a new model in the medical waste management
DESCRIPTION
Kamil B. Varınca, Cengiz Esmen, Yaşar Avşar (2011). A New Model in the Medical Waste Management, EurAsia Waste Management Symposium, Proceedings Book, pp. 758-766, Haliç Congress Center, İstanbul, 14-16 November 2011.TRANSCRIPT
EURASIA WASTE MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM
PROCEEDINGS
14 - 16 NOVEMBER 2011HALİÇ CONGRESS CENTER
ISTANBUL / TURKEY
www.eurasiasymposium.com
CommitteesHonorary CommitteeProf. Dr. Veysel Eroğlu Minister of Forest and Water Affairs, TurkeyErdoğan Bayraktar Minister of Environment and Urbanization, TurkeyProf. Dr. Adem Baştürk Member of the 22th Legislative Term of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, General Secretary of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, TurkeyProf. Dr. Mustafa Öztürk Member of the 23th Legislative Term of the Grand National Assembly of TurkeyProf. Dr. Lütfi Akça Undersecretary of the Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs, TurkeySedat Kadıoğlu Deputy Undersecretary of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, TurkeyProf. Dr. İsmail Yüksek Rector of Yıldız Technical University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Cumali Kınacı Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs, General Manager of the Water Management DivisionProf. Dr. Ahmet Demir General Director of Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration ISKI, TurkeyRecep Şahin Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, General Manager of Environmental Management Division, TurkeyProf. Dr. Hayrullah Ağaçcıoğlu Dean of Civil Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical UniversityProf. Dr. Ferruh Ertürk Head of Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical UniversityProf. Dr. Mehmet Emin Birpınar Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Directorate of Istanbul City, Turkey
Scientific CommitteeProf. Dr. Fabrizio Adani The University of Milan, ItalyProf. Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydın Selcuk University, TurkeyProf. Dr. María Pilar Bernal CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, SpainProf. Dr. Erwin Binner University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, AustriaProf. Dr. Mehmet Borat Fatih University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Alessandra Carucci The University of Cagliari, ItalyProf. Dr. Raffaello Cossu University of Padoa, ItalyProf. Dr. Luis F. Diaz CalRecovery, Inc., USAProf. Dr. Ayşen Erdinçler Bogazici University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Ayşe Filibeli Dokuz Eylül University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Evangelos Gidarakos Technical University of Crete, GreeceProf. Dr. M. Talha Gönüllü Yildiz Technical University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Jaehyuk Hyun Chungnam National University, KoreaProf. Dr. Somjai Karnchanawong Chiang Mai University, ThailandProf. Dr. Gabriel R. Kassenga Ardhi University, TanzaniaProf. Dr. Bülent Keskinler Gebze Institute of Technology, TurkeyProf. Dr. Günay Kocasoy Bogazici University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Peter Lechner University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, AustriaProf. Dr. Piet N.L. Lens UNESCO-IHE Institute For Water Education, NetherlandsProf. Dr. Pier Paolo Manca The University of Cagliari, ItalyProf. Dr. İzzet Öztürk Istanbul Technical University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Lucjan Pawlowski Lublin University of Technology, PolandProf. Dr. Raffaella Pomi Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyProf. Dr. Marco Ritzkowski Technical University of Hamburg, GermanyProf. Dr. Ahmet Mete Saatçi Marmara University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Takayuki Shimaoka Kyushu University, JapanProf. Dr. Edward Stentiford The University of Leeds, United KingdomProf. Dr. Yücel Taşdemir Uludag University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Bülent Topkaya Akdeniz University, TurkeyProf. Dr. İsmail Toroz Istanbul Technical University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Timothy G. Townsend University of Florida, USAProf. Dr. Kahraman Ünlü Middle East Technical University, TurkeyProf. Dr. Samuel T.S. Yuen University of Melbourne, Australia
Organizing CommitteeM. Sinan Bilgili Yildiz Technical UniversityEyüp Debik Yildiz Technical UniversityŞenol Yıldız ISTAC J.S.Co.Yaşar Avşar Yildiz Technical UniversityKamil B. Varınca Yildiz Technical UniversityGamze Varank Yildiz Technical University
Organized By
Sponsored By
Media Sponsor
Official Travel Agency
EURASIA WASTE MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM14 - 16 NOVEMBER 2011
HALİÇ CONGRESS CENTERISTANBUL / TURKEY
www.eurasiasymposium.com
Preface
PREFACE
On behalf of the organizing committee, I would like to welcome to all participants and speakers to the EurAsia Waste Management Symposium (EWMS) 2011. This Symposium is organized by Environmental Engineering Department of Yildiz Technical University.
Environmental Engineering Department of Yildiz Technical University organizes conferences biennially since 2007. The first two conferences were organized as
National Symposiums with the name “Waste Management in Turkey Symposium (TURKAY) ” in 2007 and 2009, respectively. The Symposium is organized as an international Symposium in 2011 which is the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Yildiz Technical University.
EurAsia Waste Management Symposium will provide a comprehensive overview of effective waste management strategies across the Asian and the European regions. Also, the symposium will provide the opportunity to discuss and evaluate the current and future regional waste management strategies and recycling projects. All parties of waste management such as universities, industrial organizations, public institutions and organizations, local governments and legislators are welcome to attend to the symposium in order to share their experiences and to bring a common body of knowledge for the solution of the waste management problems in the region. The topics of the symposium will include almost all areas of waste management including legislation, collection, transport, treatment, recycle and reuse options for municipal, hazardous, medical, and other waste types.
We received around 210 abstracts from more than 30 countries and 134 of them were accepted as oral and poster presentations after a review process by the scientific committee. Now, we have 5 keynote speakers, 74 oral presentations and 60 poster presentations.
It is my pleasure to thank to supporting organizations, Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (ISKI), ISTAC J.S. Co., Istanbul Special Provincial Administration, International Waste Working Group (IWWG) and ISWA-Turkey (Turkish National Committee on Solid Waste). We have also 10 sponsor companies and I would like to thank to all sponsor companies attended to the Symposium. I would like to thank to all scientific committee members for their contribution during reviewing process of the papers.
I would also like to respectfully commemorate Prof. Dr. Ferruh ERTURK, Head of the Environmental Engineering Department, who died during the course of the Symposium.
Finally, I would like to thank to all organizing committee members of EurAsia Waste Management Symposium who made this Symposium successful.
I wish all participants to have a wonderful time in Istanbul and hope to see you again in Waste Management Symposium -2013.
Sincerely,
Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Sinan Bilgili Organizing Committee Chair Yildiz Technical University
14.11.2011 MONDAY
SADABAD HALL
Opening Program
08:30 Registration
Opening Ceramony
09:30
09:40
09:50 Opening Speeches
10:30 Coffee Break
Opening Panel : Waste management Legislations in Turkey and Europe
10:40
11:20
12:00
12:40 Lunch
EYÜP HALL FENER HALL
Session 1 : Biological Methods for Waste Disposal Session 1 : Hazardous Waste Management
Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Thomas H. Christensen, Denmark Session Chair: Prof. Dr. M. Talha Gonullu, Turkey
14:00
14:00
14:20
14:40 14:40
15:00 15:00
15:20 15:20
15:40 Coffee Break 15:40 Coffee Break
Session 2 : Waste Management Legislations Session 2 : Landfilling
Session Chair: Dr. Senol Yildiz, Turkey Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Timothy G. Townsend, U.S.A.
15:50
15:50
16:10
16:30 16:30
16:50 16:50
Prof. Dr. Hayrullah AğaçcıoğluDean of Civil Engineering Faculty
Prof. Dr. İsmail YüksekRector of Yıldız Technical University
Waste Management in Istanbul Dr. Cevat Yaman, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
Future Trends in Waste Management Strategies in IstanbulDr. Senol Yildiz, ISTAC J.S.Co.
