdiibr ecsba do tgb CPU

bogcofba UNVF crfgntbfturb. Ey bxbfutnoj pdwbr`ui nostruftndos no c snojib fidfh fyfib, tgb

CQlbjc65 cfgnbvbs tgrdujgputs cpprdcfgnoj 3 LN[V pbr LGz ciidwnoj tgb systbl absnjobr

td dptnlnzb pdwbr fdosulptndo vbrsus prdfbssnoj spbba. Qgb CPU fdrb fdlenobs c rnfg

nostruftndo sbt wntg 65 jbobrci purpdsb wdrhnoj rbjnstbrs.

1.5 Fdo`njurnoj CQlbjc65

Qgb CPU Lnfrdfdotrdiibr fgdsbo `dr tgb systbl, gcs su``nfnbot lbldry td lbbt tgb

rbqunrblbots d` tgb absnjo. Qgb cocidj td anjntci fdovbrtbrs (CAF) ns notbjrctba no tgb CPU

wgnfg rbaufba tgb clduot d` caantndoci bxtbroci pcrts. Cs prdjrcl fdlpnibr CPU stuand nsusba coa Bxtrblb Eurobr ns usba td euro tgb lnfrdfdotrdiibr.

Qd fdo`njurb tgb lnfrdfdotrdiibr uont (LFR), 2 Pdit anjntci suppiy `rdl tgb vditcjb rbjuictdr

ns `ba td Pff ([no 3;). [no 65 ns tgb cocidj rb`brbofb snjoci `dr tgb C/A fdovbrtbr. Cocidj

noput `rdl IAU-3 coa IAU-5 ns rbfbnvba ey [no 6: coa [no 67 d` pdrt C rbspbftnvbiy coa

fdovbrtba td anjntci snjoci. [drt C rbfbnvbs suppiy vditcjb tgrdujg CPFF coa c idw pcss

`nitbr ns usba no tgns fcsb td usb pdrt C cs CAF. Eunit-no fdlpcrb X2\ ns tgbrb td fdlpcrb tgb

noput vciubs. [E;- [E1 ns fdoobftba wntg tgb arnvbr td prdvnab snjocinoj no`drlctndo td tgb


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6>;

ldtdr. [drt A ns fdo`njurba td fdoauft tgb inlnt swntfgbs tgrdujg notbrrupt snjocis vnc [A5

(NOQ;) coa [A6 (NOQ3). Novbrtnoj dsfniictdr clpin`nbr rbfbnvbs noput snjoci `rdl WQCI3

([no 35) coa WQCI5 ([no 36) d` LFR coa ns fdo`njurba td eb blpidyba cs co Do-fgnp

Dsfniictdr. @bw abicys crb purpdsbiy notrdaufba no drabr td cvdna jrctuntdus cssbsslbot,

trcfhnoj, rdtctndo coa snjocinoj.

1.6 Ubicy

C rbicy ns co bibftrnfciiy dpbrctba swntfg. Furrbot ìdwnoj tgrdujg tgb fdni d` tgb rbicy

frbctbs c lcjobtnf `nbia wgnfg cttrcfts c ibvbr coa fgcojbs tgb swntfg fdotcfts. Qgb fdni

furrbot fco eb do dr d`` sd rbicys gcvb twd swntfg pdsntndos coa ldst gcvb adueib tgrdw

(fgcojbdvbr) swntfg fdotcfts X3:\. No tgns absnjo c rbicy ns usba cs co cutdlctnf swntfg wgnfg

boceibs tgb furrbot ìdw `rdl tgb ecttbry ct onjgt coa no tgb acy wgbo tgb suo injgt ns

cvcniceib tgbo tgb [P dutput ns `ba notd tgb ecttbry `dr fgcrjnoj X37\.

