a new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

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A New Development in the Hierarchical Clustering of Repertory Grid Data Mark Heckmann & Richard C. Bell University of Bremen, Germany, University of Melbourne, Australia ICPCP, Sydney, July 19, 2013

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Paper presented together with Prof. Dr. Richard Bell at the 20th International Conference of Personal Construct Theory (ICPCP), Sydney, July 2013

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Page 1: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

A New Development in the Hierarchical

Clustering of Repertory Grid Data

Mark Heckmann & Richard C. Bell University of Bremen, Germany, University of Melbourne, Australia

ICPCP, Sydney, July 19, 2013

Page 2: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

The  Context:  Tight  &  Loose  Construct  Systems  

•  The  importance  of  the  9ghtness  –  looseness  construct  – Fragmented  vs  Monolithic  construing  dimension    –  Involved    in  Kelly’s  Crea9vity  Cycle.  Therapy  involves  a  series  of  Crea9vity  Cycles,  each  of  which  •  Starts  with  loosened  construc9on  •  Ends  with  9ghtened  construc9on  

Page 3: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Measuring  9ghtness  and  looseness  

•  Using  the  Repertory  Grid  •  Overall  Grid  9ghtness  &  looseness  of  construing  – Cogni9ve  Complexity  measures  such  as  •  Bannister’s  intensity  (Average  correla9on)  •  PVAFF  (Percentage  of  Variance  Accounted  for  by  the  First  Factor)  •  Number  of  components    

•  Finding  subsystems  of  9ght  and  loose  construing  

Page 4: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Measuring  9ghtness  and  looseness  

•  Using  the  Repertory  Grid  to  find  subsystems  of  9ght  and  loose  construing  

•  Requires  representa9on  of  rela9onships  between  constructs  that  are  differen9ated  in  terms  of  “closeness”.  – Spa9al  representa9ons  (principal  components)    – Tree  representa9ons  (clustering)  

•  Neither  readily  permits  objec9ve  iden9fica9on  of  9ght  and  loose  rela9onships  

Page 5: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Hierarchical  Clustering  of  Grid  Data  

•  Appears  to  have  originated  with  Thomas  &  Mendoza  in  1974  at  Brunel  University  but  

•  Made  famous  by  Thomas  &  Shaw  in  1976  as  the  FOCUS  program  – Never  en9rely  clear  which  cluster  method  was  used  –  either  McQuiby  or  Single  Linkage  

– Nor  was  the  measure  made  clear  –  probably    city-­‐block  (Manhaban)  distances  

•  More  of  an  impact  in  industrial  seengs  than  clinical  

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Hierarchical  Clustering  of  Grid  Data  

•  Advantage  – Shows  grouping  clearly    

•  Disadvantages    – Representa9on  (dendrogram)  depends  on  method  of  clustering  and  measure  of  similarity  (between  constructs)  

– Can’t  tell  whether  clusters  are  significant  (but  also  true  of  other  representa9ons  such  as  principal  components)  

Page 7: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Iden9fying  Significant  Clusters  •  Recent  advances  in  compu9ng  have  enabled  us  to  assess  significance  without  resor9ng  to  tradi9onal  theore9cal  distribu9ons  such  as  t,  F,  or  z.  

•  Such  methods  involve  mul9ple  samples  and  include  –  Jackknife  (crea9ng  new  samples  using  all  cases  except    (a  different)  one  each  9me)  

– Monte  Carlo  (random  data  generated  by  model)  –  Bootstrap  (crea9ng  new  samples  by  sampling  with  replacement)  

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Sarah‘s  dataset  rearranged  

Sarah‘s  dataset  

Sarah‘s  grid  

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Prelude:  A  lot  of  grid  sta9s9cs  are  derived  from  similarity  measures  

 Complexity  (RMS)  

Conflic9ng  triads  

Implica9ve  Dilemma  

Cluster  analysis  

Usually  these  sta9s9cs  are  interpreted  ‚as-­‐are‘  

Correla9ons  

Distances  

...  

Page 10: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Standard  hierarchical  cluster  analysis  

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Sarah‘s  dataset  rearranged  

Sarah‘s  grid  

Page 12: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Some  more  reliability  observa9ons  

1.  Appr.  70%  of  constructs  remain  the  same1  

2.  Ra9ngs  of  same  grids  will  vary2  

t1   t2  

We  get  a  glimpse  but  not  the  whole  picture  à  sampling  from  a  universe  of  constructs  /  elements  

1)  Hunt  1951,  Fjeld  &  Landfield  1961    2)  Bell  1990    

Page 13: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Descriptive Inference

r = 0.35 r ∈ [0.3;0.4]

Page 14: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Descriptive Inference

r ∈ [0.3;0.4]

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r = 0.35

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r = .30Not  feel  guilty  -­‐  Feel  guilty  

Powerful-­‐  Powerless  

Element  child  self  ommibed  

r = .61Not  feel  guilty  -­‐  Feel  guilty  

Powerful-­‐  Powerless  

Correla9ons  vary  with  the  element  set  

All  elements  

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Element  partner  ommibed  

r = .39

à  the  similarity  measure  also  is  a  random  variable  

Not  feel  guilty  -­‐  Feel  guilty  

Powerful-­‐  Powerless  

Idea:  Thinking  of  the  set  of  elements  and  constructs  as  realisia9ons  of  random  variables    

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How  much  does  a  correla9on  vary?  