Development of Waste Management Legislations in TurkeyDr. Mahir Erdem, The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization
Optimizing Farmyard Manure for Improved Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Enhanced Phenology in Wheat under a Range of Ploughing IntensityA. Khan, S. Zaheer Keynote Lecture: The Role of Risk Assessment in the Management of Hazardous, Industrial,
and Special WastesTimothy G. TownsendComposting of Cattle Manure: Effects of Pre-Dewatering
M.S. Binici, E. Mehmetli, C. Tosun, A. Baban, B. Calli
Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost, Tea Compost and Rock Phosphate on P Content, Yield and Yield Components of Sweet Corn and P & pH of SoilH.R. Doroudian, A. Alahverdi
Hazardous Waste Generation from Household Appliances Industry in TurkeyB. Yazici, B. Calli, B. Mertoglu, Z.S. Can, O. Gokyay, D. Akgul, U. Yetis
Management of Anaerobic Digestates by Co-composting with Different Bulking AgentsM.A. Bustamante, R. Moral, F. Solé-Mauri, A. Bonmatí, J.A. Solans, M.P Bernal
Kinetics of Heavy Metals Leaching From Contaminated Soils in Metallurgical PlantsP. Desogus, P.P. Manca, G. Orrù
Stabilization of Cattle Manure with Anaerobic Digestion Process: A Pilot Scale StudyT. Coskun, N. Manav Demir, E. Debik
Effect on Behavior of Settling Velocity by Addition of Coagulants and Flocculants in Wastewater from Barite Processing PlantV. Deniz
Keynote Lecture: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Modeling of Alternative Waste Management ScenariosT.H. Christensen, J. Clavreul, J. Møller
Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in Russian Federation: Ways for More Intense Use of Landfills SitesN. Sliusar, V. Korotaev
Approaches on the Prevention of Environmental Damages by Means of Plantıng Around Solid Waste Landfill AreasU. Cosgun
Evaluation of Solid Waste Management Alternatives Using Life Cycle Assessment As A ToolS. Cil, M.O. Polat, N. Bektas
Reclamation of Dumpsite Towards Controlled Landfill Cell A Pilot Project at Cikundul Dumpsites in Sukabumi City S. Darwati, L. Meilany
Financial Model Proposal Based on Household Income for Municipal Solid Waste ManagementM.C. Erturk, E. Gorgun, E. Citil
Spontaneous Combustion Fires in MSW Landfills: Energy ConsiderationS. Moqbel , D. Reinhart , R.-H. Chen
15.11.2011 TUESDAY
EYÜP HALL FENER HALL
09:00 - 17:00 POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Session 3 : Landfilling Session 3 : Sludge Treatment and Disposal
Session Chair: Asooc. Prof. Dr. Osman A. Arikan, Turkey Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Izzet Ozturk, Turkey
09:00
09:00
09:20
09:40 09:40
10:00 10:00
10:20 Coffee Break 10:20 Coffee Break
Session 4 : Solid Waste Collection and Transport Session 4 : Thermal Technologies for Waste Disposal
Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Raffaella Pomi, Italy Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Maria Pilar Bernal, Spain
10:30 10:30
10:50 10:50
11:10 11:10
11:30 11:30
11:50 Cultural Tour + Lunch (Miniaturk Turkey Park)
Session 5 : Biological Methods for Waste Disposal Session 5 : Industrial Waste Management
Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Mehmet Borat, Turkey Session Chair: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Cakmakci, Turkey
15:00
15:00
15:20
15:40 15:40
16:00 16:00
16:20 16:20
16:40 Coffee Break 16:40 Coffee Break
Session 6 : Landfilling Session 6 : Industrial Waste Management
Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Lucjan Pawlowski, Poland Session Chair: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yasar Avsar, Turkey
16:50 16:50
17:10 17:10
17:30 17:30
17:50 17:50
18:10 18:10
Keynote Lecture:Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Project Activity in Landfill Sites of Developing CountriesJ.-H. Hyun
Electroosmotic Dewatering of Red MudM. Cigagna, B. Grosso, C. Levanti
Experimental Analysis of Civil Sewage Sludge Recovery: the Co-Composting with OFMSW as Possible Solution F. Di Maria, G. Gigliotti, G. Cirulli
Sampling Frequency and Remedial Action Delay of Groundwater Contamination from Landfill FacilitiesE.K. Paleologos, K Papapetridis
The Usage of Sewage Sludge in Cement Kiln as Supplementary Fuel M.Kara, Y.Tabak, S.Yildiz, V. Enc, A.Kemirtlek
Landfills Assessments by Qualitative Reasoning Using Equationless KnowledgeM. Reznakova, M. Dohnal, E. Vodickova
Heavy Metals Released from Sewage Sludge Using Chemical MethodsF.H. Ibrahim
Cost-Gain Model in Municipal Solid Waste Management -Example of IstanbulA.E. Yildirim, S. Yildiz, V. Enc
HeidelbergCement-Akcansa: Advanced Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge in Marmara RegionJ. Theulen, E. Hepvar
Household Solid Waste Management and Characterization in Tetouan City, MoroccoY. El Belhouan, M. Stitou
Thermal Decomposition of Coal for Sustainable Use: A Case Study of Pakistani LigniteJ. Nisar
Evaluating People’s Attitude and Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Comparative Study in India and QatarS. Khan, M.N .Faisal, I.H.Farooqi
Modelling of a Downdraft Gasifier Fed by Agricultural ResiduesI.-S. Antonopoulos, A. Gkouletsos A. Karagiannidis, G. Perkoulidis
Determination of Household Packaging Waste Amounts in IstanbulS. Yildiz, V. Enc, S.E. Uzun, K. Dogan
On the Application of MSWI Bottom Ash as Aggregate-Replacement in Concrete MixesM.V.A. Florea, A.Keulen, H.J.H. Brouwers
R&D Studies of Biogas Production via Different Organic WastesK.S. Yigit, M. Gunduz, G. Serit, M. Farah, M. Sarac
Keynote Lecture: Industrial Waste Management: Controversial IssuesE. GidarakosPreliminary Studies on H
2 Production from Dark Fermentation of the Organic Fraction of
Municipal Wastes E. Massi, C. Alisi, R. Ciccoli, G. De Gioannis, G. Giordano, I. Lepri, G. Migliore, A. Moreno, A. Polettini, R. Pomi, A. Sprocati
Gasification of Primary Fine-Screened Solids for Energy ProductionP. Gikas, S.A. Noll, K. Stedman
European Research on Waste Technologies - an Analysis of FP7-Funded Topics, Projects and Networks on Life-Cycle Thinking, Reuse and RecyclingA. Martinuzzi, F. Montevecchi
The Business Economics of the Composting Process in the Removal of Waste; As the Sample Istanbul Recycle and Composting PlantC. Yaman, A. Gunay, Y. Bayer
Characterization of Gas Distribution Companies Waste and Presenting Managing Strategies: A Case Study in East Azerbaijan Gas Company, IranH. Taghipour, M. Assadi, F. Khodaei, B. Mardangahi, M. Mosaferi, A. Asl Hashemi
Methanogenesis of Agro-Industrial Waste for Bioenergy ProductionR. Tabassum
The Importance of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management for Ecosystem ProtectionN. Cosgun
Slurry TiO2 Photocatalytic Reactors Suitable for Leachate Treatments
M. Dohnal, E. Vodickova, M. Reznakova
Recycling of Industrial Waste in the Manufacture of Economical and Quality Construction BlocksM.U. Khan, M. Ahmed, K. Nazim, S.S. Shaukat
Al Ghabawi Landfill Leachate Treatment by Fenton Oxidation F.A.F. Al-Hadidi, B.M. Al Smadi
Waste Reception from Ships, Treatment and Recovery of the Wastes: Istanbul ModelC. Yaman, B. Taskinoglu, Y. Isik, E. Fakihoglu, I. Tanugur
Estimation of Landfill Biogas Generation at Sanitary Landfills in IstanbulO.A. Arikan, M. Altinbas, O. Sevimoglu, I. Sel, I. Ozturk
Implementation of New Environmental Technology for Oil Industry, Kuçovë Region, AlbaniaB. Urbanek, E. Vodickova, V. Valko
Energy Recovery from Landfill Biogas: The Effect of Micro-pollutant on an Existing PlantF. Di Maria
Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Activated CarbonsE.Kayman, A.Ozyuguran, A.E.Mericboyu
Determination and Modelling COD Fractions of Leachate from Aerobic and Anaerobic Field Scale Landfill ReactorsE. Sekman, S. Top, G. Varank, M.S. Bilgili, A. Demir
Solidification/Stabilization of Electric Arc Furnace Waste Using Steel Slag and Portland CementB. Cubukcuoglu, S.K. Ouki
16.11.2011 WEDNESDAY
EYÜP HALL FENER HALL
Session 7: Industrial Waste Management Session 7 : Hospital Waste Management
Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Ismail Toroz, Turkey Session Chair: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bestamin Ozkaya, Turkey
09:00
09:00
09:20
09:40 09:40
10:00 10:00
10:20 Coffee Break 10:20 Coffee Break
Session 8 : Waste Management Legislations Session 8 : Hazardous Waste Management
Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Bulent Topkaya, Turkey Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Jaehyuk Hyun, Korea
