a national view of the postsecondaryoutcomes of students who transferfrom two-year to four-year...

8/22/2019 A National View of the PostsecondaryOutcomes of Students Who Transferfrom Two-Year to Four-Year Institutions

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Fuiust1>68

Afhhf`furdftd Fttfolgdlt2

F Lftomlf` Zodw mj tcd ^mstsdhmlefryMuthmgds mj Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrjrmg Uwm-_dfr tm Jmur-_dfr Olstotutomls


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Xoilfturd Qdpmrt Futcmrs

Lftomlf` Xtuedlt H`dfrolicmusd Qdsdfrhc Hdltdr

Emui Xcfporm

Fjdt Eulefr

^rmbdht ml Fhfedgoh Xuhhdss, Oleoflf Tlovdrsoty

Gfry Roskol

_o-Hcdl Hcofli

Bol Hcdl

Futugl Cfrrd``

Zfsto Umrrds

Ucos rdpmrt wfs suppmrtde ay f irflt jrmg tcd @ugolf Jmuleftoml.

@ugolf Jmuleftoml, fl Oleoflfpmòs-afsde provftd jmuleftoml, os hmggottde tm dlrm`òli fle irfeuftoli

gmrd stuedlts jrmg hm``did dspdhof``y 16st hdltury stuedlts2 `mw-olhmgd stuedlts, stuedlts mj hm`mr,

strst-idldrftoml stuedlts fle feu`t `dfrldrs. @ugolfs imf` os tm olhrdfsd tcd pdrhdltfid mj Fgdrohfls

wcm cmè coic-qufòty edirdds fle hrdedltof`s tm :> pdrhdlt ay 1>14. @ugolf pursuds tcos imf` ol

tcrdd wfys2 ay oedltojyoli fle suppmrtoli dj jdhtovd prfhtohd, tcrmuic puaòh pmòhy fevmhfhy, fle ay

usoli mur hmggulohftomls fle hmlvdloli pmwdr tm auoè puaòh wo`` jmr hcflid. Jmr gmrd oljmrgftoml,

`mi ml tm www.ùgolfjmuleftoml.mri.


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AFHHF@FTQDFUD FUUFOLGDLU2 F LFUOMLF@ ZODY MJ UCD ^MXUXDHMLEFQ_ MTUHMGDX

MJ XUTEDLUX YCM UQFLXJDQ JQMG UYM-_DFQ UM JMTQ-_DFQ OLXUOUTUOMLX

4

Ufa`d mj Hmltdlts

Fhklmw`deidgdlts ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Dxdhutovd Xuggfry ................................................................................................................................................................ 4

Oltrmeuhtoml .................................................................................................................................................................................. ?

Afhhf`furdftd Fttfolgdlt mj Urflsjdr Xtuedlts fs Kdy tm Hm``did Hmgp`dtoml Fidlef, Xtrftosthftoml fle Dquoty ......... ?

^rdvomus Qdsdfrhc ml Hmgp`dtoml mj Uwm- tm Jmur-_dfr Urflsjdr Xtuedlts .....................................................................................6>

Ldw Eordhtomls ol Qdpmrtoli Hmgp`dtomls mj Uwm- tm Jmur-_dfr Urflsjdr Xtuedlts ................................................................... 6>

Ycft tm Jole Ol Ucos Qdpmrt ................................................................................................................................................................................ 66

F Lmtd ml tcd Eftf .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 66

Qdsu`ts ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

Muthmgds Xox-_dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr....................................................................................................................................... 69

Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde tm Jmur-_dfr ûaòh Olstotutomls ................................................................................................................. 15

Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde tm Jmur-_mur ^rovftd Lmlprmstt Olstotutomls ............................................................................................8>

Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde tm Jmur-_dfr ^rovftd Jmr-^rmstt Olstotutomls ...............................................................................................8:

Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr ay Hfrldiod H`fssosthftoml mj Urflsjdr Edstolftoml Olstotutoml...........51

Xupp`dgdltf` Jdfturd2 Doict-_dfr Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds mj Xtuedlts Ycm Adifl ft Jmur-_dfr fle

Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 55

Eoshussoml ................................................................................................................................................................................... 59

Qm`d mj Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls ol Afhhf`furdftd Edirdd Fttfolgdlt .................................................................................................. 59

Afhhf`furdftd Fttfolgdlt ay Uypd mj Jmur-_dfr Urflsjdr Edstolftoml Olstotutoml ............................................................. 59

Afhhf`furdftd Fttfolgdlt ay Hfrldiod H`fssosthftoml mj Jmur-_dfr Urflsjdr Edstolftoml Olstotutoml .......................... 53

Afhhf`furdftd Fttfolgdlt Fgmli Uwm-_dfr fle Jmur-_dfr Xtfrtdrs ................................................................................................ 53

@dlitc mj Dlrm``gdlt ol Uwm-ydfr Olstotutomls fle Afhcd`mrs Fttfolgdlt .................................................................................... 53

Xtmp-Mut Adtwddl Uwm-_dfr fle Jmur-_dfr Dlrm``gdlts fle Afhhf`furdftd Fttfolgdlt ....................................................... 5?

Ogpòhftomls jmr ^mòhygfkoli ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5?

Olstotutomlf` ^mòhy Ogpòhftomls .............................................................................................................................................................. 4>

ûaòh ^mòhy Ogpòhftomls ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4>

Qdjdrdlhds ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48

Fppdleox F2 Gdtcmem`miohf` Lmtds ..................................................................................................................................................................... 44

Fppdleox A2 Hmvdrfid Ufa`d ..................................................................................................................................................................................... :6

Fppdleox H2 Qdsu`ts Ufa`ds ........................................................................................................................................................................................ :8


4/76

5

Fhklmw`deidgdlts

Ucd futcmrs irftdju``y fhklmw`deid tcd hmltroautomls mj ^dtdr Dwd`` fle ^ftrohk Kd``y,

mj tcd Lftomlf` Hdltdr jmr Coicdr Deuhftoml Gflfidgdlt Xystdgs (LHCDGX), wcm

rdvodwde fl dfròdr erfjt mj tcd rdpmrt ol tcd hmltdxt mj tcdor wdf`tc mj klmw`deid ml

pmstsdhmlefry ossuds. Ucdor hmggdlts fle suiidstomls wdrd oggdlsd`y cd`pju` tm tcd

edvd`mpgdlt mj tcos rdpmrt.

Ucd futcmrs f`sm wmuè òkd tm tcflk Eml Cmss`dr, ^rmjdssmr mj Deuhftomlf` @dfedrscop

fle ^mòhy Xtueods ft Oleoflf Tlovdrsoty A`mmgolitml, jmr cos tcmuictju` hmggdlts

fle suiidstomls; Eoflf Io`ùg, Zobfyf Xfgpftc, Bfsml EdYott, fle Urfvos Gfhodbdwsko

jrmg tcd Lftomlf` Xtuedlt H`dfrolicmusd Qdsdfrhc Hdltdr, jmr tcdor djjmrts tm gfkd tcd

H`dfrolicmusd eftf flf`ysos-rdfey fle scfroli tcdor eddp klmw`deid mj tcd eftf wotc

tcd futcmrs; fle tcd gdgadrs mj tcd ^rmbdht ml Fhfedgoh Xuhhdss tdfg, Dulkymuli

^frk, Xfrfc Gfrtol fle Umgokf Jdriusml jmr tcdor djjmrts fle tcmuictju` hmggdlts. Mj

hmursd, fly rdgfololi drrmrs mr mgossomls frd sm`d`y tcd rdspmlsoaoòty mj tcd futcmrs.


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4AFHHF@FTQDFUD FUUFOLGDLU2 F LFUOMLF@ ZODY MJ UCD ^MXUXDHMLEFQ_ MTUHMGDX


4Dxdhutovd XuggfryTledrstfleoli tcd pftcwfys fle hm``did hmgp`dtoml muthmgds mj stuedlts wcm trflsjdr jrmg

twm-ydfr tm jmur-ydfr olstotutomls os mj coic ogpmrtflhd tm tcd lftomlf` hm``did hmgp`dtoml fidlef.

Ucos ogpmrtflhd stdgs jrmg promrotods sdt jmr amtc dquoty fle pmòhy djjdhtovdldss. Yco`d tcd hm``did

hmgp`dtoml fidlef dlhmgpfssds pmstsdhmlefry hrdedltof`s vdry armfe`y fle suppmrts edirdd

fttfolgdlt jrmg twm-ydfr olstotutomls, jmur-ydfr afhhf`furdftd fttfolgdlt rdgfols hrotohf` tm stuedltfsporftomls, olstotutomlf` pdrjmrgflhd fle lftomlf` imf`s. Gmrdmvdr, strmli dquoty ogpòhftomls

òd ol tcd muthmgds mj twm-ydfr tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdr stuedlts adhfusd mj tcd mvdrrdprdsdltftoml mj

`mw-olhmgd stuedlts fle stuedlts mj hm`mr ol twm-ydfr olstotutomls.

Ol tcos ldw rdpmrt jrmg tcd Xoilfturd sdrods, tcd Lftomlf` Xtuedlt H`dfrolicmusd Qdsdfrhc Hdltdr, ol

pfrtldrscop wotc tcd Oleoflf Tlovdrsoty ^rmbdht ml Fhfedgoh Xuhhdss, prdsdlts stleolis ml twm- tm

jmur-ydfr trflsjdr stuedlts, jmhusoli ml tcdor afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml wotcol sox ydfrs fjtdr trflsjdr.

Ucd rdpmrt dxfgolds afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml fle pdrsostdlhd muthmgds jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde

wotc fle wotcmut hmgp`dtoli f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`. Hmgp`dtoml fle pdrsostdlhd muthmgds frd f`sm

rdpmrtde ay2

Idledr,

Dlrm``gdlt oltdlsoty,

Urflsjdr olstotutoml typd,

@dlitc mj prdtrflsjdr dlrm``gdlt ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml, fle

Uogd `fpsd adtwddl twm- fle jmur-ydfr olstotutoml dlrm``gdlts.

Ol fl feeotomlf` ldw eordhtoml, tcd rdpmrt f`sm mjjdrs rdsu`ts ay tcd Hfrldiod h`fssosthftoml mj tcd trflsjdr

olstotutoml. Jolf``y, f spdhof` flf`ysos prmvoeds f soed-ay-soed hmgpfrosml mj tcd doict- fle lold-ydfr

hmgp`dtoml rftds mj trflsjdr stuedlts tm tcmsd mj stuedlts wcm stfrtde ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml. F jdw mj

tcd gfol pmolts tcft dgdride jrmg tcd stuey frd suggfrozde ad`mw.

UCD QM@D MJ UYM-_DFQ OLXUOUTUOMLX OL AFHHF@FTQDFUD FUUFOLGDLUYco`d qudstomls hdrtfol`y rdgfol famut dquotfa`d fhhdss tm f afhcd`mrs edirdd jmr stuedlts wcm dltdr

twm-ydfr olstotutomls, tcd rdpmrts stleolis prmvoed dvoedlhd tcft tcd gfbmroty mj stuedlts wcm trflsjdr

frd suhhdssju` ol pursuoli f jmur-ydfr edirdd edgmlstrftoli tcd kdy rm`d twm-ydfr olstotutomls hfl

p`fy ol olhrdfsoli tcd lugadr mj stuedlts wcm irfeuftd wotc afhcd`mrs edirdds. Mur flf`ysos scmwde

tcft mj tcmsd stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde, famut :1 pdrhdlt dfrlde f afhcd`mrs edirdd mr coicdr wotcol

sox ydfrs fjtdr trflsjdr. Flmtcdr doict pdrhdlt wdrd sto`` dlrm``de fle gfkoli stdfey prmirdss tmwfre

afhhf`furdftd fttfolgdlt. Xtuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotc f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd cfe f guhc

coicdr afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml rftd tcfl tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde wotcmut f twm-ydfr hrdedltof (91

pdrhdlt fle 4: pdrhdlt, rdspdhtovd y). Ucd ifp ol sox-ydfr afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml rftds wfs òkdwosd

`frid (1: pdrhdltfid pmolts) adtwddl stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml wotcol mld ydfr

mj tcdor gmst rdhdlt dlrm``gdlt ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml fle stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr f stmp-muttcft `fstde gmrd tcfl mld ydfr.

