a perspective on ubiquitous communications: the mocca project tm 2nd ieee ws on wlans anton t....
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A Perspective on Ubiquitous Communications: the MoCCA
Project
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANs
Anton T. Dahbura
Digital Equipment Corp.
Cambridge Research Laboratory
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 19962
Outline
Introduction and Background
The MoCCA Vision
Technology Barriers and Research Opportunities
Conclusions and Open Issues
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 19963
Why Has the Vision not Flown?
devices have not displaced other carried items
lack of clear vertical market focus
low-performance CPUs, small memories, poor battery life
inadequate input such as handwriting recognition
disappointing ease-of-use factors
inadequate display and keyboard sizes
lack of seamless and ubiquitous communications
cost/value!
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 19964
Device TrendsThe industry has entered a period of transition and growing user
acceptance.
Relative successes in the consumer market:
Newton MessagePad 130
Sharp Zaurus
Hewlett-Packard OmniGo 100
Casio Z-7000
U.S. Robotics Pilot
Psion 3A
Mainly organizers with limited communications/synchronization means.
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 19965
Vertical Markets Trends
Some progress in market for mobile devices for vertical applications (inventory control, health care):
Telxon
Badger
Fujitsu (pen-based, Windows 95)
Symbol
Norand
These and other devices are exposing many to the technology.
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199610/25/96
Microprocessor Technology TrendsFeatures size (micron)
0.5 0.35 0.25 0.18 0.12 0.10 Gates/chip
300K 800K 2M 5M 10M 20MDRAM
16M 64M 256M 1G 4G 16GSRAM
4M 16M 64M 256M 1G 4GMips
100 400 1000 2500 5000 10000Disks
2GB 8GB 25GB 75GB 200GB 500GBLAN Bandwidth
100 1000 10000?
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007Source: Semiconductor Industry Association -- Semiconductor Technology Workshops Conclusions March, 1993
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199610/25/96
Microprocessors Technology Trends (Cont.)
1
10
100
1000
10000
1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
GUIs
Speech Recognition
Vision
Natural Language
Per
form
ance
(S
PE
Cin
t92)
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
SP
EC
fp92
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Relative Performance: Microprocessors (SPECfp92)
Intel CISC SPECfp
SPARC/MIPS/Other RISC SPECfp
PowerPC/RIOS SPECfp
HP Precision SPECfp
Alpha (xxx64) SPECfp
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
Digital-ARM PartnershipDigital-ARM Partnership
DS has negotiated an architecture license from ARM Ltd.• unique position (others are manufacturing licensees only)
DS will develop and manufacture a series of standard products (SPs) and application specific SPs (ASSPs) based on the StrongARM core technology
• Standard Products are general purpose devices
• ASSPs are targeted at specific markets and applications
DS will develop a family of ARM compliant cores (the StrongARM family) which will be made available to ARM Ltd. for sub-license to their manufacturing licensees
• cores are enabling technology for ASSPs and CSSPs (customer specific SPs), from other ARM licensees
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
ARM Family Roadmap
ARM8,810
ARM7D,7DM
ARM2,3
1985 - 90 1991 1993-1995 1996 1997
ARM7DMTCode Density
Power Efficiency
Worlds Smallest RISC
ARM6,60,610
ARM7,710Embedded ICE
MIPS
20
40
60
80
100
0
ArchitectureEnhancement
Fast Multiply
200StrongARM1,110 StrongARM1,110
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
StrongARM Target Market StrongARM Target Market SegmentsSegments
Smart Handheld Devices– PDAs, Electronic Organizers,– Digital Cameras, Smart Phones
Interactive Digital Media – Digital Set-top devices, Interactive TV, Video Game Players
Internet Appliances– Net Browsers, Intranet Devices
Embedded Control– Internetworking: Routers, Bridges, LAN Switches– Office Automation: Printers, Scanners, Copiers, etc.– Telecommunication: PBX, Cellular Base Stations– Storage Peripherals: Drive Controllers, RAID Controllers– PC Add-Ins: Intelligent I/O Cards, LAN / WAN
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
SA-110 Details Process Technology 0.35 um, 3LM CMOS
Supply voltage Core voltage 1.65 - 2.0 Volts
I/O voltage 3.3 Volts
Frequency & Power < 900 mW @ 200 MHz @ 2.00-V
< 450 mW @ 160 MHz @ 1.65-V
< 300 mW @ 100 MHz @ 1.65-V
Power-down Modes - Normal Mode (<300mW@100MHz)
- Idle Mode (20mW Average) - Sleep Mode (50uA Average)
Package 144 TQFP
Current Status Samples at key customers now
Volume Q3 1996
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
SA-110 Block Diagram
Address Buffer JTAG Test
IMMU
DMMU
16KBICache
16KBDCache
StrongARMCoreSA-1
Write Buffer
Clock
Control
Load/Store Data
PC
Addr
Instruction
D[31:0]
PWRSLPABORTINTERRUPTSRESET
CCCFGMCCFG
A[31:0]nWAIT MCLK nMCLK SnA CLK
5
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
Establishing New Benchmarks in the Smart Handheld Market
SA-110 / 100 SA-110 / 160
Frequency 100 Mhz 160 Mhz
Performance(Dhrystone 2.1 MIPS)
115 185
Power < 300 mW < 450 mW
MIPS / Watt 383 411
Price (10k unitvolumes)
$ 29 $ 49
MIPS / $ 4.0 3.8
Best performancein SHH market
Leader in power-efficiency
Leader inprice-performance
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199615
Software Systems Trends
Contenders for next-generation mobile device drivers:
Microsoft Windows CE (Compaq, Casio)
JavaOS (Mitsubishi, Motorola, Nokia)
General Magic’s Magic Cap (?)