10:30 10:30
10:50 10:50
11:10 11:10
11:30 11:30
11:50 Lunch 11:50 Lunch
Session 9 : Industrial Waste Management Session 9 : Industrial Waste Management
Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Yasar Nuhoglu, Turkey Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Evangelos Gidarakos, Greece
14:00 14:00
14:20 14:20
14:40 14:40
15:00 15:00
15:20 15:20
15:40 Coffee Break 15:40 Coffee Break
SADABAD HALL
16:00 Final Decleration
16:30 Issuing Certificates
18:00 Gala Dinner (Yildiz Hisar Restaurant)
Keynote Lecture: A Role of Cement Industry in Sustainable Utilization of Municipal Solid WastesL. Pawlowski
An Analytic Network Process Approach for the Selection of Waste Management Contractors in Hamad Medical CorporationM.N. Faisal
Sustainable Medical Waste Management in Sakarya, TurkeyA. Celebi, A.S. Erses Yay
Investigation on the Possibilities for Recycling Construction and Demolition Waste in to Building Materials in TanzaniaM.M. Sabai, M.V.A. Florea, R.R. Mato, H.J.H. Brouwers, E.L.C. Egmond, J.J.N Lichtenberg
Lebanese Sterilization Network of Potentially Infectious Health Care Waste: Creation and Management SystemD. Salameh, O. Maamari, D. Obeid, R. Lteif, F. Moujaes, M. Asmar
Effect of Industrial Waste on Early Growth and Phytoremediation Potential of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) VierhK. Nazim, M. Ahmed, M.U. Khan, S.S. Shaukat
Don’t Mess Plastic Caps with the Household WasteS. Unver, M. Altinay, G. Emir
Presentation to Waste Management Legislation in Urban of UgandaT.D. Kasiiba , S.A. Abdulah
Hazardous Waste Temporary Storage Facility Design and Operations in TurkeyC. Avci, T. Yuksel, E.A. Berkay Urtkin
Waste Water Management Master Plan for the Megacity of Dhaka: Approach and ChallengesM.M. Hossain, S.M.M. Rahman, I.A. Taher
Investigation of Hazardous Waste Generation By Turkish Automotive IndustryB. Yazici, Z.S. Can, O. Gokyay, B. Calli, B. Mertoglu, D. Akgul, U. Yetis
Waste Minimisation and the Challenges Experienced in South AfricaE. Prosper
Screening of Boron Tolerant Bacteria Isolated fom Fly Ash Dumping Site for Boron RemediationE.R. Chellaiah, K. Omine
Electrical and Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Management in TurkeyS. Sayar, G. Borucu, A.S. Erses Yay
Recycling of NiCd Batteries by Hydrometallurgical Process on Small ScaleT.I. Qureshi
Removal of Pesticide by Activated CarbonJ. Gulen, C. Cesmeli
The Role of Magnetite and Magnetite/Bentonite Composites for Adsorption of Pb+2 in Wastewater C. Poyraz, E. Atalay, Y. Kalpakli, I. Salt
Kinetics of Reactive Dyes Adsorption on the Waste Ashes from City Heating StationM. Smelcerovic, N. Djordjevic, D. Stojkovic, D. Djordjevic
Treatment for Removal of Sulfate from Gypsum Contaminated WastesP Kijjanapanich, A.P. Annachhatre , P.N. L. Lens
Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Dyeing Wastewater with Procion Red MX-5B Reactive Dye using Pt/Ir ElectrodesS. Alaca, B.K. Korbahti
Management and Issues of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in KoreaY.C. Jang, M. Kim
Studies on Treatment of Phenolic Wastewater Using Biological and Irradiation TechniquesS. Cheela, G. Swaminathan
Use of Okra Waste to Remove Arsenic from Industrial Wastewater: An Environmental Friendly Remediation TechnologyS. Memon, M.I. Khaskheli, M.Y. Khuhawar
Effect of Sonication on Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation of Orange IIM. Dukkanci, G. Gunduz, E. Bolova
Combining Easy-Care and Flame Retardant Finishing for CottonF. Uddin
POSTER PRESENTATIONS (FOYER AREA)
P1 P31
P2 P32
P3 P33
P4 P34
P5 P35
P6 P36
P7 P37
P8 P38
P9 P39
P10 P40
P11 P41
P12 P42
P13 P43
P14 P44
P15 P45
P16 P46
P17 P47
P18 P48
P19 P49
P20 P50
P21 P51
P22 P52
P23 P53
P24 P54
P25 P55
P26 P56
P27 P57
P28 P58
P29 P59
P30 P60
Solidification/Stabilization of Treatment Sludge Contains Heavy MetalsK.B. Varinca, M.T. Gonullu
Municipal Solid Wastes and Groundwater PollutionS. Ocak, S. Orcen
Combined Effect of Water Contamination with Cobalt and Nickel on Metabolism of Albino (Wistar) RatsZ. Kechrid , F. Dahdouh
Microbial Decolorization of Commonly Used Azo Dyes in Textile IndustryM. Arshad, M. Imran, R. Waqas, A. Khalid
SOS Chromotest Methodology and CIF Values for the Golden HornE. Kocak, M.T. Gonullu
Usage of CMC Based Semi-IPN Hydrogels for Removal of Basic Dyes from WastewaterA. Bal, B. Ozkahraman, I. Acar, S. Emik
The Use of Solar Energy in a Low-Cost Drying System for Solid Waste Management: Concept, Design and Performance AnalysisM.A. Tony, A.M. Tayeb
Waste Sludge Disposal B. Guler, M.S. Guney
E-Waste Management Challenges in Iran and Presenting Some Strategies for Improving of Current ConditionH. Taghipour, P. Norouz, J. Nazari, A. Asl Hashemi, M. Mosaferi
Experimental Analysis of Civil Sewage Sludge Recovery: The Co-Composting with OFMSW As Possible SolutionF. Di Maria, G. Gigliotti, G. Cirulli
Investigation of the Gaseous Products from Pyrolysis of Agricultural Waste Biomass SpeciesH. Haykiri-Acma, F. Cakıroglu, S. Yaman
Waste Plastic Degradation By Chemical Recycling MethodA. Koc, D.P. Cogur , E. Kasimoglu
Solidification/Stabilization of Drinking Water Treatment Plant Which Contains ArsenicMilena Dalmacija , Božo Dalmacija, Dejan Krčmar, Milena Bečelić-Tomin, Sofija Poguberović, Jasmina Agbaba
Hydrogeological Monitoring of the Prague – Dablice Landfill E. Vodickova, J. Stefecka, T. Sverak
Operational Parameters Effects on the Treatment of an Oily Wastewater by Electrochemical ProcessK. Bensadok, N. Gousmi, N. El-Hanafi
Fouling of Ion Exchange Membranes in Electrodialysis Process for Recovery of Leachate CompoundsS. Yazici, F. Ilhan, H. Sari, Y. Aydin, K. Ulucan, U. Kurt
Optimization of Model Parameters of Methane Emission at Istanbul Odayeri Landfill by Genetic AlgorithmH.K. Ozcan, N. Balkaya, E. Bilgili, O.N. Ucan, C. Bayat
Characterization for Proper Management of Used Automotive OilsV. Pelitli, O. Dogan, E. Erpek, H.J. Koroglu
Recovery of Nickel from NiO/Al2O3 Reforming CatalystS. Djerad, N. Habbache, L. Tifouti
Recyclable Solid Waste Characterization and Recycling Studies for the Campuses of A UniversityO. Apaydin, M.T. Gonullu
The Situation of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: A General EvaluationE. Elmaslar Ozbas, A. Ongen, A. H. Dokmeci
Treatment of Bilge Water by Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation Process:Optimization with Response Surface MethodK.Ulucan, F.Ilhan, S.Cikaranoglu, S. Yazici, H.Sari, U.Kurt
Spectrophotometric Determination of Astrazon RED GTLN in Water and Filament Sample After Seperation and Preconcentration Via Cloud Point Extraction MethodA.T. Bisgin, I. Narin, M. Uçan
Landfill Leachate Treatment By Hydrodynamic Cavitation and OzoneM. Korniluk, J. Ozonek
Removal of Pestiside by PerliteJ. Gulen, O. Deler
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Crosslinked PolymersZ. Boyunegmez, S. Kaya, F. Tumsek, M. Solener
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Cd(II) Ions Sorption on Mixed Sorbents Prepared from Olive Stone and Date Pit from Aqueous SolutionK. Louhab, N. Babakhoya, H. Aksas
Elimination of Copper Ions from Wastewater by Modified Orange Peels: Equilibrium and Adsorption IsothermsA. Khalfaoui, A.H. Meniai
Life Cycle Assessment As A Solution For Sustainable Environmental Algeria S. Tireche, A. Tairii
Bioremediation of 2, 4, 6 Trinitrotoluene Contaminated Soil Using In Vessel Composting MethodB. Gumuscu, T. Tekinay, D. Cekmecelioglu
Adsorption Kinetics of Lead Ions onto Activated CarbonsS.Mutlu, A.Ozyuguran, A.Ersoy Mericboyu
Survey on Energy Recovery Potential of Municipal Solid Waste in Northwest of IranA. Mohammadi, M.M. Amin, A. Ebrahimi
Sensibility of Bio-methane Production to Kinetics Parameters Constants in Co-digestion ProcessK. Derbal, R. Hariche, M. Bencheikh-lehocine, A.H. Meniai
Performance Comparison of the Microwave Oven and Conventional Electrical Furnace in the Weight Reduction and Final Stabilization of the South Isfahan Wastewater Treatment Plant's SludgesA. Ebrahimi, M.M. Amin, A.M, H.M. Attar
Effects of Heavy Metal Phytoextraction Amendments on Feacal Coliform Inactivation in Sewage SludgeG. Dede, S. Ozdemir, I. Yildirim
Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and VOCsS. Ocak
Purification of Waste Frying Oil For Biodiesel ProductionS. Yucel, D. Ozcimen, P. Terzioglu, C. Kesgin