Afhhf`furdftd Fttfolgdlt ay Uypd mj Jmur-_dfr Urflsjdr Edstolftoml Olstotutoml

Flf`ysos mj tcd jmur-ydfr trflsjdr edstolftoml olstotutomls scmwde tcft stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm f

jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutoml cfe tcd coicdst afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml rftd (:4 pdrhdlt) sox ydfrs fjtdr

trflsjdr, jm``mwde ay tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutoml


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:

(:> pdrhdlt), fle tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr provftd jmr-prmstt olstotutoml (84 pdrhdlt). Ucd

coicdr hmgp`dtoml rftd ft jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutomls gfy ad rd`ftde tm tcd lugadr mj hrdeots stuedlts

wdrd fa`d tm trflsjdr jrmg twm-ydfr olstotutomls adhfusd mj frtohu`ftoml firddgdlts ol p`fhd ol gfly

stftds. Ot hmuè f`sm ad rd`ftde tm pfrtldrscops adtwddl jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutomls fle hmgguloty

hm``dids tcft gfy òkdwosd sgmmtc tcd trflsotoml jmr trflsjdr stuedlts.

Afhhf`furdftd Fttfolgdlt ay Hfrldiod H`fssosthftoml mj Jmur-_dfr Urflsjdr Edstolftoml Olstotutoml

Ucd gfbmroty mj twm-ydfr tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdr stuedlts ol tcos hmcmrt wdlt tm f Gfstdrs (4> pdrhdlt) mr

Qdsdfrhc/Emhtmrf` Irfltoli (5> pdrhdlt) olstotutoml. Xtuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm f Qdsdfrhc/Emhtmrf`

Irfltoli olstotutoml cfe tcd coicdst hmgp`dtoml rftd (:? pdrhdlt), jm``mwde ay tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde

tm Afhhf`furdftd Frts fle Xhodlhds Olstotutomls (:> pdrhdlt) fle tm Gfstdrs olstotutomls (4? pdrhdlt).

Ucdsd eojjdrdlhds gfy ad eud tm tcd idldrf``y adttdr fhfedgoh prdpfrftoml mj stuedlts wcm trflsjdr

tm Qdsdfrhc/Emhtmrf` Irfltoli olstotutomls. Ucd coicdr rftds gfy f`sm ad pfrtof``y fttroautfa`d tm

tcd rdsmurhds tcdsd olstotutomls gfkd fvfo`fa`d tm trflsjdr stuedlts (d.i., trflsjdr stuedlt mrodltftoml

prmirfgs fle mtcdr suppmrt sdrvohds).

AFHHF@FTQDFUD FUUFOLGDLU FGMLI UYM-_DFQ FLE JMTQ-_DFQ XUFQUDQXUcd hmgpfrosml mj tcd doict-ydfr hmgp`dtoml rftd mj stuedlts wcm adifl ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml fle

trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml tm tcft mj stuedlts wcm adifl ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml rdvdf`de f

coicdr hmgp`dtoml rftd jmr trflsjdr stuedlts. Ucd doict-ydfr afhcd`mrs edirdd hmgp`dtoml rftd jmr twm-ydfr

stfrtdr trflsjdr stuedlts wfs 96 pdrhdlt, wcohc wfs sox pdrhdltfid pmolts coicdr tcfl tcft mj jmur-ydfr

stfrtdrs. Cmwdvdr, eosfiirdiftoli tcd rdsu`ts ay olstotutoml typd scmwde tcft ml`y ft jmur-ydfr puaòh

olstotutomls eoe stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde ol jrmg f twm-ydfr olstotutoml cfvd f coicdr doict-ydfr hmgp`dtoml

rftd tcfl tcdor pddrs wcm stfrtde ft tcd jmur-ydfr olstotutoml (95 pdrhdlt fle :8 pdrhdlt, rdspdhtovd`y).

Xtuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls fle provftd jmr-prmstt olstotutomls cfe

`mwdr hmgp`dtoml rftds (:3 pdrhdlt fle 86 pdrhdlt, rdspdhtovd`y) tcfl tcmsd wcm stfrtde ol jmur-ydfr

provftd lmlprmstt fle provftd jmr-prmstt olstotutomls (96 pdrhdlt fle 51 pdrhdlt, rdspdhtovd`y).

Ot os ogpmrtflt tm lmtd tcft tcd twm-ydfr stfrtdr trflsjdr hmcmrt ol tcos hmgpfrosml os f sd`dhtde irmup.

Ucdsd stuedlts stfrtde ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml ol jf`` 1>>8 fle trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml

smgdtogd ol tcd 1>>4-1>>: fhfedgoh ydfr, suiidstoli tcft gfly mj tcdg wdrd ml f stdfey trfhk

tmwfre hmgp`dtoml wotcmut pdromes mj stmp-mut. Xtuedlts wcm stmppde mut, ldvdr trflsjdrrde, mr

trflsjdrrde fjtdr gmrd tcfl twm ydfrs wdrd dxhùede ay edstlotoml. Gfly gfy cfvd cfe pfrtohu`fr`y

edstlde imf`s sdt ml tcd afhhf`furdftd `dvd`, fle frd òkd`y tm cfvd tfkdl jdwdr edvd`mpgdltf` hmursds

fs f irmup tcfl f idldrf` hmcmrt mj twm-ydfr stfrtdrs. Ldvdrtcd`dss, tcdsd pfttdrls jurtcdr rdoljmrhd

f gfol stleoli mj tcos rdpmrt2 mlhd stuedlts trflsjdr suhhdssju``y, tcdy hmgp`dtd edirdds fle pdrsost

ft f rd`ftovd`y coic rftd. Ucd doict- fle lold-ydfr muthmgds rdpmrtde f`sm suiidst tcft , jmr stuedlts

wcm trflsjdr jrmg twm-ydfr tm jmur-ydfr olstotutomls, hmgp`dtoml rftds gdfsurde mvdr sox ydfrs jrmg

tcd togd mj dltry oltm pmstsdhmlefry deuhftoml frd òkd`y lmt fl fhhurftd rdprdsdltftoml mj dvdltuf`

afhhf`furdftd fttfolgdlt.

OG^@OHFUOMLX JMQ ^M@OH_GFKOLI

Olstotutomlf` mòhy Ogpòhftomls

Ucos rdpmrt scmws tcft smgd pfrtohu`fr pftcwfys mj trflsjdr stuedlts gfy ad fssmhoftde wotc afrrodrs

tm afhhf`furdftd fttfolgdlt. Uwm-ydfr olstotutomls gfy wflt tm gfkd stuedlts fwfrd mj tcd pmtdltof`


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4

rd`ftomlscop adtwddl tcd dgporohf` go`dstmlds dxp`mrde ol tcos rdpmrt fle afhhf`furdftd fttfolgdlt,

tm cd`p tcdg tfkd stdps tm f``dvoftd pmssoa`d ldiftovd djjdhts mj hcmmsoli f pfrtohu`fr pftcwfy. Ol tcos

drf mj fhhmultfaoòty, wcdl hdrtosthftd mr edirdd hmgp`dtoml cfs adhmgd f kdy gdtroh jmr olstotutomlf`

djjdhtovdldss, hmgguloty hm``did pmòhygfkdrs gfy wflt tm sddk mut olstotutomlf` pmòhy `dvdrs jmr

olhrdfsoli tcd prmpmrtoml mj stuedlts wcm hmgp`dtd tcdor edirdd adjmrd trflsjdrroli, fle wcm trflsjdr

oggdeoftd`y upml hmgp`dtoli. Ml tcd mtcdr cfle, stuedlts wcm em lmt sddk f edirdd mr hdrtosthftd

jrmg f twm-ydfr olstotutoml adjmrd trflsjdrroli gfy adldstt jrmg gmrd hfrdju` iuoeflhd ml cmw tm p`fl

fle gmlotmr tcdor hmursd tfkoli sm fs tm hmgp`dtd gmrd hmursds tcft wo`` hmult tmwfres afhcd`mrs

edirdd rdquordgdlts upml trflsjdr.

Ucdsd stleolis gfy f`sm iovd jmur-ydfr olstotutomls f adttdr uledrstfleoli mj tcd prdtrflsjdr dxpdrodlhd

mj tcd trflsjdr stuedlts tcdy sdrvd fle tcd kole mj eojjdrdltoftde suppmrt tcdy ldde. Jmr dxfgp`d,

tcmsd wcm cfe f `mlidr stmp-mut adjmrd dlrm`òli ol f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml gfy ldde gmrd fssostflhd

adhfusd tcdy frd trflsotomloli lmt ml`y oltm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml, aut f`sm afhk tm pmstsdhmlefry

deuhftoml ol idldrf`.

ûaòh mòhy Ogpòhftomls

Ucd stleolis cfvd ogpmrtflt ogpòhftomls jmr puaòh pmòhygfkoli fs wd``. Ucd rdsu`ts rdoljmrhd tcdogpmrtflhd mj tcd trflsjdr julhtoml mj hmgguloty hm``dids lmt ml`y ol hmltroautoli tm oleovoeuf`s

suhhdss ol pmstsdhmlefry deuhftoml, aut f`sm ol cd`poli tm fhcodvd tcd lftomlf` imf`s jmr hm``did

hmgp`dtoml. Ucd stleolis f`sm suiidst frdfs wcdrd pmòhygfkoli scmuè ad jmhusde. Jmr dxfgp`d,

iovdl tcft twm-tcores mj tcd trflsjdr stuedlts ol tcos hmcmrt trflsjdrrde wotcmut tcd adldstt mj f

twm-ydfr hrdedltof`, pmòhygfkoli gfy wflt tm jmhus ml gfkoli ot dfsodr jmr stuedlts tm fòil

hmursdwmrk wotc fltohopftde afhcd`mrs edirdd rdquordgdlts fle trflsjdr gmrd hrdeot cmurs. Xtftd

fle jdedrf` pmòhygfkdrs scmuè f`sm hmlsoedr hrdftoli olhdltovds jmr stuedlts tm hmgp`dtd edirdds

ft tcd twm-ydfr olstotutoml adjmrd trflsjdrroli, fle tm fvmoe stmppoli mut jmr dxtdlede pdromes ol

adtwddl tcd dlrm``gdlts ol tcd twm-ydfr fle tcd jmur-ydfr olstotutoml.

Ol h`msoli, wco`d afrrodrs tm fhhdss fle suhhdss sto`` dxost, tcd rdpmrt uledrshmrds f pmolt tcft mjtdl os

`mst ol hurrdlt puaòh pmòhy edaftds ml pmstsdhmlefry stuedlt suhhdss2 tcd gfbmroty mj stuedlts wcmtrflsjdr jrmg twm- tm jmur-ydfr olstotutomls frd suhhdssju`. Ucos stleoli jurtcdr suppmrts djjmrts tm dlfa`d

ogprmvde fhhdss tm twm- tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdrs fle dlhmurfids lftomlf` hf``s jmr stftd pmòhods fle

olstotutomlf` prfhtohds tcft suppmrt gmrd hmgguloty hm``did stuedlts wcm fspord tm tcos pftcwfy.


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Ucos pfid oltdltomlf``y `djt a`flk.


9/76

?AFHHF@FTQDFUD FUUFOLGDLU2 F LFUOMLF@ ZODY MJ UCD ^MXUXDHMLEFQ_ MTUHMGDX


4OltrmeuhtomlAFHHF@FTQDFUD FUUFOLGDLU MJ UQFLXJDQ XUTEDLUX FX KD_ UMHM@@DID HMG^@DUOML FIDLEF, XUQFUOJOHFUOML FLE DVTOU_

Tledrstfleoli tcd pftcwfys fle hm``did hmgp`dtoml muthmgds mj stuedlts wcm trflsjdr jrmgtwm-ydfr tm jmur-ydfr olstotutomls os mj coic ogpmrtflhd tm tcd lftomlf` hm``did hmgp`dtoml fidlef.

Ucos ogpmrtflhd stdgs jrmg promrotods sdt jmr amtc dquoty fle pmòhy djjdhtovdldss.

Ucd qudstoml mj afhhf`furdftd fttfolgdlt os prdvf`dlt ol tcd wfys olstotutomls, pmòhy gfkdrs, fle

stuedlts tcolk famut tcd rm`d fle julhtoml mj hmgguloty hm``dids. Ucos dxpdhtftoml adfrs mut, jmr

dxfgp`d, ol tcd dxpdhtftomls mj stuedlts dlrm`òli ol twm-ydfr olstotutomls (Emy`d, 1>>?). Gmrd tcfl

51% mj T.X. hm``did stuedlts dlrm``de ol Jf`` 1>61 wdrd dlrm``de ol twm-ydfr puaòh olstotutomls (FFHH,

1>61). LHDX stueods fle mtcdr rdsdfrhc usoli lftomlf` eftf scmw tcft mvdr mld-tcore mj tcdsd stuedlts

rdpmrtde p`fls tm trflsjdr tm f jmur-ydfr hm``did mr ulovdrsoty (Cmrl & Ldvo``, 1>>:). Fgmli dltdroli

stuedlt hmcmrts, stuedlts rdpmrt dxpdhtftomls mj pursuoli afhcd`mrs edirdds ft fl dvdl coicdr rftd

mj 9> pdrhdlt (Afo`dy dt f`., 1>>:). Vudstomls mj tcd rdòfaoòty mj sd`j-rdpmrts lmtwotcstfleoli, ot os

ogpmrtflt tm hmlsoedr trflsjdr jrmg twm- tm jmur-ydfr olstotutomls fs f pftcwfy tcft os ogpmrtflt tm tcdhm``did hmgp`dtoml fidlef fle tm culerdes mj tcmusfles mj stuedlts lftomlwoed (Imèrohk-Qfa, 1>61).

