Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2013; 40(1) 1

Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2013; 40(1) : 01-10http://it.science.cmu.ac.th/ejournal/Contributed Paper

A New Species of Batrachospermum,B. khaoluangensis Chankaew, Peerapornpisal etKumano, sp. nov. (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)from ThailandWanninee Chankaew*[a,b], Yuwadee Peerapornpisal [c], Shigeru Kumano [d] andChatchai Ngamriabsakul [a][a] Program in Ecology and Biodiversity, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.[b] Department of Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya,

Nakhon Si Thammarat 80110, Thailand.[c] Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.[d] 2-6, Hontamon 6, Tarumiku, Kobe 655-0006, Japan.*Author for correspondence: e-mail: wannaneeja@yahoo.com

Received: 16 January 2012Accepted: 3 October 2012

ABSTRACTIn this study, Batrachospermum khaoluangensis Chankaew, Peerapornpisal et

Kumano is described as a new species from Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, near KhaoLuang National Park, southern part of Thailand. It is characterized by this unique suiteof characters: carpogonium-bearing branches twisted; carpogonia more or lessasymmetrical; trichogyne elongated-obconically or obovately or almost cylindrical,indistinctly or distinctly stalked: gonimoblast filaments loosely aggregated, radiallybranched, determinate filaments and defused indeterminate filaments creeping alongcortical filaments: carposporangia spherical, egg-shaped, large, 10-14 μm in diameter,16-20 μm long. According to phylogenetic data (unpublished) Batrachospermumkhaoluangensis is far removed from genus Sirodotia, and the sections Contorta andTurfosa of genus Batrachospermum. This new species appeared to be close to species ofBatrachospermum section Virescentia.

Keywords: Batrachospermum khaoluangensis sp.nov., morphology, Rhodophyta,Thailand

1. INTRODUCTIONAbout 40 taxa of Batrachospermum

have been reported from the Asia Pacificregion, such as Japan, China, thePhilippines, Malaysia, Indonesia,Micronesia and Papua New Guinea. InThailand, the first record from ChangIsland, Trat Province was determined as

Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth byWest and West 1902 [1]. Later,Batrachospermum macrosporum Montagneand B. vagum Agardh were found in MaeSa Stream, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park,Chiang Mai Province [2]. Two new recordsfrom Thailand have been found viz., B.

2 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2013; 40(1)

cayennense Montagne ex K tzing and B.mahlacense Kumano et Bowden-Kerby[3,4]. Batrachospermum spp. have beenfound in many other Thai water bodies,i.e. Mae Sa, Mae Ping, Nan and MekongRivers as well as in the Thong Pha PhumNational Park [5]. Meanwhile, 16 specieshave been recorded from northern andsouthern regions and the highest diversitywas in the genus Batrachospermum(4 species) viz., B. kushiroense Kumano etOhsaki, B. gracillimum W.West et G.S.West, B. iriomotense Kumano and B.mahlacense Kumano et Bowden-Kerby [6]from the northern region and 6 species viz.,Sirodotia sp., B. gelatinosum (Linn.)De Candolle, B. iriomotense Kumano,B. macrosporum Montagne, B. nonocenseKumano et Liao and B. vagum Agardh inthe southern parts of Thailand [7].

Two species of Sirodotia were reportedalso from Thailand, viz., Sirodotia huillensis(Welwitsch ex W. et G.S. West) Skuja fromDoi Suthep-Pui National Park and DoiInthanori National Park, Sirodotia sinicaJao from Suthep-Pui National Park andPhu Hin Rong Kla National Park [8].

In members of sections Contorta andHybrida of the genus Batrachospermum,carposporophytes are loosely or compactlyagglomerated and carpogonium-bearingbranches are curved or spirally coiled.Based on such morphological characteristicsand molecular data, those taxa were raisedto the genus level as Kumanoa [9]. RecentlyKumanoa amazonensis Necchi et M.L. Viswas described as a new species fromBrazil based on morphological andmolecular data [10].

During the course of this study,we collected a new species with adistinct vegetative morphology thatcould not be identified with any of thepreviously described species of the genusBatrachospermum.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1 Specimen Examined and Habitat

The specimen was collected fromHuaycheesuk streamlet, Khao LuangNational Park, Lansaka District, NakhonSi Thammarat Province, southernThailand (figure 1) by Wanninee Chankaewin 2011.

Figure 1. Map of Thailand showing the location of study site (represented by star) nearKhao Luang National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. Adapted fromGoogle Earth 2011.

Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2013; 40(1) 3

The sample was found growing in asmall stream, attached on rocks in a lightedarea, shallow: 20-30 cm depth, 110.0-145.5cm wide, turbidity 3.90 NTU, at an altitudeof about 46 m above sea level. UTM 47 P0668513, latitude 08o21′ 738′ N, longtitude99o46′ 953′ E, near Khao Luang NationalPark, at Khaokaew Sub-district, Lansaka

District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province,Thailand. The streamlet bed consisted ofstones, gravel and sand with a light intensityof low to medium, physico-chemicalcharacteristics of water quality recorded inJune-August 2011 were as shown inTable 1.

Table 1. Physico - chemical of water quality at Huaycheesuk streamlet, Lansaka District.Nakhon Si Thammarat Province.

water parametercolor crystal waterdepth(cm) 10.00- 45.50water velocity( m.S-1) 6.50-13.00water temperature(oC) 25.00-27.50turbidity(NTU) 3.90-5.30total dissolved solid(mgL-1) 3.50-4.00pH 6.90-7.10dissolved oxygen(mgL-1) 5.90-6.10biochemical oxygen demand (mgL-1) 0.30-0.70specific conductivity(μS cm-1) 20.50-26.50hardness (mg L-1 as CaCO3 ) 108.0-120.0alkalinity(mg L-1 as CaCO3) 112.0-131.0nitrate nitrogen (mg L-1as N) 0.0220-0.0430orthophosphate(mg L-1as PO-3

4) 0.0012-0.0030

2.2 Laboratory MethodsPieces of the herbarium specimens were

well moistened with distilled water andprepared for examinations in a similarmanner to fresh specimens from the field.

Photomicrographs of specimens weretaken by means of an Olympus biologicalmicroscope (BU-2), fitted with an adapter(Olympus U-PMTVC, C 3040-ADL) towhich, an Olympus digital camera(Camedia 0304) was mounted and hookedto a TV-monitor (Sony Trinitron KV-14GP1).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 Description of SpeciesBatrachospermum khaoluangensisChankaew, Peerapornpisal et Kumanosp. nov. (figures 2-6)

Frons dioica, varde mucosa, 0.7-1.6 cmalta, 180-290 μm crassa, abundanter etirregulariter ramose, aeruginosa. Verticilliaut distantes et ellipsoidei, aut contigui etplus minus compressi. Ramuli primariiabundanter ramificantes, 90-140 μm longa,ex 7-8 cellulis constants: cellulaefasciculorum cylindricae vel fusiformes,

4 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2013; 40(1)

Figure 2. (a) Whole plant collected on 26 June 2011. (b) Thallus showing unilaterallybranched fascicles.

Figure 3. (a) Spermatangia terminal on fascicles. (b) An initial of spirally coiledcarpogonium-bearing branch.

Figure 4. (a) A carpogonium with an elongated-obconical trichogyne. (b) A carpogoniumwith curved long stalk and an elongated-obconical trichogyne.

Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2013; 40(1) 5

3-4 μm crassae, 5-7 μm longae. Ramulisecundarii sparsi. Spermatangia,sphaericum. 2-3 μm diametro, in ramulisprimaries et ramulis secundaris terminalis.Ramuli carpogoniferie cellulis basiramulorum primariorum orientes, breves,tortuosi. Carpogonia asymmetro, basi 4-7μm crassa, trichogyno 8-14 μm crassa, 34-40 μm longa, elongate-obconico velobovato vel subcylindraceo, indistincte etdintincte pedicellata, ad basim saepe flexa.Crposporophytum singlum, globosum vel

semiglobosum, in centro verticilli insertum,24-27 μm crassum, 28-33 μm altum;indefinitum, verticillum aequans. Filagonimobastorum laxe agglomeratia, radialeramificantes, et diffusa, circum nodium etinstrato corticali reptantia. Carposporangiain fila gonimobtastorum terminalis,sphaeicum vel obovatum, 10-14 μmcrassum, 16-20 μm longum.

Plants dioecious, very mucilaginous,ca. 0.7-1.6 cm high, 180-290 μm in diameter,abundantly and irregularly branched,

Figure 5. (a) A carpogonium with an obovate trichogyne and an indeterminategonimoblast filament. (b) An initial of determinate gonimoblast filament with youngcarposporangium.

Figure 6. (a) A young determinate gonimoblast filament and an obovate maturecarposporangium terminal on erect portion of a gonimoblast filament. (b) Unilaterallybranched fascicles (right side of thallus); radially developed and sparsely agglomeratedgonimoblast filaments with elongated-obconical or obovate carposporangia (left side ofthallus).