Refractory Fractions Contrary to Oxidative Degradation in Textile WastewaterU. Kurt, C. Dogan
The Potential and Usage Areas of Agricultural Grain Wastes of TurkeyS. Yucel, D. Ozcimen, P. Terzioglu
Waste Management in Public Hospitals in RomaniaC.F. Buicu
Think..... Before Using It !!!S. Unver, F. Vardar, G. Emir
Research on the Knowledge, Attitude and Behavioral Levels of Healthcare Institutions in the Province of Trabzon Related With Medical Waste Bags and CupsO. Ucuncu, S. Doruk
Fly Ashes: Can They Be Reused?E. Marras, B. Grosso
In the Process of Harmonization to the EU, Packaging and Packaging Waste Management Regulation in Turkey and Its Application in Municipalities, The Case of the City of TrabzonS. Doruk, O. Ucuncu
Assimilation of Oxygen and Production of Carbon Dioxide in Aerobic LandfillR. Slezak, L. Krzystek, S. Ledakowicz
Training of Hospital Staff on Hospital Waste Management (HWM) Practices and Challenges in Implementing (HWM) in 10 Public and Private Sector Hospitals of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, PakistanR. Kumar, E.A. Khan, J. Ahmed, M. Magan
Educational Status and Disposal of Plastic WastesR. Ponnusamy, S. Arumugam
Using Wet Air Oxidation/GAC Adsorption Coupled Process for Leachate TreatmentB. Karimi, M. H. Ehramposh, M. Mokhtari, A. Ebrahimi
Determination of Landfill Gas Production in Hamitler Landfill of Bursa City in TurkeyK.B. Varinca, M.T. Gonullu
Resource Recovery from Used Tires in Greece: A Field Survey, State-of-Art and Trends, Focusing on Sensitivity AnalysisT. Kasampalis, A. Karagiannidis, I.-S. Antonopoulos
A New Model in the Medical Waste ManagementK.B. Varinca, C. Esmen, Y. Avsar
Application of Ion Exchange Substrate for Stabilization of Recultivated Layers of Dumping SitesM. Chomczynska
Variability of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Co-Digestion Process of Sewage Sludge and Landfill LeachateM. Lebiocka, A. Montusiewicz, M. Pawlowska
Removal of Basic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions Using Depolymerization Intermediates of Waste PET as Alternative AdsorbentA. Bal, I. Acar, G.Guclu
Kinetic Modelling of Degradation of Contaminants in Landfill LeachateG. Varank, S. Top, E. Sekman, M.S. Bilgili. A. Demir
The Effects of Cheese Whey on Kura River, ArdahanF. Yangilar, S. Seker
Removal of Methane and Selected NMOCs from Landfill Gas – Field StudiesM. Pawlowska, M. Lebiocka, A. Montusiewicz
The Usage of Cereal Waste Products for Bleaching of OilS. Yucel, D. Ozcimen, P. Terzioglu
Al Ghabawi Landfill Leachate Treatment By Plain CoagulationF.A.F. Al-Hadidi, B.M. Al Smadi
Solid Waste Disposal StrategyA. Gunay, T. Yaman, Y. Caglar, Y. Koc
Session 1-a : Biological Methods for Waste DisposalOptimizing Farmyard Manure for Improved Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Enhanced Phenology in Wheat under a Range of Ploughing IntensityA. Khan, S. Zaheer Composting of Cattle Manure: Effects of Pre-DewateringM.S. Binici, E. Mehmetli, C. Tosun, A. Baban, B. CalliEffect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost, Tea Compost and Rock Phosphate on P Content, Yield and Yield Components of Sweet Corn and P & pH of SoilH.R. Doroudian, A. AlahverdiManagement of Anaerobic Digestates by Co-composting with Different Bulking AgentsM.A. Bustamante, R. Moral, F. Solé-Mauri, A. Bonmatí, J.A. Solans, M.P BernalStabilization of Cattle Manure with Anaerobic Digestion Process: A Pilot Scale StudyT. Coskun, N. Manav Demir, E. Debik
Session 1-b : Hazardous Waste ManagementKeynote Lecture: The Role of Risk Assessment in the Management of Hazardous, Industrial, and Special WastesT. G. TownsendHazardous Waste Generation from Household Appliances Industry in TurkeyB. Yazici, B. Calli, B. Mertoglu, Z.S. Can, O. Gokyay, D. Akgul, U. YetisKinetics of Heavy Metals Leaching from Contaminated Soils in Metallurgical PlantsP. Desogus, P.P. Manca, G. OrrùEffect on Behavior of Settling Velocity by Addition of Coagulants and Flocculants in Wastewater from Barite Processing PlantV. Deniz
Session 2-a : Waste Management LegislationsKeynote Lecture: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Modeling of Alternative Waste Management ScenariosT.H. Christensen, J. Clavreul, J. MøllerEvaluation of Solid Waste Management Alternatives Using Life Cycle Assessment As A ToolS. Cil, M.O. Polat, N. BektasFinancial Model Proposal Based on Household Income for Municipal Solid Waste ManagementM.C. Erturk, E. Gorgun, E. Citil
Session 2-b : LandfillingMunicipal Solid Waste Disposal in Russian Federation: Ways for More Intense Use of Landfills SitesN. Sliusar, V. KorotaevApproaches on the Prevention of Environmental Damages by Means of Plantıng Around Solid Waste Landfill AreasU. CosgunReclamation of Dumpsite Towards Controlled Landfill Cell A Pilot Project at Cikundul Dumpsites in Sukabumi City S. Darwati, L. MeilanySpontaneous Combustion Fires in MSW Landfills: Energy ConsiderationS. Moqbel , D. Reinhart , R.-H. Chen
Session 3-a : LandfillingKeynote Lecture:Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Project Activity in Landfill Sites of Developing CountriesJ.-H. HyunSampling Frequency and Remedial Action Delay of Groundwater Contamination from Landfill FacilitiesE.K. Paleologos, K PapapetridisLandfills Assessments by Qualitative Reasoning Using Equationless KnowledgeM. Reznakova, M. Dohnal, E. Vodickova
Session 3-b : Sludge Treatment and DisposalElectroosmotic Dewatering of Red MudM. Cigagna, B. Grosso, C. LevantiExperimental Analysis of Civil Sewage Sludge Recovery: the Co-Composting with OFMSW as Possible Solution F. Di Maria, G. Gigliotti, G. CirulliThe Usage of Sewage Sludge in Cement Kiln as Supplementary Fuel M.Kara, Y.Tabak, S.Yildiz, V. Enc, A.KemirtlekHeavy Metals Released from Sewage Sludge Using Chemical MethodsF.H. Ibrahim
Page1-402-8
9-18
19-25
26-33
34-40
41-7742-50
51-56
57-68
69-77
79-9778-84
85-89
90-97
98-13199-106
107-114
115-120
121-131
132-154133-138
139-146
147-154
155-183156-163
164-170
171-178
179-183
INDEX
Session 4-a : Solid Waste Collection and TransportCost-Gain Model in Municipal Solid Waste Management -Example of IstanbulA.E. Yildirim, S. Yildiz, V. EncHousehold Solid Waste Management and Characterization in Tetouan City, MoroccoY. El Belhouan, M. StitouEvaluating People’s Attitude and Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Comparative Study in India and QatarS. Khan, M.N .Faisal, I.H.FarooqiDetermination of Household Packaging Waste Amounts in IstanbulS. Yildiz, V. Enc, S.E. Uzun, K. Dogan
Session 4-b : Thermal Technologies for Waste DisposalHeidelbergCement-Akcansa: Advanced Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge in Marmara RegionJ. Theulen, E. HepvarThermal Decomposition of Coal for Sustainable Use: A Case Study of Pakistani LigniteJ. NisarModelling of a Downdraft Gasifier Fed by Agricultural ResiduesI.-S. Antonopoulos, A. Gkouletsos A. Karagiannidis, G. PerkoulidisOn the Application of MSWI Bottom Ash as Aggregate-Replacement in Concrete MixesM.V.A. Florea, A.Keulen, H.J.H. Brouwers
Session 5-a : Biological Methods for Waste DisposalR&D Studies of Biogas Production via Different Organic WastesK.S. Yigit, M. Gunduz, G. Serit, M. Farah, M. SaracPreliminary Studies on H2 Production from Dark Fermentation of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Wastes E. Massi, C. Alisi, R. Ciccoli, G. De Gioannis, G. Giordano, I. Lepri, G. Migliore, A. Moreno, A. Polettini, R. Pomi, A. SprocatiGasification of Primary Fine-Screened Solids for Energy ProductionP. Gikas, S.A. Noll, K. StedmanThe Business Economics of the Composting Process in the Removal of Waste; As the Sample Istanbul Recycle and Composting PlantC. Yaman, A. Gunay, Y. BayerMethanogenesis of Agro-Industrial Waste for Bioenergy ProductionR. Tabassum
Session 5-b : Industrial Waste ManagementKeynote Lecture: Industrial Waste Management: Controversial IssuesE. GidarakosEuropean Research on Waste Technologies - an Analysis of FP7-Funded Topics, Projects and Networks on Life-Cycle Thinking, Reuse and RecyclingA. Martinuzzi, F. MontevecchiCharacterization of Gas Distribution Companies Waste and Presenting Managing Strategies: A Case Study in East Azerbaijan Gas Company, IranH. Taghipour, M. Assadi, F. Khodaei, B. Mardangahi, M. Mosaferi, A. Asl HashemiThe Importance of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management for Ecosystem ProtectionN. Cosgun