1.1 Gnjg-vditcjb, gnjg-furrbot Acrinojtdo crrcys

Qgns ns twd trcosnstdrs fdoobftba tdjbtgbr sd tgct tgb furrbot clpin`nba ey tgb `nrst nsclpin`nba ùrtgbr ey tgb sbfdoa trcosnstdr. Qgb dvbrcii furrbot jcno ns bquci td tgb twd

noanvnauci jcnos luitnpinba tdjbtgbr= Acrinojtdo pcnr furrbot jcno, g@B < g@B3 g@B5 (g@B3

coa g@B5 crb tgb jcnos d` tgb noanvnauci trcosnstdrs).Qgns jnvbs tgb Acrinojtdo pcnr c vbry

gnjg furrbot jcno, sufg cs 3;;;;, sd tgct doiy c tnoy ecsb furrbot ns rbqunrba td lchb tgb pcnr

swntfg do. C Acrinojtdo pcnr ebgcvbs inhb c snojib trcosnstdr wntg c vbry gnjg furrbot jcno. No

tgns wdrh RIO57;1 X3>\ ns usba. Qgb bnjgt O[O Acrinojtdo fdoobftba trcosnstdrs no tgns

`clniy d` crrcys crb nabciiy suntba `dr notbr`cfnoj ebtwbbo idw idjnf ibvbi anjntci fnrfuntry

(sufg cs QQI, FLDV dr [LDV/OLDV) coa tgb gnjgbr furrbot/vditcjb rbqunrblbots d`

iclps, rbicys, prnotbr gcllbrs dr dtgbr snlnicr idcas `dr c erdca rcojb d` fdlputbr,

noaustrnci, coa fdosulbr cppinfctndos. Cii abvnfbs `bcturb dpbofdiibftdr dutputs coa

`rbbwgbbinoj ficlp andabs `dr trcosnbot supprbssndo. Qgb RIO57;6 ns absnjoba td eb

fdlpctneib wntg stcoacra QQI `clninbs wgnib tgb RIO57;1 ns dptnlnzba `dr 0 td 32 vdit gnjg

ibvbi FLDV dr [LDV.

1.2Pditcjb rbjuictdr

C Pditcjb Ubjuictdr (cisd fciiba c "rbjuictdr") gcs doiy tgrbb ibjs coa cppbcrs td eb c

fdlpcrctnvbiy snlpib abvnfb eut nt ns cftuciiy c vbry fdlpibx notbjrctba fnrfunt.

@nj 7= Vfgblctnf ancjrcl d` vditcjb rbjuictdr


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6>3

C rbjuictdr fdovbrts vcrynoj noput vditcjb coa prdaufbs c fdostcot "rbjuictba" dutput

vditcjb. Pditcjb rbjuictdrs crb cvcniceib no c vcrnbty d` dutputs, typnfciiy 2 vdits, > vdits coa

35 vdits. Pditcjb rbjuictdrs crb vbry rdeust. Qgby fco wntgstcoa dvbr-furrbot arcw aub td

sgdrt fnrfunts coa cisd dvbr-gbctnoj. No edtg fcsbs tgb rbjuictdr wnii sgut adwo eb`drb aclcjb

dffurs. Qgb doiy wcy td abstrdy c rbjuictdr ns td cppiy rbvbrsb vditcjb td nts noput. No tgns

wdrh IL:7;2 ns usba `dr nts bxfbiibot tgbrlci dvbridca prdtbftndo, sgdrt fnrfunt prdtbftndocoa dutput trcosntndo sd c prdtbftndo.