6 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2013; 40(1)

bluish green. Whorls either separatedand ellipsoidal, or touching and more orless compressed. Fascicles abundantlyalternately and unilaterally branched,90-140 μm long, 7-8 cell-storeys, cellscylindrical or fusiform, 3-4 μm wide, 5-7μm long. Spermatangia spherical, 2-3 μmdiameter, terminal or lateral on primaryand secondary fascicles, terminal hairsabsent; secondary fascicles sparse.Carpogonium-bearing branches arisingfrom the basal cell of primary fascicle,short, twisted. Carpogonia more or lessasymmetrical, 4-7 μm in diameter at thebase,: trichogyne 8-14 μm in diameter,34-40 μm long elongated-obconical orobovate or almost cylindrical, indistinctlyor distinctly stalked. Carposporophytesingle, spherical or semi-spherical, insertedcentrally, 24-27 μm in diameter, 28-33 μmhigh, sometimes indistinguishable from thewhorl and equal in length. Gonimoblastfilaments loosely aggregated, radiallybranched and determinate filaments,defused indeterminate filaments creepingalong cortical filaments. Carposporangiaterminal on gonimoblast filaments,spherical, egg-shaped, large, 10-14 μm indiameter, 16-20 μm long.

Holotype specimen: HCS No.11,Huaycheesuk, collection by WannineeChankaew, 26 June, 2011, deposited at theherbarium of Walailak University.

Type Locality: Huaycheesukstreamlet, Khaokaew Subdistrict, LansakaDistrict, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province,Thailand.

Distribution: occurs only in the typelocality in Thailand.

Etymology: Named for the locality,

Khao Luang National Park in Thailand,where the species has been collected and ispresently endemic and known only fromthe type locality.

3.2 DiscussionBatrachospermum khaoluangensis

Chankaew, Peerapornpisal et Kumano sp.nov. is distinct from all other species ofBatrachospermum found in Thailand(Table 2). This species also showedmorphological characteristics of the genusSirodotia and section Contorta of genusBatrachospermum. It resembles genusSirodotia in having gonimoblast filamentsof two kinds: one radially, determinatelydeveloped and another indeterminatelyelongated along the surface of corticallayer, but Sirodotia differs from sectionContorta of genus Batrachospermum inhaving no spirally twisted carpogonium-bearing branches. While this new speciesresembles members of the section Contortaof genus Batrachospermum in havingspirally twisted carpogonium-bearingbranches, it differs from genus Sirodotiain having no indeterminate gonimoblastfilaments. This species resemblesBatrachospermum tapirense Kumano etPhang (1987) [11] of section Turfosa ofgenus Batrachospermum in havinggonimoblast filaments of two kinds,determinate and indeterminate ones, butBatrachospermum tapirense Kumano etPhang differs from this species in havingstraight carpogonium-bearing branches.

Batrachospermum khaoluangensisresembles B. bakarense Kumano etRatnasabapathy (1984) [12] of the sectionVirescentia of genus Batrachospermum inhaving somewhat curved carpogonium-bearing branch, but differ from genusSirodotia with indeterminately elongatedgonimoblast filament and from section

Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2013; 40(1) 7

Tab

le 2

. M

orph

olog

ical

com

pari

son

betw

een

Batr

acho

sper

mum

kha

olua

ngen

sis s

p.no

v. a

nd B

atra

chos

perm

um s

peci

es fr

om T

haila

nd.

Spec

ies

who

rlte

rmin

al-

carp

ospo

roph

yte

carp

o-ca

rpog

oniu

m

bear

ing

tric

hogy

nesp

erm

atia

hair

ssp

oran

gia

bran

ches

Bat

rach

ospe

rmum

sepa

rate

d an

dab

sent

sing

le, i

nser

ted

cent

rally

, som

etim

essp

heri

cal,

shor

t, sp

iral

ly tw

iste

d,el

onga

ted-

obco

nica

lsph

eric

al,

khao

luan

gens

isel

lipso

idal

or

indi

stin

guis

habl

e fr

om w

horl

and

egg-

shap

ed,

aris

ing

from

the

bas

alor

obo

vate

or

term

inal

or

sp.n

ov.

less

com

pres

seq

ual i

n le

ngth

, gon

imob

last

big

cell

of p

rim

ary

fasc

icle

,al

mos

t cyl

indr

ical

,la

tera

l on

filam

ent l

oose

ly a

ggre

gate

d an

d tw

oca

rpog

onia

mor

e or

less

indi

stin

ctly

or

prim

ary

and

type

s; ra

dial

ly a

nd in

dete

rmin

atel

yas

ymm

etry

dist

inct

ly st

alke

dse

cond

ary

elon

gate

d al

ong

the

surf

ace

offa

scic

les

cort

ical

laye

rB

.gel

atin

osum

dist

ant

abse

ntsm

all,

num

erou

s, ex

erte

d or

with

inob

ovoi

dal

shor

t, un

diff

eren

tiate

dcl

ub-sh

aped

or

ovoi

d,te

rmin

al(L

inn.