Geowork’s GEOS
These operating systems are also being considered for set-top boxes and Internet appliances.
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199616
Communications Infrastructure Trends Next-generation wide-area technology in the U.S. evolving
towards PCS in spite of technological confusion;
GSM will continue to dominate in Europe and other overseas markets;
CDPD, packet radio (RAM Mobile, ARDIS), one- and two-way paging, will continue to find niche markets;
emerging: wireless cable, ESMR, satellite, television
wireless LANs will continue to grow; residential?
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199617
Market Projections
The installed base of wireless data subscribers in the U.S. is expected to grow from 500,000 in 1994 to nearly 10M in 2000.
Driving factors:
move towards the untethered, mobile workforce;
gradual build-out of the wireless infrastructure;
deregulation and spectrum auctions;
emergence of end-user client-server business applications and middleware.
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199618
Global Wireless Data Networks Revenues
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Leos Satellite
Geosync Satellite
Cellular
Packet Radio
Paging Services
$Millions
Source- 1995 Wireless Directory
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199619
Worldwide Wireless Infrastructure Forecast
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Asia
S. America
Europe
N.America
$millions
Source- 1995 Wireless Directory
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US Installed Base of Wireless by Transmission
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
(10
00
's)
Satellite
SMR/ESMR
Dedicated Data
Cellular Hybrid
Cellular Packet
BB PCS Hybrid
BB PCS Packet
BB PCS Circuit
NarrowbandPCS
Cellular Circuit
US Mobile-Wireless Data: Technology Trends
Each technology choice is different
in terms of performance, price,
and coverage!
Users
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199621
US Wireless Data Users by Applications
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
(100
0's)
Other
Consumer
Mobile Prof Othr
Mobile Prof Sales
Transaction/POS
Telementry
Field Sales
Transportation
Field Service
Public Safety
Vertical Markets
lead
Horizontals follow
US Mobile-Wireless Data: Industry Trends
!
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199622
US Wireless LAN Market Trends
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Misc.
Transportation
Hospitality
Factory f loor
Health care
Education
Mobile Professional
Retail
Warehouse and logistics
Use
rs (
000’
s)
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
RoamAbout PC Cards for Portable Devices
LKG-8880-94f
Radio Module
RoamAbout PCMCIANetwork Adapter
PCMCIAinterfacecard
High performance, credit card sized, wireless modems and attached radio modules Available in three variations:
RoamAbout 2.4 GHz frequency hopping (FH) RoamAbout 2.4 GHz direct sequence (DS) RoamAbout 915 MHz direct sequence (DS)*
Uses inherently secure spread-spectrum RF No FCC license required Coverage up to 650 ft for 2.4 GHz MHz devices, 800 ft for 915MHz devices Drivers for any PC network operating systemusing ODI or NDIS network interfaces Gives wireless users access to wired Ethernet networks via RoamAbout Access Point
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
RoamAbout Access Point--- the most robust, reliable and highest-performing wireless bridge in the Industry
Radio Module
RoamAboutPCMCIANetworkAdapter
PCMCIAinterfacecard
RoamAboutAccess Point
A superior, full-featured wireless bridge Multiple wireless technologies (direct sequence or frequency hopping) Multiple frequency bands (2.4 GHz or 915 MHz) In-building “cell-to-cell” roaming
Point-to-point diagnostics Software upgrade capabilities Standard UTP and ThinWire connections Network management via SNMP or tools such as HUBwatch Local console management port
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199625
The Connectivity Chasm
Enterprise ServersEnterprise Servers
Clients & WorkgroupsClients & Workgroups
““Black Box”Black Box”
“What customers want is a “black box” - metaphorically speaking -- that allows them to integrate all of the enterprise resources....The third major element of our strategy -- the centerpiece of our efforts and direction--is that we will commit our resources to solving the ...”black box” connectivity problems of our customers...”