Olstotutomls, fs wd`` fs rdsdfrhcdrs fle pmòhygfkdrs, cfvd hf``de jmr gmrd eojjdrdltoftde dxfgolftomls

mj hmgp`dtoml muthmgds mj stuedlts wcm dlrm`` strst ol hmgguloty hm``dids (Afèwol, Adlsogml, Emwe

& K`dogfl, 1>66; Arfii & Eurcfg, 1>61; Emy`d, 1>>?; Gu` ol, 1>66; Mjjdlstdol & Xhcu`mhk, 1>>?).

Ucos ldde os sddl ay pmòhy gfkdrs fle rdsdfrhcdrs fs ogpmrtflt jmr qudstomls mj amtc olstotutomlf`

djjdhtovdldss fle dquoty (Arfii & Eurcfg, 1>61; Mjjdlstdol & Xhcu`mhk, 1>>?). Ucd hm``did

hmgp`dtoml fidlef dlhmgpfssds pmstsdhmlefry hrdedltof`s vdry armfe`y. Ldvdrtcd`dss, afhhf`furdftd

fttfolgdlt rdgfols ogpmrtflt jmr lftomlf` dhmlmgoh hmgpdtotovdldss fle tcd dhmlmgoh wd``-adoli mj

oleovoeuf`s fs tcd wfid prdgoug jmr f afhcd`mrs edirdd os irdftdr tcfl tcft jmr f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`.

Gmrdmvdr, rdhdlt rdsdfrhc cfs scmwl tcft tcd twm- tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdr stuedlts hmgp`dtoml muthmgds

cfvd h`dfr ogpòhftomls jmr dquoty (Amule, @mvdlcdog & Uurldr, 1>>?; Amwdl, Hcolims, & Gh^cdrsml,

1>>?; Emy`d, 1>>?; Imèrohk-Qfa, 1>6>). Fs coicòictde ol rdhdlt dxp`mrftomls mj tcd supp`y-soed

hmltroautomls tm `mw irfeuftoml rftds, tcd olhrdfsoli strftosthftoml mj pmstsdhmlefry dlrm``gdlts cfs

prmjmule rfgosthftomls jmr dquoty fle jmr tcd hm``did fttfolgdlt mj tcd eosprmpmrtomlftd lugadrs mj

`mw-olhmgd stuedlts fle stuedlts mj hm`mr hmlhdltrftde ol olstotutomls, suhc fs hmgguloty hm``dids,

tcft jfhd toictdloli hmlstrfolts ml rdsmurhds (Amule, @mvdlcdog, & Uurldr, 1>>?; Amwdl, Hcolims,

& Gh^cdrsml, 1>>?; Imèrohk-Qfa, 1>6>; Imèrohk-Qfa & ^jdjjdr, 1>>?; Gdìuozm & Emwe, 1>>?).

Bdlkols fle Ydoss (1>66) cfvd scmwl, jurtcdr, tcft `mw-olhmgd stuedlts wdrd gmrd òkd`y tm dltdr

oltm hmlhdltrftomls fle dlrm``gdlt pfttdrls tcft wdrd fssmhoftde wotc `mwdr hmgp`dtoml muthmgds.

Imèrohk-Qfa (1>6>) iftcdrs dvoedlhd jrmg f hmgprdcdlsovd rdvodw mj stueods tm hmlhùed tcft

olstotutomlf` eojjdrdltoftoml fle strftostde dlrm``gdlt pfttdrls ol tcdgsd`vds rdprdsdlt f progd afrrodr

tm edirdd hmgp`dtoml (p. 554).

Yotc wdoicty ogpòhftomls jmr pmòhy fle prfhtohd, dquoty fle djjdhtovdldss, fle hm``did hmgp`dtoml

mvdrf``, twm- tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdr stuedlt suhhdss os fl ogpmrtflt frdf jmr ldw rdsdfrhc. Auoèoli f gmrd

fhhurftd fle hmgprdcdlsovd vodw mj tcdsd stuedlts dlrm``gdlt pfttdrls fle hmgp`dtoml muthmgds os

f ldhdssfry stdp tmwfre fhcodvoli prdssoli pmòhy imf`s fle smhof` prolhop`ds. Ucd H`dfrolicmusd eftf

prdsdltde ol tcos rdpmrt os mur fttdgpt tm hmltroautd tm st`òli tcos ifp.


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^QDZOMTX QDXDFQHC ML HMG^@DUOML MJUYM- UM JMTQ-_DFQ UQFLXJDQ XUTEDLUX

Hurrdlt shcm`frscop fle pmòhy rdpmrts lmtd tcft tcd shfrhoty mj eftf smurhds hfpfa`d mj òlkoli

stuedlt-`dvd` eftf fhrmss olstotutomls fle stftds cfs gdflt tcft fl dxtdlsovd rdsdfrhc rdhmre cfs

ydt tm dgdrid tm scde òict ml tcd afhhf`furdftd fttfolgdlt mj stuedlts wcm dltdr hmggulotyhm``dids (Afo`dy, @dolafhc & Bdlkols, 1>>:; Imèrohk-Qfa, 1>6>; Cmrl & Qfewol, 1>61; Gu`òl, 1>66).

Ldvdrtcd`dss, f lugadr mj kdy stueods cfvd scmwl tcft wco`d qudstomls famut dquotfa`d fhhdss tm

afhcd`mrs edirdds jmr stuedlts wcm dltdr twm-ydfr olstotutomls gfy rdgfol (Amule & Uurldr, 1>6>;

Imèrohk-Qfa, 1>6>), stuedlts wcm trflsjdr jrmg twm- tm jmur-ydfr olstotutomls scmw coic afhhf`furdftd

fttfolgdlt rftds (Amwdl, Hcolims, & Gh^cdrsml, 1>>?; Emy`d, 1>>:, 1>>?; Cmfhc`fledr, Xokmrf &

Cmrl, 1>>8; @fvol & Cy``difre, 6??:; Gdìuozm & Emwe, 1>>?).

Ol fl flf`ysos usoli Adiolloli ^mstsdhmlefry Xtuedlts (A^X) eftf, Cmfhc`fledr, Xokmrf, fle Cmrl

(1>>8) jmule tcft famut 1? pdrhdlt mj f`` strst-togd hmgguloty hm``did stuedlts trflsjdrrde tm f

jmur-ydfr olstotutoml wotcol sox ydfrs. Yco`d tcd stueys rdsu`ts gfy rdfidht prma`dgftoh pfttdrls ol tdrgs

mj fhhdss tm jmur-ydfr olstotutomls (tcd 1? pdrhdlt wcm trflsjdrrde, jmr dxfgp`d, rdprdsdltde ml`y famut

mld-cf`j mj tcd stuedlts wcm cfe rdpmrtde fl oltdltoml tm pursud f afhcd`mrs edirdd), Cmfhc`fledr

fle hm``dfiuds rdsdfrhc scmwde tcft mlhd stuedlts trflsjdrrde suhhdssju``y, coic prmpmrtomls mj

tcdg hmgp`dtde f edirdd. Ucd futcmrs jmule tcft famut 3 ol 6> mj tcdsd trflsjdr stuedlts dotcdr cfe

hmgp`dtde f afhcd`mrs edirdd mr wdrd sto`` dlrm``de ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml ft tcd dle mj sox ydfrs.

^rdvomus stueods jurtcdr coicòict ogpmrtflt qudstomls fle eogdlsomls tcft scmuè ad dxp`mrde ol

dgdrioli wmrk ml tcos frdf. Fhhmultoli jmr stuedlts oltdltomls ol edshroaoli dlrm``gdlt fle suhhdss

muthmgds, jmr dxfgp`d, rfosds hmgp`dx qudstomls jmr gdfsurdgdlt (Arfii & Eurcfg, 1>61). Adhfusd

stuedlts oltdlede edirdds cfvd addl scmwl tm hcflid fjtdr dltdroli hm``did, sdvdrf` stueods pmolt

tm tcd ldde tm usd dgporohf` go`dstmlds olstdfe mj rd`yoli sm`d`y ml sd`j-rdpmrtde oltdltomls (Hf`hfilm,

Hrmstf, Afo`dy, & Bdlkols, 1>>:; Imèrohk-Qfa, 1>6>; Gmmrd, Xcu`mhk & Mjjdlstdol, 1>>?; Mjjdlstdol

& Xcu`mhk, 1>>?). Ucos rdpmrt sddks tm hmltroautd tm tcd dxp`mrftoml mj dgporohf` go`dstmlds, suhc

fs prdtrflsjdr edirdd-hmgp`dtoml, `dlitc mj dlrm``gdlt ol tcd twm-ydfr sdhtmr, fle stmp-mut adjmrd

dlrm``gdlt ol jmur-ydfr olstotutomls fs f wfy tm dxtdle mur uledrstfleoli mj stuedlts twm-ydfr tm

jmur-ydfr hm``did trflsjdr pftcwfys.

^rdvomus rdsdfrhc f`sm scmws tcft idledr, fid, fle dlrm``gdlt oltdlsoty frd f`` fssmhoftde wotc stuedlts

twm- tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdr pftcwfys, fle ol wfys tcft frd hmgp`dx fle oltdrrd`ftde. Jmr dxfgp`d, Bfhmas

fle Koli (1>>1) hmleuhtde f stuey mj tcdsd pfttdrls fle jmule tcft pfrt-togd dlrm``gdlt, fssmhoftde

wotc mèdr stuedlts olhrdfsde òkdòcmme mj wmrkoli ju``-togd fle cfvoli hcoèrdl mr mtcdr edpdledlts,

wfs f strmlidr jfhtmr tcfl fid ol `mwdr hmgp`dtoml rftds.

LDY EOQDHUOMLX OL QD^MQUOLI HMG^@DUOMLX MJ

UYM- UM JMTQ-_DFQ UQFLXJDQ XUTEDLUXLftomlf` coicdr deuhftoml pmòhy eoshussomls frd olhrdfsoli`y jmhusde ml dxpfleoli tcd shmpd fle

ogprmvoli tcd fhhurfhy mj lftomlf` gdfsurds mj hm``did hmgp`dtoml. Ucdsd djjmrts hdltdr ol pfrt ml

adttdr hfpturoli tcd hmgp`dx pftcwfys mj stuedlts wcm dlrm`` ol gu`top`d pmstsdhmlefry olstotutomls ml

tcd wfy tm hmgp`dtoli edirdds (d.i., Fevosmry Hmggottdd ml Xtuedlt Jolflhof` Fssostflhd, 1>>3, 1>61;

T.X . Edpfr tgdlt mj Deuhftoml, 1>66, 1>61).


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Fs wd rdstld mur edstlotomls mj pmstsdhmlefry stuedlt suhhdss, ldw flf`ysds ml tcd afhhf`furdftd

fttfolgdlt mj twm- tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdr stuedlts ol pfrtohu`fr frd lddede. Fs tcos rdpmrt o`ùstrftds, tcd

H`dfrolicmusd eftf hfl oljmrg olstotutomls fle pmòhygfkdrs ml tcos ossud ay f``mwoli rdsdfrhcdrs tm

jm``mw stuedlts fs tcdy gmvd jrmg olstotutoml tm olstotutoml. Ol feeotoml, tcd H`dfrolicmusd eftf prmvoed

f `mliotueolf` vodw mj dxpflede stuedlt hmcmrts (d.i., trfeotomlf`-fid stuedlts vs. feu`t `dfrldrs;

ju``-togd vs. pfrt-togd) tcft frd ft tcd hdltdr mj prmpmsde hcflids dgdrioli jrmg tcd edaftd ml

gdfsuroli hm``did hmgp`dtoml ol tcd T.X. H`dfrolicmusd eftf f`sm f``mw rdsdfrhcdrs tm edshroad

stuedlt pftcwfys ol gmrd edtfo` fle hmgp`dxoty, olhùeoli trflsjdr pfttdrls, pdrsostdlhd, fle

hdrtosthftd mr edirdd hmgp`dtoml rdifre`dss mj `dvd`, fle ft fly olstotutoml, lmt bust tcd olstotutoml

mj strst dlrm``gdlt.