Session 6-a : LandfillingSlurry TiO2 Photocatalytic Reactors Suitable for Leachate TreatmentsM. Dohnal, E. Vodickova, M. ReznakovaAl Ghabawi Landfill Leachate Treatment by Fenton Oxidation F.A.F. Al-Hadidi, B.M. Al SmadiEstimation of Landfill Biogas Generation at Sanitary Landfills in IstanbulO.A. Arikan, M. Altinbas, O. Sevimoglu, I. Sel, I. OzturkEnergy Recovery from Landfill Biogas: The Effect of Micro-pollutant on an Existing PlantF. Di MariaDetermination and Modelling COD Fractions of Leachate from Aerobic and Anaerobic Field Scale Landfill ReactorsE. Sekman, S. Top, G. Varank, M.S. Bilgili, A. Demir
Session 6-b : Industrial Waste ManagementRecycling of Industrial Waste in the Manufacture of Economical and Quality Construction BlocksM.U. Khan, M. Ahmed, K. Nazim, S.S. ShaukatWaste Reception from Ships, Treatment and Recovery of the Wastes: Istanbul ModelC. Yaman, B. Taskinoglu, Y. Isik, E. Fakihoglu, I. Tanugur Implementation of New Environmental Technology for Oil Industry, Kuçovë Region, AlbaniaB. Urbanek, E. Vodickova, V. ValkoLead Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Activated CarbonsE.Kayman, A.Ozyuguran, A.E.MericboyuSolidification/Stabilization of Electric Arc Furnace Waste Using Steel Slag and Portland CementB. Cubukcuoglu, S.K. Ouki
Page184-227185-199
200-206
207-218
219-227
228-259229-235
236-240
241-252
253-259
260-269261-267
268-276
277-283
284-288
289-296
297-324298-300
301-311
312-317
317-324
325-370326-331
332-350
351-357
358-364
365-370
371-409372-378
379-387
388-393
394-399
400-409
INDEX
Session 7-a: Industrial Waste ManagementKeynote Lecture: A Role of Cement Industry in Sustainable Utilization of Municipal Solid WastesL. PawlowskiInvestigation on the Possibilities for Recycling Construction and Demolition Waste in to Building Materials in TanzaniaM.M. Sabai, M.V.A. Florea, R.R. Mato, H.J.H. Brouwers, E.L.C. Egmond, J.J.N LichtenbergEffect of Industrial Waste on Early Growth and Phytoremediation Potential of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) VierhK. Nazim, M. Ahmed, M.U. Khan, S.S. Shaukat
Session 7-b : Hospital Waste ManagementAn Analytic Network Process Approach for the Selection of Waste Management Contractors in Hamad Medical CorporationM.N. FaisalSustainable Medical Waste Management in Sakarya, TurkeyA. Celebi, A.S. Erses YayLebanese Sterilization Network of Potentially Infectious Health Care Waste: Creation and Management SystemD. Salameh, O. Maamari, D. Obeid, R. Lteif, F. Moujaes, M. AsmarDon’t Mess Plastic Caps with the Household WasteS. Unver, M. Altinay, G. Emir
Session 8-a : Waste Management LegislationsPresentation to Waste Management Legislation in Urban of UgandaT.D. Kasiiba , S.A. AbdulahWaste Water Management Master Plan for the Megacity of Dhaka: Approach and ChallengesM.M. Hossain, S.M.M. Rahman, I.A. TaherWaste Minimisation and the Challenges Experienced in South AfricaE. ProsperElectrical and Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Management in TurkeyS. Sayar, G. Borucu, A.S. Erses Yay
Session 8-b : Hazardous Waste ManagementHazardous Waste Temporary Storage Facility Design and Operations in TurkeyC. Avci, T. Yuksel, E.A. Berkay UrtkinInvestigation of Hazardous Waste Generation By Turkish Automotive IndustryB. Yazici, Z.S. Can, O. Gokyay, B. Calli, B. Mertoglu, D. Akgul, U. YetisScreening of Boron Tolerant Bacteria Isolated from Fly Ash Dumping Site for Boron RemediationE.R. Chellaiah, K. OmineRecycling of NiCd Batteries by Hydrometallurgical Process on Small ScaleT.I. Qureshi
Session 9-a : Industrial Waste Management Removal of Pesticide by Activated CarbonJ. Gulen, C. CesmeliKinetics of Reactive Dyes Adsorption on the Waste Ashes from City Heating StationM. Smelcerovic, N. Djordjevic, D. Stojkovic, D. DjordjeElectrochemical Treatment of Textile Dyeing Wastewater with Procion Red MX-5B Reactive Dye using Pt/Ir ElectrodesS. Alaca, B.K. KorbahtiStudies on Treatment of Phenolic Wastewater Using Biological and Irradiation TechniquesS. Cheela, G. SwaminathanEffect of Sonication on Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation of Orange IIM. Dukkanci, G. Gunduz, E. Bolova
Session 9-b : Industrial Waste Management The Role of Magnetite and Magnetite/Bentonite Composites for Adsorption of Pb+2 in WastewaterC. Poyraz, E. Atalay, Y. Kalpakli, I. SaltTreatment for Removal of Sulfate from Gypsum Contaminated WastesP Kijjanapanich, A.P. Annachhatre , P.N. L. LensManagement and Issues of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in KoreaY.C. Jang, M. KimUse of Okra Waste to Remove Arsenic from Industrial Wastewater: An Environmental Friendly Remediation TechnologyS. Memon, M.I. Khaskheli, M.Y. KhuhawarCombining Easy-Care and Flame Retardant Finishing for CottonF. Uddin
Page 410-437411-417
418-422
423-436
437-462438-446
447-453
454-458
459-462
463-493464-472
473-481
482-487
488-493
494-526495-502
503-508
509-518
519-526
527-560528-532
533-539
540-544
545-552
553-560
561-600562-571
572-579
580-585
586-595
596-600
INDEX
POSTER PRESENTATIONSSolidification/Stabilization of Treatment Sludge Contains Heavy MetalsK.B. Varinca, M.T. GonulluCombined Effect of Water Contamination with Cobalt and Nickel on Metabolism of Albino (Wistar) RatsZ. Kechrid , F. DahdouhSOS Chromotest Methodology and CIF Values for the Golden HornE. Kocak, M.T. GonulluThe Use of Solar Energy in a Low-Cost Drying System for Solid Waste Management: Concept, Design and Performance AnalysisM.A. Tony, A.M. TayebE-Waste Management Challenges in Iran and Presenting Some Strategies for Improving of Current ConditionH. Taghipour, P. Norouz, J. Nazari, A. Asl Hashemi, M. MosaferiInvestigation of the Gaseous Products from Pyrolysis of Agricultural Waste Biomass SpeciesH. Haykiri-Acma, F. Cakıroglu, S. YamanSolidification/Stabilization of Drinking Water Treatment Plant Which Contains ArsenicMilena Dalmacija , Božo Dalmacija, Dejan Krčmar, Milena Bečelić-Tomin, Sofija Poguberović, Jasmina AgbabOperational Parameters Effects on the Treatment of an Oily Wastewater by Electrochemical ProcessK. Bensadok, N. Gousmi, N. El-HanafiOptimization of Model Parameters of Methane Emission at Istanbul Odayeri Landfill by Genetic AlgorithmH.K. Ozcan, N. Balkaya, E. Bilgili, O.N. Ucan, C. BayatRecovery of Nickel from NiO/Al2O3 Reforming CatalystS. Djerad, N. Habbache, L. TifoutiThe Situation of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: A General EvaluationE. Elmaslar Ozbas, A. Ongen, A. H. DokmeciSpectrophotometric Determination of Astrazon RED GTLN in Water and Filament Sample After Seperation and Preconcentration Via Cloud Point Extraction MethodA.T. Bisgin, I. Narin, M. UçanRemoval of Pestiside by PerliteJ. Gulen, O. DelerKinetics and Thermodynamics of Cd(II) Ions Sorption on Mixed Sorbents Prepared from Olive Stone and Date Pit from Aqueous SolutionK. Louhab, N. Babakhoya, H. AksasLife Cycle Assessment As A Solution For Sustainable Environmental Algeria S. Tireche, A. TairiiAdsorption Kinetics of Lead Ions onto Activated CarbonsS.Mutlu, A.Ozyuguran, A.Ersoy MericboyuSensibility of Bio-methane Production to Kinetics Parameters Constants in Co-digestion ProcessK. Derbal, R. Hariche, M. Bencheikh-lehocine, A.H. MeniaiEffects of Heavy Metal Phytoextraction Amendments on Feacal Coliform Inactivation in Sewage SludgeG. Dede, S. Ozdemir, I. YildirimPurification of Waste Frying Oil For Biodiesel ProductionS. Yucel, D. Ozcimen, P. Terzioglu, C. KesginThe Potential and Usage Areas of Agricultural Grain Wastes of TurkeyS. Yucel, D. Ozcimen, P. TerziogluThink..... Before Using It !!!S. Unver, F. Vardar, G. EmirFly Ashes: Can They Be Reused?E. Marras, B. GrossoAssimilation of Oxygen and Production of Carbon Dioxide in Aerobic LandfillR. Slezak, L. Krzystek, S. LedakowiczEducational Status and Disposal of Plastic WastesR. Ponnusamy, S. ArumugamDetermination of Landfill Gas Production in Hamitler Landfill of Bursa City in TurkeyK.B. Varinca, M.T. GonulluA New Model in the Medical Waste ManagementK.B. Varinca, C. Esmen, Y. AvsarVariability of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Co-Digestion Process of Sewage Sludge and Landfill LeachateM. Lebiocka, A. Montusiewicz, M. PawlowskaKinetic Modelling of Degradation of Contaminants in Landfill LeachateG. Varank, S. Top, E. Sekman, M.S. Bilgili. A. DemirRemoval of Methane and Selected NMOCs from Landfill Gas – Field StudiesM. Pawlowska, M. Lebiocka, A. MontusiewiczAl Ghabawi Landfill Leachate Treatment By Plain CoagulationF.A.F. Al-Hadidi, B.M. Al Smadi Municipal Solid Wastes and Groundwater PollutionS. Ocak, S. Orcen