1.: Injgt abtbftndo tgbdry

C injgt sbosdr ns tgb ldst rbjuicr bibftrdonf bqunplbot. Qgb snlpibst dptnfci sbosdr ns c pgdtd

rbsnstdr dr pgdtdfbii wgnfg ns c injgt sbosntnvb rbsnstdr tgbsb crb lcab d` twd typbs, fcalnul

sui`nab (FaV) coa jciinul crsbonab (JcCs) X5;\. Qgb suo trcfhbr systbl absnjoba gbrb usbs

tgb fcalnul sui`nab (FaV) pgdtdfbii `dr sbosnoj tgb injgt. Qgns pgdtdfbii ns c pcssnvb

fdlpdobot wgdsb rbsnstcofb ns novbrsbiy prdpdrtndoci td tgb clduot d` injgt notbosnty anrbftba

tdwcras nt. Nt ns fdoobftba no sbrnbs wntg fcpcfntdr. Qgb pgdtdfbii td eb usba `dr tgb trcfhbr ns

ecsba do nts acrh rbsnstcofb coa injgt scturctndo rbsnstcofb. Qgb tbrl injgt scturctndo lbcos

tgct `urtgbr nofrbcsnoj tgb injgt notbosnty td tgb FaV fbiis wnii odt abfrbcsb nts rbsnstcofb coy

`urtgbr X5;, 53\. No tgns wdrh PCF21 X3>\ ns usba.

2. QBVQ COA UBVRIQ

@rdl tgb bxpbrnlbot tbstnoj sbftndo, wb vcrnba tgb euies no `dur anrbftndos8 32, 62, 22 coa

:2 rbspbftnvbiy. Qgb rbsuit d` tnlb rbspdosb coa spbba crb cs sgdwo no Qceib 3.

Qceib 3= Bxpbrnlbotci Ubsuit

[dsntndo d`

iclp ()

Qnlb d`

pdsntndonoj td

tgb tcrjbt (sbf)

Ubspdosb tnlb d`

tgb systbl (sbf)

32 3 .52

62 3 .62

22 3 .12

:2 3 .22

Bvbo `dr vcrnctndo d` slcii cojib tgns systbl fco rbspdosb ayoclnfciiy coa od abca ecoa ns

`duoa. Qgb spbba d` nt pdsntndo trcfhnoj ns 3 sbf. No drabr td vbrn`y injgt sbosnoj ceninty co

bvciuctndo ns adob `rdl tgb IAU dutputs ey lbcos d` anjntci anspicy dsfniidsfdpb. @njurb >

sgdws tgb rbsuit wgbo dob d` tgb Qwd IAUs ns uoabr sgcadw. Fgcoobi 3 coa 5 rbprbsbot tgb

[C6 coa [C1 d` CQlbjc65 rbspbftnvbiy. Qgb noanfctndo d` fgcoobi 3 niiustrctbs tgct IUA3 nsuoabr sgcadw. Qgb snjoci sgdwo no tgb `njurb ns sbot td tgb ldtdr arnvb `rdl tgb CQlbjc65.

Qgb ldtdr ns tgbrb`drb cftuctba, coa nt ruos uotni tgb rbsnstcofb do edtg IAUs ns tgb sclb. @nj

3; niiustrctbs tgct, wgbo IAU 3 coa IAU 5 edtg crb uoabr sgcadw n.b. bquci suo injgt ns

rbfbnvba ey edtg injgt abtbftdr lnfrdfdotrdiibr puts od fdlpcrctnvb dutput td `ba tgb ldtdr td

jbobrctb tgb obxt puisb. Qgus tgb pcobi rblcno no tgb sclb pdsntndo.


9/10

Cutgd

r'sFdp

y

6>5

@nj >= Jbobrctba Vnjoci wgbo dob IAU ns

uoabr sgcadw

@nj 3;= Jbobrctba ssnjocis wgnib edtg IAUs

crb uoabr sgcadw

0. @RQRUB ZDUH

Qgb jdcis d` tgns prdmbft wbrb purpdsbiy hbpt wntgno wgct wcs ebinbvba td eb cttcnoceibwntgno tgb ciidttba tnlbinob. Cs sufg, lcoy nlprdvblbots fco eb lcab updo tgns nontnci

absnjo. Qgct ebnoj scna, nt ns `bit tgct tgns absnjo rbprbsbots c ùoftndonoj lnoncturb sfcib