Similarity  measures  may  vary  if  a  different  (sub)set  of  elements  is  used  

Safe  to  detect  e.g.  implica9ve  dilemmas  at  r=0.35  no  maber  what?  

Page 18: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

What  about  dendrograms?  

No  indica9on  of  associa9on  

Page 19: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Element  „Child  self“  omibed    

Dendrograms  are  based  on  similari9es  and  will  be  affected  by  element  selec9on  

Page 20: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Assessing  the  stability  of  cluster  solu9ons  

•  How  can  we  assess  which  parts  of  the  cluster  structure  are  stable?  

•  Similar  problem  in  phylogene9c  research  

•  Felstenstein  (1985):  Suggests  Bootstrapping  

•  Idea:  Resampling  from  the  data  we  have  and  assess  which  structures  remain  stable  

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①   ②  

③  

Dendrogram  

①  AB|CDEF  ②  ABCD|EF  ③  ABC|DEF  

Corresponding  Par33ons  

A   B   C   D   E   F  

Page 22: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

A   B   C   D   E   F   A   B   D   C   F   E   A   B   C   E   D   F  

AB|CDEF  ABC|DEF  ABCD|EF  

AB|CDEF  ABD|CEF  ABCD|EF  

BC|ADEF  ABC|DEF  ABCE|DF  

Bootstrap  Replicates  

Corresponding  Par33ons  

AB|CDEF  ABC|DEF  ABCD|EF  

AB|CDEF  ABD|CEF  ABCD|EF  

Page 23: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Par$$on        f  BC|ADEF      1  ABC|DEF      2  ABCD|EF      2  AB|CDEF      2  ABCE|DF      1  ABD|CEF      1        

   h                BP  .33            33  .67            67  .67            67  .67            67  .33            33  .33            33        

A   B   C   D   E   F   Par$$on        f  BC|ADEF      1  ABC|DEF      2  ABCD|EF      2  AB|CDEF      2  ABCE|DF      1  ABD|CEF      1        

67   67  

67  

Page 24: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Bootstrap  Probabili9es    

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Approximately  Unbiased  

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AU  and  BP  

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Possible  measures  of  interest:  1. Number  of  (TOP-­‐LEVEL)  significant  clusters  2. Propor9on  of  ALL  constructs  in  significant  clusters  3. Propor9on  of  UNIQUE  constructs  in  significant  clusters    

Page 28: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

What  can  we  make  of  it?  

•  Do  significant  clusters  indicate  9ghtly  knibed  parts  of  the  construct  system?  

•  Does  it  have  any  meaning  at  all?  Currently  lack  of  a  valida9on  criterion!  

 

Page 29: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Some  similarity  measures  and  cluster  methods  

•  Manhaban  distance  •  Euclidean  distance  •  Correla9ons  •  ...  

• Ward  •  Single  linkage  •  Complete  linkage  •  Average  • McQuiby  • Median  •  Centroid  •  …  

PCP:  FOCUS  procedure    =  

Manhaban  distances  plus  Single  linkage.  But  

why?  

Page 30: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Manhaban  Single  linkage  

Page 31: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Manhaban  Complete    linkage  

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Euclidean  Single  linkage  

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Euclidean  Complete  linkage  

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Conclusions  

•  Developments  in  other  fields  offer  chances  for  transfer  

•  Adop9ng  an  inference  view  •  No  substan9al  associa9ons  with  global  measures  of  complexity  

•  Meaning  of  significant  clusters:  subject  to  further  research,  valida9on  or  invalida9on  

Page 39: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

www.onair.openrepgrid.org

Page 40: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Thanks !

Page 41: A new development in the hierarchical clustering of repertory grid data

Bell,  R.  (1990).  Repertory  Grid  as  Mental  tests:  Implica9ons  of  test  theories  for  grids.  Journal  of  Construc6vist  Psychology,  3(1),  91-­‐103.  

Feixas,  G.,  Saúl,  L.  A.,  &  Sanchez,  V.  (2000).  Detec9on  and  analysis  of  implica9ve  dilemmas:  implica9ons  for  the  therapeu9c  process.  In  J.  W.  Scheer  (Ed.),  The  Person  in  Society:  Challenges  to  a  Construc6vist  Theory.  Giessen:  Psychosozial-­‐Verlag.  

Felsenstein,  J.  (1985).  Confidence  Limits  on  Phylogenies:  An  Approach  Using  the  Bootstrap.  Evolu6on,  39(4).  

Krauthauser,  H.,  Bassler,  M.,  &  Potratz,  B.  (1994).  A  new  approach  to  the  iden9fica9on  of  cogni9ve  conflicts  in  the  repertory  grid:  A  nomothe9c  study.  Journal  of  Construc6vist  Psychology,  7(4),  283–299.  

Slade,  P.  D.,  &  Sheehan,  M.  J.  (1979).  The  measurement  of  “conflict”  in  repertory  grids.  Bri6sh  Journal  of  Psychology,  70(4),  519–524.  

Suzuki,  R.,  &  Shimodaira,  H.  (2006).  Pvclust:  an  R  package  for  assessing  the  uncertainty  in  hierarchical  clustering.  Bioinforma6cs  (Oxford,  England),  22(12),  1540–1542.  

References