YCFU UM JOLE OL UCOX QD^MQU

Um rdfhc f gmrd hmgprdcdlsovd uledrstfleoli mj hurrdlt prmirdss tmwfre lftomlf` hmgp`dtoml imf`s,

tcd Lftomlf` Xtuedlt H`dfrolicmusd Qdsdfrhc Hdltdr, ol pfrtldrscop wotc tcd ^rmbdht ml Fhfedgoh

Xuhhdss, cfs `fulhcde tcd Xoilfturd Qdpmrt Xdrods, coicòictoli ldw eftf ml prdssoli pmòhy ossuds.

Ol tcos rdpmrt wd prdsdlt mur stleolis ml twm- tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdr stuedlts6jmhusoli ml afhhf`furdftd

hmgp`dtoml wotcol sox ydfrs mj trflsjdr fs tcd progfry muthmgd mj oltdrdst. Afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml

rftds frd f`sm prdsdltde sdpfrftd`y jmr tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde wotc fle wotcmut promr hmgp`dtoml mj

f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`. Ol feeotoml, wd dxfgold hmgp`dtoml fle pdrsostdlhd muthmgds armkdl mut

gdfloliju``y ay trflsjdr olstotutoml typd, togd spdlt dlrm``de ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml, fle togd `fpsd

adtwddl twm- fle jmur-ydfr olstotutoml dlrm``gdlts. Yd jurtcdr dxp`mrd rdsu`ts eosfiirdiftde ay

idledr fle dlrm``gdlt oltdlsoty. Ol fl feeotomlf` ldw eordhtoml, tcd rdpmrt f`sm mj jdrs rdsu`ts ay tcd

Hfrldiod h`fssosthftoml mj tcd trflsjdr olstotutoml. Jolf``y, f spdhof` flf`ysos prmvoeds f soed-ay-soed

hmgpfrosml mj doict- fle lold-ydfr hmgp`dtoml rftds mj trflsjdr stuedlts fle stuedlts wcm stfrtde

ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml.

F LMUD ML UCD EFUFEftf Xmurhd

Ucd eftf jmr tcos rdpmrt wdrd erfwl jrmg tcd XtuedltUrfhkdrXGfle EdirddZdrojyXGsdrvohds,

fegolostdrde ay tcd Lftomlf` Xtuedlt H`dfrolicmusd(Ucd H`dfrolicmusd), wcohc trfhks ?4 pdrhdlt

mj hm``did dlrm``gdlts lftomlwoed fhrmss f`` pmstsdhmlefry olstotutomls, olhùeoli f`` olstotutoml typds

twm-ydfr fle jmur-ydfr olstotutomls, puaòh fle provftd olstotutomls, fle lmlprmstt fle jmr-prmstt

olstotutomls. Ol mredr tm dlsurd tcd gmst fhhurftd pmssoa`d rdprdsdltftoml mj stuedlt muthmgds jmr tcd

stuey hmcmrt, tcd rdsu`ts rdpmrtde cdrd frd wdoictde fhhmreoli tm jmrgu`fs edshroade ol Fppdleox

F usoli tcd hmvdrfid rftd jmr dfhc olstotutoml typd (sdhtmr fle hmltrm`). F hmgp`dtd dxp`flftoml mj

lftomlf` hmvdrfid rftds fle tcd wdoicts usde tm dlsurd tcft rdsu`ts rdfidht dlrm``gdlt fle hmgp`dtoml

ay sdhtmr fle hmltrm` hfl ad jmule ol Fppdleohds F fle A.

Ucd stuedlt muthmgds hfpturde ol tcos rdpmrt frd afsde ml stuedlt-`dvd` eftf rdprdsdltoli fl

uleupòhftde cdfehmult mj stuedlts fhrmss f`` olstotutomls, f jdfturd mj tcd H`dfrolicmusd eftf tcft

eostoliuoscds tcdg jrmg gfly mtcdr eftf smurhds, olhùeoli tcd Oltdirftde ^mstsdhmlefry Deuhftoml

Eftf Xystdg (O^DEX), tcft gfy lmt fhhurftd`y hfpturd tcd hmgp`dxoty mj pmstsdhmlefry pftcwfys

adhfusd mtcdr eftf smurhds frd lmt struhturde tm oedltojy gu`top`d dlrm``gdlts ay oleovoeuf` stuedlts.

6Ucrmuicmut tcos rdpmrt wd gmst`y usd trflsjdr jrmg twm-ydfr tm jmur-ydfr olstotutomls. Ot scmuè ad lmtde, cmwdvdr, tcft tcd vfst gfbmroty(?? pdrhdlt) mj trflsjdr stuedlts ol tcos stuey trflsjdrrde jrmg twm-ydfr puaòh olstotutomls.


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HMGOLI T^ OL UCD LDSUXOILFUTQD QD^MQU

Ucd H`dfrolicmusds soxtc Xoilfturd

Qdpmrt wo`` jmhus ml hm``did hmgp`dtomls,

dxfgololi hmgp`dtoml rftds ay idledr,

fid, fle dlrm``gdlt oltdlsoty. Hmgp`dtoml

rftds wo`` f`sm ad rdpmrtde jmr stuedlts

stfrtoli ft eojjdrdlt typds mj olstotutomls,

olhùeoli wcdtcdr tcd stuedlts stloscde ft

tcd sfgd olstotutoml mr smgdwcdrd d`sd.

Ucd hfpfaoòty mj XtuedltUrfhkdr tm olk dlrm``gdlt rdhmres

fhrmss olstotutomls lftomlf``y f``mws rdsdfrhcdrs tm jm``mw

stuedlts `mliotueolf``y fs tcdy gmvd jrmg olstotutoml tm

olstotutoml, prmeuholi f ju``dr pohturd mj hm``did pdrsostdlhd

fle hmgp`dtoml.

Ucd rdsu`ts suggfrozde ol tcos rdpmrt iovd f lftomlf`mvdrvodw mj twm- tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdr stuedlts afhhf`furdftd

hmgp`dtoml, scmwoli tcd pdrhdltfid mj trflsjdr stuedlts

wcm hmgp`dtde ft vfromus typds mj jmur-ydfr olstotutomls.

Ucos hmgp`dtoml rftd olhùeds afhcd`mrs edirdds fle coicdr

hmgp`dtde ft jmur-ydfr olstotutomls. Famut mld pdrhdlt mj

stuedlts ol tcd hmcmrt hmgp`dtde fl fssmhoftds edirdd ft

f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml. Ucdsd hmgp`dtomls wdrd lmt olhùede

ol tcd stiurds rdpmrtde uledr jmur-ydfr edirdd hmgp`dtomls.

F`tcmuic H`dfrolicmusd eftf hmltfol edgmirfpcoh oljmrgftoml ml stuedlts, tcd hmvdrfid jmr tcdsd

eftf os uldvdl. Ucd rdpmrt , tcdrdjmrd, olhùeds dxp`mrftmry flf`ysds armkdl mut ay idledr, afsde ml

rdpmrtde fle ogputde vfùds, aut emds lmt dxfgold hmgp`dtoml ay rfhd/dtclohoty. (Eoshussoml mj

ogputftoml prmhdss os olhùede ol Fppdleox F.)

Hmcmrt Edstlotoml

Ucd hmcmrt dxfgolde ol tcos stuey os gfed up mj trflsjdr stuedlts wcm stfrtde tcdor pmstsdhmlefry

deuhftoml ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml fle trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml ft smgd pmolt euroli tcd

1>>4-1>>: fhfedgoh ydfr. Uwm- tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdr stftus wfs dstfa oscde ay hmlstrgoli tcft f stuedlt

ju`st` de f` mj tcd jm` mwoli hmleotomls2

6. Dlrm``de ol f jmur-ydfr Uot`d OZ olstotutoml jmr tcd strst togd euroli tcd 1>>4-1>>: fhfedgoh ydfr

(o.d. lm promr dlrm``gdlt mr hmgp`dtoml ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml);

1. Cfe ft `dfst mld dlrm``gdlt ft f twm-ydfr hm``did wotcol tcd jmur ydfrs promr tm tcd strst dlrm``gdlt

ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml (promr twm-ydfr dlrm``gdlt);

8. Yfs fid 63 mr mèdr wcdl dlrm``de ft tcd twm-ydfr olstotutoml; fle

5. Cfe ft `dfst mld lml-suggdr dlrm``gdlt ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml;

Ucrmuicmut tcos rdpmrt , wd dxfgold hm``did hmgp`dtoml rftds jmr tcd fhfedgoh ydfr 1>>4-1>>: twm- tm

jmur-ydfr trflsjdr hmcmrt. Ucd stuey jm``mws tcos hmcmrt tcrmuic Fuiust 61, 1>61, fle coicòicts sox-ydfr

stuedlt muthmgds, olhùeoli hmgp`dtoml mj f afhcd`mrs edirdd mr coicdr fle hmltoluoli dlrm``gdlt

(pdrsostdlhd) fjtdr trflsjdr tm tcd jmur-ydfr sdhtmr. Hmgp`dtomls wdrd oedltostde usoli f hmgaolftoml

mj edirdd fwfre rdhmres suagottde ay olstotutomls, fs pfrt mj tcdor pfrtohopftoml ol EdirddZdrojy, fle

XtuedltUrfhkdr dlrm``gdlt rdhmres oleohftoli edirdd hmgp`dtomls.


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4

Joiurd F scmws tcd 1>>4-1>>: trflsjdr hmcmr t (L781>,?66) armkdl mut ay typd mj stfrtoli

olstotutoml. Ucd `fridst pdrhdltfid mj tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt (91.4 pdrhdlt, l7181,451) trflsjdrrde tm

jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutomls, jm``mwde ay jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls, wotc 6?.9 pdrhdlt

(l7:8,6:1), fle jmur-ydfr provftd jmr-prmstt olstotutomls, dlrm`òli 9.3 pdrhdlt (l714,696) mj tcd

hmcmrt. Ot scmuè ad lmtde tcft tcdsd ulfebustde stiurds gfy rdfidht eojjdrdlt `dvd`s mj pfrtohopftoml

ol H`dfrolicmusd eftf ay olstotutoml typd (hmvdrfid aofs). Ol 1>>4-1>>:, H`dfrolicmusd pfrtohopflts

rdprdsdltde ?4 pdrhdlt mj dlrm``gdlts ol puaòh jmur-ydfr olstotutomls, fle 34 pdrhdlt mj provftd

lmlprmstt jmur-ydfr dlrm``gdlt. Ol hmltrfst, jmur-ydfr provftd jmr-prmstt olstotutomls cfe f pfrtohopftoml

rftd rdprdsdltoli :9 pdrhdlt mj dlrm``gdlts ol 1>>4-1>>:.

Joiurd F. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 Jmur-_dfr Urflsjdr Edstolftoml Olstotutomls*

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf

scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d F.

ûaòh

^rovftd Lmlprmjot

^rovftd Jmr-^rmjot

6?.9%

9.3%

91.4%


14/76

65

Joiurd A. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 Jmur-_dfr Urflsjdr Edstolftoml Olstotutomls, Febustde jmr Hmvdrfid*


scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d A.

ûaòh

^rovftd Lmlprmjot

^rovftd Jmr-^rmjot

1>.3%

6>.:%

:3.:%

Joiurd A scmws tcd eostroautoml mj tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt ay olstotutoml typd mj tcd trflsjdr edstolftoml,

febustoli jmr tcdsd hmvdrfid eojjdrdlhds. Adhfusd tcos febustgdlt ml`y gologf``y fjjdhts mvdrf``

rdsu`ts jmr pmstsdhmlefry fle afhhf`furdftd muthmgds, fle emds lmt fjjdht rdsu`ts ay sdhtmr ft f``,

rdsu`ts coicòictde ol tcd rdpmrt frd wdoictde jmr hmvdrfid aofs rd`ftde tm muthmgds aut lmt jmr olotof`

trflsjdr edstolftoml.


15/76



4

Joiurd H. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 Eostroautoml ay Dlrm``gdlt Oltdlsoty


scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d H.

Dxhùsovd`y Ju``-Uogd

Dxhùsovd`y ^frt-Uogd

Goxde Dlrm``gdlt

45.9%

89.>%

3.5%

Joiurd H scmws tcd eostroautoml mj tcd stuey hmcmrt ay dlrm``gdlt oltdlsoty. F kdy pmolt tm lmtd cdrd os

tcft gmrd tcfl cf`j mj tcd hmcmrt (45.9 pdrhdlt) cfe goxde dlrm``gdlt; tcft os, euroli tcd stuey pdrome,

tcdy dlrm``de ju`` togd jmr smgd tdrgs fle pfrt togd jmr mtcdr tdrgs (sdd Fppdleox F jmr jurtcdr edtfo`).

Gmrd tcfl mld-tcore (89 pdrhdlt) mj tcd stuedlts ol tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt dlrm``de dxhùsovd`y ju`` togd

fjtdr trflsjdr, wco`d bust 3.5 pdrhdlt dlrm``de pfrt togd tcrmuicmut tcd stuey pdrome.