Bob Palmer, Industry Analyst Briefing, 9/95
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199626
Deal driven Niche marketing
From an Early Market to Main Street
source: Geoffrey Moore
early
majority
late
majorityinnovators
early
adopters laggards
1 2 3
Mass marketing
Mass customization5
4
1- the Early Market
2- the Chasm
3- the Bowling Alley
4- inside the Tornado
5- on Main Street
fad trend solution standard
We
are
here
!
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199627
Outline
Introduction and Background
The MoCCA Vision
Technology Barriers and Research Opportunities
Conclusions and Open Issues
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199628
The MoCCA Vision
Harness a powerful, wearable communications processor to high-speed voice and data networks for distinct vertical markets.
Functions:
find and connect the user to one or more team members or customers via voice and video;
provide voice- or tactile-based mailbox management (voice mail, e-mail, FAX, etc.);
handle info./data queries to remote private/public databases;
manage appointment book, action-item list, etc.
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199629
Product Characteristics
Modularity and compatibility:–wireless earpiece/microphone–wireless and/or wireline docking to PC–compatibility with industry-standard software–PCMCIA-like configuration management
Displace cell phone, pager, PDA devices
Network agility among CDPD, CSC, WLAN, etc.;
As intuitive to learn and use as a cellular phone (?);
Non-tactile input such as voice.
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199630
Product Characteristics (Cont.)
Physical characteristics:–wearable–weigh less than 16 ounces–normal battery lifecycle of 7 days minimum with
overnight or continuous recharge
The device should be fashionable and practical enough to encourage usage.
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199631
Program Overview
The program will be driven by blending
real vertical market needs
with
soon-to-market technological innovation
Rapid-prototyping, scenario-based project philosophy,
with Carnegie Mellon University as the enabler.
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199632
The Cambridge Research Laboratory (CRL)
Digital’s primary U.S. East Coast research site
located near MIT and Harvard
main focus: applications technology–speech and speaker recognition–video coding–conversational systems–computer vision–distributed systems and scalable computing–Internet applications
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199633
Program Operating Model
Three facets:–applied research–system prototyping–business development
Core research group at CRL to advance technology and pursue specific opportunities;
Advanced development team will form the nucleus of commercialization teams;
One technical leader and one business leader.
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199634
Outline
Introduction and Background
The MoCCA Vision
Technology Barriers and Research Opportunities
Conclusions and Open Issues
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199635
Developments That Make This Possible
ubiquity of wireless technology from WLAN to satellite-based;
emergence of low-power, high-performance RISC microprocessors; storage devices, DSPs, etc.;
innovations in display technology for portability and wearability;
advent of WWW, popularity of corporate intranets;
first wave trials and errors of mobile devices.
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199636
Mobile Computing Barrier Areas
Human Interface–display–input means
Power/Battery/Display Issues
Performance (for speech, video)
Communications Infrastructure
Form Factor/ Heat Dissipation
Applications
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199637
Technology Barriers
Bandwidth, capacity, reliability, latency, coverage, and cost of wide-area networks–protocols for handling data transfers efficiently–caching strategies–security issues–connectivity management in overlay networks–Very-Local Area Networks (BodyLAN) and mobile WLANs–ad-hoc networking–incorporation of video–new WAN media
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199638
Technology Barriers (Cont.)
Input limitations for mobile/wearable devices– speech capture, recognition, understanding– speaker identification and verification– handwriting capture and recognition– real-time digital voice multicasting– video
Architecture– hardware/software architectures for mobile systems– OS design (?)– compilers for low-power devices
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199639
Technology Barriers (Cont.)
Human-computer interaction–new techniques for mobile I/O: gesture based,
augmented-reality displays
System design and packaging–form factors for mobile systems (ID group)–wireless headmounted I/O, including video capture
Applications and user interfaces
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2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199640
Outline
Introduction and Background
The MoCCA Vision
Technology Barriers and Research Opportunities
Conclusions and Open Issues
TM
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