Page603-606
607-611
612-618
619-623
624-631
632-637
638-643
644-649
650-657
658-663
664-666
667-674
675-679
680-687
688-692
693-699
700-704
705-707
708-713
714-720
721-723
724-733
734-740
741-749
750-757
758-766
767-772
773-778
779-784
785-799
800-803
INDEX
POSTER PRESENTATIONSMicrobial Decolorization of Commonly Used Azo Dyes in Textile IndustryM. Arshad, M. Imran, R. Waqas, A. KhalidUsage of CMC Based Semi-IPN Hydrogels for Removal of Basic Dyes from WastewaterA. Bal, B. Ozkahraman, I. Acar, S. EmikWaste Sludge Disposal B. Guler, M.S. GuneyExperimental Analysis of Civil Sewage Sludge Recovery: The Co-Composting with OFMSW As Possible SolutionF. Di Maria, G. Gigliotti, G. CirulliWaste Plastic Degradation By Chemical Recycling MethodA. Koc, D.P. Cogur , E. KasimogluHydrogeological Monitoring of the Prague – Dablice Landfill E. Vodickova, J. Stefecka, T. SverakFouling of Ion Exchange Membranes in Electrodialysis Process for Recovery of Leachate CompoundsS. Yazici, F. Ilhan, H. Sari, Y. Aydin, K. Ulucan, U. KurtCharacterization for Proper Management of Used Automotive OilsV. Pelitli, O. Dogan, E. Erpek, H.J. KorogluRecyclable Solid Waste Characterization and Recycling Studies for the Campuses of A UniversityO. Apaydin, M.T. GonulluTreatment of Bilge Water by Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation Process:Optimization with Response Surface MethodK.Ulucan, F.Ilhan, S.Cikaranoglu, S. Yazici, H.Sari, U.KurtLandfill Leachate Treatment By Hydrodynamic Cavitation and OzoneM. Korniluk, J. OzonekRemoval of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Crosslinked PolymersZ. Boyunegmez, S. Kaya, F. Tumsek, M. SolenerElimination of Copper Ions from Wastewater by Modified Orange Peels: Equilibrium and Adsorption IsothermsA. Khalfaoui, A.H. MeniaiBioremediation of 2, 4, 6 Trinitrotoluene Contaminated Soil Using In Vessel Composting MethodB. Gumuscu, T. Tekinay, D. CekmeceliogluSurvey on Energy Recovery Potential of Municipal Solid Waste in Northwest of IranA. Mohammadi, M.M. Amin, A. EbrahimiPerformance Comparison of the Microwave Oven and Conventional Electrical Furnace in the Weight Reduction and Final Stabilization of the South Isfahan Wastewater Treatment Plant’s SludgesA. Ebrahimi, M.M. Amin, A.M, H.M. AttarMunicipal Solid Waste Landfill and VOCsS. OcakRefractory Fractions Contrary to Oxidative Degradation in Textile WastewaterU. Kurt, C. DoganWaste Management in Public Hospitals in RomaniaC.F. BuicuResearch on the Knowledge, Attitude and Behavioral Levels of Healthcare Institutions in the Province of Trabzon Related With Medical Waste Bags and CupsO. Ucuncu, S. DorukIn the Process of Harmonization to the EU, Packaging and Packaging Waste Management Regulation in Turkey and Its Application in Municipalities, The Case of the City of TrabzonS. Doruk, O. UcuncuTraining of Hospital Staff on Hospital Waste Management (HWM) Practices and Challenges in Implementing (HWM) in 10 Public and Private Sector Hospitals of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, PakistanR. Kumar, E.A. Khan, J. Ahmed, M. MaganUsing Wet Air Oxidation/GAC Adsorption Coupled Process for Leachate TreatmentB. Karimi, M. H. Ehramposh, M. Mokhtari, A. EbrahimiResource Recovery from Used Tires in Greece: A Field Survey, State-of-Art and Trends, Focusing on Sensitivity AnalysisT. Kasampalis, A. Karagiannidis, I.-S. AntonopoulosApplication of Ion Exchange Substrate for Stabilization of Recultivated Layers of Dumping SitesM. ChomczynskaRemoval of Basic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions Using Depolymerization Intermediates of Waste PET as Alternative AdsorbentA. Bal, I. Acar, G.GucluThe Effects of Cheese Whey on Kura River, ArdahanF. Yangilar, S. SekerThe Usage of Cereal Waste Products for Bleaching of OilS. Yucel, D. Ozcimen, P. TerziogluSolid Waste Disposal StrategyA. Gunay, T. Yaman, Y. Caglar, Y. Koc
Page804-811
812-819
820-824
825-831
832-839
840-846
847-853
854-857
858-863
864-872
873-878
879-883
884-889
890-894
895-901
902-906
907-910
911-917
918-926
927-934
935-941
942-949
950-961
962-972
973-978
979-984
985-989
990-994
995-999
INDEX
758
A New Model in the Medical Waste Management
Kamil B. Varinca1, Cengiz Esmen2, Yasar Avsar3
Abstract
Increasing amount of solid wastes and as a parallel to this, increase in medical wastes, have become a serious environmental problem due to growing population and industrialization. As a result of this, collecting medical wastes separately from harmless household wastes seems to be an effective solution worth considering.
As a result of overpopulation and industrialization the increase in solid wastes, and as a derivative of this, medical wastes have become a serious environmental problem. As a solution, we claim in this paper, medical wastes must be picked up separately, not together with household wastes and eliminated in the most environmentally-friendly way. In this context, in our country, medical wastes are managed according to the regulation which was published in the government’s Official Bulletin # 25883 and went into effect on 07/22/2005, i.e., the Regulation of Medical Waste Management’.
Sterilization has become possible to accurately monitor medical waste. In addition, the system can weigh/calculate the quantity of these medical wastes, record and control them. The efficiency of the system will be measured based on the quantity of wastes picked up before and after the launch of this procedure, the change over time in the volume and quantity of wastes regularly sent to landfill after sterilization.
In this study we concentrate on the New Medical Wastes Management System (Sterilization) in the Metropolis of Bursa, Turkey. Based on these observations, we display the medical wastes elimination system in Bursa as a novel and advantageous method.
.Keywords: Medical waste, sterilization, waste management
1. INTRODUCTION Medical waste can be defined as waste generated as a result of diagnosis, treatment and immunization of humans or animals [1]. Unfortunately, there is no one common specific definition of what constitutes medical waste so each facility must determine this based on applicable federal, stat e and local regulations. Definition of medical waste in Regulation for Control of Medical Waste, waste originating from the units, as listed under Groups C (infectious waste), D (pathologic waste) and E (SHARP) in ANNEX-2 in the form of infectious or pathological waste and any all sharps [2]. World Health Organization (WHO) describes medical waste as a broad range of materials, from used needles and syringes to soiled dressings, body parts, diagnostic samples, blood, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices and radioactive materials [3].
Infectious wastes contain pathogens in sufficient construction or quantity that, when exposed to it might be resulted in diseases, e.g. waste from surgeries with infectious diseases, contaminated plastic items, etc. Pathological wastes consist mainly of tissues, organs, placentas, blood, etc. (However the traditional practice is that patients remove: dispose of placentas themselves.) Sharps include needles, syringes, broken glass, blades and any other items that could cause a cut or puncture. The characteristics of waste from hospitals are almost similar in all countries except for amounts generated due to standard procedures executed in the medical field. Legislations on the safe disposal of medical wastes may vary from one country to another. In
1 Corresponding author: Yildiz Technical University Environmental Engineering Department, 34220, Esenler/İstanbul
[email protected] 2 Yildiz Technical University Environmental Engineering Department, 34220, Esenler/İstanbul [email protected] 3 Yildiz Technical University Environmental Engineering Department, 34220, Esenler/İstanbul [email protected]
759
EurAsia Waste Management Symposium, 14-16 November 2011, Haliç Congress Center, İstanbul/Türkiye
the USA for instance, the regulated medical wastes in US include: cultures and stocks of infectious agents, human pathological wastes, human blood and blood products, used and unused sharp implements and contaminated animal wastes [3].