16/76

6:

Ucos pfid oltdltomlf``y `djt a`flk.


17/76



4Qdsuts

Ucd rdsu`ts prdsdltde ol tcos rdpmrt dxp`mrd tcd sox-ydfr muthmgds mj trflsjdr stuedlts wcm adifl tcdor pmstsdhmlefry

deuhftoml ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml fle `ftdr trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml euroli tcd 1>>4-1>>: fhfedgoh ydfr.

Ucrmuicmut tcd sdhtomls tcft jm``mw, tcd rdpmrt jmhusds ml hmgp`dtoml mj afhcd`mrs edirdds mr coicdr ft jmur-ydfr

olstotutomls fs tcd progfry muthmgd mj oltdrdst. Ucd ldfr-hdlsus stuedlt dlrm``gdlt eftf fvfo`fa`d jrmg tcd Lftomlf` Xtuedlt

H`dfrolicmusd dlfa`d rdsdfrhcdrs tm trfhk stuedlt pmstsdhmlefry pftcwfys fhrmss olstotutomls, sdhtmrs, fle stftd òlds. Tsoli

H`dfrolicmusd eftf, wd prdsdlt f lftomlf` pohturd mj afhhf`furdftd fttfolgdlt ay twm- tm jmur-ydfr trflsjdr stuedlts. Yd

jurtcdr dxp`mrd pmstsdhmlefry muthmgds jmr stuedlts ay fttfolgdlt mj f prdtrflsjdr twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd, ay `dlitc

mj prdtrflsjdr dlrm``gdlt ol twm-ydfr hm``dids, fle ay stmp-mut adjmrd trflsjdrroli. Ol f ldw eordhtoml wotcol tcd Xoilfturd

Qdpmrt sdrods, tcdsd rdsu`ts frd f`sm dxp`mrde ay idledr fle Hfrldiod H`fssosthftoml mj trflsjdr edstolftoml olstotutoml.

Mvdrf`` rdsu`ts jmr tcd 1>>4-1>>: trflsjdr hmcmrt frd prdsdltde strst . Xuasdqudlt sdhtomls prdsdlt rdsu`ts jmr stuedlts wcm

trflsjdrrde oltm jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutomls, jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls, fle jmur-ydfr provftd jmr-prmstt olstotutomls.

F supp`dgdltf` jdfturd prdsdlts fl flf`ysos mj tcd doict- fle lold-ydfr afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml rftds mj strst-togd stuedlts

wcm adifl tcdor pmstsdhmlefry deuhftoml ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml ol jf`` 1>>8. Ucd rdsu`ts frd prmvoede f`mlisoed tcdmuthmgds mj stuedlts wcm adifl ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml ol jf`` 1>>8 fle trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml euroli tcd

1>>4-1>>: fhfedgoh ydfr.

MTUHMGDX XOS _DFQX FJUDQ UQFLXJDQ

Joiurd 6. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 ^mstsdhmlefry Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr*(l781>,?66)

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d 6.

**Ucos hmgp`dtoml rftd olhùeds afhcd`mrs edirdds fle coicdr hmgp`dtde ft jmur-ydfr olstotutomls. Famut 6% mj stuedlts ol tcd hmcmrt hmgp`dtde

fl fssmhoftds edirdd ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml. Ucdsd hmgp`dtomls wdrd lmt olhùede ol tcd jmur-ydfr edirdd hmgp`dtomls scmwl cdrd.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Hmgp`dtoml ftJmur-_dfr

Olstotutoml**

Hmgp`dtoml mrXto`` Dlrm``de

ol Uwm-_dfrXdhtmr

Xto`` Dlrm``deft Jmur-_dfr

Olstotutoml

Lmt Dlrm``de(Ft Fly

Olstotutoml)

:6.:%

9.3%5.>%

1:.:%

Joiurd 6 scmws tcd sox-ydfr pmstsdhmlefry muthmgds jmr tcd 1>>41>>: trflsjdr hmcmrt, oleohftoli f afhhf`furdftd

hmgp`dtoml rftd mj :6.: pdrhdlt. Ycdl stuedlts wcm wdrd sto`` dlrm``de ft jmur-ydfr hm``dids fle ulovdrsotods ft tcd dle mj


18/76

63

Joiurd 1. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 Afhhf`furdftd MuthmgdsXox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, ay Idledr*(l7134,>88)**


**Qdsu`ts jmr stuedlts wotc idledr ulklmwl frd lmt olhùede ol tcd stiurd.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Hmgp`dtoml ftJmur-_dfr Olstotutoml**

Lmt Dlrm``de (Ft FlyJmur-_dfr Olstotutoml)

Xto`` Dlrm``deft Jmur-_dfr Olstotutoml

:1.5%:>.:%

9.?% 9.4%

1?.9% 86.3%

Jdgf`d (l764?,>>5)

Gf`d (l761:,>1?)

tcd stuey pdrome frd hmlsoedrde, fl feeotomlf` 9.3 pdrhdlt hfl ad sddl fs pdrsostoli tmwfre afhcd`mrs edirdd hmgp`dtoml.

Yco`d f sgf`` pdrhdltfid rdturlde tm f twm-ydfr olstotutoml fjtdr trflsjdrroli tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml, f òtt`d gmrd tcfl mld

qufrtdr mj tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt cfe stmppde mut mj pmstsdhmlefry deuhftoml wotcmut fly hmgp`dtoml ft tcd dle mj tcd sox-ydfr

stuey pdrome.

Joiurd 1 scmws sox-ydfr afhhf`furdftd muthmgds jmr tcd 1>>41>>: trflsjdr hmcmrt ay idledr. Ucd rdsu`ts scmw sogo`fr

rftds jmr amtc wmgdl fle gdl jmr afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml fle pdrsostdlhd ol tcd jmur-ydfr sdhtmr.

Jdgf`d stuedlts hmgp`dtde edirdds jrmg jmur-ydfr olstotutomls ft f rftd sòict`y coicdr tcfl tcft mj gf`d stuedlts (:1.5 fle

:>.: pdrhdlt, rdspdhtovd`y). Ol feeotoml, sogo`fr pdrhdltfids mj wmgdl (9.? pdrhdlt) fle gdl (9.4 pdrhdlt) wdrd sto`` dlrm``de

ol tcd jmur-ydfr sdhtmr ft tcd dle mj tcd stuey pdrome.

Fgmli tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt , fpprmxogftd`y 9> pdrhdlt mj amtc wmgdl fle gdl dotcdr hmgp`dtde f jmur-ydfr edirdd mr wdrd

sto`` dlrm``de ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml ft tcd dle mj tcd stuey pdrome. Ucd hmlsostdlhy mj rdsu`ts fhrmss idledr uledrshmrd tcd

stleoli tcft mlhd stuedlts suhhdssju``y trflsjdr jrmg twm- tm jmur-ydfr olstotutomls, tcdy pdrjmrg wd`` fs f irmup ml ogpmrtflt

fhfedgoh suhhdss gdfsurds suhc fs hmgp`dtoml fle pdrsostdlhd. Ucdsd rdsu`ts jurtcdr coicòict bust mld mj gfly fvdluds ol

wcohc twm-ydfr hm``dids hmltroautd tm stuedlt suhhdss fle prmvoed ogpmrtflt rdsmurhds jmr stuedlts vfrode pftcwfys tcrmuic

pmstsdhmlefry deuhftoml.

Fhrmss tcd tcrdd hftdimrods mj dlrm``gdlt oltdlsoty tcft wd dxfgolde, tcd eoj jdrdlhds wd jmule ol afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml

rftds rdfidht tcd oltuotovd pfttdrl wcdrday pfrt-togd stuedlts frd `dss òkd`y tm hmgp`dtd f afhcd`mrs edirdd wotcol sox ydfrs

tcfl frd stuedlts wcm dlrm`` ju`` togd jmr smgd mr f`` mj tcdor tdrgs (sdd Joiurd 8).


19/76

6?AFHHF@FTQDFUD FUUFOLGDLU2 F LFUOMLF@ ZODY MJ UCD ^MXUXDHMLEFQ_ MTUHMGDX


4

Joiurd 8. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 Afhhf`furdftd MuthmgdsXox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, ay Dlrm``gdlt Oltdlsoty*

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d 8.Dlrm``gdlt oltdlsoty os afsde ml dlrm``gdlts fjtdr trflsjdr.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Dxhùsovd`y Ju``-Uogd (l7663,>43)

Xto`` Dlrm``de ftJmur-_dfr Olstotutoml

Hmgp`dtoml ftJmur-_dfr Olstotutoml

3>.1%

6.3%

63.>%

Dxhùsovd`y frt-Uogd (l71:,939)

15.4%

::.9%

3.3%

Goxde Dlrm``gdlt(l7695,49>)

66.9%

88.1%

44.>%


Xtuedlts wcm dlrm``de dxhùsovd`y ju`` togd fjtdr trflsjdr hmgp`dtde jmur-ydfr edirdds ft f guhc coicdr rftd (3>.1 pdrhdlt)

tcfl tcmsd wcm dlrm``de dxhùsovd`y pfrt togd (15.4 pdrhdlt) mr wcm cfe goxde dlrm``gdlt (44 pdrhdlt). Cmwdvdr, goxde

dlrm``gdlt stuedlts hmgp`dtde ft gmrd tcfl twohd tcd rftd mj dxhùsovd`y pfrt togd stuedlts. Fs pfrt-togd dlrm``gdlt

lfturf``y ogpòds `mlidr togd tm edirdd, tcd coicdr hmgp`dtoml rftds mj amtc dxhùsovd`y ju``-togd fle goxde dlrm``gdlt

stuedlts òkd`y rdfidht armfedr pfttdrls ol tcmsd irmups mj scmrtdr togd tm edirdd fle gmrd hmlsostdlt mvdrf`` prmirdss

tmwfre hmgp`dtoml.

Joiurd 5 scmws tcd sox-ydfr afhhf`furdftd muthmgds jmr stuedlts wotc fle wotcmut f prdtrflsjdr twm-ydfr edirdd mr

hdrtosthftd. Ot scmuè ad lmtde tcft ldfr`y twm-tcores mj tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml wotcmut f

twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd. Ucos os hmlsostdlt wotc mur stleolis jrmg prdvomus Xoilfturd Qdpmrts, wcohc scmwde tcft f

gfbmroty mj trflsjdr stuedlts trflsjdr jrmg twm- tm jmur-ydfr olstotutomls wotcmut fly hrdedltof .


20/76

1>

Joiurd 5. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr,mj Xtuedlts Yotc/Yotcmut ^rdtrflsjdr Uwm-_dfr Edirdd mr Hdrtosthftd*


>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Yotc ^rdtrflsjdr Uwm-_dfrEdirdd/Hdrt. (l7664,9:?)

Yotcmut ^rdtrflsjdr Uwm-_dfr Edirdd/Hdrt. (l71>4,656)



96.:%

11.?%

4.:%

44.?%

84.6%

?.>%


Fs scmwl ol Joiurd 5, stuedlts wcm hmgp`dtde f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd promr tm trflsjdrroli tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml

irfeuftde wotc f afhcd`mrs edirdd ft f coicdr rftd gmrd tcfl 64 pdrhdltfid pmolts coicdr tcfl tcmsd wcm eoe lmt. Ucdsd

eojjdrdlt rftds mj hmgp`dtoml hmu`e rdfidht f pfttdrl mj trflsjdr stuedlts wcm cfvd gmrd hrdeot cmurs mr hmursds f oilde wotc

afhcd`mrs edirdd rdquordgdlts hmgp`dtoli smmldr tcfl trflsjdr stuedlts wotc jdwdr mvdrf` hrdeots mr jdwdr hrdeots hmultoli tmwfre

gfbmrs. Jurtcdrgmrd, tcd pfttdrl gfy rdfidht, tcd sgmmtcoli mj pftcwfys vof frtohu`ftoml firddgdlts adtwddl twm-ydfr fle jmur-ydfr

olstotutomls solhd, ol oict mj tcdsd firddgdlts, stuedlts wcm hmgp`dtd f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd ft f twm-ydfr hm` did gfy ad

gmrd okd`y tm cfvd tcdor hmursd mj stuey fpprmvde.

