a pa citation methods

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APA Citation Methods

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y

y A method of citing references

{Parenthetical citations in text



—One Author

o Reference in text (when the text as a whole needs

o e c eoLast name (year of publication)

o

Rowling (2005) argues for the development of new curricula.

oRe erence n text w en on y part o t e text, suc as anidea or a quote from a specific page, needs to be cited)

oLast name (year of publication, page number)olRowling (2005, p.189)

oNo reference in texto(Last name of author, copyright year).

oThe development of new curricula has been argued before

ow ng, 2005 .



—More than One Author

o When a work has two authors, always cite bothaut ors.o

Reference in textoLast names of authors se arated b “and” ear of ublication oRowling and Cramer (2005) argue for the development of new curricula.

oNo reference in texto(Last names of authors separated by an ampersand, copyright year).

oThe development of new curricula has been argued before(Rowling & Cramer, 2005).



—More than One Author

o When a work has three or more authors, always cite all the authors thefirst time the text is used. Thereafter use the first author’s last namefollowed by et al.oOmit year upon third time citing source.

o Reference in textoLast names of authors se arated with and before final name ear of ublication

oRowling, Dowling, Benis, George, and Cramer (2005) argue for the developmentof new curricula.oRowling et al. (2005) argue . . .oRowling et al. argue . . .

o o re erence n exo(Last names of authors separated with an ampersand before final name, copyright year)

oThe development of new curricula has been argued before (Rowling, Dowling,Benis, George, & Cramer, 2005).

., .oThe development of new curricula has been argued before (Rowling et al.).



— Works Without an Author

o When a work is si ned “Anon mous ” cite the word “Anon mous.”o(Anonymous, year)

oStatistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during the

summer months (Anonymous, 2007, pp. 89-96). o a c ze e e o a oo or per o ca .

o(Title of Book, or Title of Periodical , year, page number)oStatistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summermonths New Yorker 200 . .

oIn most other cases, use double quote marks around the title,publication year, page number

o(“Article title or Chapter title,” year, page number)oStatistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summermonths (“Study Results,” 2007, p. 77).



—Grou s as Authors

oCor orations, associations, overnment a encies, research rou s,etc. are usua y ste eac t me t ey are use n text, un ess anabbreviation makes the group easily recognizable.

o

Reference in the textoFirst time mentioned: Full name ( ear).

oThe National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH] reports…(2002).oSubsequent mentions: abbreviation (year).

oThe NIMH reports…(2002).oNot referenced in text

oFirst time mentioned (full name, year)o(National Institute of Mental Health, 2002).

oSubsequent mentions (abbreviation, year)o NIMH 2002 .

o If the name is not easily recognizable by an abbreviation, such as the University of Iowa, the group must be spelled out each time it is mentioned.



—Classical Works

o When using classical works such as the Greeks, Romans, or the Bible, a.

lines used.o1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Edition)

o When using very old works where the date is not applicable, list the yearof the translation you used. o e erence in text

Aristotle argues . . . (trans. 1922).oNot referenced in text

oThe ethos, pathos, and logos . . . (Aristotle, trans. 1922).’ “ ”,

oReference in text (n.d.)Julius Caesar argued . . . (n.d.).

oNot referenced in textoThe Trojan horse . . . (Caesar, n.d.).



Reference List

oUsed to indicate where information presented in the essay can.

oOnly include texts cited in the essay.oListed alphabetically by author or title.oReference list begins a new page, with “References” centeredat top of page.oThe first line of an entry is at the left margin, and subsequent

lines are indented one-half inch (hanging indent).oDouble-space all reference entries.



— Author’s Names

o Use last names, first initials with all authors’ names inreverse order, regardless of quantity o Last name, first initial.

o Gri s B.W. Holland R.H. & Mills S.R.



—Ca italization of Titles

oCapitalize the first word in the title and subtitle, and any propernouns (cities, countries, peoples’ names) for book, article, andchapter titles

oCa italize the first word all nouns verbs adverbs and ad ectivesfor names of journals

oUse no special treatment for titles of shorter works (poems, short

, ,o Italicize titles of longer works (books, periodicals/journals)

oDon’t drop any words, such as A, An, or The, from the titles of periodicals (newspapers, magazines, journals)



—Publication

oGive the city for US publishers and add the state abbreviations for all USc t es except Ba t more, Boston, C cago, Los Ange es, New Yor ,Philadelphia, and San Francisco.

oCity, State: Name of press

o Anderson, IN: Warner Press.

oUse a shortened version of the publisher’s name except for an association

(AMA), corporation, or university press; drop Co., Inc., Publishers, butretain Books or Press.

oCity, State: Name of press

o Anderson, IN: Warner Press.



Reference List—Books

oThree main parts: Author, title, and publication information o oo w t one aut or

oLast name, first initial. (year). Title. City of Publication: Press.

oBroadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and family taverns. Bloomington, IL: Indiana University

Press.

oTwo to seven authors

oLast name, first initial., Last Name, first initial., & Last Name, first initial. (year). Title.City of publication: Press.

, ., , ., , . . . .

oEight or more authors

oLast name, first initial., Last name, first initial., Last name, first initial., Last name, firstinitial., Last name, first initial., Last name, first initial., . . . Last name, first initial. (year).Title. City of publication: Press.