1.1. Medical waste management in Turkey
In health care facility, as regards medical waste as listed under Groups C, D and E in ANNEX-2; relevant medical staff, particularly doctors, nurses, midwives, dentists and laboratory technical staff shall collect such waste at source as it is being generated and accumulate the same without mixing it with other categories of waste. When collecting medical waste from health care facility, special bags used in collecting medical waste shall be red-colored plastic bags resistant to tear, puncture, burst and impact of transport; made of original medium intensity polyethylene material, with double-thread stitch in the bottom and without bellows. They should have 100 microns of double-layer thickness and at least 10 kilograms of carrying capacity; also bearing, on both sides and in easily visible size, the “International Biohazard Symbol” and the expression “Attention Medical Waste”. Health care facility shall fill bags more than ¾ capacity; strapped in the neck securely and, where necessary, each bag shall be placed in another bag with the same properties and thus a (nearly) absolutely certain state of non-leakage shall be assured. Medical waste bags (once used as such) shall not under any circumstances be recovered or reused. The contents of medical waste bags shall not be compressed in any manner whatsoever, or emptied, or transferred to another container [2].
Medical sharps wastes shall be placed, separately from other types of medical waste, inside boxes or containers made of plastic or laminated cardboard with similar properties, bearing on them the “International Biohazard Symbol” and the expression “Attention Medical Waste”; with such boxes or containers being resistant to puncture, tear, breakage, burst, also being waterproof, leak-proof and impossible to either to open or to confuse with other boxes or containers. Such waste containers shall be filled to at most ¾ capacities, then closed securely and placed in red plastic bags. Once the sharps boxes are filled, they shall not under any circumstances be opened, emptied or recovered. Once any medical waste bag and sharps box has been filled to ¾ capacities, it shall be replaced with a new one immediately. It shall be arranged for new bags and containers to be available and ready for use at the source whereby medical waste is being generated or at a place nearest to it [2].
1.2. Sterilization of infectious waste in Turkey
In Regulation for Control of Medical Waste, infectious waste along with sharps waste may be rendered harmless by applying sterilization. Waste rendered harmless thus may then be disposed of by being deposited in domestic waste storage areas. Metropolitan municipality where it exists, or else municipality, or persons or organizations duly authorized by the same shall build and operate sterilization facilities. Units themselves shall not build or operate individual sterilization facilities [2].
At the premises of sterilization facilities, there shall be storage areas refrigerated down to +4 °C, where the waste can be held safely, without causing any harm to environmental or human health, before sterilization is applied to such waste material. Among the waste to be sterilized; any pathological waste or chemicals substances, particularly volatile or semi-volatile organic substances, mercury, any genotoxic/cytotoxic agents, radiological waste or any pressurized containers shall not be included [2].
It shall be mandatory to operate a waste shredder / crusher at sterilization facilities. The crusher shall be installed either at front or back end of the sterilization unit. In case the crusher is used before sterilization unit, the crusher also shall be sterilized after sterilization of waste material is completed [2].
1.3. Validity of sterilization operation
Chemical and biological indicators shall be used to test for whether the infectious waste that has been sterilized has indeed been rendered harmless. Chemical indicators shall be used in autoclave sterilization of infectious waste. Once sterilization is complete, the chemical indicator strip / holder that had been placed in the autoclave together with waste shall be checked for change of color [2].
Biological indicators; State and Territorial Association on Alternative Treatment Technologies (STAATT) met in the first STAATT meeting came up four levels of microbial inactivation and they suggested Level III, Inactivation of vegetative bacteria, fungi, lipophilic / hydrophilic viruses, parasites, mycobacteria at a 6 Log 10 reduction or greater. Inactivation of B. tearothermophilus spores and B. subtilis spores at a 4 Log 10 reduction or greater, Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning accept both Level III-IV [2-4].
Tests for sterilization validity applied by using biological indicators shall be performed on a weekly basis by examining the indicators placed in the sterilization chamber together with the waste material being sterilized on that day. Sterilized (medical) waste coming out of the sterilization process, thus having gained domestic waste characterization and the waste material is finally deposited in the waste disposal site [2].
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A New Model in the Medical Waste Management K.B. Varinca, C. Esmen, Y. Avsar
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2. NEW MODEL OF MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT S YS TEM IN BURSA There are about 678 health care facilities to be collected medical waste in Bursa. (39 Health Care Institutions that Generate Medical Waste in Large Quantities, 304 Health Care Institutions that Generate Medical Waste in Medium Quantities and 335 Health Care Institutions that Generate Medical Waste in Small ). In Bursa, all health care facility have total of 6241 beds. The HCFs include hospitals, health centers and dispensaries that are either owned by the government and private proprietors. The city of Bursa also is the fourth largest cities in Turkey which population is 2.605.495 and total of generated medical waste amount 2500 ton/year in 2010 [5-6-7-8].
Before new medical waste management system, medical waste was collected as regulation accepts which medical waste was collected bags with special trucks by Bursa Metropolitan Municipality. After collecting medical waste from health care facility, the waste was buried landfill. There were some problems collecting medical waste in healthcare facility and during to pick up process and transfer to landfill. For example, medical sharps waste shall be placed inside bag without put in containers made of plastic or laminated cardboard with similar properties, so the sharp may cut bags that are showing Fig 1 and the waste can spread or the bags can leak in side health care facility. There was also another occupational safety problem which needle can sink or sharp can cut employer who is responsible to collecting medical waste [6].
After new medical waste management system, medical wastes are collected in lockable medical waste containers which are showing Fig 2-4-5, again for the first time in Turkey and picked up by licensed vehicles and specially trained personnel from health establishments. During this pick-up process, medical waste containers are inspected for the level of radioactivity which is showing Fig 6, gauged by sensitive devices and metal control detectors [7].
Also, for the first time in Turkey, in order to eliminate potential problems during the pick-up process and to establish a clear medical waste elimination system, special software has been designed and used. Medical wastes are weighed on electronic scales with barcode-reader and then entered into a computerized database using this software; all these data are transmitted to concerned parties over the Internet. In order to pick up the wastes from their sources efficiently with minimum harm to the environment, to prevent undesirable consequences and to supervise the entire process efficiently, activities such as picking up and transporting with containers and in-cycle monitoring are being implemented that is like Fig 7-8 [7].
Figure 1. Collection of medical wastes by bags
Figure 2. Collection of medical wastes by containers
*Not include October, November and December 2011 medical waste amount
Figure 3. Amount of medical waste in Bursa [6, 7]
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Figure 4. Collection of medical wastes by bags
Figure 5. Collection of medical wastes by containers
Figure 6. Inspected for the level of radioactivity Figure 7. Collection of medical wastes by bags
Figure 8. Weighed on electronic scales and using software
Figure 9. Disinfection of trucks
Figure 10. Bursa Medical Waste Sterilization Plant
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2.1. Facility Description
Bursa medical waste sterilization plant in Turkey is the site of the state-of-the-art autoclave biomedical waste treatment facility. When medical waste trucks receive in plant which showing Fig 10, medical waste containers transfer to waste carts. Plant employees will transfer medical waste to the autoclave work area in waste carts. Before discharging medical waste containers into autoclave bins, the containers weighed on electronic scales and they are inspected for the level of radioactivity, gauged by sensitive devices and metal control detectors for control. Each waste cart loaded with medical waste containers are discharged into the autoclave bins. These loaded bins are transferred into the autoclave which is showing in Fig 11. Steam is generated in Boiler and it is using sterilize medical waste in autoclave unit. Fig 12 is showing steam generating unit. After sterilized medical waste, bins are sent to shredding unit which is showing in Fig 13 [7].
Trucks are sent into a special vehicle cleaning section likewise the medical waste containers are taken to another cleaning section to be disinfected with special cleaners. Fig 14 is showing cleaning section where chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is used as a disinfectant [7].
Figure 11. Sterilization unit (autoclave)
Figure 12. Sterilize Medical Waste Shredding Unit
Figure 13. Steam generation unit
Figure 14. Medical Waste Containers Disinfection Unit
All personnel must wear Personal Protection Equipment (PPE). The PPE shall consist of the followings: impermeable gloves (all persons handling medical waste bags), heat resistant industrial grade gloves (all persons handling the autoclave bins), eye shield protection (all persons working in the autoclave processing area), clothing protection, such as aprons and long sleeves is recommended for personnel directly handling infectious waste [7].
The steam autoclave is the most popular and cost effective medical waste treatment technology. Unlike the autoclaved medical waste by product is sanitized and safe for landfill disposal. Bursa plant which is one of the best technologies in terms of productivity and management uses autoclave sterilization system in the elimination of medical wastes. In this plant, a pre-vacuum cycle removes air and then a-145 °C saturated steam is introduced to the wastes. Wastes are sterilized under high pressure (3.1 bars). After exposure, the steam is vented through a condenser and the condensate is drained to the sewer. A post-vacuum is applied to remove residual steam and protect workers, at the same time drying the waste. Total process time 45 minutes; all the processes are recorded and all the parameters are monitored by chart recorder. The plant has been monitored via security cameras 24/7. To maximize landfill space, autoclaved medical waste is safely compacted to achieve 70% volume reduction after sheared medical waste (Tab 1). Bursa plant is using post shredding system which is using more than pre shredding system in around the world. A schematic diagram of the process is presented in Fig 15 [7].