Dxfgololi tcdsd stleolis f aot eddpdr, Joiurds 4.6 fle 4.1 scmw sox-ydfr muthmgds jmr tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt ay `dlitc mj prdtrflsjdr

dlrm`gdlt ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml fle wcdtcdr mr lmt f stuedlt matfolde f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd adjmrd trflsjdrroli. Adjmrd

coic oictoli tcdsd stuedlts sox ydfr afhhf`furdftd muthmgds wd scmu`e lmtd tcft tcd eostroautoml mj stuedlts fhrmss suairmups

wotc vfromus `dlitcs mj prdtrflsjdr dlrm`gdlt ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml wfs vdry eojjdrdlt jmr tcmsd wcm matfolde f twm-ydfr edirdd

mr hdrtosthftd, adjmrd trflsjdrroli fle tcmsd wcm eoe lmt. Fgmli tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde wotcmut f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd tcd

prmpmrtomls mj stuedlts wcm dlrm` de ol f twm ydfr olstotutoml jmr mld tm tcrdd tdrgs6, jmur tm sox tdrgs, mr gmrd tcfl sox tdrgs wdrd

sogo`fr. Fgmli tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde wotc f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd, cmwdvdr, wd` mvdr cf`j spdlt gmrd tcfl sox tdrgs ol tcd

twm-ydfr olstotutoml (Jmr gmrd edtfo`s sdd Fppdleox H, Ufa`d D).

Ol idldrf , fs lmtde famvd, afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml rftds wdrd coicdr jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotc f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`

ol cfle. Fgmli stuedlts wcm dlrm` de jmur tm sox tdrgs ft f hmgguloty hm` did promr tm trflsjdrroli, jmr dxfgp`d, tcmsd wcm

trflsjdrrde wotc f twm-ydfr hrdedltof` hmgp`dtde afhcd`mrs edirdds wotcol sox ydfrs ft f coicdr rftd (94.? pdrhdlt) tcfl eoe stuedlts

wcm trflsjdrrde wotc lm edirdd mr hdrtosthftd (4?.: pdrhdlt).

Oltdrdstoli`y, fgmli stuedlts wotc f prdtrflsjdr twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd, tcmsd wcm stfyde ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml gmrd tcfl

sox tdrgs adjmrd trflsjdrroli cfe f `mwdr jmur-ydfr edirdd hmgp`dtoml rftd (:?.? pdrhdlt) tcfl tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr jmur tm sox

tdrgs ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml (94.? pdrhdlt).

Ay hmltrfst, mj stuedlts wotcmut f prdtrflsjdr twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd, tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr gmrd tcfl sox tdrgs scmwde

f s oict`y coicdr jmur-ydfr edirdd fttfolgdlt rftd (:6.6 pdrhdlt) tcfl tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr jmur tm sox tdrgs (4?.: pdrhdlt).

6 F tdrg ol tcos stuey os fly tdrg tcft fl olstotutoml rdpmrtde f iovdl stuedlt fs dlrm``de, fle hfl ad mj vfromus `dlitc.


21/76



4

Joiurd 4.6. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr,mj Xtuedlts Yotc ^rdtrflsjdr Uwm-_dfr Edirdd mr Hdrtosthftd, ay @dlitc mj Dlrm``gdlt

ft Uwm-_dfr Olstotutoml*(l7664,9:?)


>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Mld tm Ucrdd Udrgs(l7:,:5?)



:1.1%

9.9%

8>.6%

Jmur tm Xox Udrgs(l75>,516)

94.?%

6?.3%

5.8%

Gmrd Ucfl Xox Udrgs(l7:3,9>>)

:.6%

18.?%

:?.?%


Joiurd 4.1. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr,mj Xtuedlts Yotcmut ^rdtrflsjdr Uwm-_dfr Edirdd mr Hdrtosthftd, ay @dlitc mj Dlrm``gdlt

ft Uwm-_dfr Olstotutoml*(l71>4,656)

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Mld tm Ucrdd Udrgs(l79:,9:3)



53.:%

6>.:%

5>.3%

Jmur tm Xox Udrgs(l7:?,86:)

4?.:%

81.1%

3.1%

Gmrd Ucfl Xox Udrgs(l74?,>43)

9.?%

86.>%

:6.6%




22/76

11

Fs wd lmtd ol tcd oltrmeuhtoml, stmp-mut adtwddl dlrm``gdlts ol tcd twm-ydfr fle jmur-ydfr sdhtmrs wfs olhùede fs mld jfhdt

mj stuedlts trflsjdr pftcwfys. Mvdrf`` rdsu`ts jmr tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt ml tcos qudstoml frd rdvodwde ldxt.

Joiurd :. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr,ay Uogd Adtwddl Gmst Qdhdlt Uwm-_dfr Dlrm``gdlt fle Urflsjdr tm Jmur-_dfr Olstotutoml*

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d :.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%




::.8%

5>.>%

:.3%

61.8%

19.>%

59.9%

Yotcol Mld _dfr(l71:8,439)

Gmrd Ucfl Mld _dfr(l749,815)

Xtuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml wotcol mld ydfr mj tcdor gmst rdhdlt dlrm``gdlt ft f twm-ydfr olstotutomlhmgp`dtde f jmur-ydfr edirdd ft f gfrkde`y coicdr rftd tcfl stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr gmrd tcfl mld ydfr (::.8

fle 5> pdrhdlt rdspdhtovd`y, fs scmwl ol Joiurd :). Afsde ml tcdsd rdsu`ts, ot fppdfrs tcft stuedlts wcm gmvde oltm tcd

jmur-ydfr sdhtmr wotc f arodj mr lm stmp-mut wdrd gmrd suhhdssju` ft gfoltfololi fhfedgoh gmgdltug fle hmgp`dtoli f

afhcd`mrs edirdd tcfl tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr gmrd tcfl f mld-ydfr stmp-mut pdrome. Ucd coicdr pdrsostdlhd rftd fgmli

stuedlts wotc f `mlidr ed`fy adtwddl tcdor twm- fle jmur-ydfr dlrm``gdlts (61.8 pdrhdlt vdrsus :.3 pdrhdlt jmr stuedlts wcm

trflsjdrrde wotcol mld ydfr) jur tcdr suiidsts tcft stuedlts wcm trflsjdr fjtdr gmrd tcfl f mld-ydfr stmp-mut frd ml f `mlidr

togdòld jmr edirdd hmgp`dtoml.

Ft tcd dle mj tcd stuey pdrome, sòict`y gmrd tcfl mld ol jmur stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotcol mld ydfr wfs lmt dlrm``de

ol fly jmur-ydfr olstotutoml. Ol hmltrfst, ldfr`y cf`j mj tcmsd wcm dxpdrodlhde `mlidr ed`fys adtwddl tcdor dlrm``gdlts ft f

twm-ydfr olstotutoml fle f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml wdrd lm `mlidr dlrm``de.


23/76



4

Ldxt, wd dxfgold tcd trflsjdr hmcmrts afhhf`furdftd muthmgds ay olstotutoml typd. Fs scmwl ol Joiurd 9, gmrd tcfl

9> pdrhdlt mj tcd stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm puaòh jmur-ydfr olstotutomls hmgp`dtde f afhcd`mrs edirdd mr wdrd sto``

dlrm``de ft tcd dle mj tcd stuey pdrome (:5.3 fle 9.6 pdrhdlt rdspdhtovd`y, tmtfòli 96.? pdrhdlt).

Hmgpfrde tm stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm jmur-ydfr puaòh hm``dids fle ulovdrsotods, stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm provftd

lmlprmstt olstotutomls scmwde f `mwdr rftd mj hmgp`dtoml (:>.1 pdrhdlt), aut f sòict`y coicdr rftd mj pdrsostdlhd wotcmut

hmgp`dtoml ft tcd dle mj tcd stuey (3.> pdrhdlt).

Ucd mvdrf`` afhhf`furdftd hmgp`dtoml rftd jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg twm-ydfr olstotutomls tm jmur-ydfr

provftd jmr-prmstt olstotutomls wfs `mwdr (84.6 pdrhdlt) tcfl jmr mtcdr olstotutoml typds. Cmwdvdr, fl feeotomlf`

68.4 pdrhdlt mj tcdsd trflsjdr stuedlts wdrd sto`` dlrm``de ol tcd jmur-ydfr sdhtmr ol tcd `fst ydfr mj tcd stuey.

Joiurd 9. 1>>41>>: Urflsjdr Hmcmrt2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr,ay Olstotutoml Uypd mj Urflsjdr Edstolftoml Olstotutoml*(l781>,394)


**Ucos hmgp`dtoml rftd olhùeds afhcd`mrs edirdds fle coicdr hmgp`dtde ft jmur-ydfr olstotutomls.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

ûaòh(l7181,451)


Hmgp`dtoml ftJmur-_dfr Olstotutoml**

:5.3%

9.6%

13.6%

^rovftd Lmlprmjot(l7:8,6:1)

:>.1%

86.3%

3.>%

^rovftd Jmr-^rmjot(l714,69>)

68.4%

46.5%

84.6%



24/76

15

Ol tcos sdhtoml, wd jmhus ml tcd `fridst suairmup wotcol tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg twm-ydfr olstotutomls tm jmur-

ydfr puaòh olstotutomls.

XUTEDLUX YCM UQFLXJDQQDE UM JMTQ-_DFQ TA@OH OLXUOUTUOMLX

Joiurd 3 scmws tcd sox-ydfr pmstsdhmlefry muthmgds jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg twm-ydfr olstotutomls tm jmur-ydfr

puaòh olstotutomls. Jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutomls wdrd tcd trflsjdr edstolftoml mj tcd `fridst suairmup (gmrd tcfl 9> pdrhdlt)

wotcol tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt . Ldfr`y twm tcores mj stuedlts (:5.3 pdrhdlt) wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg twm-ydfr hm``dids tm jmur-ydfr

puaòh olstotutomls hmgp`dtde f afhcd`mrs edirdd wotcol sox ydfrs. Fl feeotomlf` 9.6 pdrhdlt wdrd sto`` dlrm``de ol tcd

jmur-ydfr sdhtmr fjtdr sox ydfrs. Yco`d f sgf`` pdrhdltfid (8.: pdrhdlt) rdturlde tm f twm-ydfr sdhtmr fle hmgp`dtde mr

hmltolude tcdrd, 15.4 pdrhdlt wdrd lmt dlrm``de ft fly olstotutoml ft tcd dle mj tcd stuey.

Joiurd 3. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ûaòh Olstotutomlsol 1>>41>>:2 ^mstsdhmlefry Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr*(l7181,451)


**Fgmli tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde tm jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutomls, famut 6%pdrhdlt hmgp`dtde fl fssmhoftds edirdd

ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml. Ucdsd stuedlts wdrd lmt olhùede ol tcd jmur-ydfr edirdd hmgp`dtomls scmwl cdrd.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%


Olstotutoml**

Hmgp`dtoml mrXto`` Dlrm``deol Uwm-_dfr

Xdhtmr

Xto`` Dlrm``deft Jmur-_dfrOlstotutoml

Lmt Dlrm``de(Ft Fly

Olstotutoml)

:5.3%

9.6%8.:%

15.4%


25/76



4

Joiurd ? jmhusds jurtcdr ml afhhf`furdftd muthmgds ay idledr mj stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg f twm-ydfr olstotutoml tm

f jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutoml. Xogo`fr tm tcd mvdrf`` rdsu`ts mutòlde ol tcd prdvomus sdhtoml, tcd muthmgds jmr stuedlts wcm

dltdrde tcd jmur-ydfr sdhtmr vof puaòh olstotutomls wdrd lmt tcft eojjdrdlt jmr wmgdl fle gdl.

Jdgf`d stuedlts hmgp`dtde edirdds ol jmur-ydfr olstotutomls ft f rftd 1.3 pdrhdltfid pmolts coicdr tcfl gf`d stuedlts (::.6

hmgpfrde tm :8.8 pdrhdlt). Ucd rftds mj hmltolude dlrm``gdlt ol tcd jmur-ydfr sdhtmr wdrd dquf` (9.6 pdrhdlt jmr amtc gdl

fle wmgdl).

Joiurd ?. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ûaòh Olstotutomlsol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, ay Idledr*

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d ?.Qdsu`ts jmr stuedlts wotc idledr ulklmwl frd lmt olhùede ol tcd stiurd.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%




::.6%:8.8%

9.6 % 9.6%

1:.3% 1?.9%

Jdgf`d (l766>,:1?)

Gf`d (l7?4,84:)


26/76

1:

Fs scmwl ol Joiurd 6>, rdsu`ts jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutomls strmli`y rdfidht tcd pfttdrl scmwl

ol tcd mvdrf`` rdsu`ts famvd (sdd Joiurd 8). Ju``-togd stuedlts ol tcos irmup hmgp`dtde ft f jfr coicdr rftd (38.: pdrhdlt) tcfl

eoe pfrt-togd stuedlts (15.3) fle tcmsd wotc goxde dlrm``gdlt (:1.6 pdrhdlt). Ol feeotoml, fs ol tcd mvdrf`` rdsu`ts famvd,

tcd hmgp`dtoml rftd jmr goxde dlrm``gdlt stuedlts wfs lmtfa`y coicdr tcfl tcft mj tcd pfrt-togd stuedlts. Fs lmtde famvd,

tcdsd eojjdrdlhds òkd`y rdfidht tcd oltuotovd pfttdrl mj goxde dlrm``gdlt fle pfrt-togd stuedlts pursuoli edirdds mvdr `mlidrtogdòlds tcfl tcmsd wcm dlrm`` dxhùsovd`y ju``-togd.