) De

to c

onflu

ent

indi

stin

ct w

horl

s, go

nim

obla

stco

mpo

sed

of b

arre

l-sha

ped

urn-

shap

ed,

not

on p

rim

ary

Can

dolle

syn

.fil

amen

t of 2

-4 c

ylin

dric

al c

ells

cells

enla

rged

fasc

icle

sB

. m

onil

ifor

me

B.

nova

-qui

neen

seel

lipso

idal

abse

ntsi

ngle

or

rare

ly p

aire

d, in

sert

edel

lipso

idal

shor

t, ar

isin

g fr

omel

lipso

idal

,sp

heri

cal,

Kum

ano

etan

d se

para

ted

with

in w

horl

, con

sist

ing

of o

nly

or o

void

peri

axia

l cel

l and

fasc

icle

s,di

stin

ctly

stal

ked

term

inal

on

John

ston

ede

term

inat

e go

nim

obla

st f

ilam

ent

invo

lucr

al fi

lam

ents

on

seco

ndar

yon

e sid

e on

lyfa

scic

les

B.

bory

anum

conf

luen

t,ab

sent

scat

tere

d w

ithin

the

who

rl,

obov

oida

lsh

ort,

undi

ffer

entia

ted,

infla

ted

clav

ate

sphe

rica

lSi

rodo

tsp

heri

cal

goni

mob

last

fila

men

t of 2

-3in

volu

cral

fila

men

ts w

ithor

ovo

id,

cylin

dric

al ce

llsap

ical

car

pogo

nia

abse

ntte

rmin

alon

pri

mar

yfa

scic

les

B.

diat

yche

sre

duce

d or

long

spar

se, m

ore

or le

ss sp

heri

cal,

obvo

idal

rare

(2-3

cel

ls)

aris

ing

from

elon

gate

to sw

olle

n,el

lipso

idal

,E

ntw

isle

inco

nspi

cuou

s,pr

otru

ding

war

t-lik

e fr

om w

horl

sto

sphe

rica

lpr

oxim

al c

ells

of p

rim

ary

fusi

form

to

term

inal

on

sepa

rate

fasc

icle

s, st

raig

ht o

rob

ovoi

dal

late

ral f

asci

cle

curv

ed w

ith c

ompa

ct,

few

-cel

ls in

volu

cral

filam

ents

B.

caye

nnen

sew

ell-

num

erou

s,pe

dunc

ulat

e, si

ngle

or

in p

airs

,ob

ovoi

dal

num

erou

s, ar

isin

g fr

omcl

ub-sh

aped

,sp

heri

cal o

rM

onta

gne

deve

lope

d,sh

ort

sphe

rica

l, in

mid

dle

or o

uter

thir

dor

clu

b-pe

riax

ial c

ells

, rar

ely

from

ellip

soid

al, s

essil

eov

oida

l,se

cond

ary

of w

horl

shap

edpr

oxim

al c

ells

, str

aigh

t,te

rmin

alfa

scic

les d

ense

long

, diff

eren

tiate

d fr

omor

subt

erm

inal

fasc

icle

son

fasc

icle

s

8 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2013; 40(1)T

able

2. (

Con

tinue

d)

Spec

ies

who

rlte

rmin

al-

carp

ospo

roph

yte

carp

o-ca

rpog

oniu

m

bear

ing

tric

hogy

nesp

erm

atia

hair

ssp

oran

gia

bran

ches

B.

mac

rosp

orum

wel

l-sh

ort

orpe

dunc

ulat

e, d

ense

obov

oida

l,st

raig

ht, v

ery

long

(up

tocl

ub-sh

aped

, ovo

id,

sphe

rica

l or

Mon

tagn

ede

velo

ped,

lax

long

pear

shap

ed, 1

6 ce

lls) w

ith r

oset

te-li

kela

nceo

late

, ses

sile

ovoi

dal,

very

big

invo

lucr

al fi

lam

ents

,te

rmin

al o

rar

isin

g fr

om p

eria

xial

cel

ls,

subt

erm

inal

on

rare

ly fr

om p

roxi

mal

cel

lsfa

scic

les

or c

ortic

al fi

lam

ent c

ells

B.

