a natomy 8/6/15 please get out the following items: lab composition notebook textbook permanent...
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ANATOMY 8/6/15Please get out the following items: lab composition notebook
textbookPermanent marker (if you have one)
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CHAPTER 1HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
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LAB NOTBEOOK SETUP1. Put name on the front cover as well as along the outside of the white pages.
2. On the first 3 pages (Front and back) put the following heading and underline.
Date Title of Activity Page #
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THE HUMAN BODYAN ORIENTATION
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
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ANATOMY LEVELS OF STUDY
Gross Anatomy – when we look at our own body Large structuresEasily observable
Microscopic Anatomy – when we look at cells and tissues of the bodyVery small structuresCan only be viewed with a microscope
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
The parts of your body form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.
Summary: Each structure has a specific FORM to fulfill its FUNCTION
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Chemical LevelSimplest level
Atom – tiny building blocks of matter
Atoms combine to form molecules.
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Cellular LevelCell – the smallest units of all living things
Cells are made up of molecules.
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Tissue LevelTissues consist of similar types
of cells that have a common function.
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Organ LevelOrgans are made up of different
types of tissues.
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Organ System LevelOrgan systems consist of
different organs that work together closely.
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Organism LevelHighest level of structural organization.
Human organisms are made up of 11 organ systems.
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STOP!
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ANATOMY 8/7/15• Complete BODY Systems graphic organizer
that you received yesterday.• Turn into class box.• Then see Mrs. Lathem for next assignment.
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AGENDA 8/10/15
1. PICK UP YOUR LAB COMPOSITION NOTEBOOK.2. ADD TO YOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS. 8/10/15 BODY SYSTEM OVERVIEW/ HOMEOSTASIS NOTES
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Integumentary SystemOrgan – skinFunctions:
Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Synthesizes vitamin DLocation of cutaneous nerve receptors
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Skeletal SystemOrgans – cartilages, joints, and bonesFunctions:
Protects and supports body organsProvides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formationStores minerals
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Muscular SystemOrgans – skeletal musclesFunctions:
Allows locomotionMaintains postureProduces heat
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Nervous SystemOrgans – brain, spinal cord, and
nervesFunctions:
Fast-acting control systemResponds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Endocrine SystemOrgans – pituitary gland,
thyroid gland, pancreas, testis, ovary
Functions:Secretes regulatory hormonesHormones responsible for growth, reproduction, and metabolism
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Cardiovascular SystemOrgans – heart and blood
vesselsFunctions:
Transports materials in the body through the blood
Materials transported includes oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Lymphatic SystemOrgans – lymph nodesFunctions:
Returns fluids to blood vesselsDisposes of debrisInvolved in immunity
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Respiratory SystemOrgans – nasal cavity, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, lungsFunctions:
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Digestive SystemOrgans – mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, rectum, anusFunctions:
Breaks down foodAllows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Urinary SystemOrgans – kidney and urinary
bladderFunctions:
Eliminates wastesMaintains acid-base balanceRegulation of water and electrolytes
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ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Reproductive SystemOrgans:
Male – penis, testis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
Female – mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina
Functions:Production of offspring
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NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
Maintain BoundariesMovement
Locomotion – walking, swimming, etc.Movement of substances
ResponsivenessAbility to sense changes and react
DigestionBreak-down and delivery of nutrients
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NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
MetabolismChemical reactions within the bodyProduction of energyMaking body structures
ExcretionElimination of waste from metabolic
reactionsReproduction
Production of offspringGrowth
Increasing cell size and number
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SURVIVAL NEEDS
NutrientsChemicals for energy and cell
buildingIncludes carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
OxygenRequired for chemical reactions
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SURVIVAL NEEDS
Water60-80 % of body weightSingle most abundant chemical substance in
the bodyProvides for metabolic reaction
Stable Body TemperatureMust be maintained at around 98F
Atmospheric Pressure Must Be AppropriateThe force exerted on the surface of the body by the
weight of air
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HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis = Maintenance of a stable internal environment = A dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life.
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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
As we age, our body organs become less efficient, and our internal conditions become less and less stable.
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MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Control Mechanism:The receptor responds to changes in the
environment and sends information to the control center (brain).
The control center determines the set point (98.6) and determines the appropriate response.
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FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
Negative FeedbackIncludes most homeostatic control
mechanismsWorks like a household thermostatYour body’s thermostat is located in
a part of the brain called the HYPOTHALAMUS
It shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
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FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
Positive FeedbackIncreases the original stimulus
or disturbance
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
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STOP!
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THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures
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ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Anatomical Position – the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward
Table 1.1 on page 12 – go over these
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BODY LANDMARKS
Anterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a copy of these terms
Posterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a copy of these terms
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BODY PLANES – 3 TYPES (PAGE 15)
Sagittal Section A cut made along a lengthwise plane of the body
– divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal Section
When the cut is made down the middle of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size
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BODY PLANES – 3 TYPES (PAGE 15)
Frontal SectionA cut made along a lengthwise plane -
divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Also known as Coronal SectionTransverse Section
A cut made along a horizontal plane – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Also known as Cross Section
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BODY CAVITIES
Dorsal Body Cavity – 2 subdivisions Cranial Cavity – the space inside the bony skull;
contains the brain Spinal Cavity – extends from the cranial cavity
nearly to the end of the vertebral column
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BODY CAVITIES
Ventral Body Cavity – contains all the structures within the chest and abdomenThoracic Cavity – contains the lungs and heart;
separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle = DIAPHRAGM
Abdominopelvic Cavity – 2 smaller subdivisions: Abdominal Cavity – contains the stomach, liver, and
intestines Pelvic Cavity – contains the reproductive organs, bladder,
and rectum
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ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
4 quadrants (page 17, figure 1.8A)
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ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
9 regions (page 17, figure 1.8B)
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ABDOMINOPELVIC MAJOR ORGANS
page 17, figure 1.8C
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