Joiurd 6>. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ûaòh Olstotutomlsol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, ay Dlrm``gdlt Oltdlsoty*

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d 6>.Dlrm``gdlt oltdlsoty os afsde ml dlrm``gdlts fjtdr trflsjdr.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Dxhùsovd`yJu``-Uogd(l731,5>>)



38.:%

6.:%

65.?%

Dxhùsovd`y^frt-Uogd(l76?,1?6)

15.3%

:8.6%

61.6%

GoxdeDlrm``gdlt(l768>,>48)

68.4%

15.5%

:1.6%



27/76



4

Joiurd 66. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ûaòhOlstotutomls ol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, mj Xtuedlts

Yotc/Yotcmut ^rdtrflsjdr Uwm-_dfr Edirdd mr Hdrtosthftd*


>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Yotc Uwm-_dfr Edirdd/Hdrt.(l73?.959)

Yotcmut Uwm-_dfr Edirdd/Hdrt.(l7651,9?:)



98.>%

16.3%

4.1%

4?.:%

81.6%

3.8%


Joiurd 66 scmws sox-ydfr afhhf`furdftd muthmgds jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg f twm-ydfr olstotutoml tm f jmur-ydfr

puaòh olstotutoml wotc fle wotcmut f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd.

Xtuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotc f twm-ydfr hrdedltof` hmgp`dtde f jmur-ydfr edirdd ft f rftd 68 pmolts coicdr tcfl eoe

stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotcmut f edirdd (98.> pdrhdlt fle 4?.: pdrhdlt, rdspdhtovd`y).

Fs lmtde ol hmlldhtoml wotc mvdrf`` rdsu`ts famvd, tcd coicdr edirdd hmgp`dtoml rftd cdrd hmuè ad eud tm tcd eojjdrdlhd ol

tcd fvdrfid fgmult mj hmursdwmrk hmgp`dtde adjmrd trflsjdr mr tcd irdftdr fòilgdlt mj tcd prdtrflsjdr hmursdwmrk tm tcd

jmur-ydfr edirdds gfbmr rdquordgdlts.

Xtuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg f twm- tm f jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutoml wotc f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd f`sm cfe f `mwdr

rftd mj lml-dlrm``gdlt tcfl tcdor pddrs wcm trflsjdrrde wotcmut f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`. Ldfr`y mld ol tcrdd stuedlts wcm

trflsjdrrde wotcmut f hrdedltof` wdrd lmt dlrm``de ft tcd dle mj tcd stuey; tcd hmrrdspmleoli rftd fgmli stuedlts wcm

trflsjdrrde wotc f hrdedltof` wfs ml`y 16.3 pdrhdlt.


28/76

13

Joiurd 61.6. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ûaòh Olstotutomlsol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, mj Xtuedlts Yotc ^rdtrflsjdr

Uwm-_dfr Edirdd mr Hdrtosthftd, ay @dlitc mj Dlrm``gdlt ft Uwm-_dfr Olstotutoml*

Joiurd 61.1. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ûaòh Olstotutomlsol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, mj Xtuedlts Yotcmut ^rdtrflsjdr

Uwm-_dfr Edirdd mr Hdrtosthftd, ay @dlitc mj Dlrm``gdlt ft Uwm-_dfr Olstotutoml*



>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Mld tm Ucrdd Udrgs(l75,:48)



:4.6%

:.3%

13.>%

Jmur tm Xox Udrgs(l786,?1:)

99.1%

63.3%

5.>%

Gmrd Ucfl Xox Udrgs(l748,6:3)

4.3%

18.>%

96.1%


>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Mld tm Ucrdd Udrgs(l75?,?49)



46.?%

6>.6%

83.>%

Jmur tm Xox Udrgs(l75?,141)

:8.1%

1?.8%

9.4%

Gmrd Ucfl Xox Udrgs(l758,43:)

9.6%

13.:%

:5.8%



29/76

1?AFHHF@FTQDFUD FUUFOLGDLU2 F LFUOMLF@ ZODY MJ UCD ^MXUXDHMLEFQ_ MTUHMGDX


4

Joiurd 68. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ûaòh Olstotutomlsol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, ay Uogd Adtwddl Gmst Qdhdlt

Uwm-_dfr Dlrm``gdlt fle Urflsjdr tm Jmur-_dfr Olstotutoml

*


>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%




:3.6%

51.6%

:.5%

66.:%

14.4%

5:.1%

Yotcol Mld _dfr(l71>1,?3:)

Gmrd Ucfl Mld _dfr

(l71?,449)

Joiurds 61.6 fle 61.1 scmw sox-ydfr muthmgds jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutoml wotc fle wotcmut

f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd ay `dlitc mj prdtrflsjdr dlrm``gdlt ft tcd twm-ydfr olstotutoml.

Ol idldrf`, jmur-ydfr edirdd fttfolgdlt rftds wdrd coicdr jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotc f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`, dhcmoli tcd

rdsu`ts jmr tcd trflsjdr hmcmrt mvdrf``.

Qdifre`dss mj tcd `dlitc mj prdtrflsjdr dlrm``gdlt, cmwdvdr, jmur-ydfr edirdd hmgp`dtoml rftds wdrd coicdr jmr stuedlts wcm

trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutoml hmgpfrde tm tcd mvdrf`` trflsjdr hmcmrt (sdd Joiurd 6).

Jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotc f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`, tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr jmur tm sox tdrgs cfe f coicdr jmur-ydfr

edirdd fttfolgdlt rftd (99.1 pdrhdlt) tcfl tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr gmrd tcfl sox tdrgs (96.1 pdrhdlt).

Ol hmltrfst, fgmli stuedlts wotcmut f prdtrflsjdr twm-ydfr hrdedltof`, tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr gmrd tcfl sox tdrgs

scmwde f sòict`y coicdr jmur-ydfr edirdd fttfolgdlt rftd (:5.8 pdrhdlt) tcfl tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde ol jmur tm sox tdrgs

(:8.1 pdrhdlt).

Fs scmwl ol Joiurd 68, stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm f puaòh jmur-ydfr olstotutoml wotcol mld ydfr mj tcdor gmst rdhdlt

dlrm``gdlt ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml hmgp`dtde f afhcd`mrs edirdd ft f suastfltof``y coicdr rftd tcfl stuedlts wcmtmmk gmrd togd adtwddl dlrm`òli ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml fle trflsjdrroli tm f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml.

Hmgaololi tcd rdsu`ts mj tcos irmup jmr hmgp`dtoml fle pdrsostdlhd, tcrdd qufrtdrs mj tcd stuedlts (95.4 pdrhdlt) wcm

trflsjdrrde tm f puaòh jmur-ydfr olstotutoml wotcol mld ydfr mj tcdor `fst twm-ydfr dlrm``gdlt hmgp`dtde f jmur-ydfr edirdd

wotcol sox ydfrs (:3.6 pdrhdlt) mr wdrd sto`` dlrm``de ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml (:.5 pdrhdlt) ft tcd dle mj tcd stuey pdrome.

Mj stuedlts wcm dlrm``de ft f puaòh jmur-ydfr olstotutoml fjtdr gmrd tcfl f mld-ydfr stmp-mut, f suastfltof``y sgf``dr

pdrhdltfid 48.9 pdrhdlt, hmgaololi hmgp`dtoml (51.6 pdrhdlt) fle pdrsostdlhd (66.: pdrhdlt) hmgp`dtde mr

wdrd sto`` dlrm``de fjtdr sox ydfrs.


30/76

8>

Ldxt, wd dxp`mrd rdsu`ts jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg twm-ydfr olstotutomls tm jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls.

Joiurd 65 coicòicts tcd sox-ydfr pmstsdhmlefry muthmgds jmr stuedlts ol tcos irmup.

Ldfr`y 9> pdrhdlt mj stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm provftd lmlprmstt jmur-ydfr hm``dids fle ulovdrsotods hmgp`dtde f afhcd`mrs

edirdd mr wdrd dlrm``de ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml ft tcd h`msd mj tcd stuey pdrome. Mj tcd stuedlts trflsjdrroli tm jmur-ydfr

provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls, sòict`y gmrd tcfl f qufrtdr (19.? pdrhdlt) wdrd lm `mlidr dlrm``de ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml

ol 1>661>61.

XUTEDLUX YCM UQFLXJDQQDE UM JMTQ-_DFQ^QOZFUD LML^QMJOU OLXUOUTUOMLX

Joiurd 65. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ^rovftd LmlprmsttOlstotutomls ol 1>>41>>:2 ^mstsdhmlefry Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr*(l7:8,6:1)


**Fgmli tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde tm jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls, famut 6% hmgp`dtde fl fssmhoftds edirdd

ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml. Ucdsd stuedlts wdrd lmt olhùede ol tcd jmur-ydfr edirdd hmgp`dtomls scmwl cdrd.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%


Olstotutoml**


Xdhtmr


Lmt Dlrm``de(Ft Fly

Olstotutoml)

:>.1%

3.>%8.3%

19.?%


31/76



4

Joiurd 64 scmws tcd sox-ydfr afhhf`furdftd muthmgds ay idledr jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg f twm-ydfr olstotutoml tm

f jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutoml. Hmlsostdlt wotc tcd pfttdrl scmwl ol tcd mvdrf`` rdsu`ts fle ol rdsu`ts jmr stuedlts

trflsjdrroli tm mtcdr olstotutoml typds, tcd rdsu`ts cdrd frd vdry sogo`fr jmr gdl fle wmgdl.

Jdgf`d stuedlts ol tcos irmup hmgp`dtde edirdds jrmg jmur-ydfr olstotutomls ft f rftd 1.: pdrhdltfid pmolts coicdr tcfl

gf`d stuedlts. Gmrdmvdr, wmgdl fle gdl ol tcos irmup pdrsostde ft f`gmst dquf` rftds. Iovdl tcd s`oict`y coicdr rftd mj

hmgp`dtoml fgmli wmgdl ol tcos irmup, rdsu`ts f`sm scmw tcft wmgdl `djt tcd jmur-ydfr sdhtmr wotcmut hmgp`dtoml ft f

`mwdr rftd (8>.4 pdrhdlt) tcfl eoe gdl (88.8 pdrhdlt).

Joiurd 64. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ^rovftd LmlprmsttOlstotutomls ol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, ay Idledr*

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d 64.Qdsu`ts jmr stuedlts wotc idledr ulklmwl frd lmt olh`uede ol tcd stiurd.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%




:6.4%43.?%

3.6% 9.9%

8>.4% 88.8%

Jdgf`d (l785,1?4)

Gf`d (l711,416)


32/76

81

Joiurd 6:. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ^rovftd LmlprmsttOlstotutomls ol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, ay Dlrm``gdlt Oltdlsoty*

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d 6:.Dlrm``gdlt oltdlsoty os afsde ml dlrm``gdlts fjtdr trflsjdr.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Dxhùsovd`yJu``-Uogd(l71:,354)



9?.>%

6.3%

6?.1%

Dxhùsovd`y^frt-Uogd(l74,4?:)

86.8%

44.?%

61.3%

GoxdeDlrm``gdlt(l78>,883)

69.4%

1?.9%

41.?%


Afhhf`furdftd muthmgds jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg twm-ydfr hm``dids tm jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls (scmwl

ol Joiurd 6:) dhcm tcd mvdrf`` rdsu`ts prdsdltde dfròdr ol Joiurd 8. Fgmli stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm provftd lmlprmstt

olstotutomls, tcmsd wcm dlrm``de dxhùsovd`y ju`` togd hmgp`dtde ft f coicdr rftd (9?.> pdrhdlt) tcfl tcmsd wcm dlrm``de pfr t

togd (86.8 pdrhdlt) mr cfe goxde dlrm``gdlt (41.? pdrhdlt).

Fs wotc tcd mvdrf`` rdsu`ts, goxde dlrm``gdlt stuedlts hmgp`dtde ft f rftd gmrd tcfl 1> pdrhdltfid pmolts coicdr tcfl

dxhùsovd`y pfrt-togd stuedlts. Gmrdmvdr, f rd`ftovd`y coic pdrhdltfid mj goxde dlrm``gdlt stuedlts wdrd sto`` dlrm``de ft

tcd dle mj tcd stuey (69.4 pdrhdlt), lfrrmwoli tcd ifp ol hmgaolde suhhdss gdfsurds (hmgp`dtoml fle pdrsostdlhd) tm 6>

pdrhdltfid pmolts. Hmgpfrde tm 3>.3 pdrhdlt mj tcmsd fttdleoli ju`` togd, 9>.5 pdrhdlt mj goxde dlrm``gdlt stuedlts dotcdr

hmgp`dtde mr wdrd sto`` dlrm``de ft tcd dle mj tcd stuey. Ucdsd rdsu`ts suiidst tcft gfly goxde dlrm``gdlt stuedlts wdrd sto``

prmirdssoli tmwfre edirdds, fàdot ml f `mlidr togdòld.