kush

iroe

nse

ellip

soid

al,

abse

ntle

ss th

an 1

30 μ

m in

dia

met

er,

sphe

rica

l or

spir

ally

coile

d, s

hort

,ur

n-sh

aped

,ra

re, s

pher

ical

,K

uman

o et

dist

ant f

rom

sing

le o

r in

pai

rs, i

nser

ted

cent

rally

,ov

oida

lca

rpog

onia

hig

hly

dist

inct

lyte

rmin

al o

nO

hsak

iea

ch o

ther

goni

mob

last

fila

men

t lo

osel

yas

ymm

etri

cal

stal

ked

fasc

icle

sag

glom

erat

edB

. ir

iom

oten

sero

unde

d pe

ar-

rare

sing

le, h

emis

pher

ical

, ins

erte

del

lipso

idal

very

und

ulat

ed, l

ong,

club

-shap

ed,

sphe

rica

l,K

uman

osh

aped

cent

rally

, big

, gon

imob

last

fila

men

tor

ovo

idal

,ar

ising

from

per

iaxi

al c

ells

indi

stin

ctly

stal

ked

term

inal

on

long

, loo

sely

agg

lom

erat

ed12

-14 μm

ofte

n be

nt a

tfa

scic

les

in d

iam

eter

the

base

B.

nono

cens

epe

ar-sh

aped

very

long

sing

le, i

ndis

tingu

isha

ble

from

15-1

8 �m

spir

ally

coile

d, sh

ort,

ellip

soid

al,

sphe

rica

l,K

uman

o et

Lia

oin

old

pla

nts

who

rls,

goni

mob

last

fila

men

t lo

ng,

long

,ar

isin

g fr

om p

eria

xial

club

-shap

ed,

term

inal

or

radi

ally

bra

nche

d an

d lo

osel

yel

lipso

idal

cells

, inv

oluc

ral f

ilam

ents

mor

e or

less

late

ral o

nag

glom

erat

edor

sphe

rica

lnu

mbe

rous

, ver

y sh

ort

indi

stin

ctly

stal

ked

fasc

icle

sB

. m

ahla

cens

epe

ar-sh

aped

mor

e or

sess

ile, s

ingl

e or

in p

airs

, sph

eric

alob

ovoi

dal

spir

ally

coi

led,

5-1

5 ce

lls,

ellip

soid

al o

rsp

heri

cal,

Kum

ano

etle

ss sh

ort

or h

emis

pher

ical

, ins

erte

dst

rong

ly u

ndul

ated

, ari

sing

urn-

shap

ed, m

ore

term

inal

or

Bow

den-

Ker

byce

ntra

lly, g

onim

obla

st f

ilam

ent

from

per

iaxi

al c

ells

,or

less

dist

inct

lyla

tera

l on

long

, loo

sely

agg

lom

erat

edin

volu

cral

fila

men

tsst

alke

dpr

imar

ynu

mbe

rous

, sho

rtan

d se

cond

ary

fasc

icle

sB

. gr

acil

lim

umre

duce

d,nu

mer

ous,

sess

ile, s

ingl

e, d

ense

, hem

isph

eric

al,

obov

oida

lsp

iral

ly co

iled,

aris

ing

cylin

dric

al,

sphe

rica

l,W

. Wes

t et

dens

e or

lax,

shor

thi

gher

tha

n w

horl

s, go

nim

obla

stfr

om p

eria

xial

cel

ls,

club

-shap

ed,

5-7 μm

inG

.S. W

est

pear

-shap

edfil

amen

t loo

sely

agg

lom

erat

edca

rpog

oniu

m >

25 μ

mup

to 8

5 μm

diam

eter

,lo

ng a

nd s

ymm

etry

,lo

ng, s

essi

lete

rmin

al, r

arel

yin

volu

cral

fila

men

tsor

stal

ked

subt

erm

inal

on

num

bero

us, s

hort

seco

ndar

yfa

scic

les

Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2013; 40(1) 9

Contorta of genus Batrachospermum inhaving spirally twisted carpogonium-bearing branches.

According to phylogenetic data(unpublished) Batrachospermumkhaoluangensis is far removed from genusSirodotia, and the sections Contorta andTurfosa. It appeared to be closly related tothe single species of Batrachospermumsection Virescentia in our molecularphylogenetic tree, B. helminthosum (Bory)Vis et Cole, from North America andJapan. However, B. bakarense Kumano etRatnasabapathy from Malaysia, the onlydescribed species of Batrachospermumsection Virescentia found in Southeast Asiaat present, has not yet been sequenced.

ACKNOWLEDMENTSWe would like to thank Walailak

University Fund and PTT PublicCompany Limited for providing financialsupport and the students from fisherysection, Rajamangala University ofTechnology Srivijaya, Nakhon SiThammarat campus for field assistance.

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