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Bursa plant monitors the decontamination performance by placing Biological Indicator (Bacillus stearothermophilus spores) into the center of a challenged waste load at least once per week and chemical indicator loads every cycle. After autoclaving, the spores are incubated and monitored for microbiological growth in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (i.e. no-growth indicates the effective waste treatment has been achieved). The ampoules are inspected and signed off by the supervisor in charge before it is discarded. And also another ampoule sent to reference laboratory for inspection. Autoclave system is equipped with a programmable controller that continuously monitors temperature and pressure. Temperature and pressure sensors provide the programmable controller with continuous data reflecting the environment within the autoclave. The plant operators do not have authorized access to the programmable controller [7]. Medical waste management system in Bursa is seen a flow chart which is presented in Fig 17.
Figure 15. Bursa Medical Waste Sterilization Plant Process Description
II QRT 2008*
III QRT 2008
I QRT 2009
II QRT 2009
III QRT 2009
I QRT 2010
II QRT 2010
III QRT 2010
I QRT 2011
II QRT 2011
III QRT 2011**
BURSA 167.29 668 737 793 789 831 826 811 860 853 205YALOVA 0.00 0 58 40 40 38 43 43 47 52 13BALIKESİR 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 213 61QUATERLY TOTAL 167.29 668 795 833 829 869 870 854 951 1,118 2801 SHIFT CAPACITY 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,400.00
Ster
ilize
Med
ical
Was
te(T
ons
per
qua
rter
)
* The Plant Started Running in August 2009 ** Not Include October, November and December 2011 waste amount
Figure 16. Amount of sterilize medical waste in plant
2.2. Sterilize Medical Wastes in Bursa Plant
The plant started running in August 2008. The data in Table 1 summarizes information of running of Bursa sterilization plant. Five bins fit into autoclave and total bins volume are 8.1 m3, the medical waste density is average 145 kg/m3, and capacity of autoclave unit is 1,166 kg per cycle which is 45 minutes. The plant capacity can reach 36 ton per day which means that the plant can sterilize all Bursa medical waste and the
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other cities medical waste in one shift. The volume reduction is 7%0 that are 18,328 m3 after shredding and compacting sterilize medical waste [4].
Fig 12 shows that Bursa Sterilization plant has been sterilizing medical wastes of three cities which are Bursa, Yalova and Balikesir. All Bursa cities medical waste has been sterilizing in plant since opening the plant, and Yalova’s medical waste sterilizing since January 2009 and Balikesir’s medical waste starting sterilizing recently. Running just one shift every day has been enough to sterilize all tree cities’ medical waste. The plant has been running six days every week since establishing [4].
Table 1. Amount of medical waste in Bursa,
Sterilize Waste
Amount
Mountly Autoclave Per Cycle
Autoclave Volume
First Waste
Volume
First Waste
DensityVolume
Reduction
End Waste
VolumeEnd waste
Density
Avarage Autoclave
capacity per cycle (45
min)
Mounth Tones Cycle m3 m3 kg/m3 m3 m3 kg/m3 kg
Aug-08 167.29 171 8.1 1385.1 121 969.57 415.53 402.61 997
Sep-08 162.33 178 8.1 1441.8 113 1009.26 432.54 375.29 935
Oct-08 171.11 187 8.1 1514.7 113 1060.29 454.41 376.55 923
Nov-08 170.03 196 8.1 1587.6 107 1111.32 476.28 357.00 864
Dec-08 164.40 189 8.1 1530.9 107 1071.63 459.27 357.97 869
Jan-09 220.28 214 8.1 1733.4 127 1213.38 520.02 423.60 868
Feb-09 176.29 191 8.1 1547.1 114 1082.97 464.13 379.82 896
Mar-09 194.26 206 8.1 1668.6 116 1168.02 500.58 388.06 938
Apr-09 204.19 205 8.1 1660.5 123 1162.35 498.15 409.89 995
May-09 201.01 195 8.1 1579.5 127 1105.65 473.85 424.20 1025
Jun-09 211.02 191 8.1 1547.1 136 1082.97 464.13 454.66 1101
Jul-09 214.68 192 8.1 1555.2 138 1088.64 466.56 460.13 1115
Aug-09 206.23 178 8.1 1441.8 143 1009.26 432.54 476.80 1160
Sep-09 192.24 158 8.1 1279.8 150 895.86 383.94 500.69 1220
Oct-09 217.55 175 8.1 1417.5 153 992.25 425.25 511.58 1245
Nov-09 193.06 157 8.1 1271.7 152 890.19 381.51 506.05 1229
Dec-09 225.70 183 8.1 1482.3 152 1037.61 444.69 507.55 1223
Jan-10 208.72 177 8.1 1433.7 146 1003.59 430.11 485.28 1177
Feb-10 203.32 171 8.1 1385.1 147 969.57 415.53 489.30 1185
Mar-10 232.72 194 8.1 1571.4 148 1099.98 471.42 493.65 1199
Apr-10 224.38 185 8.1 1498.5 150 1048.95 449.55 499.11 1210
May-10 210.17 167 8.1 1352.7 155 946.89 405.81 517.89 1253
Jun-10 221.32 181 8.1 1466.1 151 1026.27 439.83 503.19 1220
Jul-10 224.78 177 8.1 1433.7 157 1003.59 430.11 522.61 1267
Aug-10 213.45 167 8.1 1352.7 158 946.89 405.81 525.99 1274
Sep-10 206.01 159 8.1 1287.9 160 901.53 386.37 533.20 1296
Oct-10 213.27 164 8.1 1328.4 161 929.88 398.52 535.14 1296
Nov-10 201.22 158 8.1 1279.8 157 895.86 383.94 524.10 1272
Dec-10 233.77 188 8.1 1522.8 154 1065.96 456.84 511.71 1242
Jan-11 229.58 181 8.1 1466.1 157 1026.27 439.83 521.97 1260
Feb-11 211.91 172 8.1 1393.2 152 975.24 417.96 507.00 1228
Mar-11 243.53 190 8.1 1539 158 1077.3 461.7 527.46 1283
Apr-11 265.79 206 8.1 1668.6 159 1168.02 500.58 530.97 1291
May-11 271.88 207 8.1 1676.7 162 1173.69 503.01 540.50 1306
Jun-11 287.05 215 8.1 1741.5 165 1219.05 522.45 549.43 1333
Jul-11 286.77 207 8.1 1676.7 171 1173.69 503.01 570.10 1384
Aug-11 272.50 200 8.1 1620 168 1134 486 560.69 1361
Sep-11 279.62 203 8.1 1644.3 170 1151.01 493.29 566.84 1377
Toplam 8,233 7,035 8.1 56983.5 145 39888.45 17095.1 18328.57 1166
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3. CONCLUS ION
Before new medical waste management system, medical waste was collected as regulation accepts which medical waste were collected bags with special trucks by Bursa Metropolitan Municipality. After collecting the medical waste from health care facilities, the waste was buried landfill. After new medical waste management system, medical wastes are collected in lockable medical waste containers . In addition, the system can weigh/calculate the quantity of these medical wastes, record and control them. And it is picked up by licensed vehicles and specially trained personnel from health establishments. During this pick-up process, medical waste containers are inspected for the level of radioactivity, gauged by sensitive devices and metal control detectors. Bursa Medical waste sterilization plant in, Turkey is the site of the state-of-the-art autoclave biomedical waste treatment facility. Sterilization has become possible to accurately be monitored. The efficiency of the system will be measured based on the quantity of wastes picked up before and after the launch of this procedure, the change over time in the volume and quantity of wastes regularly sent to landfill after sterilization.
REFERENCES [1]. Health Care Without Harm, “Non-Incineration Medical Waste Treatment Technologies”, August 2001. [2]. Minister for Environment and Forest, "Regulation of Control of Medical Waste ", R. G. Date: 22.05.2005, R.G. Issue:
25883. [3]. World Health Organization - WHO, [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/topics/medical_waste, [02.10.2011]. [4]. STAATT I, “Technical Assistance Manual: State Regulatory Oversight of Medical Waste Treatment Technologies”,
State and Territorial Association on Alternative Treatment Technologies, April 1994. [5]. Minister for Environment and Forest , General Directorate of Environmental Management, Waste Management
Department, “Medical Waste Status Report for the Year 2010”, 31.12.2010, Ankara, Turkey. [6]. Bursa Metropolitan Municipality, "Medical Waste Sterilization Facility Feasibility Report", November 2007, Bursa,
Turkey. [7]. ERA Environmental Technologies Co, http://www.eracevre.com, October 2011. [8]. Ministry of Health, “ Capacities of Hospitals by Cities and Establishments”, [Online]. Available:
http://www.saglik.gov.tr, [09/06/2010]. [9]. Turkey Statistical Institute (TSI), the Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database, [Online].
Available: http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/adnksdagitapp/adnks.zul, [11.09.2011].
BIOGRAPHY Kamil B. VARINCA works as a research assistant at Yıldız Technical University Environmental Engineering Department.
Varınca received his BSc in Environmental Engineering in 2002 from İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey, and his MSc in Environmental Engineering in 2006 from Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey. He is still PhD student on Hazardous Waste Management at Yıldız Technical University Environmental Engineering Department.
Varınca is a member of Chamber of Environmental Engineers (CEE) and Turkish National Committee on Solid Wastes (TNCSW).
He may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
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9 Figure 17. Bursa Medical Waste Sterilization Plant Flow Chart
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