ldabi wgnfg fduia eb rbpinfctba td c lufg icrjbr sfcib. Qgb `diidwnoj rbfdllboactndos crb

prdvnaba cs nabcs `dr ùturb bxpcosndo d` tgns prdmbft=

Ublbay tgb ldtdr enoanoj prdeibls aub td tgb pgdtdsbosdr ibcas. Qgns fduia eb adob wntg

sdlb sdrt d` sinp rnoj lbfgconsl, slciibr jcujb wnrb, c icrjbr ldtdr wntg ldrb tdrqub, dr c

fdlenoctndo d` sdlb dr cii d` tgbsb nabcs.

Nofrbcsb tgb sbosntnvnty coa cffurcfy d` trcfhnoj ey usnoj c an``brbot injgt sbosdr. C

pgdtdtrcosnstdr wntg co clpin`nfctndo fnrfunt wduia prdvnab nlprdvba rbsdiutndo coa ldrb

prfnsba trcfhnoj.

Rtninzb c auci-cxns absnjo nostbca d` c snojib-cxns td nofrbcsb [P dutput td ct ibcst 1;%.

:. FDOFIRVNDO

An``brbot stuay sgdws tgct tgb `cftdrs tgct noìubofb tgb pbr`drlcofb d` tgb Vdicr Gdlb

Vystbl (VGV) no abvbidpnoj fduotrnbs b.j. Ecojicabsg noanfctbs tgct tgb dvbrcii b``nfnbofy ns

quntb idw. Nt lchbs bobrjy fdst snjon`nfcotiy gnjg coa ansfdurcjbs rcpna anssblnoctndo d` tgb

nabc d` jrbbo bobrjy vnc sdicr [P ldauibs.

Qgb suo trcfhnoj systbl wgnfg ns prdpdsba no tgns crtnfib ns ceib td trcfh tgb suo uoabr fibcr

shy coa pcrtiy fiduay shy. No wdrsb fcsb, tgns trcfhnoj systbl ansceib wgbo tgbrb gcvb odt c

suo uoabr tgb dvbrfcst shy. [rbsbotba suo-trcfhnoj sfgblb rbsuits no c fdosnabrceib scvnoj no

bobrjy8 usb d` tgb stbp-trcfhnoj sfgblb nostbca d` fdotnoudus trcfhnoj hbbps tgb ldtdrs naib

`dr ldst d` tgb tnlb wgnfg cisd gbips td scvb bobrjy. Nt ns bcsy td cssbleib, pdrtceib, injgt

coa idoj-icstnoj. Qrcfhbrs fdlpbtbofy abpboas updo tgb sdicr pcobi wbnjgt coa tgblbfgconfci `rclb wbnjgt. Qgb trcfhnoj systbl ns sinjgtiy fdostrcnoba ey wnoa spbba ebfcusb

d` tgb injgtobss d` dvbrcii sfgblb. [rbabtbrlnonoj tgb obfbsscry sdicr pcobi gbnjgt `rdl tgb

ecsb fco cvdna ansfrbtndocry rdtctndo d` tgb sdicr pcobi. Qgb systbl gcs 3 sbf rbspdosb tnlb.

Eut tgns rbspdosb tnlb fco eb rbfdo`njurba tgrdujg prdjrcllnoj. Qgb sgdrt notbrvci wnii

utninzb tgb ùii ernjgt suosgnob gdurs coa wnii jnvb ebttbr dutput d` sdicr bobrjy fdiibftdrs. Nts

ayoclnf rbspdosb, ibcst stbcay stctb brrdr coa stceninty lchb tgb systbl c suestcotnci dob. C

typnfci 3;;Zp ldauib wnii jnvb 53% ldrb bibftrnfnty cs `nxba ct ictntuab tnit cojib. Qgns

rbvbcis tgct tgb prdpdsba systbl ns fdlpctneib wntg tgb caantndoci bobrjy prdauftndo.


10/10

a microcontroller based automatic solar tracking scheme

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