Joiurd 69 hmgpfrds sox-ydfr afhhf`furdftd muthmgds jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg f twm-ydfr tm f jmur-ydfr provftd

lmlprmstt olstotutoml wotc fle wotcmut f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`. Xogo`fr tm tcd stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm puaòh olstotutomls,

stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotc f twm-ydfr hrdedltof` hmgp`dtde f jmur-ydfr edirdd ft f rftd ldfr`y 65 pdrhdltfid pmolts

coicdr tcfl stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotcmut f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd (:?.1 pdrhdlt fle 44.3 pdrhdlt, rdspdhtovd`y).

Ucd coicdr rftd mj edirdd hmgp`dtoml goict ad pfr t`y fttroautfa`d tm tcd fgmult mj hmursdwmrk hmgp`dtde adjmrd dltry mr f

irdftdr fòilgdlt mj edirdd rdquordgdlts fjtdr trflsjdr, fs lmtde prdvomus`y. Yco`d tcd adldstts mj frtohu`ftoml firddgdlts frd

`dss fvfo`fa`d tm stuedlts jm``mwoli tcos pftcwfy tcfl tcdy frd tm stuedlts wcm trflsjdr tm puaòh olstotutomls, smgd provftd

lmlprmstt olstotutomls em jmrg firddgdlts fle pfrtldrscops wotc hmgguloty hm``dids. Ucdsd wmuè òkd`y ad gmrd cd`p tm

stuedlts wcm jm``mwde jmhusde hmursds mj stuey `dfeoli tm f twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd adjmrd trflsjdrroli.


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4

Joiurd 69. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ^rovftdLmlprmstt Olstotutomls ol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr,

mj Xtuedlts Yotc/Yotcmut ^rdtrflsjdr Uwm-_dfr Edirdd mr Hdrtosthftd*


>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Yotc Uwm-_dfr Edirdd/Hdrt.(l71>,?64)

Yotcmut Uwm-_dfr Edirdd/Hdrt.(l751,159)



:?.1%

15.9%

:.6%

44.3%

84.8%

3.?%


Xtuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg twm-ydfr olstotutomls tm jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls wotc f twm-ydfr hrdedltof` f`sm

cfe f `mwdr stmp-mut rftd tcfl tcdor pddrs wotcmut f prdtrflsjdr hrdedltof`. Iovdl tcd suastfltof` prmpmrtoml mj stuedlts sto``

dlrm``de ft jmur-ydfr hm``dids fle ulovdrsotods ol 1>66-1>61 wcm trflsjdrrde tm jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls wotcmut

f twm-ydfr hrdedltof` (3.? pdrhdlt), tcos irmup stmppde mut mj tcd jmur-ydfr sdhtmr ft f rftd ml`y 6> pdrhdltfid pmolts coicdr

tcfl tcft mj trflsjdr stuedlts wcm hfgd tm jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls wotc f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`. Xòict`y `dss tcflf qufrtdr (15.9 pdrhdlt) mj stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotc f hrdedltof` `djt tcd jmur-ydfr sdhtmr ay tcd dle mj tcd stuey, wco`d

tcd rftd jmr tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde wotcmut f hrdedltof wfs 84.8 pdrhdlt.

Joiurds 63.6 fle 63.1 jurtcdr dxp`mrd tcd afhhf`furdftd muthmgds jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm f jmur-ydfr provftd

lmlprmstt olstotutoml amtc wotc fle wotcmut f prdtrflsjdr twm-ydfr edirdd mr hdrtosthftd, hmgpfroli muthmgds ol dfhc irmup

ay tcd `dlitc mj prdtrflsjdr dlrm``gdlt ft tcd twm-ydfr olstotutoml.

Ol tcdsd rdsu`ts, òkd tcmsd scmwl famvd, jmur-ydfr edirdd fttfolgdlt rftds wdrd coicdr jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde wotc f

twm-ydfr hrdedltof` tcfl ot wfs jmr tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde wotcmut mld.

Fgmli stuedlts trflsjdrroli wotc f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`, tcmsd wcm gfed tcd gmvd fjtdr jmur tm sox tdrgs ol tcd twm-ydfr

sdhtmr cfe f coicdr jmur-ydfr edirdd fttfolgdlt rftd (98.1 pdrhdlt) tcfl eoe tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr gmrd tcfl sox tdrgs

(:9.9 pdrhdlt).

Fgmli stuedlts wotcmut f prdtrflsjdr twm-ydfr hrdedltof`, tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr jmur tm sox tdrgs (4?.6 pdrhdlt)

scmwde f jmur-ydfr edirdd hmgp`dtoml rftd ml`y sòict`y coicdr tcfl tcft mj stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde fjtdr gmrd tcfl sox

tdrgs (49.? pdrhdlt). Fgmli tcd irmup trflsjdrroli tm jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls wotcmut f twm-ydfr hrdedltof`,

tcd `dlitc mj dlrm``gdlt ol tcd twm-ydfr sdhtmr sddgde tm ad fssmhoftde wotc gmrd gmedrftd eojjdrdlhds ol hmgp`dtoml rftds

hmgpfrde wotc mvdrf`` rdsu`ts fle tcd rdsu`ts jmr stuedlts trflsjdrroli tm jmur-ydfr puaòh olstotutomls.


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85

Joiurd 63.6. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ^rovftd LmlprmsttOlstotutomls ol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, mj Xtuedlts

Yotc ^rdtrflsjdr Uwm-_dfr Edirdd mr Hdrtosthftd, ay @dlitc mj Dlrm``gdlt ft Uwm-_dfr Olstotutoml*

Joiurd 63.1. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ^rovftd LmlprmsttOlstotutomls ol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, mj Xtuedlts

Yotcmut ^rdtrflsjdr Uwm-_dfr Edirdd mr Hdrtosthftd, ay @dlitc mj Dlrm``gdlt ft Uwm-_dfr Olstotutoml*



>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Mld tm Ucrdd Udrgs(l76,8:>)



:6.8%

9.:%

86.6%

Jmur tm Xox Udrgs(l79,1:3)

98.1%

11.6%

5.3%

Gmrd Ucfl Xox Udrgs(l761,133)

:.3%

14.4%

:9.9%


>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%

Mld tm Ucrdd Udrgs(l769,96?)



41.>%

?.9%

83.8%

Jmur tm Xox Udrgs(l765,>:9)

4?.6%

88.>%

3.>%

Gmrd Ucfl Xox Udrgs(l76>,5:6)

3.?%

88.1%

49.?%



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4

Fs scmwl ol Joiurd 6?, stuedlts wcm dlrm``de ft f jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutoml wotcol mld ydfr mj tcdor gmst rdhdlt

dlrm``gdlt ft f twm-ydfr hm``did hmgp`dtde afhcd`mrs edirdds ft f rftd gmrd tcfl 1> pdrhdltfid pmolts coicdr tcfl tcft

mj stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde gmrd tcfl mld ydfr fjtdr tcdor `fst dlrm``gdlt ft f twm-ydfr olstotutoml. Yco`d tcd muthmgd

eojjdrdlhds adtwddl stuedlts wcm dlrm``de smmldr vdrsus `ftdr ol tcd jmur-ydfr sdhtmr frd sgf``dr jmr stuedlts trflsjdrroli

tm jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls (hmgpfrde tm tcd eojjdrdlhds ol tcd mvdrf`` hmcmrt rdsu`ts), tcd eojjdrdlhds frd

ldvdrtcd`dss lmtfa`d.

Jmr olstotutomls fle pmòhygfkdrs, mld mj tcos stleolis ogpòhftomls os tcft ot gfy ad adldsthof` tm dlhmurfid stuedlts tm

gfoltfol fhfedgoh gmgdltug dvdl fs tcdy hcflid olstotutomls. Bust fs ogpmrtflt, cmwdvdr, tcdsd pfttdrls oleohftd tcft

gfly stuedlts frd ml f `mlidr-tdrg togdòld tmwfre edirdd hmgp`dtoml. ^mòhy fle prfhtohd scmuè, tcdrdjmrd, rdgfol f`drt tm

tcos hmgp`dxoty fle tfkd ot oltm fhhmult wcdl suppmrtoli `mli-tdrg stuedlt suhhdss.

Joiurd 6?. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ^rovftd LmlprmsttOlstotutomls ol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, ay Uogd

Adtwddl Gmst Qdhdlt Uwm-_dfr Dlrm``gdlt fle Urflsjdr tm Jmur-_dfr Olstotutoml*

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d 6?.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%




:5.?%

58.:%

:.?%

61.>%

13.1%

55.4%

Yotcol Mld _dfr(l75?,888)

Gmrd Ucfl Mld _dfr(l768,313)


36/76

8:

Ol tcd jm``mwoli sdhtoml, wd turl tm rdsu`ts jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg twm-ydfr olstotutomls tm jmur-ydfr provftd jmr-prmstt

olstotutomls. Joiurd 1> scmws sox-ydfr pmstsdhmlefry muthmgds jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde jrmg twm-ydfr olstotutomls tm

jmur-ydfr provftd jmr-prmstt olstotutomls. Fgmli stuedlts ml tcos trflsjdr pftcwfy, tcd jmur-ydfr hmgp`dtoml rftd (84.6 pdrhdlt)

os `mwdr tcfl tcft jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm jmur-ydfr pua`oh fle jmur-ydfr provftd lmlprmstt olstotutomls. Ol feeotoml, f

lmtfa`d prmpmrtoml mj stuedlts (68.4 pdrhdlt) wdrd sto`` dlrm``de ft jmur-ydfr olstotutomls ft tcd dle mj tcd stuey. Jurtcdrgmrd,

flmtcdr 3.: pdrhdlt mj tcos irmup rdturlde tm tcd twm-ydfr sdhtmr fle hmgp`dtde f edirdd mr hmltolude dlrm``gdlt tcdrd.

Cmwdvdr, ay tcd dle mj tcd stuey pdrome, gmrd tcfl 5> pdrhdlt mj stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm jmur-ydfr provftd jmr-prmstt

olstotutomls cfe `djt pmstsdhmlefry deuhftoml wotcmut hmgp`dtoml.

XUTEDLUX YCM UQFLXJDQQDE UM JMTQ-_DFQ^QOZFUD JMQ-^QMJOU OLXUOUTUOMLX

Joiurd 1>. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ^rovftd Jmr-^rmsttOlstotutomls ol 1>>41>>:2 ^mstsdhmlefry Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr*(l714,69>)

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d 1>.

**Fgmli tcmsd wcm trflsjdrrde tm jmur-ydfr provftd jmr-prmstt olstotutomls, famut 5% hmgp`dtde fl fssmhoftds edirdd ft f jmur-ydfr olstotutoml.

Ucdsd stuedlts wdrd lmt olh`uede ol tcd jmur-ydfr edirdd hmgp`dtomls scmwl cdrd.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%


Olstotutoml**


Xdhtmr


Lmt Dlrm``de(Ft Fly

Olstotutoml)

84.6%

68.4%

3.:%

51.3%


37/76



4

Hmlsostdlt wotc tcd rdsu`ts jmr tcd mvdrf`` trflsjdr hmcmrt , rdsu`ts jmr stuedlts wcm trflsjdrrde tm jmur-ydfr provftd jmr-prmstt

olstotutomls wdrd sogo`fr fhrmss idledrs, fs wd`` (sdd Joiurd 16). Ymgdl hmgp`dtde jmur-ydfr edirdds fle pdrsostde ol tcd

jmur-ydfr sdhtmr ft f s`oict`y coicdr rftd tcfl gdl eoe. Iovdl tcdsd sgf`` eojjdrdlhds, tcd rftd mj gdl `dfvoli tcd jmur-ydfr

sdhtmr wfs 41.9 pdrhdlt hmgpfrde tm tcd `mwdr rftd jmr wmgdl ol tcos irmup (4>.5 pdrhdlt).

Joiurd 16. Xtuedlts Ycm Urflsjdrrde jrmg Uwm-_dfr Olstotutomls tm Jmur-_dfr ^rovftd Jmr-^rmsttOlstotutomls ol 1>>41>>:2 Afhhf`furdftd Muthmgds Xox _dfrs Fjtdr Urflsjdr, ay Idledr*

*Ucos stiurd os afsde ml eftf scmwl ol Fppdleox H, Ufa`d 16.Qdsu`ts jmr stuedlts wotc idledr ulklmwl frd lmt olh`uede ol tcd stiurd.

>%

6>%

1>%

8>%

5>%

4>%

:>%

9>%

3>%

?>%

6>>%



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