Reference List—Books

o Arrange references by the same author chronologically, with the earlierate o pu cat on ste rst

o Van Delay, A. (1994). Venetian blinds: Contemporary study of compulsive

lying. New York: Pendant Publishing (not “Publishers”). o an e ay, . 1997 . e n e : e s ow a ou no ng. ew or : engu n

Books.

oNo Author

o t e year . ty o pu cat on: press.o Creation of the media: Political origins of the media. (1922). Los

Angeles: Houghton-Mifflin.

o e cago manua o sty e 15t e . . 2003 . cago: n vers ty oChicago Press.



—Journal Articles

oFour major parts: author, date, artic le t i t le , and,

number , and page number)

oLast name, first initial. (year). Title of article. Title of publication,volume a es.oTyson, P. A., & Gordon, M. G. (1998). The Psychology of women.

Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 46,361-364.

o

erns e n, . . om c p omacy: ros ma an agasa . Diplomatic History, 28(3), 126-129.



-and Ma azine Articles

oFive major parts: author, date of publication, title of article, title of newspaper or magaz ne, page num ers.

oLast name, first initial. (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title of newspaper or magazine, page numbers.

oFor magazines, the volume number is italicized, with the issue number inparentheses after, and inserted after the magazine title; formatted: Volume(Issue).

oKramer, C. F. (2003, June 22). A health threat baffling for its lack of apattern. The New York Times, p. A14.

oChamberlin J. Novotne A. Packard E. & Price M. 2008 Ma .

Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene toshare their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology. 39(5), 26-29.

oCrane N. F. 200 Se tember . Anarch at sea. Atlantic Monthl 0-80.

oDon’t abbreviate the names of months, ever.



—Electronic Sources

o A r t i c l e a c c e s s e d t h r o u g h a l i b r a r y s u b s c r i p t i o n s e r v i c e

’o e v e n m a o r p a r s : a u o r s n a m e , y e a r o p u c a o n , e oa r t i c l e a n d p u b l i c a t i o n , v o l u m e , p a g e n u m b e r s , a n d w h e r er e t r i e v e d .

oLast name, first initial. (year). Title of article. Title of publication,volume, page numbers. Date retrieved from where.

oJackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings of the Spanish

c v war. c ence an oc ety, 3 , 272-27 . etr eve rom t eLexis Nexis Academic database.

’ , .



—Dail News a er

oSix major parts: author’s name, date of publication, title of article and publication, and web address.

oLast name, first initial. (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title o ublication. Retrieved date from web address.

oForeman, R., Bennett, E., & Collins, T. (1999, February 16). Inforecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. The New YorkTimes. Retrieved from htt : www.n times.com.




—or Professional Websites

oFour major parts: website name/author of website (if nown , we a ress.

oLast name, first initial. Page of site. Retrieved web address.

oColbert, S. Home page. Retrieved from http://www.colbertnation.com.

oT t e o we s te. ast up ate ate . Retr eve rom we a ress.o American Association for Artificial Intelligence. (2001, March). Retrieved fromhttp://www.aaai.org.




DOI’s – Digital Object Identifier

y A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to itslocation on the Internet.

y The DOI may be hidden; viewing the original copy of the article usually shows the DOI.

y Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxxxx

y When a DOI is used, no further retrieval information is needed to identify or locate the content.

,or report publisher.

Ù Journal Article with DOI

| Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survivaltimes of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Ù Journal Article with DOI, more than seven authors

| Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., … Botros, N.(2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days andare more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 6 2 -26 . doi: 10.1080 1 622200 100016 6 0

Ù Journal Article without DOI

| Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate betweenperceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48.Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap



Where do you locate the DOI?

Here’s the DOI, of the article.



Sample Reference Page

American Association for Artificial Intelligence. (2001, March). Retrieved from http://www.aaai.org

Bernstein, B. J. Atomic diplomacy: Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Diplomatic History, 28 (3), 126-129.

roa way, . . n ouses an am y averns. oom ng on, : n ana n vers y ress.

Broadway, B., Carrol, L., Smith, T. (2007). How the lady sings. New York: Harper.

Broadway, B., et al. (2008). How the man sings. New York: Harper.

Crane, N. F. (2003, September). Anarchy at sea. Atlantic Monthly, 50-80.

Creation o the media: Political ori ins o the media. (1922). Los An eles: Hou hton-Mifflin.

Foreman, R., Bennett, E., & Collins, T. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out.The NewYork Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., … Botros, N. (2004). Effects of

quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress,de endence, DRD2 A1 allele, and de ressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267. doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally illpatients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Jackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war. Science and Society, 68(3), 272-276. Retrievedfrom the Lexis Nexis Academic database.

Kramer, C. F. (2003, June 22). A health threat baffling for its lack of a pattern.The New York Times, p. A14.Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love

and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved fromhttp://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

, . ., , . . . . , ,361-364.

Van Delay, A. (1994). Venetian blinds: Contemporary study of compulsive lying. New York: Pendant Publishing.

Van Delay, A. (1997). Seinfeld: The show about nothing. New York: Penguin Books.



Final Word on APA

oEach type of source requires specific formatting, both in textan on t e re erences ist. T is wor s op covere t e mostcommonly used citations.

oThe information in this workshop was provided by The APA u ca on anua .

oRefer to an APA handbook or www.apa.org for more information.oContact the Center for Teaching and Learning at [email protected] or

- - .

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