a movement 2 oct. 31, 2012 – day 26

24
A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26 Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University

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A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26. Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University. Course management. http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the Provost ’ s Undergraduate Activities Fund. A-MOVEMENT. Radford §6. REVIEW. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

A movement 2Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

Introduction to SyntaxANTH 3590/7590

Harry HowardTulane University

Page 2: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

Course management

http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the

Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund.

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Page 3: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

A-MOVEMENTRadford §6

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Page 4: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

REVIEWRadford §6.1-3

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Page 5: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

T’PRNhe

Twill

C[EF, TNS]

ø

VP

Vrefer

P[EF]to

C’

PP

PRNwho

Deductive introduction: Recall preposition stranding

Which categories have a specifier? P, T, and C.

What is left out? V. The topic of this

chapter really is, can V have a specifier?

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TP

P’PRNwho

------------

CP

----will+

----

PRNwho

-----

------

Page 6: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

CP

TPCø

PRNthere

QPsome

students

T’

V'

VPTshould

First piece of evidence: A VP-internal subject in Belfast English there clauses (6.4) 1

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Vget

QPø distinctions

Page 7: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

CP

TPCø

QPall hell

T’

V'

VPTwill

Second piece of evidence: Subject idioms can be inserted as a unit in VP (6.12)

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Vbreak

APloose

QPall hell

----------

Page 8: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

CP

TPCø

QPeveryone

T’

V'

NegPTdid

Third piece of evidence: Negation has scope over a VP-internal subject

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Vfinish

DetPthe assignment

QPeveryone

-----------

Neg'

Negø

VP

n’t

Page 9: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

CP

TPCø

QPsome

students

T’

V'

VPTshould

Conclusion: all subjects start out in the specifier of V (6.5)

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QPsome

students

------------------

Page 10: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

Table of thematic (Θ) roles (15)

Thematic role Gloss Example

AGENT Entity that performs the action

Mary kissed John.Mary sneezed.

THEME Entity affected by the action

Mary kissed John. Mary fell over.

EXPERIENCER Entity that experiences a psychological state

Death scares Mary. Mary likes syntax. It seems to me that …

LOCATIVE (Stationary) place Mary lives in Idaho.

GOAL Destination of a motion Mary went to Idaho.

SOURCE Origin of a motion Mary came from Idaho.

INSTRUMENT Means used to perform action

Mary hit it with a hammer.

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Page 11: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

ARGUMENT STRUCTURE & THEMATIC or Θ ROLESRadford §6.4

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Page 12: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

THEMATIC MECHANISMS θ roles have been implicated in many

grammatical phenomena, but we do not have time to review them here.

It is enough to say: Theta/θ criterion: Each argument bears one and

only one θ role, and each θ role is assigned to one and only one argument. (18)

Predicate-internal theta-marking hypothesis: An argument is theta-marked via merger with a predicate. (19)

Argument classification The complement is the internal or first-merged

argument of a verb; the subject is the external or second-merged

argument of a verb.

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Page 13: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

CP

TPCø

DPthe police

T’

V'

VPTwill

EXAMPLE (6.21)

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Varrest

DPthe suspect

DPthe police

------------V assigns theme to its internal or first-merged argument

V assigns agent to its external or second-merged argument

Page 14: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

UNACCUSATIVE PREDICATESRadford §6.5

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Page 15: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

Inductive introduction Two kinds of intransitive verbs

22a) There have arisen several complications.22b) There could have occurred a diplomatic incident.22c) There does still remain some hope of finding survivors.31a) There complained many passengers.31b) In the dentist’s office, there groaned a toothless patient. 31c) Every time the general goes past, there salutes a soldier.

We call the verbs of the first group unaccusative and those of the second group unergative.

What is the thematic role of the intransitive argument?THEME for the unaccusatives; AGENT for the unergatives.

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***

Page 16: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

MORE DISTINCTIONS

Belfast English A32a) Leave you now!32b) Arrive you before 6 o’clock!32c) Be going you out of the door when he arrives!33c) *Always laugh you at his jokes!33a) *Read you that book!33b) *Eat you up!

Auxiliary selection in Shakespeare34a) Mistress Page is come with me.34b) Is the Duke gone? Then is your cause gone too?34c) How chance thou art returned so soon?34d) She is fallen into a pit of ink.

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Page 17: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

CP

TPCø

DPthe police

T’

V'

VPTwill

Unergative intransitive verbs have AGENT subjects

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Vcomplain

DPthe police

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V assigns agent to its external or second-merged argument

Page 18: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

CP

TPCø

T’

VPTcould

HYPO: UNACCUSATIVE SUBJECTS ORIGINATE AS COMPLEMENTS (6.35-7)

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Varise

QPseveral

complications

QPseveral

complications

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V assigns THEME to its internal argument

Page 19: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

PASSIVE PREDICATESRadford §6.6

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Inductive introduction

Examples42a) Hundreds of people saw the attack.42b) The attack was seen by hundreds of people.43a) Lex Luthor stole the kryptonite.43b) The kryptonite was stolen by Lex Luthor.44a) They took everything.44b) Everything was taken.

Properties of the passive voice1.It requires the auxiliary be …2.plus the passive participle (= perfect participle).3.The verb's subject may appear in a by phrase.4.The verb's complement appears as the subject.

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Page 21: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

PASSIVES AS UNACCUSATIVES

Passives accept there45b) There was found no evidence of any corruption.46b) There have been reported several cases of syntactophobia.47b) There has been announced a significant change of policy.

HypothesisThe passive omits a verb’s subject – see next two slides.

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Page 22: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

CP

TPCø

T’

VPTwere

PASSIVE WITH THERE AS UNACCUSATIVE (48)

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Vreported

QPseveral cases

PRNthere

V assigns THEME to its internal argument

Page 23: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

CP

TPCø

T’

VPTwere

PASSIVE AS UNACCUSATIVE (49)

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Vreported

QPseveral cases

V assigns THEME to its internal argument

QPseveral cases

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Page 24: A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26

NEXT TIMEContinue from §6.8 on raising

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